Subject:- Science Class:- 6th

IQBAL MEMORIAL HIGH SCHOOL DOORU SHAHABAD

LESSON NO. 2

(The Cell)

A. Subjective Questions.
I. Answer the following in brief:

1. What do you mean by unicellular and multicellular organisms?

Ans:- Unicellular:- Those organisms which are made of only one cell are called
unicellular organisms. For example; amoeba, paramecium, bacteria, etc.

Multicellular :-Those organisms which are made up of several cells are

called multicellular organisms. For example; plants, animals, etc

2. Name the largest plant cell.

Ans:- Xylem

3. Briefly describe the structure of cell wall.

Ans:- The cell wall is a non-living, rigid structure outside the plasma membrane.
The cell wall is present in all plant cells, fungi, bacteria and algae. The plant cell
wall is generally arranged in three layers (primary cell wall, middle lamella and the
secondary cell wall) and composed of carbohydrates like pectin, cellulose,
hemicelluloses and other smaller amounts of minerals which form a network
along with structural proteins to form the cell wall.

4. Write any two functions of nucleus.

Ans:- a) The nucleus controls all the activities of the cell.

b) It takes part in cell division.

5. Who discovered the cell?

Ans:- Robert Hooke(1665)

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6. Give an example of eukaryotic cell.

Ans:- Fungi or plants.

II. Short Answer Type Questions:

1. What are plant cells?

Ans:-Plant cells are eukaryotic cells, which have a well-defined nucleus along with
specialized structures called organelles.

2. Define animal cells?

Ans:-Animals cells are eukaryotic cells, that lacks cell wall and have a well-defined
nucleus along with other cellular organelles that carry out different functions.

3. Write down three basic characteristics of cell.

Ans:- The three basic characteristics of cell are:

a) Cell is the basic structural and fundamental unit of all life forms.

b) All cells arise from pre existing cells.

c) All living organisms are comprised of cell.

4. Define the following terms:

a) Prokaryotic cell:- Prokaryotic cells are cells that do not have a well-defined
nucleus and membrane- bound organelles. Examples of prokaryotes are
blue-green algae, bacteria, etc.
b) Eukaryotic cell:- these cells contain organized nucleus and organelles
which are enveloped by membrane-bound organelles. Examples of
eukaryotic cells are plants, plants, fungi, etc
c) Organelle:- An organelle is a tiny cellular structure that performs specific
functions like controlling cell growth and producing energy within a cell.

5. Describe the structure and function of plasma or cell membrane.

Ans:- Plasma membrane is the external membrane of the cell. It is thin elastic
selectively permeable membrane with thickness of 1-10nm. This membrane
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contains 75% phospholipids and remaining proteins, polysaccharides, cholesterol,

etc.

Its functions are:

 It is semi permeable in nature.

 It is bounded with semifluid and gives definite shape of cell.
 It is a thin and flexible membrane.
 It acts as a mechanical barrier which prevents entry of microorganisms.

III. Long Answer Type Questions:

1. Describe the structure of cell wall .Also discuss its functions.

Ans:- The cell wall is a non-living, rigid structure outside the plasma membrane.
The cell wall is present in all plant cells, fungi, bacteria and algae. The plant cell
wall is generally arranged in three layers (primary cell wall, middle lamella and the
secondary cell wall) and composed of carbohydrates like pectin, cellulose,
hemicelluloses and other smaller amounts of minerals which form a network
along with structural proteins to form the cell wall.

Its functions are as under:-

 It provides rigidity and shape to the plant cell.

 It protects the plasma membrane and internal structures of the cell.
 It helps the transport of various substances in and out of the cell.
 It prevents drying up of cells.

2. Differentiate between plant cells and animals cells.

PLANT CELLS ANIMAL CELLS

1. Plant cells are usually larger than 1. Animal cells are smaller in size.

animal cells in size.

2. Plant cells usually have angular shape. 2. Animal cells usually have irregular
shape.

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3. The plasma membrane of plant cells 3. Cell wall is absent.

is surrounded by a rigid cell wall made up

of cellulose.

4. Plastids are present in plant cell. 4. Plastids are absent in animal cell.

5. Centrosome and centrioles are not 5. Centrosome and centrioles are

present. present.

6. Nucleus is elliptical 6. Nucleus is rounded.

3. Draw a labeled diagram of a plant cell.

Ans:-

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4. Write the structure and function of the following:

a) Nucleus:- Nucleus is usually spherical or oval shape. The usual size of

nucleus is 5 to 25 um. It is bounded by two unit membranes forming nuclear
membrane. A number of pores are present in the nuclear membrane called
nuclear pores. Inside nuclear membrane a colorless dense sap is present, which is
called nucleoplasm.

Its functions are as under:-

 It controls all the activities of the cell.

