CHAPTER > 13
Kinetic Theory
KEY NOTES
Å Kinetic theory explains the behaviour of gases based on the
idea that the gas consists of rapidly moving atoms or
molecules.
Molecular Nature of Matter
Å According to the molecular theory of matter,
(i) The atoms are much free in gases and can travel long
distances without colliding. If they are not enclosed,
gases disperse away.
(ii) In solids and liquids, the closeness makes the
interatomic force important. The force has a long range
attraction and a short range repulsion. The atoms attract
when they are at a few angstroms but repel when they
come closer.
(iii) In dynamic equilibrium, molecules collide with each
other and change their speeds during the collision.
However, only the average properties remain constant.
Behaviour of Gases
Å Behaviour of gases can be stated as follows
(i) Gases at low pressures and high temperatures much
above that at which they liquefy (or solidify)
approximately satisfy a simple relation between their
pressure, temperature and volume given by
pV = KT
where, T is the temperature in kelvin or absolute scale
and K is constant for a given sample but varies with the
volume of gas.
(ii) With respect to atoms or molecules, K is proportional to
the number of molecules (N) in a sample of gas.
i.e. K = Nk
It has been observed that, the value of K is same for all
gases and it is called Boltzmann constant and is denoted
by kB which is given by
pV
kB =
NT
(iii) According to Avogadro’s hypothesis, the number of
molecules per unit volume is the same for all gases at
fixed temperature and pressure.
The number of molecules in 22.4 L of any gas is
6.02 × 1023 . This is known as Avogadro number and is
denoted by N A .
(iv) The mass of 22.4 L of any gas is equal to its molecular
weight in grams at STP (Standard Temperature 273 K
and Pressure 1 atm). This amount of substance is called
a mole.
(v) The perfect gas equation can be written as
pV = µRT
where, µ is the number of moles, R = N A kB which is a
universal constant, T is absolute temperature in kelvin
and R = 8. 314J mol −1 K−1 .
Another useful form of above perfect gas equation is
ρRT
p=
M0
where, ρ is the mass density of the gas.
(vi) If a gas that satisfies the relation, pV = µRT exactly at all
pressures and temperatures, then it is defined to be an
ideal gas.
(vii) Keeping temperature constant, pressure of a given mass
of gas varies inversely with volume, i.e. pV = constant or
p ∝ 1 / V.
This is called Boyle’s law.
(viii) For a fixed pressure, the volume of a gas is proportional
to its absolute temperature T.
Law of Equipartition of Energy
i.e. V ∝T
Å It states that for any system in thermal equilibrium, the
total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy
This is called Charles’ law. modes, with each mode having an average energy equal
(ix) The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to 1
to kBT.
the sum of the partial pressures of the individual gases. 2
µ RT µ 2 RT The kinetic energy of a single molecule is
i.e. p = p1 + p 2 + .... = 1 + + .... Å
V V 1 1 1
This is called Dalton’s law of partial pressure. ε t = mv x2 + mv y2 + mv z2
2 2 2
For a gas in thermal equilibrium at temperature T, the
Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas
Å

3
average value of energy denoted by < ε t > is kBT.
Å It is based on the molecular picture of matter. It correlates 2
the macroscopic properties like pressure and temperature of Since there is no preferred direction, hence
gases to microscopic properties like speed and kinetic energy 1 1 1 1
of gas molecules. < mv x2 > = < mv y2 > = < mv z2 > = kBT.
2 2 2 2
Å At ordinary pressure and temperature, the average distance Å A molecule has one degree of freedom for motion in a
between molecules is a factor of 10 or more than the typical line, two for motion in a plane and three for motion in
size of a molecule (2Å). Thus, interaction between molecules space.
is negligible.
Å Motion of a body as a whole from one point to another
Å When the molecules come close to each other, they is called translation. Thus, a molecule free to move in
experience intermolecular forces and their velocities change. space has three translational degrees of freedom.
These interactions are called collisions.
Å Molecules of a monoatomic gas have only translational
Å All collisions between molecules among themselves or degrees of freedom.
between molecules and the walls of the container are elastic,
Å Molecules of diatomic gas are made up of two atoms
i.e. total kinetic energy and momentum remain conserved.
joined rigidly to one another through a bond. Thus,
1
Å Total pressure exerted by a gas is p = nmv 2 diatomic molecule has 5 degree of freedom, i.e. 3
3 translational and 2 rotational. Hence, total energy
where, v 2 denotes the mean of the squared speed. consists of translational energy ε t and rotational
2 energy ε r .
Also, pV = E
3 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 1
i.e. ε t + ε r = mvx + mv y + mv z + I1ω12 + I 2ω 22
Å The internal energy E of an ideal gas can be given as 2 2 2 2 2
1 Diatomic molecule like CO, even at moderate
E = N × mv 2 Å
2 temperature have a mode of vibration, i.e. its atom
where, N ( = nV) is the number of molecules in the sample. oscillate along the interatomic axis and contribute
Å The average kinetic energy of one mole of an ideal gas is vibrational energy terms ε v to the total energy,
2
3 E 1 2 3 1  dy  1
E= kB NT or = mv = kB T ε v = m   + ky 2
2 N 2 2 2  dt  2
Å In equilibrium, the average kinetic energy of the molecules of ⇒ ε = εt + εr + εv
different gases will be equal. where, k is the force constant of the oscillator and y is
1 1 3 the vibrational coordinate.
i.e. m1v12 = m2v 22 = kBT ⇒ p = (n1 + n2 + ...) kBT
2 2 2 Å Each translational and rotational degrees of freedom of
(Dalton’s law of partial pressure) 1
a molecule contributes kBT to the energy, while each
3k T 2
Å The mean square speed of a molecule is v 2 = B . 1
m vibrational frequency contributes 2 × kBT = kBT , since a
The square root of v 2 is known as root mean square (rms) 2
speed and is denoted by v rms. vibrational mode has both kinetic and potential energy
modes.
Å When gases diffuse, their rate of diffusion is inversely
proportional to square root of the masses.
Specific Heat Capacity Total internal energy,
(i) For monoatomic gas 3 3 
U =  kBT + kBT + f kBT N A
2 2 
Degree of freedom, f = 3 (only translational)
The total internal energy of a mole of such a gas is ⇒ CV = ( 3 + f ) R
3 3 and Cp = ( 4 + f ) R
U = kBT N A = RT
2 2 where, f = number of vibrational modes.
The molar specific heat at constant volume, (4 + f )
γ=
dU 3 (3 + f)
CV = = R
dT 2 Å Specific heat capacity of solid is
The molar specific heat at constant pressure, ∆Q ∆U
5 C= = = 3R
C p = CV + R = R [QC p − CV = R] ∆T ∆T
2 Hence, total energy, U = 3 kBTN A = 3 RT
Cp 5
∴ Ratio of specific heats, γ = = Å Specific heat capacity of water is
CV 3
∆Q ∆U
(ii) For diatomic gas (for rigid diatomic) C= = = 9R
∆T ∆T
f = 5 (3 translational + 2 rotational) Hence, total energy , U = 3 ( 3 kBTN A ) = 9RT
5 5
Similarly, U = kB T × N A = RT Mean Free Path
2 2
The molar specific heats are Å The average distance travelled by a molecule between
5 7 two successive collisions is known as the mean free path
CV = R , C p = R (l) of the molecule.
2 2
1
Cp 7 Mean free path, l =
⇒ γ= = 2 nπ d 2
CV 5
where, d = diameter of each molecule
If the diatomic molecule is not rigid but in addition has a
and n = number of molecules per unit volume.
vibrational mode, then
Å The rate of collision of gas molecule is nπd 2 < v > or the
 5  7
U =  kBT + kBT N A = RT time between two successive collisions is on the
 2  2 average,
7 9 9 1
⇒ CV = R , C p = R and γ = τ=
2 2 7 nπ < v > d 2
(iii) For polyatomic gas Å The mean free path, in gases, is of the order of
Generally, degree of freedom = ( 6 + f ) thousands of angstroms.
(3 translational + 3 rotational + f vibrational)
CHAPTER 13 > Kinetic Theory

