IMPORTANT FORMULAE AND CONCEPTS

UNIT-1: Electrostatics
1. Coulomb's force F between two point charges kept in a medium of
1 q192
electric constant, F =
4E,K 2
For air between the charges. dielectric constant K=F1.
9192
Fair
4TE0
In vector form F1 9192
4nE, 2 21
Where F21 is the force on charge g, due to g, and f1 is the unit vector
in the direction from q,to q2.

2. Electricfield strengthE at any point in the field where F is the force

F
experienced by a test charge go kept at that point = fim

(a) Electric field strength due to a point charge at a distance r

E = where r is unit vector along
4TE0
(6) Due to sphere charge
E
1
(i) Inside point (r sR) E= -r; E ar
\Ec1/12

1 1 R
(ii) Outside point (r> R) E= Ea
2
1
(iüi)On the surface (r = R) E=
4re, R?
(c) Due to hollow sphere of charge
() Inside point (r sR), E=0
Ec1/12
(ii) Outside, E = 1 9
E=0 Y
1
(iüi)On the surface, E =
47E, R²
R2 Eo
(c) Electric field strength due to infinite line charge having linear
charge density (.) coulomb/metre.
11 2.
E=
 (d) Electric field strength near an infinite
thin sheet of charge.
E=

(e) Electric field strength near a conductor E =

n, where nis a
unit vector normal to the surface in the outer direction. Electric
field strength inside a conductor E= 0.
3. Electric Potential: V kqfR
Due to a charged conducting sphere or charged Voc1/r
spherical shell of radius R.
(i) Inside, Vinside (rsR) (ä) Outside, Vat (r> R)
4nEo R
4nE0
4. Relation between electric field and
potential,
E=-. dV V (numerically)
dr
5. Work done in taking acharge g from one point to another in electric
field.

W= q(V,- V) joule
where V,=potential at initial point,
V,=potential at final point.
6. Work done in carrying a charge on equipotential surface is always
zero.

7. Electric Dipole:
(a) Dipole moment p=q.20 (21 being the
separation from -g to tq)
(6) Torque on a dipole in uniform electric field t = x E
(c) Potential energy of dipole, U=-.
E=-pE cos
where is the angle between pand E
(d) Work done in rotating the dipole in
uniformelectric field from
orientation 0, to , is
W= U,- U,= pE(cos , - cos ,)
Work done in rotating the dipole from
to orientation 9 is equilibrium position =0
W= pE (1- cos 0)
(e) Electric field due to a
short dipole.
(i) at axial 1 2p
point Enis
4nE, r
 (i) at an equitorialpoint E=
() Electric potential
(i) at axial point V = 1

(ii) at an equatorial point V= 0

2
R
(g) Total electric fux, ¢=
-(E.ds =x net charge enclosed by the
closed surface.

CAPACITORS
8. Capacitance for isolated conductor, C=
9. Dielectric constant K= Cmadiun
Cair
10. Capacitance of parallel plate capacit
(i) C= in air
d

Ke,4 wh
(ii) C= AEo when medium of dielectric constant K fills the space
d
between plates.
(üi)When the space between the plates is partly filled with a dielectric
of thickness t, then capacitance C=
d-i 1- K
11. (a) Combination of Capacitors:
(i) Capacitors in series:Net capacitance Cis given by
1 1
C C,
(ii) In series charge is the same on all capacitors
91=92 =93
(iü) Net potential difference V= V+ V,+ V,
(b) Capacitors in Parallel:
() Net capacitance C=C +G, + Cg
(ii)
(ü) Potential difference 1 same acrosS all capacitors
VË=V,= V;= V(same for all)
(iii) Charge q = 4, +42 t43
12. Energy stored in a capacitor,