 It has a direct role in sexual as well as asexual reproduction.
 Nucleus takes part in cell division.
 Chromosomes contain genes which are responsible for hereditary
characters.

b) Cytoplasm:- The liquid medium of the cell around nucleus is called

cytoplasm. It is viscous translucent, homogeneous and colloidal liquid.

Its functions are as under:-

 The cytoplasm is home to many activities of the cell as it contains

molecules, enzymes that are crucial in the breakdown of the waste.
 It assists in metabolic activities.
 It provides shape to the cell.

c) Vacuole:- A vacuole is a double membrane structure found in the

cytoplasmic matrix of a cell. The membrane surrounding the vacuole is known as
tonoplast. They are small or large-sized organelles which are filled with cell-sap,
salts, sugar and pigments dissolved in water.

Its functions are as under:-

 In animal, they regulate the quantity of water.

 In aquatic protozoan’s, they act as osmoregulators.
 They also regulate the turgor pressure in the cell.
 They also separate some substances present in cell sap from the cytoplasm.

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d) Plastids:- Plastids occur mostly in plant cells. Plastids are mostly spherical

or dicoidal in shape and double-membraned organelles. Their size varies

from 4 to 6 um. They have three types like chloroplasts, leucoplasts and
chromoplasts.

Plastids perform the following functions:-

 Chloroplasts synthesize food by trapping solar energy.

 Leucoplasts help in storage of food.
 Chromoplasts provide different colours to flowering parts.

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LESSON NO. 3

(Human Body)

A. Subjective Questions.
I. Answer the following in brief:

1. Which of the organs perform the following functions in humans?

a) Absorption of food

Ans:- Absorption of food takes place in small intestine.

b) Absorption of water

Ans:- Absorption of water takes place in large intestine.

2. What is the name of tiny projections on the inner surface of small intestine
which help in absorbing the digested food?

Ans:- Villi (Sing. Villus)

3. Name the red pigment which carries oxygen in blood.

Ans:- Haemoglobin is the red pigment which carries oxygen in the blood.

4. Where in the lungs does gas exchange take place?

Ans:- The gas exchange in lungs takes place between the alveoli and a network of
tiny blood vessels called capillaries.

5. Name the four chambers of the human heart.

Ans:- The four chambers of the human heart are:-

Two auricles or atria (Right auricle and Left auricle) and two ventricles (Right
ventricle and Left ventricle).

6. What should be the ideal blood pressure for a normal adult man?

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Ans:- The blood pressure for a normal adult person should be “120/80 mm Hg”.

II. Short Answer Type Questions:

1. What substances are contained in gastric juice? What are their functions?

Ans:- Hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes (pepsin, rennin and gastric lipase) and
mucus (Gastric mucin) are the substances contained in gastric juice.

 Hydrochloric acid: It kills the bacteria present in the food.

 Pepsin: It hydrolyses the protein molecules into peptones.
 Rennin: It converts the milk caesin into curd.
 Gastric lipase: It partially hydrolyses fats into fatty acids and glycerol.
 Gastric mucin: It protects the mucus membrane of stomach.

2. What is the role of hydrochloric acid in our stomach?

Ans:- Hydrochloric acid gets mixed with food and kills the bacteria present in the
food. It also provides the acidic conditions necessary for the action of the enzyme
pepsin. It activates the enzyme pepsin to act on proteins.

3. What type of respiration takes place in human muscles during vigorous physical
exercise? Give reason.

Ans:- Anaerobic respiration takes place in human muscles during vigorous

physical exercise. Because during intense exercise due to lack of oxygen, energy
is produced by partially oxidizing glucose into lactic acid. The lactic acid needs to
be oxidized to carbon dioxide and water later.

4. Define breathing. State the differences between breathing and respiration.

Ans:- The process of inhaling oxygen and exhaling carbon dioxide by the lungs is
called breathing.

Breathing is a simple physical process in which no energy is produced

whereas respiration is a chemical process in which energy is released and stored
in the form of ATP. Furthermore, breathing takes place in lungs whereas
respiration takes place in the cells.

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5. How many types of blood vessels are there in the human body? Name them.
Why does the heart need valves?

Ans:- The three types of blood vessels in the human body are arteries, veins and
capillaries.

Heart needs valves because these prevent back flow of blood and regulates
unidirectional flow of blood in the body.

6. What are the various components of blood? State their functions

Ans:- Plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets are various
components of blood. Their functions are:

 Plasma: It is pale yellow in colour. It is given to the patients with liver

failure and life threatening injuries.
 Red blood cells: These transport oxygen to the cells and remove carbon
dioxide.
 White blood cells: These are involved in immune response.
 Platelets: These form clots that prevent blood loss after injury.