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Molecular Nature of Matter

and Behaviour of Gases
1 According to atomic hypothesis, (a) pV = ( 5/ 32 ) RT (b) pV = 5RT
(a) atoms attract each other when they are short distance (c) pV = ( 5/ 2 ) RT (d) pV = ( 5/ 16 ) RT
apart 8 A vessel contains 32 g of O 2 at a temperature T. The
(b) atoms repel each other, if they are squeezed into one
another pressure of the gas is p. An identical vessel containing
(c) Both (a) and (b) 4g of H 2 at a temperature 2T has a pressure of
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (a) 8 p (b) 4 p
p
2 When elements combine to form one or more (c) p (d)
8
compounds, then the compound has
(a) a fixed proportion by mass of its constituents 9 Two identical vessels A and B with frictionless
(b) a variable proportion by mass of its constituents pistons contain the same ideal gas at the same
(c) a fixed mass of one element and the masses of other temperature T and same volume V . The masses of gas
elements are in a ratio of small integers in A and B are m A and mB , respectively. The gases
(d) Both (a) and (c) are allowed to expand isothermally to same final
volume 2V . The change in pressures of the gas in A
3 Relation pV = kT , for a sample of a gas is valid at
and B are found to be ∆p and 1.5 ∆p, respectively.
(here, p = pressure, V = volume, T = temperature and Then,
k is a constant for the given sample) (a) 9mA = 4 mB (b) 3 mA = 2 mB
(a) low pressure and low temperature (c) 2mA = 3 mB (d) 4 mA = 9mB
(b) low pressure and high temperature
(c) high pressure and low temperature 10 pV = µRT can be rewritten as JEE Main 2017
(d) high pressure and high temperature (a) pV = kB NT (N = total number of molecules in the
perfect gas)
4 A 4.0 L sample at 27°C and 1.2 atm of pressure
(b) p = kB nT (n = number density)
contains 0.75 mol of a gas.
(c) p = ρ RT / M 0 ( ρ = mass density and M 0 = molar mass)
If an additional 025
. mol of gas at the same (d) All of the above
temperature and pressure are added, then total volume
of the gas is 11 A given sample of an ideal gas occupies a volume V
(a) 15
. L (b) 5.33 L at a pressure p and absolute temperature T. The mass
(c) 3 L (d) 4.5 L of each molecule of the gas in m. Which of the
following gives the density of the gas? NEET 2016
5 The mass of 22.4 L of any gas is equal to its (a) mkT (b) p / kT
molecular weight (in grams) at (c) pm/ kT (d) p / kTV
(a) 270 K and 1 atm (b) 273 K and 1 atm
(c) 273 K and 10 atm (d) 270 K and 10 atm
12 Two vessels separately contains two ideal gases
A and B at the same temperature, the pressure of
6 The ratio of the molecular masses of two gases is 7/8. A being twice that of B. Under such conditions, the
What is the ratio of the number of moles of two gases, density of A is found to be 1.5 times the density of B.
if they are in two different containers and have same The ratio of molecular weight of A and B is
mass for each gas? CBSE AIPMT 2015
(a) 8/7 (b) 7/8 (c) 7/5 (d) 5/7 2 3
(a) (b)
7 The equation of state for 5g of oxygen at a pressure p 3 4
and temperature T, when it occupies a volume V , will 1
(c) 2 (d)
be 2
13 Two balloons are filled, one with pure He gas and the V(m3) V(m3)
other by air, respectively. If the pressure and
temperature of these balloons are same, then the (a) (b)
number of molecules per unit volume is
(a) more in the He filled balloon T(°C) T(°C)
(b) same in both balloons
(c) more in air filled balloon V(m3) V(m3)
(d) in the ratio of 1 : 4
(c) (d)
14 A gas is filled in a vessel. Its temperature is increased
by 25% on Kelvin scale and volume is decreased by
10%. How much percentage of the gas has to leak for
T(°C) T(°C).
pressure to remain constant?
(a) 25% (b) 20% 20 A perfect gas at 27°C is heated at constant pressure,
(c) 28% (d) 30% so as to double its volume. The increase in
15 Which one of the following graphs represents the temperature of the gas will be
behaviour of an ideal gas? (a) 300°C (b) 54°C (c) 327°C (d) 600°C
21 When the temperature of a gas increases by 1°C at
constant volume, its pressure increases by 0.4%.
pV pV
(a) (b) What is its initial temperature?
(a) 250 °C (b) 125 °C (c) 195 °C (d) 329 °C
V V 22 The tyre of a motorcar contains air at 15°C. If the
temperature increases to 35°C, the approximate
percentage increase in pressure is (ignore the
(c) pV (d) pV
expansion of tyre)
(a) 7 (b) 9 (c) 11 (d) 13
V V 23 Which of the following diagrams (graphs) is the
correct representation of ideal gas behaviour?
16 Saturated vapour is compressed to half of its volume
without any change in temperature, then the pressure
(a) (b)
will be p = constant T = constant
V p
(a) doubled (b) halved
(c) the same (d) zero
T V
17 1 mole of gas occupies a volume of 200 mL at
100 mm pressure. What is the volume occupied by (c) (d)
two moles of gas at 400 mm pressure and at same p V = constant
pV
temperature?
(a) 50 mL (b) 100 mL T T
(c) 200 mL (d) 400 mL
24 Consider a mixture of non-interacting ideal gases
18 For an ideal gas, keeping the temperature constant, the
having µ 1 mole of gas 1, µ 2 mole of gas 2 and µ 3
pressure of gas is decreased by 20%. The percentage
mole of gas 3 in a vessel of volume V at temperature
change in volume is
T and pressure p. The total pressure of mixture of
(a) increases by 20%
gases is given by JEE Main 2013
(b) decreases by 20% µ 1µ 2µ 3V RT
(c) increases by 25% (a) (b)
RT µ 1µ 2µ 3V
(d) decreases by 25%
RT RT
19 Volume-temperature graph at atmospheric pressure (c) (µ 1 + µ 2 + µ 3 ) (d) µ 1µ 2µ 3
V V
for a monoatomic gas (V in m 3 , T in °C) is
CHAPTER 13 > Kinetic Theory

TOPIC 2 ~ Kinetic Theory of an Ideal Gas

25 Kinetic theory of gases (b) potential energy of molecules
(a) correctly explains specific heat capacities of many gases (c) Both kinetic and potential energy of molecules
(b) relates properties of gases such as viscosity, conduction, (d) gravitational potential energy of molecules
etc. with molecular parameters 31 Increase in temperature of a gas, filled in a container
(c) Both (a) and (b) would lead to NEET 2019
(d) None of the above (a) increase in its kinetic energy
26 The collisions of the molecules of an ideal gas are (b) decrease in its pressure
(a) elastic (b) inelastic (c) decrease in intermolecular distance
(c) completely inelastic (d) partially elastic (d) increase in its mass
27 In collision of a molecule of an ideal gas with the 32 If 10 22 gas molecules each of mass
wall of container, 10 −26 kg collide with a surface (perpendicular to it)
(a) only total kinetic energy remains conserved elastically per second over an area 1 m 2 with a speed
(b) only total momentum remains conserved 10 4 m/s, the pressure exerted by the gas molecules
(c) total kinetic energy and total momentum remains will be of the order of JEE Main 2019
conserved
(a) 104 N / m 2 (b) 108 N / m 2
(d) Neither total kinetic energy nor total momentum is
conserved (c) 103 N / m 2 (d) 1016 N / m 2

28 A gas at 300K is enclosed in a container. Now, the 33 The average translational kinetic energy of the
container is placed on a fast moving train. While the molecule of a gas is
3 1 2
train is in motion, the temperature of the gas (a) kB T (b) kB T (c) kB T (d) kB T
(a) rises above 300 K (b) falls below 300K 2 2 3
(c) remains unchanged (d) becomes unsteady 34 Oxygen and hydrogen are at the same temperature T.
The ratio of the mean kinetic energy of oxygen
29 When molecules of an isotropic gas travelling in
molecules to that of the hydrogen molecules will be
cubical box along + x-direction collides with the wall
(a) 16 : 1 (b) 1 : 1 (c) 4 : 1 (d) 1 : 4
of box elastically, the pressure exerted on the walls
due to gas is (where, n = number of molecules per unit 35 At what temperature, the kinetic energy of gas
volume, m = mass and v 2 = mean of squared speed) molecule is half of the value at 27°C?
1 (a) 13.5°C (b) 150°C (c) 75 K (d) − 123° C
(a) 3nmv 2 (b) nmv 2
3 36 The ratio of molecular masses of two gases in a
(c) nmv 2 (d) None of these container at a temperature T is 3 : 2. The ratio of the
30 The internal energy of an ideal gas is in the form of
kinetic energies of the molecule of two gases is
(a) 3 : 2 (b) 9 : 4 (c) 1 : 1 (d) 4 : 9
(a) kinetic energy of molecules

