3 Kinetic Theory of Gases and Radiation

SECTION A

Q.1.
i. (B) 0.35 [1 Mark]
ii. (A) translational kinetic [1 Mark]
iii. (A) translational motion [1 Mark]
iv. (B) 1:4 [1 Mark]
Q.2.
i. The wavelength, for which emissive power of a blackbody is maximum, is inversely proportional to the
absolute temperature of the blackbody. [1 Mark]
ii. The object is called perfect reflector. [1 Mark]
iii. A gas which obeys ideal gas equation at all pressures and temperatures is an ideal gas. [1 Mark]

SECTION B

Attempt any Four

Q.3. Solution:
Given: vO = 460 m/s, MO = 32  103 kg/mol
To find: R.M.S velocity (vrms)
3RT
Formula: vrms =
M
Calculation: From formula,
3RT 3RT
 (vO)rms = and (vH)rms =
MO MH
 vH  MO
   =
 v O  rms MH

32  103
= =4
2  103
 (vH)rms = 4 vO = 4  460 = 1840 m/s
Ans: The r.m.s. velocity of hydrogen molecules at N.T. P. is 1840 m/s.
[2 Marks]
1 N
Q.4. i. From kinetic theory of gases pressure of the gas is given as, P = mv 2
3 V
1 N
 PV = mv 2
3 V

PV = N  mv2 
2 1
 ….(1)
3 2 
1
ii. The quantity mv 2 represents the average translational kinetic energy of an ideal gas molecule.
2

Therefore, the total energy of the gas is, E = N  mv2 

1
iii.
2 

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 

Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. I)

iv. Substituting in equation (1),
2
PV = E
3
v. From ideal gas equation,
2
PV = NkBT = E ….(2)
3
3
 E= NkBT ….(3)
2
vi. From equation (3), it can be concluded that the average energy per molecule is directly proportional to
absolute temperature of the gas.

[2 Marks]
Q.5. Monatomic gases:
i. For a monatomic gas enclosed in a container, held at a constant temperature T and containing NA
atoms, each atom has only 3 translational degrees of freedom.
3 3
ii. Therefore, average energy per atom is kBT and the total internal energy per mole is, E = NAkBT
2 2
iii. Molar specific heat at constant volume
dE 3 3
CV = = NAkB = R
dT 2 2
iv. Using Mayer’s relation,
CP = R + C v
5
 CP = R
2
[2 Marks]
Q.6. Statement: For a gas in thermal equilibrium at a temperature T, the average energy for molecule associated
1
with each quadratic term is kBT.
2
Explanation:
i. Translational kinetic energy associated with single molecule is given in terms of x,y and z components
as,
1 1 1
K.E. = mv 2x + mv 2y + mv 2z
2 2 2
ii. For a gas at temperature T, the average value of kinetic energy is denoted as K.E. .
1 2 1 2 1
 K.E. = mvx + mv y + mv2z
2 2 2
iii. But, average value of kinetic energy of a gas molecule at temperature T is given as,
3
K.E. = kBT
2
1 2 1 2 1 3
 mvx + mv y + mv2z = kBT
2 2 2 2
iv. Thus, the mean energy associated with every component of translational kinetic energy in x, y and z
1
directions is kBT.
2
[2 Marks]

