GRAMMATICAL SIGNALS

Result
Contrast
Illustration
Doubt or Hypothesis
Sequence

GRAMMATICAL EXPRESSIONS

Claim and Counterclaim - arguable position

Cause and Effect - what makes something happen
Problem-Solution
General to Particular - pattern of development that begins with general ideas or statements
and is followed with specific details.

Outlining is the process of planning the structure of an essay.

-According to scribbr.com, outlining “involves writing quick summary sentences or phrases
for every point you will cover in each paragraph, giving you a picture of how your
argument will unfold”

TIPS IN PREPARING AND ELABORATING AN ESSAY OUTLINE

1. Conduct preliminary research on your topic. This can be done through gathering
relevant research to your essays.
- Primary sources are material from those who actually experienced the events firsthand.
can be either verbal or non-verbal. In literature, those who have written a novel or poem
are considered primary sources.
- Secondary sources are information created by someone who didn't experience the
actual events firsthand. books or articles about the novel or poem are also considered
secondary sources.

2. Create categories. Highlight the statements that can be considered as the central point
of your essay, your thesis statement.
- Argumentative essays, organize your ideas by determining the two opposing sides of
an issue.
- Informative essays, arrange according to themes.
- Persuasive essays, arrange ideas by prioritizing the first one that has the “selling point”
or evidence that has a great impact for your essay.

3. Organize the information as briefly as possible. Arrange ideas on how they should
appear in the essay.
Synthesis is a written discussion taken from different sources. It takes information from different
references relevant to your topic and then creates an overall point. These sources and ideas
must be assessed and put in an orderly manner.

It combines different ideas from relevant sources to come up with a concrete point.

Summary is plainly an organized written presentation from a single text

Paragraph - is a group of sentences developing either one single topic or a specific part
of a larger topic.
- Topic Sentence - is usually the first sentence of the paragraph. It states the main idea of
the paragraph.
- Supporting Sentence - sentences are the middle sentences of the paragraph. They
provide details such as explanations or examples that expand or support the topic
sentence.
- Concluding Sentence - is sometimes used in longer paragraphs to sum up the ideas
presented. It expresses the same idea as the topic sentence but in different words.

QUALITIES OF AN EFFECTIVE PARAGRAPH

- Unity - Unity means that all the sentences in the paragraph are related to the topic
sentence.
- Adequate Development - The topic sentence in the paragraph should be elaborated
using concrete evidence, different examples, relevant facts, and specific details.
- Coherence - The sentences in the paragraph must be arranged in a logical manner,
making them easily understood by the reader.

TEXT TYPES
- Narrative in Literature - to entertain through story-telling
- Explanatory - to inform by explaining a concept, process, issue, or idea.
- Expository - to provide an analysis of an issue or idea
- Recount - to narrate an event or an experience
- Persuasive - to convince the readers to side with or believe the writer’s idea

PRINCIPLES IN WRITING A PARAGRAPH

- Unity - means that all sentences in the paragraph talk about one central idea.
- Coherence - refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in general.
- Development - refers to the connection of ideas in the paragraph in general.

PATTERNS OF PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENT

- Narration - the paragraph tells a story or recounts a series of events. It arranges the
events or ideas in a chronological order which means the events are organized from
beginning to end
- Description - the paragraph is characterized by using more adjectives or vivid sensory
description. It creates a mental picture of the idea or the topic by describing how it
sounds, smells, tastes, feels, and/or looks.
- Process - is usually used to explain a process on how to do something. It uses
transitional devices of enumeration (e.g., first, second, third) and time (e.g., then, next,
finally).
- Exemplification - uses series of examples to support the topic sentence. This means
that to further explain the topic, the use of specific examples must be provided.
- Comparison/Contrast - is used when a paragraph demonstrates comparison and/or
contrast or examines how given subjects are either similar or different.
- Definition - aims to give a complete working definition of a term, concept, or idea. it
defines the boundaries of a term, so the readers can better understand it.
- Classification - presents a topic and classifies it into component parts, types, kinds or
categories. It distinguishes its parts by presenting the characteristics of each.
- Cause and Effect - explains the reasons why something happened or explains the
effects of something.