TOPIC 3 ~ Various Speeds of Gases

37 At constant pressure, which of the following is true 39 The rms velocity of a gas molecule is 300 ms − 1 . The
for an ideal gas? (where, ρ = density of the gas and rms velocity of the molecules of gas with twice the
v = rms speed of the gas) molecular weight and half the absolute temperature, is
1 1 JEE Main 2019
(a) v ∝ ρ (b) v ∝ (c) v ∝ ρ (d) v ∝ (a) 300 ms −1
(b) 600 ms −1
(c) 75 ms −1
(d) 150 ms −1
ρ ρ
38 The root mean square speed of a nitrogen molecule at 40 For a given gas at 1 atm pressure, rms speed of the
300 K is (take,k B = 138
. × 10 −23
JK −1
and molecules is 200 m/s at 127° C. At 2 atm pressure and
23 at 227° C, the rms speed of the molecules will be
N A = 602
. × 10 ) JEE Main 2019
(a) 534 ms −1 (b) 534 ms −1 (a) 100 5 m/s (b) 80 m/s
(c) 16.34 ms −1 (d) 216 ms −1 (c) 100 m/s (d) 80 5 m/s
41 If the mass of He is 4 times that of hydrogen, then gas are respectively, 127° C and 0.05 × 10 5 Nm −2 , the
mean velocity of He at the same temperature is rms velocity of its molecules (in ms −1 ) is NEET 2016
(a) 2 times of H-mean value
400 100 2 100
(b) (1 / 2 ) times of H-mean value (a) (b) (c) (d) 100 2
3 3 3
(c) 2 times of H-mean value
(d) same as H-mean value 43 An ideal gas ( γ =1.5) is expanded adiabatically. How
42 The molecules of a given mass of a gas have rms many times the gas has to be expanded to reduce the
−1 5 −2 root mean square velocity of the molecules 2.0 times?
velocity of 200 ms at 27° C and 1.0 × 10 Nm
(a) 4 times (b) 16 times (c) 8 times (d) 2 times
pressure. When the temperature and pressure of the

TOPIC 4 ~ Specific Heat Capacities : Law of Equipartition

of Energy : Mean Free Path
44 Law of equipartition of energy is used to 51 The value of energy for the O 2 molecule (rigid rotator) is
(a) predict the specific heats of gases (a) ( 3/ 2 ) kB T (b) ( 5/ 2 ) kB T (c) (1/2) kB T (d) 4kB T
(b) predict the specific heats of solids 52 1 kg of a diatomic gas is at a pressure of
(c) Both (a) and (b) 8 × 10 4 Nm − 2 and the density of the gas is 4 kgm −3 .
(d) Neither (a) nor (b)
What is the energy of the gas due to its thermal motion?
45 Total number of degree of freedom for a molecule (a) 3 × 104 J (b) 5 × 104 J (c) 6 × 104 J (d) 7 × 104 J
moving along a straight line is
(a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four 53 A gas consisting of rigid diatomic molecules was
46 The average energy associated with a monoatomic initially under standard condition, then gas was
molecule is compressed adiabatically to one-fifth of its initial
1 3 volume. What will be the mean kinetic energy of a
(a) kB T (b) kB T (c) kB T (d) 2kB T
2 2 rotating molecule in the final state? AIIMS 2018
(a) 1.44 J (b) 4.55 J
47 If γ is the ratio of specific heats and R is the universal
(c) 787.98 × 10−23 J (d) 757.3 × 10−23 J
gas constant, then the molar specific heat at constant
volume CV is given by CBSE AIPMT 2013 54 A gas mixture consists of 2 mol of O 2 and 4 mol of
( γ − 1) R R γR Ar at temperature T. Neglecting all vibrational modes,
(a) γR (b) (c) (d)
γ γ −1 γ −1 the total internal energy of the system is NEET 2017
48 The amount of heat energy required to raise the (a) 4RT (b) 15RT (c) 9RT (d) 11RT
temperature of 1 g of helium at NTP, from T1 Kelvin  Cp 
to T2 Kelvin is CBSE AIPMT 2013 55 The value of γ  =  , for hydrogen, helium and
 CV 
3 3
(a) N A kB (T2 − T1 ) (b) N A kB (T2 − T1 ) another ideal diatomic gas X (whose molecules are
8 2
not rigid but have an additional vibrational mode), are
3 3 T 
(c) N A kB (T2 − T1 ) (d) N A kB  2  respectively equal to NEET (Odisha) 2019
4 4  T1  7 5 9 5 7 9 5 7 7 7 5 7
(a) , , (b) , , (c) , , (d) , ,
49 A balloon has 5.0 g mol of helium at 7°C. Calculate 5 3 7 3 5 7 3 5 5 5 3 5
the total internal energy of the system. 56 Molecule of CO at moderate temperature have energy
(a) 5 × 104 J (b) 2.9 × 104 J 7 5 3 1
(a) kB T (b) kB T (c) kB T (d) kB T
(c) 1.74 × 104 J (d) 8 × 104 J 2 2 2 2
50 Diatomic molecule (rigid rotator) has 57 The specific heats, C p and CV of a gas of diatomic
(a) 3 translational degrees of freedom molecules, A are given (in units of J mol −1 K −1 ) by
(b) 2 rotational degrees of freedom 29 and 22, respectively. Another gas of diatomic
(c) Both (a) and (b) molecules B, has the corresponding values 30 and 21.
(d) All of the above If they are treated as ideal gases, then JEE Main 2019
 (a) A has a vibrational mode but B has none 61 As temperature tends to zero, i.e. T → 0K
(b) Both A and B have a vibrational mode each (a) specific heat of all substances approaches zero
(c) A has one vibrational mode and B has two (b) specific heat of all substances approaches infinity
(d) A is rigid but B has a vibrational mode (c) specific heat of all substances may be zero or infinity
58 The value of total energy for one mole of polyatomic (d) None of the above
molecules is 62 We took two separate gases with the same number
3 f   f  densities for both. If the ratio of the diameters of their
(a)  kB T + kB T  NA (b)  3 kB T + kB T  NA
2 2   2  molecules is 4 : 1, then ratio of their mean free paths is
3  (a) 1 : 4 (b) 4 : 1 (c) 2 : 1 (d) 1 : 16
(c) ( 3 kB T + fkB T ) NA (d)  kB T + fkB T  NA
2  63 The mean free path for air molecule with average
59 A gas mixture consists of 3 moles of oxygen and 5 speed 18.5 ms −1 at STP is (d = 2 × 10 −10 m and
moles of argon at temperature T. Considering only n = 2.7 × 10 25 m −3 )
translational and rotational modes, the total internal (a) 3.5 × 10−7 m (b) 4 × 10−7 m
energy of the system is JEE main 2019
(c) 2.05 × 10−7 m (d) 5 × 10−7 m
(a) 12 RT (b) 15 RT (c) 20 RT (d) 4 RT
60 Experimental values of specific heats are usually 64 Consider an ideal gas confined in an isolated closed
more than predicted values because chamber. As the gas undergoes an adiabatic
(a) in predicted values we usually do not consider rotational expansion, the average time of collision between
mode molecules increases as V q , where V is the volume of
(b) in predicted values we usually do not consider  Cp 
vibrational mode the gas. The value of q is  γ = 
(c) in predicted values we usually do not consider  CV 
translational mode
3γ + 5 3γ − 5 γ +1 γ −1
(d) None of the above (a) (b) (c) (d)
6 6 2 2