Q.7. Solution:
3
Kinetic energy of gas = RT
2
 K.E.  T
(K.E.) 2 T2
 =
(K.E.)1 T1

2
 
Chapter 3: Kinetic Theory of Gases
and Radiation
1 T
 = 2
2 273
 T2 = 136.5 K
Ans: At 136.5 K, the average kinetic energy of the gas will be exactly half of its value at N.T.P.
[2 Marks]
Q.8. i. The average translational kinetic energy determines the temperature of the body.
ii. According to theory of heat exchange, all the bodies above 0 K absorb radiations from the
surroundings.
iii. For a body, the absorbed radiation (being energy) increases the kinetic energy of the constituent atoms
oscillating about their mean positions.
iv. The absorbed radiation therefore causes a rise in the temperature of the body.
v. The body itself also radiates, therefore its energy decreases, causing lowering of temperature.
vi. If a body radiates more than it absorbs, its temperature decreases and if the body absorbs more than it
radiates, then the temperature of the body increases.
vii. When the rate of absorption of radiation is same as the rate of emission of radiation, the temperature
of the body remains constant and the body is said to be in thermal equilibrium with its surroundings.
This means, all bodies radiate as well as absorb radiation also at room temperature, but their rate of
emission and rate of absorption are same, hence their temperature remains constant.
It can be inferred from this, that hot bodies would radiate more than cooler bodies.
[2 Marks]

SECTION C

Attempt any Two

Q.9. Solution:
Given: T1 = 527 + 273 = 800 K, T2 = 127 + 273 = 400 K, T0 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
 dQ  dQ  
To find: Ratio of loss of heat     
 dt 1  dt  2 
dQ
Formula: = Ae (T4  T04 )
dt
Calculation: From formula,
 dQ 
 =  Ae ( T1  T0 ) ….(1)
4 4

 dt 1
 dQ 
 =  Ae ( T2  T0 ) ….(2)
4 4

 dt  2
Dividing equation (1) by (2),
 dQ 
 dt 1 = Ae  T1  T0  = T1  T0 =  800    300 
  4 4 4 4 4 4

 dQ  Ae  T24  T04  T24  T04  400   300

4 4

 
 dt 2

 4096   102   81  102 

4 4

=
 256   102   81  102 
4 4

 dQ 
 
 dt 1 = 4096  81 = 4015 = 22.94
 dQ  256  81 175
 
 dt 2
 dQ   dQ 
     = 22.94 : 1
 dt 1  dt 2
Ans: The rate of loss of heat by the body at temperature 527 C and 127 C is 22.94 : 1.
[3 Marks]
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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. I)

Q.10. i. Consider one mole of an ideal gas that is enclosed in a cylinder by light, frictionless airtight piston.
ii. Let P, V and T be the pressure, volume and temperature respectively of the gas.
iii. If the gas is heated so that its temperature rises by dT, but the volume remains constant, then the
amount of heat supplied to the gas, dQ1, is used to increase the internal energy of the gas (dE). Since,
volume of the gas is constant, no work is done in moving the piston.
 dQ1 = dE = CV dT ….(1)
where CV is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant volume.
iv. On the other hand, if the gas is heated to the same temperature, at constant pressure, volume of the gas
increases by an amount say dV. The amount of heat supplied to the gas is used to increase the internal
energy of the gas as well as to move the piston backwards to allow expansion of gas (the work done to
move the piston dW = PdV)
 dQ2 = dE + dW = CPdT ….(2)
where CP is the molar specific heat of the gas at constant pressure.
v. From equations (1) and (2),
 CP dT = CV dT + dW
 (CP – CV) dT = PdV ….(3)
vi. For one mole of gas,
PV = RT
 P dV= R dT, since pressure is constant.
Substituting equation (3), we get
(CP – CV) dT = R dT
 CP – CV = R
This is known as Mayer’s relation between CP and CV.
[3 Marks]
Q.11. Statement: At a given temperature, the ratio of emissive power to coefficient of absorption of a body is
equal to the emissive power of a perfect blackbody at the same temperature for all wavelengths.
OR
For a body emitting and absorbing thermal radiation in thermal equilibrium, the emissivity is equal to its
absorptivity.
Symbolically, a = e or a() = e()
Theoretical proof:
i. Consider an ordinary body A and a perfect blackbody B of identical geometric shapes placed in an
enclosure. In thermal equilibrium, both bodies will be at same temperature as that of the enclosure.
ii. Let R = emissive power of body A,
RB = emissive power of blackbody B
a = coefficient of absorption of body A.
Q = quantity of radiant heat incident on each body in unit time and
Qa = quantity of radiant heat absorbed by the body A,
then Qa = a Q.
iii. As the temperatures of the body A and blackbody B remain the same, both must emit the same amount
as they absorb in unit time.
 Quantity of radiant heat absorbed by body A = Quantity of heat emitted by body A
 aQ = R ….(1)
iv. For the perfect blackbody B,
Q = RB ….(2)
v. Dividing equation (1) by equation (2), we get,
R
a=
RB
R
vi. But by definition of emissivity, e =
RB
 a=e
Hence, Kirchhoff’s law is theoretically proved.
[3 Marks]