III. Long Answer Type Questions:

1. Name the main organs of the human digestive system. Also name the
associated glands.

Ans:- The main organs of the human digestive system in sequence are:

Mouth, Oesophagus (food pipe), Stomach, Small intestine and Large

intestine.

The glands which are associated with the human digestive system and form
a part of digestive system are- Salivary glands, Liver and Pancreas.

2. How do carbohydrates, fats and proteins get digested in human beings?

Ans:- Digestion of carbohydrates:- Starch is digested in the mouth by salivary

amylase. Other forms of carbohydrates are digested in the small intestine.

Starch + Salivary Amylase Sucrose

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Maltose + Maltase Glucose

Lactose + Lactase Glucose + Galactose

Digestion of Proteins:- Partial digestion of protein takes place in the

stomach by gastric enzyme pepsin. Further digestion of protein happens in small
intestine.

Protein + Pepsin Peptone + Proteose

(Protein + Peptone + Proteose) + (trypsin + chymotrypsin)Dipeptides

Digestion of fats:- Fat is at first emulsified by bile and then its digestion
happens in the small intestine.

Fat + Lipase Fatty acids + Glycerol

3. (a) What is the function of respiratory system?

Ans:- The important functions of the respiratory system include- inhalation

and exhalation of gases, exchange of gases between lungs and bloodstream, The
gaseous exchange between bloodstream and body tissues, olfaction and vibration
of vocal cords.

(b) What are the major organs of respiratory system in humans?

Ans:- The major organs of respiratory system in humans are:

Nose, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and a pair of lungs.

4. Write the difference between breathing and respiration.

Ans:- Breathing Respiration

a) The process of inhaling oxygen and a) The process of releasing energy

exhaling carbon dioxide by the lungs is from food is called respiration.

called breathing.

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b) It takes place in the lungs. b) It takes place in the cells.

c) It is a physical process. c) It is a chemical process.

d) No Energy is released during the d) Energy is released and stored in

the process. form of ATP.

e) No enzymes are used during the e) A large number of enzymes are

process. used during the process.

f) Breathing takes place through f) Respiration takes place in cells and

respiratory organs like lungs and cell organelles such as mitochondria.

nose.

5. What is meant by human circulatory system? Name the organs of the

circulatory system in humans.

Ans:- The human circulatory system consists of a network of arteries, veins and
capillaries, with the heart pumping blood through it. Its primary role is to provide
essential nutrients, minerals and hormones to various parts of the body. It is also
responsible for collecting metabolic waste and toxins from the cells and tissues to
be purified or expelled from the body.

Heart, Blood and blood vessels are the organs of circulatory systems in

Humans.

6. Draw a diagram of human heart and label its parts.

Ans:-

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7. Answer the following in brief.

a) Name the main function of blood in our body.

Ans:- The main function of blood is to transport food, oxygen and waste

materials in our body .

b) Write the types of blood groups.

Ans:- A, B, AB and O are the four types of blood groups defined by

ABO system.

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LESSON NO. 5

(Adaptation)

A. Subjective Questions.
I. Answer the following in brief:

1. Define habitat.

Ans:- The natural home or environment of an animal, plant or other organism is

called habitat. It comprises both biotic and abiotic factors.

2. What is aquatic habitat?

Ans:- A water based habitat is called an aquatic habitat. Examples are: Pond,
River, Swamps and Oceans.

3. What are floating plants?

Ans:- Those plants whose roots are not fixed in the sediments but hang in the
water are called floating plants.

4. What are physical adaptations in fish?

Ans:- Mouth, body shape, coloration or method of reproduction are the physical
adaptations in fish.

5. What happens to the leaves of desert shrubs when there is no water in the
summer?

Ans:- When there is no water in the summer, many desert shrubs drop their
leaves and become dormant.

6. What are the advantages of the eyelashes of camel?

Ans:- The long eye lashes of camel helps to protect the eyes from the sun and
blowing sand.

7. What are the advantages of thick coat of camel?

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Ans:- The thick coat on a camel’s body helps provide warmth during cold desert
nights and insulate the body from heat during the day. The coat also helps the
camel sweat less thus saving water.

8. What is the adaptation of a mountain goat?

Ans:- Mountain goat has thick fur on its body including feet and toes which
protects it from cold temperatures, wind and other animals . It also has strong
hooves for running up rocky slopes of the mountains.

9. What is the advantage of short tail of a bird?

Ans:- The short tail of a bird bears rectrices, which spread out in a fan-like
manner and serves as a rudder during flight. They also assist in steering, lifting
and counterbalancing during flying and perching.

II. Short Answer Type Questions:

1. Write the characteristics of adaptation of marsh plants.

Ans:- Marsh plants are characterized by lubricant growth and often have large
leaves.

2. Write in brief the adaptation in fish.

Ans:- The streamlined body shape helps the fish to move through the water
easily. The gills help fish to absorb oxygen dissolved in the water for breathing.
The skin coloration helps the fish to hide from predators.