13.
U

Electrostatic energy
-er2C

density,
U,-e,E (inair) and GeE' (in medium)
Effect of Introducing a dielectricbetween plates of a
charged parallelplate capacitor
S.
No.
Physical When battery When battery is removed
Quantity remains before introduction of
connected dielectric
(1) Capacitance (C) increases K-times increases K-times
(2) Charge() increases K-times remains constant

(3) Electric Field remains constant decreases times

K
1
(4) Electric Potential (V) remains constant decreases times
K

(5) Electrostatic Energy Stored increases K-times decreases

K
times

UNIT-2: Current Electricity

eE
1. Drift velocity, V, =
m

where E is electric field strength, t is relation time, e is the charge on

electron and m is the mass of electron.
2. Relation between Current and Drift Velocity:
I=-neAVa
where n= number of free electrons per m°, A =cross-sectional area
3. Ohm's law V= RI

4. Resistance

RA m
5. Specific resistance p=
net

6. Current density J=A

 7. Electricalconductivity G=
8. J= o E (alternative forms of Ohm's law)
9. (i)) Resistances in series
Net resistance Rg=R+ R, t Rg
Current is the same in each resistance V= V + V,t V3
(ii) Resistances in parallel: Net resistance R, is given by
1 1
+

R, R, R, R
Voltage is the same across each resistance
I=1 +, tl,
10. Temperature dependence of resistance
R, = Ro (1+ aAt)
resistance
where oa is the temperature coefficient of
R = R, [1+ a (ty -t)]

11. Internal resistance of a cell r:

external resistance R.
where E is emf of cell, V=terminal p.d. across
Combination of Cells
(i) When n-identical cells are connected in series
nE
Current, R+ n
RtRint
ext

For useful series combination, the condition is Rext >> Rint

(ii) When m-identical cells are connected in parallel
E
2 R t Rit
R+ rm
Condition of useful parallel combination is R<rlm.
(iii) When N= mn, cells are connected in mixed grouping (m-rows in
parallel, each row containing n cells in series)
nE mnE
Current, i= mR + nr
R+
m

Condition for useful mixed grouping is Rext = Rint

i.e., R=
 (w) When two cells of different emfs E. and Eo and different internal
resistances r and r, are connected in parallel as shown in fig.
then net emf of combination is

E,
E =
E,, + E

Net internal resistance rint

1_1l ’ int
"int
12. Joule's Law of heating effect of current:
W=I'Ri= = VIt joule.
R
13. Electric Power

P=VI='R= watt.
R

Value of External Current from the Terminal Power Consumed

Resistance Cell Potential in External
Difference Resistance

R I= V=E- Ir P= I'R
R+r
E
R=0 V=E - P=0
(Short circuit) (Maximum) ’V= 0

R =r E E
V=E 2r P=
2r 4r

V= Maximum

Open circuit, I=0 V=E-0 P= 0

R= o V=E

UNIT-3: Magnetic Effects of Current and Magnetism

1. Biot-Savart Law: Magnetic field due to a current element
d B=
Idlxr
4T
 2. Magnetic field due to a straight current
carrying wire,
M]900
B=
4TR (sin 6, + sin 8,)
where 0, and 0, are the angles substended by
ends of the conductor at the reference point with
the normal. For infinitely long wire B=
2TrR
3. Magnetic field due to a current carrying circular coil
(i) At centre B,=
2R
HGNla?
(i) At a point on the axis B, = 2(a' +x*)? (where a=radius of coil)
axis

and x is the distance of the point)

4. Ampere's circuital law B.dl =o!
5. Magnetic field strength within solenoid
B=o nI where n = number of turns per metre length.
6. Magnetic field due to toroid
NI
(i) Within the coils B=
2Ttr
(iü) Outside the toroid B=0.
7. Magnetic force on a moving charge in a magnetic field
’

8. Magnetic force on a current carrying conductor

’ ’

E =IlxB

9. Force per unit length between parallel currents:

F _oa-N/m
2Ttr
10. Torque experienced by a current carrying loop in a uniform
magnetic field
’ ’

