First Law of

Thermodynamics
(Closed Systems)

Prepared by:
Engr. Marvin V. Rosales
References:
Titles, authors, and editions of textbooks and other materials,
required and recommended

1. Richard E. Sonntag et al. Fundamental of Thermodynamics.6th Edition.

New York: John Wiley and Sons. C. 2003
2. Michael J. Moran and Howard N. Shapiro. Fundamentals of Engineering
Thermodynamics. 4th Edition. United States of America: John Wiley and
Sons, Inc. C. 1999
3. M. David Burghardt and James A. Harbach. Engineering
Thermodynamics.3rd Edition. New York: Harper & Row Publisher, Inc. C.
1993
4. Yunus A. Cengel and Michael A. Boles. Thermodynamics: An Engineering
Approach. 1st Edition. United States of America: McGraw-Hill, Inc. C.
1989
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CONTROL MASS UNDERGOING A
CYCLE
➢ The first law of thermodynamics states that during any cycle a system (control mass)
undergoes, the cyclic integral of the heat is proportional to the cyclic integral of the
work.

➢ The amounts of work and heat were compared, it was found that they were always
proportional, therefore

✓ The symbol δQ, which is called the cyclic integral of the heat transfer, represents the net heat
transfer during the cycle, and δW, the cyclic integral of the work, represents the net work during the
cycle. Here, J is a proportionality factor that depends on the units used for work and heat.
✓ Because The units are equivalent, it is not necessary to include the factor J
explicitly, but simply to recognize that for any system of units, each
equation must have consistent units throughout. Therefore, we may write

which can be considered the basic statement of the first law of

thermodynamics.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CHANGE IN STATE OF A CONTROL
MASS
➢ Consider a system that undergoes a cycle in
which it changes from state 1 to state 2 by
process A and returns from state 2 to state 1 by
process B.

From the first law of thermodynamics

THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CHANGE IN STATE OF A CONTROL
MASS

➢ Now consider another cycle in which the control

mass changes from state 1 to state 2 by process C
and returns to state 1 by process B, as before. For
this cycle we can write
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CHANGE IN STATE OF A CONTROL
MASS
➢ Since A and C represent arbitrary processes
between states 1 and 2, the quantity δQ − δw
is the same for all processes between states 1
and 2. Therefore, δQ − δW depends only on
the initial and final states and not on the path
followed between the two states.

➢ We conclude that this is a point function, and therefore it is the differential of a

property of the mass. This property is the energy of the mass and is given the
symbol E. Thus we can write
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CHANGE IN STATE OF A CONTROL
MASS
➢ Because E is a property, its derivative is written dE. When integrated from an
initial state 1 to a final state 2, we have

✓ Where E1and E2 are the initial and final values of the energy E of the control
mass, 1Q2 is the heat transferred to the control mass during the process from
state 1 to state 2, and 1W2 is the work done by the control mass during the
process.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
FOR A CHANGE IN STATE OF A CONTROL
MASS
➢ The physical significance of the property E is that it represents all the
energy of the system in the given state.
Therefore the total E is written as;

➢ Since the terms comprising E are point functions, we can write

➢ The first law of thermodynamics for a change of state may therefore be written;
Work and Kinetic Energy

➢ By Newton’s second law of motion, the

magnitude of the component Fs is related to
the change in the magnitude of V by

Using the chain rule, this can be written as

where V = ds/dt. Rearranging Eq. and integrating

from s1 to s2 gives
Work and Kinetic Energy
The integral on the left of Eq. is evaluated as follows

1
✓ The quantity m𝑉 2 is the kinetic energy, KE, of the body. Kinetic energy is a
2
scalar quantity.

➢ The change in kinetic energy, ∆KE, of the body is

Work and Kinetic Energy

➢ The integral on the right of Equation is the work of the force Fs as the
body moves from s1 to s2 along the path. Work is also a scalar quantity.

✓ The expression for work has been written in terms of the scalar product
(dot product) of the force vector F and the displacement vector ds

✓ Equation states that the work of the resultant force on the body equals the
change in its kinetic energy. When the body is accelerated by the
resultant force, the work done on the body can be considered a transfer
of energy to the body, where it is stored as kinetic energy

✓ kinetic energy is a property of the body and it is an extensive property.

Potential Energy

➢ Consider a body of mass m that moves vertically

from an elevation z1 to an elevation z2 relative to
the surface of Earth.

➢ Two forces are shown acting on the system: a

downward force due to gravity with magnitude
mg and a vertical force with magnitude R
representing the resultant of all other forces
acting on the system.

➢ The total work is the algebraic sum of these

individual values. The total work equals the
change in kinetic energy. That is,

✓ A minus sign is introduced before the second term on the right because the
gravitational force is directed downward and z is taken as positive upward.
Potential Energy
➢ The first integral on the right of Eq. represents the work done by the force
R on the body as it moves vertically from z1 to z2. The second integral can
be evaluated as follows:

Therefore:

➢ The quantity mgz is the gravitational potential energy

➢ The change in gravitational potential energy, ∆PE, is

EXAMPLE:
Consider a system having a mass of 1 kg whose velocity increases from 15
m/s to 30 m/s while its elevation decreases by 10 m at a location where g =
9.7 m/s2. calculate the kinetic and potential energy.
EXAMPLE:

For a system having a mass of 1 lb whose velocity increases from 50 ft/s to

100 ft/s while its elevation decreases by 40 ft at a location where g 5 32.0
ft/s2, calculate the kinetic and potential energy.
Broadening Our Understanding of Energy
➢ the total energy of a system, which includes kinetic energy, gravitational
potential energy, and other forms of energy.

