Unit 2 Research Project

Part 1 SAMPLE
Miss R. Chen
AP Biology Class 2021-2022
 2. Pancreatic Cell Cell Structure and Function
Type of Pancreatic Cells⁹:
Figure 1: The five different types of Pancreatic Cell types as discussed in
Part 1¹².
Pancreatic Beta Cell Structure and Function
Figure 2: The structure and function of peroxisomes, mitochondria,
nucleus, lysosomes¹⁰, rough endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes, golgi
complex, vesicles, plasma membrane¹³, microfilaments¹¹, microtubules, and
intermediate filaments.
Effects of Cell Size on Pancreatic Cells
The diameter of an normal beta pancreatic cell
is 10 µm giving it a surface area to volume ratio
(SA:V) of 0.6.¹⁵ An enlarged beta pancreatic cell due
to diabetes is 12 µm which gives it a SA:V of 0.5.¹¹ᵃ
Since the SA:V of the diabetic alpha cell is smaller, it
cannot bring out insulin as efficiently which is
important to lower blood sugar. It takes longer for the
vesicle to go in and out the cell towards the ER as
shown in the diagram in Figure 3 and 4.
Pancreas Membrane Proteins & Transport
GLUT2 is an integral channel protein and GLUT1¹¹ᵇ
¹²ᵇᶜ is an integral carrier protein that both passively
transports glucose into the beta cell from the
environment via facilitated diffusion.They do not
Figure 3. A normal beta cell has less distance for the insulin to travel back
and forth for exchange compared to the enlarged diabetic beta cell in Figure
3.¹⁴ The normal cell includes membrane proteins discussed.
require energy and is essential to tell the cell how
much glucose is in the environment so it knows to
send out insulin to lower the blood sugar. This is
coupled (active cotransport) mechanism with the
insulin-granule exocytosis and endocytosis in a
vesicle to regulate insulin activity in the body. These
are forms of active transport since they require ATP.
The coupling happens when Ca²⁺ is imported
actively via electric voltage gated pump when
potassium ions (K⁺) is exported turning ADP into
ATP¹³ᵃ. K⁺ and Ca²⁺ are important for the production
of energy in the cell to allow these active transport
mechanisms to happen.¹²ᵃ Lastly, there are surface
proteases which are peripheral proteins which are
involved in cell to cell communication between two
beta cells which is important for overall tissue
function of the pancreas. ¹³ᵇ
Figure 4. An enlarged beta cell has more distance for the insulin to travel (not
to scale).
Unit 2 Works Cited
[10] Baboota, R. K., Shinde, A. B., Lemaire, K., Fransen, M., Vinckier, S., Van Veldhoven, P. P., Schuit, F., & Baes, M. (2019). Functional peroxisomes are required for β-cell
integrity in mice. Molecular Metabolism, 22, 71–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmet.2019.02.001

[11] Blake, M. (n.d.). Cytoskeleton | Pancreapedia. Pancreapedia. Retrieved June 16, 2021, from https://pancreapedia.org/structure/cytoskeleton

[11b] Boron, W. F., & Boulpaep, E. L. (2017). Medical physiology (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Saunders.

[11a] Bru-Tari, E., Cobo-Vuilleumier, N., Alonso-Magdalena, P., Dos Santos, R. S., Marroqui, L., Nadal, A., Gauthier, B. R., & Quesada, I. (2019). Pancreatic alpha-cell
mass in the early-onset and advanced stage of a mouse model of experimental autoimmune diabetes. Scientific Reports, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-45853-1

[12] English, A., & Irwin, N. (2019). Nonclassical Islet Peptides: Pancreatic and Extrapancreatic Actions. Clinical Medicine Insights: Endocrinology and Diabetes, 12,
117955141988887. https://doi.org/10.1177/1179551419888871

[12b] Ferrier, D. R. (2017). Lippincott illustrated reviews: Biochemistry (7th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer.

[12a] Gao, J., Yu, C., Xiong, Q., Zhang, Y., & Wang, L. (2015). Lysosomal integral membrane protein Sidt2 plays a vital role in insulin secretion. International journal of
clinical and experimental pathology, 8(12), 15622–15631.

[12c] Katzung, B. G. (2018). Basic and clinical pharmacology (14th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

[13] Li, Y. (2013). Zinc and insulin in pancreatic beta-cells. Endocrine, 45, 178-189.