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Chapter 3: Kinetic Theory of Gases
and Radiation

SECTION D

Attempt any One

Q.12. i. A body, which absorbs the entire radiant Silver polished Double
energy incident on it, is called an ideal or surface walled
perfect blackbody. sphere
Conical
ii. It consists of a double walled hollow sphere projection Incident
having tiny hole or aperture, through which radiation
radiant heat can enter. Surface coated Aperture
iii. The space between the walls is evacuated and with lamp black
outer surface of the sphere is silvered.
Evacuated space
iv. The inner surface of sphere is coated with
lampblack. Ferry’s blackbody
v. There is a conical projection on the inner surface of sphere opposite the aperture. The projection
ensures that a ray travelling along the axis of the aperture is not incident normally on the surface and
is therefore not reflected back along the same path.
vi. A heat ray entering the sphere through the aperture suffers multiple reflections and is almost
completely absorbed inside.
vii. Thus, the aperture behaves like a perfect blackbody.
viii. The effective area of perfectly blackbody is equal to the area of the aperture.
[4 Marks]
Q.13. i. Let there be n moles of an ideal gas enclosed in a cubical box of z y
volume V (= L3) with sides of the box parallel to the coordinate
axes, as shown in figure. The walls of the box are kept at a
constant temperature T. 
ii. The gas molecules are in continuous random motion, colliding v
with each other and hitting the walls of the box and bouncing
back.
iii. As per one of the assumptions, we neglect intermolecular L
x
collisions and consider only elastic collisions with the walls. L

iv. A typical molecule moving with the velocity v , about to collide
elastically with the shaded wall of the cube parallel to yz-plane.
v. During elastic collision, the component vx of the velocity will get reversed, keeping vy and vz
components unaltered.
vi. Hence the change in momentum of the particle is only in the x component of the momentum, Δpx is
given by
Δpx = final momentum  initial momentum
= (mvx)  (mvx) = 2 mvx .…(1)
vii. Thus, the momentum transferred to the wall during collision is + 2mvx. The rebounced molecule then
goes to the opposite wall and collides with it.
viii. After colliding with the shaded wall, the molecule travels to the opposite wall and travels back
towards the shaded wall again.
ix. This means that the molecule travels a distance of 2L in between two collisions.
x. As L is the length of the cubical box, the time for the molecule to travel back and forth to the shaded
2L
wall is t = .
vx
xi. Average force exerted on the shaded wall by molecule 1 is given as,
Average force = Average rate of change of momentum
2mv x1 mv 2x1
 Favg = = ….(2)
2L/v x1 L
where v x1 is the x component of the velocity of molecule 1.

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Std. XII Sci.: Perfect Physics (Vol. I)

xii. Considering other molecules 2, 3, 4 ... with the respective x components of velocities v x 2 , v x3 , v x 4 ….,
the total average force on the wall is,
Favg =
m 2

v x + v 2x2 + v2x3  ....
L 1
 ….[From (2)]
 The average pressure
Average force m  v 2x1 + v 2x 2 + ....
P= =
Area of shaded wall L × L2
xiii. The average of the square of the x component of the velocities is given by,
v2x1 + v2x2 + v2x3  ....  v2N
v2x 
N
2
mNv
 P= x

V

where v 2x is the average over all possible values of vx.
xiv. Now, v2 = v2x + v2y + v2z
1
By symmetry, v2x = v2y = vz2 = v 2 since the molecules have no preferred direction to move.
3
Therefore, average pressure
1 N
P= mv 2 ….(3)
3 V
[4 Marks]