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Assertion and Reason

■ Direction (Q. Nos. 65-70) In the following questions, a
statement of Assertion is followed by a corresponding
statement of Reason. Of the following statements, choose the
correct one.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason is the
correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not
the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
65 Assertion In gases, the molecules move faster and long
distances without colliding.
Reason In gases, the interatomic forces are negligible.
66 Assertion A gas that satisfy pV = µ RT at all pressures
and temperatures is known as ideal gas.
Reason A real gas at low pressure and high temperature
behaves like ideal gas.
67 Assertion The total translational kinetic energy
of all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal
gas is 1.5 times the product of its pressure and
volume.
Reason The molecules of a gas collide with
each other and the velocities of the molecules
change due to the collision.
68 Assertion If a gas chamber containing a gas is
moved translationally, then temperature of gas
will increase.
Reason Total kinetic energy of the chamber will
increase by the translational motion.
69 Assertion Pressure of an ideal gas is equal to
(1/ 3) nm v 2 .
Reason Pressure of an ideal gas increases with
increase of volume.
 B
70 Assertion Degree of freedom of a monoatomic gas is D
+q
always three, whether we consider vibrational effect A C
or not.
G
Reason At all temperatures (low or high), vibrational F
kinetic energy of an ideal gas is zero. E H
If p is the usual kinetic theory expression for
II. Statement Based Questions pressure, then choose the correct statement.
(a) p will be valid.
71 I. Atomic theory relates molecular properties with bulk
(b) p will not be valid, since the ions would experience
properties of a gas.
forces other than due to collisions with the walls.
II. According to kinetic theory, the interatomic forces are (c) p will not be valid, since collisions with walls would
negligible in gases. not be elastic.
III. According to kinetic theory, the gas consists of rapidly (d) p will not be valid because isotropy is constant.
moving atoms.
Which of the following statements are correct? 77 Choose the correct statement.
(a) Both I and II (b) Only III (a) Maxwell and Boltzmann were among the scientists who
developed kinetic theory.
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III
(b) Kinetic theory gives molecular interpretation of
72 I. In solids and liquids,theinteratomicforcesare pressure and temperature of a gas.
important. (c) Kinetic theory is consistent with gas laws and
II. In solids and liquids, the atoms attract when they are at Avogadro’s hypothesis.
a few angstroms but repel when they come closer. (d) All of the above
Which of the following statements are correct? 78 Choose the correct statement.
(a) Only I (a) While finding out pressure of a gas inside a vessel, the
(b) Only II shape of the vessel does not matter.
(c) Both I and II (b) Pressure of gas in equilibrium is same everywhere.
(d) Neither I nor II (c) While deriving the expression of pressure, we neglect the
collisions between the molecules as it does not make much
73 Choose the correct statement.
difference.
(a) Avogadro’s law with Dalton theory could explain
(d) All of the above
Gay-Lussac’s law.
(b) Dalton’s atomic theory could also be termed as 79 Choose the correct statement.
molecular theory as well. 1
(a) Each translational mode contributes kB T average
(c) Initially Dalton’s theory was not accepted by other energy. 2
scientists. 1
(b) Each rotational mode contributes kB T average energy.
(d) All of the above 2
74 Which of the following statement is correct about the (c) Each vibrational mode contributes kB T average energy.
liquid? (d) All of the above
(a) In liquids, the atoms are not as rigidly fixed as in solid. 80 Choose the correct statement.
(b) In liquids, the atoms are more rigidly fixed as in gas. (a) C p − C V = R, is true for monoatomic ideal gas.
(c) In liquids, the separation between atoms is about 1 Å. (b) C p − C V = R, is true for polyatomic ideal gas.
(d) All of the above
(c) C p − C V = R, is true for any type of ideal gas.
75 Choose the correct statement. (d) None of the above
(a) The pressure of an ideal gas depends on the volume of
the gas. 81 From the following statements, concerning ideal gas
(b) The pressure of an ideal gas depends on the temperature at any given temperature T, select the incorrect one.
of the gas. (a) The coefficient of volume expansion at constant
(c) Both (a) and (b) pressure is same for all ideal gases.
(d) Neither (a) nor (b) (b) The average translational kinetic energy per molecule
of oxygen gas is k B T (k B being Boltzmann constant).
76 ABCDEFGH is a hollow cube as shown in figure (c) In a gaseous mixture, the average translational kinetic
made of an insulator with face ABCD having positive energy of the molecules of each component is same.
charge ( + q ) on it. Inside the cube, we have ionised (d) The mean free path of molecules increases with the
hydrogen. decrease in pressure.
III. Matching Type 83 A molecule of gas collide with the wall of a container
elastically as shown in figure below
82 Match the Column I (relation of p, V and T)
with Column II (related laws) and select the z
correct answer from the codes given below.
(vx,vy,vz) m
Column I Column II (−vx,vy,,vz)
A. pV = kB NT 1. Dalton’s law
X
B. p ∝ 1/V , 2. Boyle’s law
T = constant Match the Column I (physical quantity) with Column II
(formula) and select the correct answer from the codes given
C. V ∝ T , 3. Ideal gas equation
p = constant
below.
Column I Column II
D. p = p1 + p2 + 4. Charles’ law
...
A. Change in momentum on the wall 1. nmvx2
B. Total momentum due to vx 2. 2mvx
A B C D C. Pressure due to collision along 3. (nmvx2 )A∆t
(a) 3 2 1 4 X-axis
(b) 3 3 1 4 D. Total pressure along X-axis 4. nmvx2
(c) 3 2 4 1
(d) 3 2 1 4 A B C D A B C D
(a) 2 3 1 4 (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 1 2 4 3

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT speed of a helium gas atom at −20 ° C ? (Take, atomic
mass of Ar = 39.9 u and H = 4.0 u).
84 What is the fraction of molecular volume to the actual
volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP? Take, the (a) 1.5 × 104 K (b) 1.6 × 102 K
diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3Å. (c) 2.52 × 103 K (d) 1.52 × 102 K
(a) 10−4 (b) 4.0 × 10−4 pV
−4 88 The figure below shows the plot of versus p for
(c) 2.0 × 10 (d) None of these T
85 Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of any one mole of oxygen gas at two different temperatures.
(ideal) gas at standard temperature and pressure.
(STP : 1 atm pressure, 0°C). Its value is T2
(a) 22.4 L (b) 12.2 L T1
(J K–1)

(c) 6.4 L (d) 9.8 L

86 What are the total number of air molecules (inclusive
pV
T

of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour and other

. m 3 at a
constituents) in a room of capacity 250
p
temperature of 27° C and 1 atm pressure?
(a) 7.11 × 10 23
(b) 6.11 × 10 26 Read the following statements concerning the above
(c) 1.15 × 1026 (d) 8.11 × 1025 curves and choose the correct one.
I. The dotted line corresponds to the ideal behaviour.
87 At what temperature is the root mean square speed of
an atom in an argon gas cylinder equal to the rms II. T1 > T2 .
 pV 93 Boyle’s law is applicable for an
III. The value of at the point, where the curves meet on
T (a) adiabatic process (b) isothermal process
theY -axis is the same for all gases. (c) isobaric process (d) isochoric process
(a) Only I (b) Both I and II 94 A cylinder containing an ideal gas is in vertical
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III position and has a piston of mass M that is able to
89 An oxygen cylinder of volume 30 L has an initial move up or down without friction (see figure). If the
gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temperature of 27°C. temperature is increased, then JEE Main 2014
After some oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder,
M
the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its temperature
drops to 17°C. What is the mass of oxygen taken
out of the cylinder (R = 8.31J mol −1 K −1 , molecular
mass of O 2 = 32 u)?
(a) 0.1396 kg (b) 0.1795 kg
(c) 0.1596 kg (d) 0.1896 kg
90 What is the average thermal energy of a helium atom
at room temperature 27°C?
(a) 6.21 ×10−14 J (b) 6.21 × 10−21 J (a) both p andV of the gas will change
(c) 6.21 × 10−23 J (d) 6.21 × 10−24 J (b) only p will increase according to Charles’ law
(c) V will change but not p
(d) p will change but not V
NCERT Exemplar
95 Volume versus temperature graphs for a given mass
91 A cubic vessel (with face horizontal + vertical)
of an ideal gas are shown in figure, at two different
contains an ideal gas at NTP. The vessel is being
values of constant pressure. What can be inferred
carried by a rocket which is moving at a speed of
about relation between p1 and p2 ?
500 ms −1 in vertical direction. The pressure of the gas
inside the vessel as observed by us on the ground V(m3)
−1 p2
(a) remains the same because 500 ms is very much
smaller than v rms of the gas 40
(b) remains the same because motion of the vessel as a 30
whole does not affect the relative motion of the gas
p1
molecules w.r.t. the walls 20
(c) will increase by a factor equal to ( v2rms + ( 500 )2 ) / v2rms 10
where, v rms was the original mean square velocity of the
gas
100 200 300 400 500 T(K)
(d) will be different on the top wall and bottom wall of the
vessel
(a) p1 > p2 (b) p1 = p2
92 1 mol of an ideal gas is contained in a cubical volume (c) p1 < p2 (d) Data is insufficient
V, ABCDEFGH at 300K (see figure). One face of the
96 1 mol of H 2 gas is contained in a box of volume
cube EFGH is made up of a material which totally
absorbs any gas molecule incident on it. At any given V =1.00 m 3 at T = 300 K. The gas is heated to a
time, temperature of T = 3000 K and the gas gets converted
to a gas of hydrogen atoms. The final pressure would
B be (considering all gases to be ideal)
D

A
(a) same as the pressure initially
C
(b) 2 times the pressure initially
G
F (c) 10 times the pressure initially
E (d) 20 times the pressure initially
H

(a) the pressure on EFGH would be zero
(b) the pressure on all the faces will the equal
(c) the pressure of EFGH would be double of the pressure
on ABCD
(d) the pressure on EFGH would be half of that on ABCD
97 A vessel of volume V contains a mixture of 1 mol of
hydrogen and 1 mol oxygen (both considered as
ideal). Let f 1 ( v ) dv denote the fraction of molecules
with speed between v and ( v + dv ) with f 2 ( v ) dv,
similarly for oxygen. Then,
 (a) f1 ( v ) + f2 ( v ) = f ( v ) obeys the Maxwell’s distribution
law
(b) f1 ( v ) and f2 ( v ) will obey the Maxwell’s distribution
law separately
(c) Neither f1 ( v ) nor f2 ( v ) will obey the Maxwell’s
distribution law
(d) f2 ( v ) and f1 ( v ) will be the same
98 An inflated rubber balloon contains one mole of an
ideal gas, has a pressure p, volume V and temperature
T. If the temperature rises to 1.1 T and the volume is
increased to 1.05 V , the final pressure will be
(a) 1.1 p (b) p
(c) less than p (d) between p and 1.1p
99 Diatomic molecules like hydrogen have energies due
to both translational as well as rotational motion.
2 (c) because the molecules gets accelerated in their motion
From the equation in kinetic theory pV = E , E is
3
(a) the total energy per unit volume
(b) only the translational part of energy because
rotational energy is very small compared to the
translational energy
(c) only the translational part of the energy because during
collisions with the wall pressure relates to change in
linear momentum
(d) the translational part of the energy because rotational
energies of molecules can be of either sign and its
average over all the molecules is zero
100 When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, its
temperature rises and the molecules on the average
have more kinetic energy than before. The kinetic
energy increases,
(a) because of collisions with moving parts of the wall only
(b) because of collisions with the entire wall
inside the volume
(d) because of redistribution of energy amongst the
molecules