T= NIAx B= Mx B
11. Magnetic moment of a current loop
M = NIA ampere x metre
12. Deflection in moving coilgalvanometer
NAB, =

NAB
Current sensitivity of a galvanometer
I C
 13. For conversion of galvanometer intoammeter,
Ig -G
Shunt resistance required S=T-1I
14. For conversion of galvanomter into voltmeter,
Series resistance required R=-G
l5. Magnetic moment of an orbital electron

2 2m
16. Magnetic field due to a short magnetic dipole
2M
(i) At axis
Boxis
Uo M
(ii) At equator.
Bequator
17. Elements of earth's magnetic field
Horixontal component H= Bcos
where angle of dip.
Vertica component V= B,cos
’ tan A= and B =VH'+y2
H
M
18. Magnetic susceptibility xm H

19. Curie's law of magnetic susceptibility Xm oe T for paramagnetic

materials.

Distinction between Dia-, Para- and Ferromagnetics

Property Diamagnetic Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic Remark
() Magnetic B< Bo |B> Bo B>> Bo |Bo is magnetic
induction B induction In
free space
() Intensity of small and small and very high and m is magnetic
magnetisation negative |positive positive moment
M=
(im) Magnetic small and small and very large and
|susceptibility
M
negative positive ipositive
X=
H
(v) Relative , >>1(of
permeability the order the
thousands)
 UNIT-4: Electromagnetic Induction and Alternating Current
1. Magnetic flux = B.A = BA cos 0
where is the angle between A and B
A
2. Induced emf in acoil
At
3. EMF induced in a moving conductor, [= Bul
where B, v, l are mutually perpendicular
4. Magnetic flux = LI
where L is the coefficient of self-induction.
5. If Lis self inductance, emf induced [=-LAI
At
6. Self inductance ofa solenoid
L=u,n*
7. Mutual Inductance E, =-M
At
8. Mutual inductance of solenoid coil system M =
HoNN,A
where N, =number of turns/metre in solenoid, N,=number of turns
in coil.
9. Energy stored in inductance

10. For an alternating current circuit

V=Vo sin ot; I= I, sin (ot + )
11. RMS value of an alternating current
Vo
Ims Tms

12. Maxwell's Equation

There are four maxwel' equation given below:
) Gauss law in electrostatics: E.ds
(ii) Gauss law magnetism: (B.ds =0
(i) Faraday's law of electromagnetic induction:
emf =E.di =
dt
(iv) Maxwell-Ampere's circuital law:
dogdt
 Unit-5: Electromagnetic Waves
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Parts of
treatment writing its bacteriastructure
nuclear to
due
structure adulteration,
Applications Industrial
radiography
on etc. and on
water molecular
Information
treatment
diagnosis action
destructive
crystal andof
signature objects
Sterilization
detect study
of
MedicalMedical
structure see
Study
Gives
To To To
(b)
(a) (b) (a)(b)(c) (a) (b) (a)
power
wavelengtheffect human
(a)
High
penetrating (a)
Low (b) y-raysof
other
properties
Penetrating
similar
to
Properties ionising properties
Photoelectric
to
(b)
Ucharged Sensitive
power power exceptlight
Low All eye
(a) (b) (a)
(c)

Frequency 10Hz
8x
to Hz
to
7.69x10Hz6.10x104H, 5.03x10'
10'*Hz
to
6.59x to
6.10x10'Hz
6.59x104Hz 104Hz Hz 10'Hz
to
5.03x10"Hz
5.20xtoto5.20x10Hz
5.77x10'm
4.82x104Hz
to
4.82x!0Hz
3.84x
to to 10!7
Hz
3x to Hz
Range
Hz
Hz 10Hz
5x Hz
10'
3x % 10'
10'9 10'
10 x
x x x 4
|3 5
m6.22x10-m
3
to
4.55x10'm
10'm
to
4.92x 5.97x10m to 7.80×10
6.22x10'm
Wavelength
6x10m
to 10n
to
to 3.9x10'm4.92x10m
to 4.55x10'm
transitions3.8x10'm
7.8x10m
|5.77x10'to
5.97x10'm
Range 3.8x10'm
10-m
to
10-m 10-m
6x10

