CELL CYCLE:

DISEASES AND
DISORDERS
NONDISJUNCTION
the failure of homologous
chromosomes or sister chromatids to
separate successfully during nuclear
division which results in an abnormal
distribution of chromosomes in the
daughter nuclei.
Remember!
▪ Chromosome pairs will separate properly
during meiosis 1 and/or 2.
▪ Cells communicate with each other, so they
don’t become overcrowded.
▪ Chemical signals start and stop the cell
cycle.
▪ If there are errors detected in the
checkpoints of cell cycle, apoptosis occurs.
 Karyotype

Autosomes Sex Chromosomes

Identifying Errors in Meiosis

▪ Normal karyotype.
▪ The last pair is XY -
male karyotype.
▪ It has 46 individual
chromosomes or with
23 sets of two
chromosomes.
▪ Each pair shows no
missing or additional
chromosomes.
▪ Normal karyotype.
▪ The last pair is XX-
female
▪ It has 46 individual
chromosomes or 23
sets of two of
chromosomes.
▪ Each pair shows no
missing or
additional
chromosomes.”
▪ Abnormal karyotype
▪ XY - male
▪ It has 47 individual
chromosomes, with
22 sets of two
chromosomes and 1
set of three.
▪ The 18th set shows
additional 1
chromosome making it
an abnormal karyotype
▪ Abnormal karyotype.
▪ Female with only one
sex chromosome.
▪ It has 45 individual
chromosomes, with 22
sets of two
chromosomes and
have only 1 sex
chromosomes.
▪ Lacking one sex
chromosomes makes it
an abnormal karyotype
▪ Abnormal karyotype.
▪ It is a male with
additional one male sex
chromosome.
▪ It has 47 individual
chromosomes, with 22
sets of two
chromosomes and have
1 set of three sex
chromosomes.
▪ Having one additional
sex chromosomes makes
it an abnormal karyotype.
▪ Abnormal karyotype.
▪ It is a male
▪ It has 46 individual
▪ chromosomes or with
23 sets of two of
chromosomes.
▪ The 5th pair of
chromosome shows a
deletion of about half
of its short arm making
it an abnormal
karyotype.”
▪ Abnormal karyotype.
▪ It is a male
▪ It has 45 individual
chromosomes or with 22
sets of two
chromosomes and the
number 14
chromosomes has only
one.
▪ One of the 13th
chromosome is obviously
longer compared to its
pair.
Chromosomal Abnormalities
Numerical Structural
Abnormalities Abnormalities
Monosomy Deletion
Trisomy Translocation
Inversion
*Duplication
*Translocation
▪ The result of nondisjunction is a cell
with an imbalance of chromosomes.
▪ Such a cell is said to be “aneuploid”.

Aneuploidy, an extra or missing

chromosome is a common cause
of genetic disorders (birth
defects).
Chromosomal Abnormalities
1. Trisomy - the presence of an extra chromosome, a third
instead of a pair.
2. Monosomy - the absence of one of the chromosomes.
3. Deletions -These are missing pieces of chromosomes
and/or genetic material. Some may be small and
difficult to be detected.
4. Translocations - pieces of chromosomes break off and
reattach to another chromosome. If a one-to-one switch
and all of the genetic material is present (but in the
wrong place), it is said to be a balanced translocation. If
it is not, then it is called an unbalanced translocation