Answers
>Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (b) 4 (b) 5 (b) 6 (a) 7 (a) 8 (b) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (c) 12 (b) 13 (b) 14 (c) 15 (d) 16 (a) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (c) 20 (a)
21 (a) 22 (a) 23 (a) 24 (c) 25 (c) 26 (a) 27 (c) 28 (c) 29 (b) 30 (a)
31 (a) 32 (*) 33 (a) 34 (b) 35 (d) 36 (c) 37 (d) 38 (c) 39 (d) 40 (a)
41 (b) 42 (a) 43 (b) 44 (c) 45 (a) 46 (c) 47 (c) 48 (a) 49 (c) 50 (c)
51 (b) 52 (b) 53 (c) 54 (d) 55 (a) 56 (a) 57 (a) 58 (c) 59 (b) 60 (b)
61 (a) 62 (d) 63 (c) 64 (c)

>Special Types Questions

65 (a) 66 (b) 67 (b) 68 (d) 69 (c) 70 (c) 71 (c) 72 (c) 73 (d) 74 (a)
75 (c) 76 (b) 77 (d) 78 (d) 79 (d) 80 (c) 81 (b) 82 (c) 83 (b)

>NCERT & NCERT Exemplar MCQs

84 (b) 85 (a) 86 (b) 87 (c) 88 (d) 89 (a) 90 (b) 91 (b) 92 (d) 93 (b)
94 (c) 95 (a) 96 (d) 97 (b) 98 (d) 99 (c) 100 (a)
 Master The NCERT > PHYSICS (Vol-I )