liquids
heavy
tube,
radioactive gases,
sun
lamp
high discharge
and
Produced with electron
How of solids
of electrons
collisions
decay spectrum
of
visible
gasincandescent
ionised
By orbit
etc.
spark atoms,
to nuclei |targets
to energy
Due Due NightOuter
in
Radiation
Ultraviolet
1.
y-Rays X-Ray Violet
(a)
Subparts Green
(c) (d) Orange
Yellow (e)
Visible Blue
(b) Red
(t)
S. No.
2 3. 4.
 telecommunication.
molecular
of
details
industry, or haze
photography molecular
structure.
Applications fine Communication
medicine
and fog
astronomy(c)
Elucidatingand
(a) of
Radar
in for Analysisstructure.
Used Used Radio
(a)

(a) (b) (b)

Properties
light
propertiesexcept (a) ofreflection,
Phenomena diffraction like
properties.
like
particle
properties
waves than
more
Thermal similar
to refraction
ofthose Exhibit
(a)
effect
AlI
(b) and
.
(a)
Hz
3x10' Hz
Frequency 10 Hz
Range few
to to
Hz Hz to
4x104 3x10" Hz
10

7.8x10-m
10m
to
Wavelength
Range m
km
0.3 few
to to
10 0.3

Rearrangement
outer
of molecular devices
electronic
Special
and
atoms
molecules.
orbital
electrons
in rotational
energies
high tube
Produced vibrational
and circuits
Oscillating
How of klystron
at temperature
E
Change bodies
as
By such
(a) (b) (c)

Radio
ofSubparts
Radiation
Infra-Red
waves
waves
Microwaves spectrum
Radio

7.
S. No. 5. 6.

Handhoglk of [
13. Peak emf in a rotating coil of generator
Ep = NBAo
14. For a Transformer '2=r (transformation ratio)
V, N, I,
For a step up tránsformer r= N,1
N
For a step down transformer, r
N,
Cases
Direction of Current Induced in Some
Induced Current
Primary Current
System Clockwise current
(i) Current
1. Straight wire-coil system increasing
Anticlockwise
(i2) Current Current
decreasing

Opposite to
2. Self inductive circuit () Key is pressed direction of main
0000000 Currents

In the direction of
(i) Key is released main Current

Anticlockwise
3. Magnetic-coil system (ü) North pole Current
approaching
(i) coil
N Clockwise current
(ü) North pole
(ii) receding coil

Man observing
direction of current
G

IndividualComponents (R or L or C)
TERM R

R 0000
L
Circuit
Supply Voltage V= V, sin at V= V,sin ot V= V, sin ot
Current I=I, sin ot I=I, sin |I=hsin ot +
Peak Current V Vo
Io = = VooC
R l/oC
Impedance (2) V% 1
Vo Vms =R = oL= XL =X,
Z=

R=Resistance |X, = Inductive Xç = Capacitive

reactance reactance

Phase zero (in same phase) +Vleads I) -5Vleads I)

difference 2

Phasor
Diagram

Variation of RA
Z with v

Xo v 1
V

|R does not depend

On v

Combination of Components (RL or RC or LC)

RL RC LC
TERM
is same in R&c C Iis same in L &e C
Circuit I is same in R &L

R L
R
0000

Phasor V

|diagram

V² =V+ V |V=V-Vc (Vi> V)

2 =VtVË
V=Ve-V, (V¢> V)
Supply
V=Vsin ot
Voltage V=V,sin ot V=V,sin ot
Current |I=l, sin (ot - ¢) |I=I,sin (ot +¢) |I=h sin (wt t
Phase
erence Vleads /(=0to) Vlags / (4=0to) (=-f
Vlags I
in between
Vand I
-x>
VleadsI
X)
4=+9f X; > Xe)