[13a] MacDonald, P. E., & Rorsman, P. (2007). The ins and outs of secretion from pancreatic β-cells: Control of single-vesicle exo- and endocytosis. Physiology, 22(2),
113–121. https://doi.org/10.1152/physiol.00047.2006

[13b] Stützer, I., Esterházy, D., & Stoffel, M. (2012). The pancreatic beta cell surface proteome. Diabetologia, 55(7), 1877–1889. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-012-2531-3

[14] Takahashi, N., Kadowaki, T., Yazaki, Y., Ellis-Davies, G. C. R., Miyashita, Y., & Kasai, H. (1999). Post-priming actions of ATP On Ca2+-dependent Exocytosis in
pancreatic beta cells. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(2), 760–765. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.2.760

[15] Zimny, M. L., & Blackard, W. G. (1975). The surface structure of isolated pancreatic islet cells. Cell and Tissue Research, 164(4).
https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00219938
 Part 1 Rubric
Sc.AB.2.1-3a * Cell Structure and Function: Components and Size - I can explain how subcellular components and organelles contribute to the function of the cell; and
explain the effect of surface area-to-volume ratios on the exchange of materials between cells and the environment.

9 8
Exemplary
Demonstrates an advanced level
of knowledge of and
understanding of explaining how
subcellular components and
organelles contribute to the
function of the cell; and clearly
integrates higher level thinking
skills.
7 6
Proficient
Meets grade level explaining of
how subcellular components and
organelles contribute to the
function of the cell.
Demonstrates solid knowledge
and understanding.
5 4
Basic
Demonstrates progress toward
grade-level explaining of how
subcellular components and
organelles contribute to the
function of the cell, but not yet at
standard. Demonstrates some
knowledge and understanding.
3 2
Below Basic
Not meeting grade level
explaining of how subcellular
components and organelles
contribute to the function of the
cell. Showing minimal progress.
Additional support needed to
develop knowledge and
understanding.
1 0
Failure
Little or no evidence of
learning how to explain how
subcellular components and
organelles contribute to the
function of the cell.

Sc.AB.2.4 - * Cell Structure and Function: Membrane Structure, Permeability, and Compartmentalization - I can describe the components of a cell’s membranes and
explain how they are utilized to maintain homeostasis and cellular functions.

9 8
Exemplary
Demonstrates an advanced level
of knowledge of and
understanding of describing the
components of a cell’s
membranes and how it’s used
for cell life; and clearly integrates
higher level thinking skills.
7 6
Proficient
Meets grade level describing the
components of a cell’s
membranes and how it’s used
for cell life. Demonstrates solid
knowledge and understanding.
5 4
Basic
Demonstrates progress toward
grade-level describing the
components of a cell’s
membranes and how it’s used
for cell life, but not yet at
standard. Demonstrates some
knowledge and understanding.
3 2
Below Basic
Not meeting grade level
describing the components of a
cell’s membranes and how it’s
used for cell life. Showing
minimal progress. Additional
support needed to develop
knowledge and understanding.
1 0
Failure
Little or no evidence of
learning how to describing the
components of a cell’s
membranes and how it’s used
for cell life.

Sc.AB.2.6-9 - * Cell Structure and Function: Membrane Transport - I can describe the various mechanisms used by cells to transport substances across membranes.
9 8
Exemplary
Demonstrates an advanced level
of knowledge of and
understanding of describing
various mechanisms used by
cells to transport substances;
and clearly integrates higher
level thinking skills.
9 8
Exemplary
Unit 2 Rubric (cont)
7 6
Proficient
Meets grade level describing
various mechanisms used by
cells to transport substances.
Demonstrates solid knowledge
and understanding.
7 6
Proficient
5 4
Basic
Demonstrates progress toward
grade-level describing various
mechanisms used by cells to
transport substances, but not yet
at standard. Demonstrates some
knowledge and understanding.
5 4
Basic
3 2
Below Basic
Not meeting grade level
describing various mechanisms
used by cells to transport
substances. Showing minimal
progress. Additional support
needed to develop knowledge
and understanding.
3 2
Below Basic
1 0
Failure
Little or no evidence of
learning how to describing
various mechanisms used by
cells to transport substances.
1 0
Failure