Hints & Explanations

4 (b) Given,V1 = 4.0 L, µ 1 = 0.75 mol, when 0.25 mol of where, M is the atomic weight of the gas.
gas is added, then µ 2 = µ 1 + 0.25 = 0.75 + 0.25 = 1 mol. Similarly, for gas in vessel B
Since, gas constant is same for all gases, i.e.  m  RT
. ∆p = −  B 
15 …(ii)
p1V1 pV V V  M  2V
= 2 2⇒ 1 = 2 (Q p and T are
T1µ 1 T2µ 2 µ1 µ 2 On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
m 3 mB
same.) 1.5 = B or =
4 V mA 2 mA
⇒ = 2
0.75 1 ⇒ 3 mA = 2 mB
4 10 (d) The perfect gas equation can be written as
⇒ V2 = = 5.33 L
0.75 pV = µRT …(i)
6 (a) ∴ The number of moles of a gas, where, µ = number of moles
M Total mass and R = N A kB = universal constant … (ii)
µ= = m N
M 0 Molecular mass Here, µ= = … (iii)
( M 0 )1 7 M0 N A
Given, for two gases = and M is same, so ratio
( M 0 )2 8 where, m = mass of gas, M 0 = molar mass,
of number of moles of two gases N = number of molecules
µ 1 M / ( M 0 )1 ( M 0 )2 8 and N A = Avogadro’s number.
= = = Using, Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
µ 2 M / ( M 0 )2 ( M 0 )1 7
pV = kB NT or p = kB nT
7 (a) Number of moles, N
Total mass M 5 where, n = number density =
µ= = = V
Molecular weight M 0 32
ρRT  M 
(QFor O2 , M 0 = 2 × 16 = 32 ) Also, p= QV = 0 
M0  ρ 
So, from ideal gas equation, pV = µRT
where, ρ = density.
5
⇒ pV = RT Hence, all given options are correct.
32
11 (c) Number of moles of the gas,
8 (b) For first vessel having O2 , number of moles,
pV Mass ( m )
m 32 µ= =
µ1 = 1 = =1 RT Molar mass ( M 0 )
M 1 32
Mass (Molar mass) p
When volume = V and temperature = T, then ⇒ = …(i)
V RT
p1V = RT …(i) Mass ( Molar mass) p
For second vessel having H2 , number of moles, As, Density = =
Volume RT
m 4
µ2 = 2 = = 2 m N
M2 2 Since, number of moles, µ = =
M NA
When volume = V and temperature = 2T, then
where, N = number of molecules
p2V = 2R ( 2T ) = 4 RT …(ii)
and N A = Avogadro’s number.
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Molar mass, M 0 = N A m, for N = 1
p2 = 4 p1 = 4 p [Q p1 = p (given)] ( mN A ) p
9 (b) Let p1 and p2 are the initial and final pressures of ∴ Density = [from Eq. (i)]
RT
the gas filled in vessel A, then pm
µ RT µ RT = [Q R = kN A ]
p1 = A and p2 = A kT
V 2V
12 (b) According to given situation, ρ A = 15
. ρB
µ RT
∴ ∆p = p2 − p1 = − A p A = 2 pB
2V
According to ideal gas equation, we have
 m  RT ρRT
⇒ ∆ p = −  A …(i) Pressure, p=
 M  2V M
 where, M is molecular weight of ideal gas. 18 (c) According to Boyle’s law, p1V1 = p2V2
ρRT
⇒ M = As the pressure is decreased by 20%, so
p 80
p2 = p1
where, R and T are constants. 100
ρ M A ρA p 80
So, M ∝ ⇒ = × B p1V1 = p1V2
p M B ρB pA 100
1 3 80 100
= 1.5 × = 0.75 = ⇒ V1 = V2 ⇒ V2 = V1
2 4 100 80
13 (b) Ideal gas equation can be written as ∴ Percentage increase in volume
pV = µRT …(i) V − V1
= 2 × 100
µ p V1
From Eq. (i), = = constant
V RT 100 − 80
= × 100 = 25%
[Q pressure and temperature are same] 80
So, at constant pressure and temperature, the gases in 19 (c) At constant atmospheric pressure, the volume of a
both balloons will contain same number of molecules given mass of a gas is directly proportional to its
per unit volume. absolute temperature (T ).
14 (c) From ideal gas equation, V
i.e. = constant
Initially, pV = µRT … (i) T
Finally, p∆V = µ 1 R∆T Hence, correct graph is given in option (c).
 10  90 9 V T
Given, ∆V = 1− V = V= V 20 (a) According to Charles’ law, 1 = 1
 100 100 10 V2 T2
 25  125 5 Given, T1 = 27° C + 273 = 300 K,
and ∆T = 1 + T = T= T
 100  100 4 V1 = V , V2 = 2V
9 5 1 300 K
∴ p × V = µ1R × T … (ii) ∴ =
10 4 2 T2
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get ⇒ T2 = 600 K= 600 − 273 = 327° C
9 µ1 5 µ 18 Increase in temperature, ∆T = 327 − 27 = 300° C
= × ⇒ 1 =
10 µ 4 µ 25 21 (a) If the volume remains constant, then
∴ Percentage of gas leaked p1 T1
= ⇒
p
=
T
µ − µ1  18 p2 T2 p+
0.4 T +1
= × 100 = 1 −  × 100 = 28% p
µ  25 100
T 250
15 (d) For an ideal gas keeping the temperature same ⇒ = ⇒ 251T = 250T + 250
T + 1 251
throughout,
∴ T = 250 ° C
pV = constant
Hence, for a given mass, the graph between pV andV will 22 (a) Temperatures, T1 = 15° C = 15 + 273 = 288 K
be a straight line parallel to V-axis, whatever may be the T2 = 35° C = 35 + 273 = 308 K
volume. As, volume remains constant.
Hence, graph (d) represents the behaviour of an ideal gas. p1 p p1 T1 p 288
∴ = 2 ⇒ = ⇒ 1 =
16 (a) According to Boyle’s law, pV = constant T1 T2 p2 T2 p2 308
p1 V1 p V p2 308
⇒ p2 = = 1 1 = 2 p1 ⇒ =
V2 V1 / 2 p1 288
Thus, the pressure will be doubled. ∴ Percentage increase in pressure
p − p1 308 − 288
17 (b) Given, p1 = 100 mm, V1 = 200 mL and p2 = 400 mm = 2 × 100 = × 100
p1 288
From Boyle’s law, p1V1 = p2V2
= 6.94 % ~ − 7%
p V 100 × 200
⇒ V2 = 1 1 = 23 (a) We know that, ideal gas equation is
p2 400
pV = nRT ...(i)
⇒ V2 = 50 mL
(a) When pressure, p = constant
∴ Volume occupied by two moles of gas
From Eq. (i), volumeV ∝ temperature T
= 2 × 50 = 100 mL
So, the graph is a straight line passing from origin.
 (b) When temperature, T = constant Total pressure, p = nmvx2
1
From Eq. (i), pV = constant, i.e. p ∝ where, vx2 = average of vx2 .
V
So, the graph is straight line having negative slope. v2
As gas is isotropic, vx2 = v y2 = v z2 =
(c) When volume, V = constant 3
From Eq. (i), i.e. p ∝ T 1
where, v 2 = mean of squared speed ⇒ p = nm v 2
So, the graph is a straight line which passes through 3
the origin.
30 (a) As in an ideal gas, the molecular interaction is
(d) From Eq. (i), p V ∝ T negligible, so the potential energy of molecules is not
pV considered. Thus, the internal energy is in the form of
i.e. = constant
T only the kinetic energy of the molecules.
So, the graph is a straight line which passes through 1
origin. It is given by E = N × mv 2
2
Hence, only graph (a) is the correct representation of
ideal gas behaviour. 31 (a) As the temperature of gas in the container is
increased, the kinetic energy also increases. This is
24 (c) Since, mixture of gases are non-interacting ideal because, the average kinetic energy of a gas is given by
gases, hence according to Dalton’s law of partial 3
pressures, the total pressure of mixture of gases, KE = kB T …(i)
2
p = p1 + p2 + p3 …(i)
where, kB = Boltzmann constant
where, p1 , p2 and p3 are partial pressures of gases 1, 2
and 3, respectively. and T = absolute temperature of the gas.
RT RT RT From Eq. (i), we get
∴ p1 = µ 1 , p2 = µ 2 , p3 = µ 3
V V V KE ∝ T
RT RT RT ∴ Increase in temperature of a gas filled in a container
From Eq. (i), p = µ 1 + µ2 + µ3
V V V would lead to increase in its KE. Thus, option (a) is
RT correct.
= (µ 1 + µ 2 + µ 3 )
V However, option (b) is incorrect as increase in
temperature will lead to increase in pressure as p ∝ T .
27 (c) In collision of a molecule of an ideal gas with the
wall of container, total kinetic energy and total Other options (c) and (d) are also incorrect as molecular
momentum will remain conserved, as the collisions distance increases, while mass remains the same for
between molecules among themselves or between increase in temperature.
molecules and the walls are elastic. 32 (*) Momentum imparted to the surface in
one collision,
28 (c) According to kinetic theory, molecules of a gas are
∆p = ( pi − p f ) = mv – ( − mv ) = 2mv …(i)
in a state of continuous random motion. The
temperature of a gas depends on the average KE of Force on the surface due to n collision per second,
these random motion of molecules. As, when the n
F = ( ∆p ) = n∆p (Q t = 1s )
container is placed on a fast moving train, the average t
KE of container increases, while that of gas molecules = 2 mnv from Eq. (i)]
remain same. So, temperature of the gas remains So, pressure on the surface,
unchanged. F 2mnv
p= =
29 (b) When molecules collide with the wall in x-direction A A
momentum imparted to the wall = 2mvx Here, m = 10−26 kg, n = 1022 s−1 , v = 104 ms−1 ,
If A be area of wall, then on an average half of
A = 1 m2
molecules in volume Avx ∆t will hit the wall. The total
momentum transferred to the wall in time ∆t is 2 × 10−26 × 1022 × 104
∴ Pressure, p = = 2 N / m2
1  1
( 2mvx )  nAvx ∆t  = nmvx2 A∆t
2  So, pressure exerted is of order of 100 .
where, n = number of molecules per unit volume. 1
33 (a) We know that, pressure of gas, p = nm v 2
force momentum 3
So, pressure = =
area area × time 1 2 2
pV = nmV v = ( n V ) mv 2
1
nmvx2 A∆t 3 3 2
⇒ p= = nmvx2 2 1 2 
A∆t = N  mv  (Q N = nV )
3 2 
 2 MN2 28
or pV = E …(i) and m= =
3 NA 6.02 × 1023
where, E = total internal energy of the gas −23
= 4.65 × 10 kg
= N (1/ 2 ) m v 2
. × 10−23 × 300 ~
3 × 138
We know that, ideal gas equation, pV = kB NT …(ii) ∴ v rms = −23
− 16.34 m s −1
4.65 × 10
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
2 E 3 Hence, root mean square speed of a nitrogen molecule
E = kB NT ⇒ = kB T at 300 K is 16.34 ms −1 .
3 N 2
∴ Average translational kinetic energy of the molecule 39 (d) Given, v rms = 300 ms −1
3 3kB T
of gas = kB T Root mean square velocity, v rms = …(i)
2 m
34 (b) The mean kinetic energy for gas molecules, When molecular weight is twice and absolute
3 temperature is half, then
E= kB T ⇒ E ∝ T 3 kB (T / 2 ) 1 3 kB T
2 v′ rms = =
EO T1 2m 2 m
∴ = …(i)
EH T2 v rms
= [from Eq. (i)]
According to the question, both gases are at the same 2
temperature T. 300
= = 150 ms −1
EO T 1 2
So, = = ⇒ EO : EH = 1 : 1
EH T 1 40 (a) Let unknown rms speed be vrms, 2
35 (d) Kinetic energy of a gas molecule, E = ( 3/ 2 ) k B T at T2 = 227°C (or 500 K)
where, kB is Boltzmann’s constant. and at T1 = 127°C (or 400 K)
E T vrms,1 = 200 m/s
∴ E ∝ T or 1 = 1
E2 T2 ∴ Using the relation vrms ∝ T , we can write
E 300 vrms,2 T2
⇒ = [QT1 = 273 + 27 = 300 K] = …(i)
E / 2 T2 vrms,1 T1
∴ T2 = 150 K = 150 − 273 = − 123° C Substituting these given values in Eq. (i), we get
36 (c) Average kinetic energy of a molecule 500
∴ vrms, 2 = × 200 m/s
3 400
KE = kB T 1
2 = 5 × 200 m/s = 100 5 m/s
does not depend on the molecular mass and total mass of 2
the gas. It depends only on the temperature of the gas. 41 (b) Average speed or mean speed of gas molecules,
As temperatureT is same for two gases, so ratio of KE is
3kB T
( KE ) 1 1 v=
= M
( KE )2 1 1
⇒ At same temperature v ∝
37 (d) Pressure due to an ideal gas is given by M
1 mN 2
pV = mN v 2 ⇒ p = v …(i) ⇒
vH
=
M He
3 3V vHe MH
where, m = mass of gas molecule and N = total number
of gas molecules. Given, M He = 4 M H
m vH 4 1
Putting = ρ (density of gas) in Eq. (i) ∴ = = 2 ⇒ vHe = vH
V vHe 1 2
1  3p Hence, mean velocity of He at the same temperature is
p = ρv 2 N ⇒ v =  
3  ρN   1
  times of H-mean value.
As N and p are constants, so  2
1 42 (a) Given, v rms = 200 ms −1 , T1 = 27 + 273 = 300 K ,
∴ v∝
ρ
. × 105 Nm−2 ,
p1 = 10
38 (c) For one molecule, v rms =
3kB T T2 = 127 + 273 = 400 K
m and p2 = 0.05 × 105 Nm−2
−23 −1
Given, kB = 138
. × 10 JK , T = 300 K As, rms velocity of gas molecule,
  3kB T  = 5 × 6.023 × 1023 = 30.015 × 1023
v rms ∝ T Q v rms = 
 m  = 3.0 × 1024 atoms
For two different cases, 3
Now, average kinetic energy per molecule = kB T
( v rms )1 T 2
= 1 where, kB = Boltzmann’s constant
( v rms )2 T2 Temperature, T = 273 + 7 = 280 K
200 300 3 3 ∴ Total energy of all the atoms = Total internal energy
⇒ = = =
( v rms )2 400 4 2 3
= kB T × Number of atoms
2 400 −1 2
⇒ ( v rms )2 = × 200 = ms 3
3 3 = × 138. × 10−23 × 280 × 3.0 × 1024
2
43 (b) As, root mean square speed of gas molecule is
= 1.74 ×104 J
3 kB T
v rms = or v rms ∝ T 52 (b) Given, mass = 1 kg, density = 4 kgm−3
m
Mass 1
v rms is to reduce two times, i.e. the temperature of the ∴ Volume = = m3
2 Density 4
T ′  v′ rms  1
gas will have to reduce four times or =  = Pressure = 8 × 104 Nm−2
T  v rms  4
Thermal energy corresponds to internal energy,
During adiabatic process, TV γ −1
= T ′V ′ γ −1
i.e. internal energy of diatomic gas,
1
5 5
V′  T γ −1 E = kB NT = p × V (Q pV = kB NT )
or =  2 2
V  T ′
5 1
1 = × 8 × 104 × J
V′ 2 4
⇒ = ( 4 )1.5 − 1 = 4 2 = 16
V = 5 × 104 J
∴ V ′ = 16V 7
Hence, gas has to be expanded to 16 times. 53 (c) For diatomic gas, γ =
5
47 (c) From Mayer’s formula, At standard condition , T1 = 27° C = 273 + 27 = 300 K
C p − CV = R …(i) For adiabatic process, TV γ − 1 = constant
Cp
and γ= ⇒ γ CV = C p …(ii) T1V1γ −1
= T2V2γ −1