ImpedanceZ=/R'+ X? Z=/R+ (X) z=|X- Xo|

Variation As vincreases, As vincreases, As v increases, Z
of Zwith v Z increases Z decreases first decreases then
increases
Z

R R
R

UNIT-6: Optics
1. Refraction
Sin
(i) Snell's law,
Sin r

(ii) n =
C
speed of lightinvacuum
speed of light in a medium medium
(iv) If object is in medium of refractive index n.
n=
Real depth t
Apparent depth app
Apparent shift x=t --)
2. Critical angle for total internal reflection
sin C= 1_1
3. A fish or diver in water at
depth h sees the outside world in a
horizontal circle of radius r given by
Vn'-1
 sformula: 1_11
4. (i) Thin Lens formula: -l_1,
(ii) Linear magnification, m =

(iüi) Lens maker's formula,

1
-ig-1R R9
(iv) Power of a lens P = diopter (f is in metres)
f
(U) Lens immersed in a liquid of refractive index n,

RË R and f=
-1

where f, is focal length of lens in air.

(vi) Lenses in contact
1 1,1
or P=P+P.
Important Information:
(¿) Refractive index n is maximum for violet and minimum for red
colour.
(ii) Critical angle increases with increase of wavelength.
(ii) Minimum distance between an object and its real image is 4f.
(iv) When a lens immersed in a liquid is invisible, then refractive
index of liquid = refractive index of lens material.
5. (i) Refraction through a Prism:
A= angle of prism P

i+i = A+ j= angle of deviation

SIn , sin t, e-ig)
n=
Ni N
Sin sin t,
For minimum deviation
i, = ig =i and ; =r, =r E H

Angle of minimum deviation

ôm =2i-A R

sin/4+8,
Sin 2
Sin r (A
SIn
2
(ii) For a thin prism 8= (n 1) A
 6. Simple Microscope:

Magnifying power, M =1+:D (For final image at D)

f
D
(For final image at infinity)
7. Compound Microscope:
() Magnification M= mo X me
D
(i2) M= o1 (For final image at D)

L D
1+

(22) M D

L D
(for final image at o)

8. Astronomical Telescope:

() M - (for final image at infinity),

L=fo+fe
(i) M=-a 1+ D
(For final image at distinct vision )

L=fot We
9. Resolving Power:
Resolving limit of telescope
1.222
de = a
where 2. = wavelength of light
Resovling power d 1.222
a= diameter of objective
lens of telescope
For microscope, db = 2nsin

1 2n sin
Resolving power
where is semiangle of cone of raysentering into objective, n sin is
called the numerical aperture
 10. (a) Condition of Maxima for Young's Double Slit Experiment
on Interference of light:
Phase difference = 2n n =1,2,3, ..
Path difference A=nà
(6) Condition of Minima:
Phase difference Ù= (2n-1l)r|
2n= 1,2, 3, ..
Path difference A=(2n-1)
11. If sources of amplitude a, and a, are coherent, intensity Iat a
point in the region of superposition where phase difference between
waves 1s

I=a, + a,' + 2a,a, cos )= I +I, +2/(,1,) cos

Maximum Intensity, Imax c (a, + a,)*
Minimum Intensity, Imin c (a,- a)
(a, t a,)
max

(a - a,)
In interference energy is conserved. It is simply transferred from
minima to maxima.
12. Young's double slit experiment:
nDA
Position of maxima,
d
1\D.
Position of minima, y,
2 d
DN
Fringe width, B= yn+1- n

Angular fringe width, B,= d

D= distance between sources and screen,
d=distance between slits
13. Diffraction at a single slit of width 'a':
Directions of minima are, a sin =± nh, n=1, 2, 3, ...
Directions of maxima are,a sin = ±(2n -1)n=1, 2,3, ...