3. What are the various uses of cactus?

Ans:- The various uses of cactus are as under:

a) Cactus is important source of food and water for various animals like
antelope, bighorn sheep etc.
b) Many birds build their nests in cactus.
c) Different varieties of cactus were also used for medicinal purposes.

4. Write the advantages of the following adaptations of the camel to a desert

environment:
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a) Hump:- A camel stores fat tissues in its hump which helps it to survive a
month without food and about two weeks without water.
b) Lips:- The lips are thick to help the camel to eat the prickly desert plants
without getting hurt.
c) Ears:- The thick coat of hair inside the camels ear helps keep out sand or
dust that might blow into its ears.
d) Knees:- The thick covers on camel’s knees prevents the knee from getting
burned from the hot desert sand when kneeling down
e) Legs:- The long and thin legs helps camel to take longer strides in the sand
and keeps the body away for the heat of the surface. These also help
bearing heavy goods.

5. Write a short note on the adaptations in pine and fir.

Ans:- Pine trees have needle-shaped leaves that reduces moisture loss. They have
conical tree shape that allows them to shed snow easily. They have dense foliage
that slows evaporation.

Fir trees have adventitious roots that bind them to the mountain slopes.
They have thick bark that protects them from forest fires.

III. Long Answer Type Questions:

1. Write the characteristics of the following plants:

Ans:-

a) Floating plants:- The characteristics of floating plants are:-

I. The chloroplast present in the leaves of floating plants is
restricted to the upper surface of the leaves.
II. They also have stomata present on the upper surface of the
leaf.
III. The upper surface of its leaves has a thick cuticle to repel
water and helps to keep the stomata open and clear.
IV. Air filled internal cavities are also present.
b) Submerged plants:- The characteristics of Submerged plants are:-

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I.
They have no cuticle formation. All the surface cells appear to
be able to absorb nutrients and dissolved gases directly from
the surrounding water.
II. They have roots which helps them in anchorage.
III. The air filled cavities often extend throughout the leaves and
stem.
c) Fixed plants:- The characteristics of fixed plants are:-
I. They require mechanical support, as air does not hold up plant
structures.
II. They have an extensive root system to anchor them solidly in
the ground.
III. They contain stomata.
IV. They have cuticle or protective layer developed on the external
surface to prevent water loss.

2. Write external features of water lily and water hyacinth (with floating leaves)

Ans:- The external features of water lily are wide, flat leaves, the thorns on the
bottom of leaves, the rims around the leaves and the short lifespan of the flower.

The external features of water hyacinth are broad, thick, glossy, ovate
leaves, long spongy and bulbous stalks, which rise 1m above the surface of water.

3. Draw pictures of hydrilla and cactus/opuntia. Also write down their special
features.

Ans:-

CACTUS HYDRILLA

The special features of cactus plant are:

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a) Its roots are close to the soil surface.

b) It stores water in thick expandable stem.

c) They have fixed spines instead of leaves to photosynthesize.

The special features of hydrilla are:

a) It can grow at low light intensities.

b) It is better at absorbing carbon dioxide from water.

c) It can store nutrients for later use.

d) It can tolerate extreme water conditions.

4. Write the external features of fish, camel, bird and mountain goat.

Ans:-

 Fish:- The external features of fish are: dorsal fin, anal fin, caudal fin,
pectoral fins, ventral fins, gills, lateral line, mouth, scales, and body shape.
 Camel:- The external features of camel are: long legs, nostrils, long
eyelashes, hump, Thick lips and fur, hooves etc.
 Bird:- The external features of bird are: streamlined spindle- shaped body,
beak, flight feathers, beak, wings, and a short tail bearing long rectrices.
 Mountain goat:- The external features of mountain goat are: two long black
horns on the top of their head, Thick wooly fur , a beard, hooves and a
short tail.

5. Write in detail the most birds possess the important flight or volant adaptation.

Ans:-There are two types of flight adaptations of birds:-

1) Morphological Adaptations

2) Anatomical Adaptations

Morphological Adaptations

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The body of birds is strong dorsally and heavy ventrally which helps them in
maintaining equilibrium. Their body is fusiform or spindle shaped in order to
attain speed. Their body is covered with feathers. Their forelimbs are modified
into wings to help them in flight. Their hindlimbs are specialized for arboreal life.

Anatomical Adaptations

1) Flight muscles:-The action of wings is controlled by flight muscles which are

greatly developed, weighing about one-sixth of the entire bird’s weight.

2) Lightness and Rigidity of Endoskeleton:-Their skeleton framework is based on

“hollow-girder principle”. Their bones are pneumatics, filled with air sacs.

3) They have well developed digestive, respiratory, circulatory and reproductive

systems.

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