CV 7
7 −1
−1 V  5
On substituting Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get ( 300 )V15 = T2  1 
γ CV − CV = R  5
⇒ CV ( γ − 1) = R 300 × V12 / 5 300
⇒ T2 = 2
= −2
= 300 × 52 / 5
2/ 5
∴ CV =
R  1
V15 ×  55
γ −1  5
3 = 300 × 1.903 = 570.9 −~ 571 K
48 (a) Energy of a gas, E = NkB T
2 Mean kinetic energy of a rotating molecules
Q N = µN A . × 10−23 × 571
= kB T = 138
3 = 787.98 × 10−23 J
∴ E = ⋅ µ ⋅ N A ⋅ kB .T
2
where, N A = Avogadro’s number and kB = Boltzmann 54 (d) Total internal energy of system = Internal energy of
constant. oxygen (diatomic) molecules + Internal energy of argon
m 1 (monoatomic) molecules
For helium molecule, µ = =
M 4 5 3
⇒ E = 2 × RT + 4 × RT = 11RT
∴ Heat energy required to raise temperature from T1 to 2 2
T2 is 55 (a) For hydrogen or diatomic gas, the internal energy is
3 3
∆E = N A kB ∆T = N A kB (T2 – T1 ) given by
8 8 5 5
U= kB T × N A = RT
49 (c) Given, number of moles of helium = 5 2 2
Number of atoms (He is monoatomic) dU 5
CV = = R
= Number of moles × Avogadro’s number dT 2
 5 7 Cp 2
⇒ Cp = R + R = R [from C p = CV + R] γ= = 1+
2 2 CV f
Cp 7 We have,
∴ γ= =
CV 5 For gas A,
where, C p = molar heat capacity at constant pressure 2 29
1+ = ≈ 13
. ⇒ f = 6.67 ≈ 7
and CV = molar heat capacity at constant volume. f 22
For helium (or monoatomic) gas, the internal energy is So, gas A has vibrational mode of degree of freedom.
given by For gas B,
3 3
U = kB TN A = RT 1+ =
2 30
≈ 14
. ⇒ f =5
2 2 f 21
dU 3
⇒ CV = = R Hence, gas B does not have any vibrational mode of
dT 2 degree of freedom.
3 5
Cp = R + R = R 58 (c) A polyatomic molecule has 3 translational, 3
2 2
rotational degrees of freedom and a certain number f
Cp 5
∴ γ= = degree of freedom of vibrational modes. Therefore, total
CV 3 energy is
For ideal diatomic gas X (non-rigid, having an 3 3 
U =  kB T + kB T + f kB T  N A
additional vibrational mode) the internal energy is 2 2 
given by
7 7 = ( 3kB T + f kB T )N A
U = kB TN A = RT
2 2 59 (b) Internal energy of a gas with f degree of freedom is
dU 7 n f RT
⇒ CV = = R U= , where n is the number of moles.
dT 2 2
7 9 Internal energy due to O 2 gas which is a diatomic gas is
Cp = R + R = R
2 2 n f RT 5
U1 = 1 1 = 3 × RT
Cp 9 2 2
∴ γ= =
CV 7 (Q n1 = 3 moles, degree of freedom for a diatomic gas
f1 = 5)
56 (a) Molecule of CO at moderate temperature possess Internal energy due to Ar gas which is a monoatomic gas
vibrational modes, i.e. it oscillates like is
one-dimensional oscillator. n f RT 3
2 U2 = 2 2 = 5 × RT
1  dy 1 2 2
∴ Vibrational energy = m   + ky2
2  dt  2 (Q n2 = 5 moles, degree of freedom
As, each vibrational mode contributes two square for a monoatomic gas f2 = 3)
1  ∴ Total internal energy = U1 + U 2
terms, so this mode will contribute 2  kB T  energy.
2  ⇒ U = 15 RT
CO molecule has 3 translational and 2 rotational modes 61 (a) The prediction of specific heats, based on law of
1 equipartition of energy, are independent of temperature.
and each of them contributes kB T to the energy.
2 But as we go to low temperatures, there is a marked
∴ Total energy, departure from this prediction. Specific heat of all
1  1  1  substances approach zero as T → 0 K.
E = 3  kB T  + 2  kB T  + 2  kB T 
2  2  2  This is related to the fact that degrees of freedom get
14243 14243 14243
Translational mode Rotational mode Vibrational mode
frozen and ineffective at low temperatures.
7 62 (d) As, mean free path,
= kB T 1
2 l=
57 (a) Now, in given case,
2 n πd 2
For gas A, C p = 29, CV = 22 1
⇒ l∝ 2 (Q n1 = n2 )
For gas B, C p = 30, CV = 21 d
2
By using l1 d 22  1 1
⇒ = =  =
l2 d12  4  16
63 (c) For air at STP, n = 2.7 × 1025 m−3 68 (d) The translational motion of the gas chamber
and d = 2 × 10−10 m increases the total kinetic energy of the chamber but it
does not contribute to the internal energy of the system.
1
Mean free path, l= So, the temperature of gas in the chamber remains same.
2 nπd 2 Therefore, Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
On putting values, we get 1
1 69 (c) Pressure of an ideal gas = nm v 2
l= 3
. × ( 2 × 10−10 )2
2 × 2.7 × 1025 × 314 µRT
Also, pressure of an ideal gas, p =
= 2.05 × 10−7 m V
1
64 (c) We know that, average time of collision between If µ and T are constants, p ∝
V
1
molecules, τ= So, pressure of an ideal gas increases with the decrease of
nπ 2 v rms d 2 volume.
where, n = number of molecules per unit volume Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
and v rms = rms velocity of molecules. 70 (c) In an ideal gas, there is no inter-particle interaction,
1 so vibrational kinetic energy remains constant,
⇒ τ∝
nv rms irrespective of temperature.
1 If the gas is monoatomic, no vibrational energy is there,
As, n ∝ and v rms ∝ T
V so the degree of freedom is always three.
Thus, we can write n = k1V −1 and v rms = k2 T 1 / 2 Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
where, k1 and k2 are constants. 71 (c) Statements II and III are correct but I is incorrect and
V it can be corrected as,
⇒ τ∝
T The kinetic theory relates the molecular properties like
viscosity, conduction and diffusion with bulk properties
For adiabatic process, TV γ − 1 = constant
of a gas.
or T ∝ V 1− γ
74 (a) In liquids, the atoms are not as rigidly fixed as in
Thus, we can write τ ∝ VT −1 / 2 ∝ V (V 1 − γ )−1 / 2
solid and can move around. This enables a liquid to flow.
γ +1
In liquids the separation between atoms is about 2Å.
⇒ τ ∝V 2
In case of gases, the atoms are not rigidly fixed but are
As, given that average time of collision between free to move.
molecules increases asV q , so on comparing, we get
Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest are
γ +1
q= incorrect.
2
75 (c) An ideal gas is that which satisfy the equation,
65 (a) The interatomic forces are negligible in gases. pV = µRT
Therefore in gases, the molecules are free and move
where, p = pressure,V = volume,
long distances without colliding, with faster speed.
µ = number of moles, R = gas constant
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and
Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion. and T = temperature.
Here, µ and R are constant for a gas, so
66 (b) A real gas at low pressure and high temperature
T
behaves like ideal gas p∝
V
and satisfies pV = µRT .
Hence, pressure of an ideal gas depends on both the
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct but temperature and volume of the gas. Thus, both the
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. statements given in options (a) and (b) are correct.
67 (b) Total translational kinetic energy of all molecules 76 (b) Due to the presence of external positive charge on the
(n moles) of a given mass of an ideal gas face ABCD, the usual expression for pressure p on the
3 3 basis of kinetic theory will not be valid.
= µRT = pV = 15 . pV
2 2 This is because ions present inside cube would also
[Q pV = µRT ] experience electrostatic forces other than the forces due
Due to collision of molecules of gas with each other, to collisions with the walls of the container. Also due to
their velocities continuously change. presence of positive charge, the isotropy is lost.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct but Thus, the statement given in option (b) is correct, rest are
Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion. incorrect.
78 (d) Pressure of a gas, D → As the x-component of velocities of all the
1 molecules are not same. So, we take average of vx2 .
p = nmv 2
3 ∴ Total pressure, p = nmvx2
where, n = number of molecules per unit volume, Hence, A → 2, B → 3, C → 4 and D → 1.
m = mass of gas and v 2 = mean of squared speed.
84 (b) Given, diameter of O2 molecule = 3Å
Thus we can conclude that, while finding out pressure,
∴ Radius of O2 = 1.5 Å = 1.5 × 10−8 cm
the shape of the vessel does not matter, as A and ∆t do
4
not appear in the above formula. Volume of each molecule, V = πr3
3
By Pascal’s law, the pressure of the gas in equilibrium
Number of molecules in one mole of gas = N A
is the same everywhere.
= Avogadro’s number = 6.023 × 1023 molecules/mol
Also, while deriving the expression of pressure, we
4
neglect the collisions between the molecules as it does ∴ Volume of total molecules at STP, V = πr3 N A
not make much difference. This is because the collisions 3
are too frequent and time spent is negligible. 4 −8 3
V = × 314 . × 10 ) × 6.023 × 1023
. (15
Thus, all the statements given in options (a), (b) and (c) 3
are correct. = 8.51 cm3
We know that, the volume of one mole of gas at STP
81 (b) All statements are correct except the statement given
in option (b) and it can be corrected as, = 22.4 L = 22.4 × 103 cm3
The average translational KE per molecule is same for = 22400 cm3
molecules of all gases like here O 2 and for each Fraction of molecular volume to the actual volume
3 8.51
molecule it is k B T. = = 3.8 × 10−4
2 22400
≈ 4.0 × 10−4
83 (b) A→ As only x-component of velocity changes, so
change in momentum of molecule 85 (a) Given, pressure, p = 1 atm
= − mvx − ( mvx ) = − 2mvx = 1.013 × 105 Nm−2
As collision is elastic, the total momentum of molecule Gas constant, R = 8.314 J mol −1 K −1
and wall is conserved. So, change in momentum of wall Number of mole, µ = 1
(momentum imparted to wall) = 2mvx . Temperature, T = 273.15 K
B → In time ∆t, the number of molecules with velocity Using ideal gas equation, pV = µRT
vx that could reach the wall is nAvx ∆t within volume of µRT 1 × 8.314 × 273.15
cylinder of length vx ∆t as shown below, where n → ⇒ V = =
number density. p 1.013 × 105
= 0.0224 m3
= 22.4 × 10−3 m3
= 22.4 L
A 86 (b) Given, volume of the room,V = 25.0 m3
vx∆t Temperature, T = 27° C = (273 + 27 ) K = 300 K
Pressure, p = 1 atm = 1.013 × 105 Pa
. × 10−23
Boltzmann constant, kB = 138
Using the relation, pV = µkB T
pV 1.013 × 105 × 25
But on an average half of these molecules will hit the ⇒ µ= =
1 kB T 1.38 × 10−23 × 300
wall in time, ∆t = n Avx ∆t
2 = 6.11 × 1026 molecules
The total momentum transferred to the wall in time ∆t
1  87 (c) Root mean square speed of argon atom,
= ( 2mvx )  n Avx ∆t  = ( nmvx2 ) A ∆t
2  (v rms )Ar =
3kB TAr
…(i)
F Momentum M Ar
C → Pressure = =
A Area × Time Root mean square speed of helium atom,
( nmvx2 ) A ∆t 3kB THe
= = nmvx2 ( v rms )He = …(ii)
A ∆t M He
 Dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get Hence, moles removed = µ 1 − µ 2
( v rms )Ar 3kB TAr M He = 19.48 − 1512
. = 4.36
= ×
( v rms )He M Ar 3kB THe Mass removed = 4.36 × 32 g
= 139.52g = 01396
. kg
Given, ( v rms )Ar = ( v rms )He
and THe = 27315 . − 20 = 25315
. K 90 (b) Given, T = 27°C = ( 27315
. + 27 ) K = 30015
. K
3
T   M  As average thermal energy, E = kB T
⇒ 1 =  Ar  ⋅  He  2
 THe   M Ar  where, kB = Boltzmann’s constant
M He THe = 1.38 × 10−23 JK −1 .
⇒ = 3
M Ar TAr ∴ E = × 138. × 10−23 × 30015 .
2
M   39.9
∴ TAr = THe  Ar  = 253.15   = 6.21 × 10−21 J
 He 
M  4 
91 (b) As the motion of the vessel as a whole does not
= 2525.171 K = 2.52 × 103 K
effect the relative motion of the gas molecules with
88 (d) respect to the walls of the vessel, hence pressure of the
I. The dotted line in the diagram shows that there is no gas inside the vessel, as observed by us, on the ground
pV remains the same.
deviation in the value of for different
T 92 (d) In an ideal gas, when a molecule collides elastically
temperatures T1 and T2 for increasing pressure, so with a wall, the momentum transferred to each molecule
this gas behaves ideally. Hence, dotted line will be twice the magnitude of its normal momentum.
corresponds to ideal gas behaviour. However, as the face EFGH absorbs the gas molecule
II. At high temperature, the deviation of the gas is less incident on it, thus the momentum transferred will be
and at low temperature the deviation of gas is more. only half.
In the graph, deviation for T2 is greater than for T1 , Therefore, the pressure on EFGH would be half of that
Thus, T1 > T2 . on ABCD.
III. Since, the two curves intersect at dotted line, so the 93 (b) Boyle’s law is applicable when temperature is
pV constant,
value of at that point on the Y -axis is same for
T i.e. pV = µRT = constant
all gases. ⇒ pV = constant (at constant temperature)
So, all statements are correct. 1
⇒ p ∝ (where , p = pressure and V =
89 (a) Absolute pressure, p1 = (15 + 1) atm V
( Q absolute pressure = gauge pressure + 1 atm) volume)
= 16 × 1.013 × 105 Pa As, this process is called as isothermal process, so
Boyle’s law is applicable for isothermal process.
V1 = 30 L = 30 × 10−3 m3
94 (c) Consider the diagram, where an ideal gas is
T1 = 27 + 273.15 = 300.15 K contained in a cylinder, having a piston of mass M
Using ideal gas equation, pV = µRT (friction is absent here).
pV
⇒ µ= M
RT pa
Initially number of moles,
p V 16 × 1.013 × 105 × 30 × 10−3 pa Mg/A
µ1 = 1 1 =
RT1 8.314 × 300.15
p
= 19.48
A
Finally, p2 = (11 + 1) = 12 atm p
= 12 × 1.013 × 105 Pa
V2 = 30 L = 30 × 10−3m 3 The pressure inside the gas will be
T2 = 17 + 27315
. = 29015 . K p = pa + Mg / A
Number of moles, where, pa = atmospheric pressure,
pV 12 × 1 . 013 × 105 × 30 × 10−3 A = area of cross-section of the piston
µ2 = 2 2 =
RT2 8. 314 × 29015
. and Mg = weight of piston.
= 1512
. As the mass remains constant, so the pressure p of the
gas remains the same.
 As pV = µRT ⇒ V ∝ T , ( 2µ 1 ) ( 3000 )
= = 20
So, when temperature T increases, volumeV increases µ 1 ( 300 )
at constant pressure. ⇒ p2 = 20 p1
Hence,V will change but not p.
Hence, final pressure of the gas would be 20 times the
95 (a) We know for an ideal gas, pressure initially.
pV = µRT
97 (b) As the vessel contains 1 mole of hydrogen and
 µR  1 mol of oxygen, therefore as per Maxwell’s law of
⇒ V = T
 p speed distribution, speed of any molecule depend on its
where, p = pressure,V = volume, mass. The mass of hydrogen and oxygen are different,
so their speed will also be different. Hence, f1 ( v ) and
µ = number of moles of gas,
f2 ( v ) will obey the law separately.
R = gas constant and T = temperature.
Slope of the V-T graph, 98 (d) We know for an ideal gas, pV = µRT