Angular half-width of central maximum, = sin

Total angular width, 20 2 sin ^

 For small e, linear half-width at a screen at distance D from slit,
D
Ay =

Total linear width 22D

14. Polarisation of light:

(a) This phenomenon proves that light waves are transverse.
(b) Brewster's law, u = tan ip, i, = polarising angle.
(c) Malus Law : When polarised light passes through an analyser
(Nicol prism, polaroid, tourmaline crystal), the intensity of
emergent light I =, cos
where =angle between the pass axis of polariserand the analyser.
Comparative study of three types of wavefront
Variation of Variation of
S. Wavefront Shape of Shape of
No. light source wavefront amplitude intensity with
with distance distance

1
Spherical Point Source Aa

2. Cylinderical Linear 1 1
Aa Iar

Extended
large source
3. Plane situated at A=constant I= constant
very large
distance

UNIT-7: Dual Nature of Matter and Radiation

1. Photon:
hc
() Energy of aphoton, E = hv=
IfA is in A, then energy of photon in eV is E = 12375 -eV

3A Handbook of Phycice Y
 hv
(i) Momentum of a photon, P = C

(iüi) Rest mass of a photon = zero

hy
(iv) Kinetic mass of aphoton. m=
2. Einstein's photoelectric equation is (E) = hy-W
max

hc
3. Work function W= hv =
where Í = threshold frequency and = threshold wavelength
4. Photoelectrons emitted have kinetic energy ranging from zero to a
certain maximum limit. The maximum kinetic energy is
1
-mu = eV,S where Vg= stopping potential.
(E;)max 9
max

5. For photoelectric emission totake place, energy of photon E > Wor

v2VÍ r 2s
6. (0) de Broglie wavelength associated with moving particle
h
mU /2mE, 2mqV
22.27
(ii) For electrons

UNIT-8: Atoms and Nuclei

1. Nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
Number of protons in a nucleus X is Z and number of neutrons,
N=A-Z
2. Radius of Nucleus: R= Ro A where R =1.2x 10m
3. Density of Nuclear Matter: D, = 10" kg/ m
4. Einstein's Mass Energy Equivalence Relation is E =mc
1amu =1 u=931 Me V
5. Mass Defect = mass of nucleons in given nucleus mass of nucleus

Am =Zm, + (AZ) m, - MNucleus

B.E.= |Zm, +(4-Z)m,- M,C
6. Rutherford-Soddy Decay Law:
(i) Number of atomsundecayed after time t,
N= N,e
N
(ii) where n=is nåmber of half lives.
NÍ T
 7. Relation between half-life (T) mean life () and disintegration
constant (2) is
0.693
and T =0.693 T=

8. Displacement Laws for Radioactive Decay:

(i) For oa-particle X’,_,Y4-4 + , He*
(ii) For B-particle X^’,, Y^ +, B° +V
(iii) For y-ray X* ’,X^ +yY
9. In nuclear fission, a heavy nucleus on getting bombarded breaks
into lighter nuclei. Nearly 0.1% mass is converted into energy. In
each fission of gU with slow neutron 200 MeV energy is released.
10. In nuclear fusion, lighter nuclei under extremely high temperature
combine to form a heavy nucleus and mass is converted into energy.
UNIT-9: Electronic Devices
hc
1. Energy band gap: E, = hu=
2. In intrinsicsemiconducotr: n, = n, = n;
where, n, =number density of electron in conduction band
n,= number density of holes in valence band
n;= intrinsic carrier concentration
3. Total current through the pure semiconductor:
I=I+1,
4. In n-type semiconductor:
n Ng>> n;
where, N, = density of donor atoms.
5. In p-type senmiconductor:

where, N, = density of acceptor atoms.

6. Mass action law:
2

7. Theconductivity of the semiconductor:

where, , =electron mobility and , = hole mobility

n,= electron density and n, = hole density
e= electronic charge