INTRODUCTION TO

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
FOR IT & NON-IT PROFESSIONALS
TYPES OF REASONING

2
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
• Types of reasoning
• 1.Deductive
• 2.Inductive
• 3.Abductive
• 4.Analogical
• 5.Non monotonic
• 6.Common-Sense Reasoning
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Deductive Reasoning
Deducing new information from logically related known information
All men are mortal. Socrates is a man. We can deduce: Socrates is
mortal
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Inductive reasoning
• Based on forming, or inducing a ‘generalization’ from a limited set of
observations, e.g.
• –Observation: All the crows that I have seen in my life are black.
• –Conclusion: All crows are black
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Abductive reasoning
• Form of deduction that allows for plausible inference, i.e. the
conclusion might be wrong:
Implication: She carries an umbrella if it is raining
Axiom: she is carrying an umbrella
Conclusion: It is raining
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Analogical reasoning
Analogical reasoning works by drawing analogies between two situations,
looking for similarities and differences.
Non-Monotonic Reasoning
• When the facts of the case are likely to change after some time, eg
Rule: IF the wind blows
THEN the curtains sway
REASONING: DERIVE LOGICAL
CONCLUSION
Common-sense reasoning
Informal form of reasoning
That uses rules gained through experience or what we call rules-of-
thumb.
KNOWLEDGE-BASED REASONING

• Numerical or image processing essentially manipulates

numbers
• Knowledge based reasoning manipulates symbolic
information, using AI principles
 QUALITATIVE VS QUANTITATIVE

1. Tall, Medium, Short,

2. Good, Bad, High, Low
3. 6 feet, 5 feet, less than 5 short
4. 15 C, 30 C, 40 C