dV µR where, µ = number of moles, p = pressure,

m= = V = volume, R = gas constant, and T = temperature.
dT p
pV
1 ⇒ µ=
⇒ m ∝ (Q nR = constant) RT
p
As number of moles of the gas remains fixed, hence we
1 can write
or p∝
m p1 V1 p V
p1 m2 = 2 2
Hence, = >1 RT1 RT2
p2 m1
 T 
where, m1 is slope of the graph corresponding to p1 and ⇒ p2 = p1 V1  2 
similarly m2 is slope corresponding to p2 . V2 T1 
⇒ p2 < p1 or p1 > p2 Given p1 = p , V2 = 1.05 V and T2 = 1.1 T
96 (d) Consider the diagram, when the molecules breaks ( p ) (V ) (1.1 T )
⇒ p2 =
into atoms, the number of moles would become twice. (1.05 ) V (T )
So, µ 2 = 2µ 1
 1.1 
Now, by ideal gas equation, = p× 
 1.05
pV = µRT
where, p = pressure of gas, µ = number of moles, = p (1.0476 )
R = gas constant and T = temperature. ≈ 1.05 p
As volumeV of the container is constant. Hence, final pressure p2 lies between p and 1.1p.
99 (c) According to kinetic theory, we assume that the
walls only exert perpendicular forces on molecules.
H2 H2 H2 They do not exert any parallel force, hence there will
V
molecules not be any type of rotation present and the pressure due
– – – to collision relates only to the change in momentum.
The wall produces only change in translational motion.
Hence, in the equation,
2  where, p = pressure
pV = E  
V H 3 and V = volume 
atoms
E is representing only translational part of energy.
H H
100 (a) When an ideal gas is compressed adiabatically, the
total work done on the gas increases its internal energy
Given, T1 = 300 K and T2 = 3000 K
which in turn increases the kinetic energy of gas
So, p ∝µ T molecules. It is because of the collisions of molecules
p2 µ 2 T2 with the moving parts of the wall only.
⇒ =
p1 µ 1 T1