➢ The change in the total energy of a system is considered to be made up of

three macroscopic contributions.
✓ change in kinetic energy, associated with the motion of the system
as a whole relative to an external coordinate frame.
✓ change in gravitational potential energy, associated with the position
of the system as a whole in Earth’s gravitational field.
✓ All other energy changes are lumped together in the internal energy
of the system. Like kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy,
internal energy is an extensive property of the system, as is the total
energy.

➢ Internal energy is represented by the symbol U, and the change in internal

energy in a process is U2 - U1. The specific internal energy is symbolized
by u respectively, depending on whether it is expressed on a unit mass or
per mole basis.
Broadening Our Understanding of Energy
➢ The change in the total energy of a system is

➢ Microscopic interpretation of internal energy

✓ Part of the internal energy of the gas is the translational kinetic energy
of the molecules
✓ Other contributions to the internal energy include the kinetic energy
due to rotation of the molecules relative to their centers of mass

✓ kinetic energy associated with vibrational motions within the

molecules
Energy Accounting: Energy Balance
for Closed Systems
➢ The only ways the energy of a closed system can be changed are through
transfer of energy by work or by heat

Summarizing Energy Concepts

All energy aspects are summarized in words as follows:

✓ It requires that in any process of a closed system the energy of the system
increases or decreases by an amount equal to the net amount of energy
transferred across its boundary.
✓ The energy balance can be expressed in symbols as

Alternate form

Note: that the algebraic signs before the heat and work terms of Eqs are
different

✓ Energy balance in differential form is

✓ The instantaneous time rate form of the energy balance is

The rate form of the energy balance expressed in words is

✓ Time rate of change of energy is given by

Therofore

✓ The Internal Energy of a substance

THE THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTY
ENTHALPY
➢ Let us consider a control mass undergoing a quasi-
equilibrium constant-pressure process,
✓ Assume that there are no changes in kinetic or potential energy and
that the only work done during the process is that associated with
the boundary movement

✓ Taking the gas as our control mass and applying the first law, we
have, in terms of Q,

work done can be calculated, and Since the pressure is constant,

Therefore,

➢ Enthalpy is defined as,

or, per unit mass,

✓ The enthalpy of a substance

THE CONSTANT-VOLUME AND
CONSTANT-PRESSURE SPECIFIC
HEATS
➢ Consider a homogeneous phase of a substance of constant composition. This
phase may be a solid, a liquid, or a gas, but no change of phase will occur. We
will then define a variable termed the specific heat, the amount of heat required
per unit mass to raise the temperature by one degree

➢ We find that this expression can be evaluated for two separate special cases:

1. Constant volume, for which the work term (P dV) is zero, so that the
specific heat(at constant volume) is

2. Constant pressure, for which the work term can be integrated and the resulting PV terms at the
initial and final states can be associated with the internal energy terms,, thereby leading to the
conclusion that the heat transfer can be expressed in termsof the enthalpy change. The
corresponding specific heat (at constant pressure) is
THE CONSTANT-VOLUME AND
CONSTANT-PRESSURE SPECIFIC HEATS
➢ Solids and Liquids
✓ As a special case, consider either a solid or a liquid. Since both
of these phases are nearly incompressible,

✓ Also, for both of these phases, the specific volume is very small,
such that in many cases
THE INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF IDEAL GASES
➢ For constant Volume

✓ Because the internal energy of an ideal gas is not a function of specific volume, for an ideal
gas we can write

✓ where the subscript 0 denotes the specific heat of an ideal gas. For a given mass
m,
THE INTERNAL ENERGY, ENTHALPY,
AND SPECIFIC HEAT OF IDEAL GASES
➢ For constant Pressure

✓ The relation between enthalpy and temperature is found from the constant-
pressure specific heat as defined by

✓ For a given mass m,

EXAMPLE:

Four-tenths kilogram of a certain gas is contained within a piston–cylinder

assembly. The gas undergoes a process for which the pressure–volume relationship
is
p𝑉 1.5 = constant
The initial pressure is 3 bar, the initial volume is 0.1 m3, and the final volume is
0.2 m3. The change in specific internal energy of the gas in the process is u2 - u1 =
55 kJ/kg. There are no significant changes in kinetic or potential energy. Determine
the net heat transfer for the process, in kJ.
Solution:
EXAMPLE:
Air is contained in a vertical piston–cylinder assembly fitted with an electrical
resistor. The atmosphere exerts a pressure of 14.7 lbf/in.2 on the top of the piston,
which has a mass of 100 lb and a face area of 1 ft2. Electric current passes through
the resistor, and the volume of the air slowly increases by 1.6 ft3 while its pressure
remains constant. The mass of the air is 0.6 lb, and its specific internal energy
increases by 18 Btu/lb. The air and piston are at rest initially and finally. The
piston–cylinder material is a ceramic composite and thus a good insulator. Friction
between the piston and cylinder wall can be ignored, and the local acceleration of
gravity is g = 32.0 ft/s2. Determine the heat transfer from the resistor to the air, in
Btu, for a system consisting of (a) the air alone, (b) the air and the piston.
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
Solution:
EXAMPLE:
A rigid container has 0.75 kg water at 300oC, 1200 kPa. The water is now cooled
to a final pressure of 300 kPa. Find the final temperature, the work and the heat
transfer in the process.

Solution:
Solution:
EXAMPLE:
A piston/cylinder assembly contains 1 kg of liquid water at 20C and 300 kPa.
There is a linear spring mounted on the piston such that when the water is
heated the pressure reaches 1 MPa with a volume of 0.1 m3. Find the final
temperature and the heat transfer in the process.

Solution:
Solution: