Sch-2 LCM & HCF PDF (Eng)

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Objective Type Questions
13. The difference between two successive odd numbers is

a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 0
14. The only even prime number is

a) 4 b) 6 c) 2 d) 0
15. Which of the following numbers is not a prime?

a) 53 b) 92 c) 97 d) 71
16. The sum of the factors of 27 is

a) 28 b) 37 c) 40 d) 31
17. The factors of a number are 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 10, 16, 20, 40 and 80.What is the number?
a) 80 b) 100 c) 128 d) 160
18. The prime factorisation of 60 is 2 ×2 × 3 × 5. Any other number which has the same
prime factorisation as 60 is
a) 30 b) 120 c) 90 d) impossible
19. If the number 6354 * 97 is divisible by 9, then the value * is

a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 d) 7
20. The number 87846 is divisible by

a) 2 only b) 3 only c) 11 only d) all of these
1.5 Common Factors

Consider the numbers 45 and 60. Use of divisibility tests will also help us to find the
factors of 45 and 60. The factors of 45 are 1,3,5,9,15 and 45 and the factors of 60 are
1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20, 30 and 60. Here, the common factors of 45 and 60 are 1,3,5 and 15.
As factors of a number are finite, we can think of the Highest Common Factor of
numbers, shortly denoted as HCF.
1.5.1 Highest Common Factor (HCF)

Think about the situation:
Situation 1:
Pavithra plans to celebrate Deepavali by distributing sweets and savouries to the
families which cannot afford to buy them. Pavithra's mother gives her 63 athirasams and
42 murukkus. Each family should be given the same number of athirasams and the same
number of murukkus. What is the greatest number of families that she can distribute?
Now, Pavithra can tackle this situation by using HCF as given in the following illustration.
12 6th Standard Maths
6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 12 27-06-2020 04:41:31 PM

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Illustration: Find the HCF of 63 and 42.

Solution: The prime factorisation of 63 is 3 x 3 x 7 and 63 42
the prime factorisation of 42 is 2 x 3 x 7. We find that the
common prime factors of 63 and 42 are 3 and 7 (see the 3
3 2
diagram) and so the highest common factor is 3 x 7 =21. 7
So, Pavithra can distribute equal number of athirasams
(3 per family) and murukkus (2 per family) for a maximum
of 21 families.
Situation 2:
Consider the rods of length 8 feet and 12 feet. We have to cut these rods into pieces of
equal length. How many pieces can we get? What will be the length of the longest piece
that is common for both the rods?
The rod of 8 feet can be divided into small rods of length 1 foot or 2 feet or 4 feet (These
are factors of 8). The rod of 12 feet can be divided into small rods of length 1 foot or 2
feet or 3 feet or 4 feet or 6 feet (These are factors of 12). This is represented as follows:
First, it is possible to cut the 8 feet and 12 feet rods equally into 1 foot rods. Number
of pieces
8
12
Second, it is also possible to cut the 8 feet and 12 feet rods equally into 2 feet rods.
Third, it is also possible to cut the 8 feet and 12 feet rods equally into 4 feet rods
The length of the pieces that are common to both the rods (as given above) are of length
1 foot, 2 feet and 4 feet (i.e., common factors of 8 and 12).
Hence, the HCF of 8 and 12 is the length of the longest rod i.e., 4 feet that can be cut
equally from the rods of length 8 feet and 12 feet.
So, the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of two numbers is the largest factor that is
common to both of them.The Highest Common Factor of the numbers x and y can be
written as HCF (x,y).
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Note
●● T
he Highest Common Factor (HCF) is also called as the Greatest Common Divisor
(GCD) or the Greatest Common Factor (GCF).
●● HCF (1, x) =1
●● HCF (x, y) = x, if y is a multiple of x. For example, HCF (3, 6) = 3.
●● I f the HCF of two numbers is 1, then the numbers are said to be co-primes or
relatively prime. Here, the two numbers can both be primes as (5, 7) or both can be
composites as (14, 27) or one can be a prime and other a composite as (11, 12).
Example 3: Find the HCF of the numbers 40 and 56 by division method.

Solution: 2 40 2 56 2 40, 56
2 20 2 28 2 20, 28
2 10 2 14 or 2 10, 14
5 5 7 7 5, 7
1 1
Prime factorisation of 40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 Dividing by the common factor 2,

Prime factorisation of 56 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 7 (in 3 steps)
The product of common factors of 40 and 56 HCF = Product of common factors
= 2 x 2 x 2 = 8 and so, HCF (40, 56) = 8 =2x2x2=8
Example 4: Find the HCF of the numbers 18, 24 and 30 by factor tree method.
Solution:
Let us find the factors of 24

Let us find the factors of 18, 24 and 30 (use of
by tree method.
divisibility test rules will also help).
The factors of 18 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 and 18. 24

The factors of 24 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8, 12 and 24.
2 12
The factors of 30 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 5, 6 , 10, 15 and 30.
The factors that are common to all the three given 2 6

numbers are 1, 2, 3 and 6 of which 6 is the highest.
2 3
Hence, HCF (18, 24, 30) = 6.
Note that 1 is a trivial factor of all numbers. Here, 24 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 3
Similarly, we can find the
factors of 18 and 30.

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1.6 Common Multiples

Let us now write the multiples of 5 and 7
Multiples of 5 are 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70,…
Multiples of 7 are 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70,…
Here, the common multiples of 5 and 7 are 35 and 70 and will go on without ending.
As multiples of a number are infinite, we can think of the Least Common Multiple of
numbers, shortly denoted as LCM.
1.6.1 Least Common Multiple (LCM)

Think about the situation:
Situation 1: Write the multiplication table of 4 and 5 (upto 10).
4th Table 5th Table

1x4 = 4 1x5 = 5
Observing the multiplication tables, can you find
2x4 = 8 2x5 = 10
the multiples (product of numbers) that are the
3x4 = 12 3x5 = 15
same in the 4th table and 5th table?. If yes,
4x4 = 16 4x5 = 20
what are they? Yes, they are 20, 40,…etc. From
5x4 = 20 5x5 = 25
the multiples of 4 and 5, we can easily find that
6x4 = 24 6x5 = 30
20 is the least common multiple of 4 and 5.
7x4 = 28 7x5 = 35
8x4 = 32 8x5 = 40
9x4 = 36 9x5 = 45
10x4 = 40 10x5 = 50
Situation 2:
Anu wants to buy Ragi Laddus and Thattais to serve at her sister's birthday party. Ragi Laddus
come in packets of 4 and Thattais come in packets of 6. Anu has to buy these packets so that
there are the same number of Ragi Laddus and Thattais to serve at the party. How will Anu
tackle this situation?
This situation can be tackled by Anu using the

concept of LCM. Here, multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12,
16, 20, 24, ... and multiples of 6 are 6, 12, 18, 24,
30, 36, ... We find that the common multiples are
12, 24, ... of which 12 is the least common multiple.
Hence, Anu should buy a minimum of 3 packets
of Ragi Laddus and 2 packets of Thattais so that
there are the same number of Ragi Laddus (12) and
Thattais (12) to serve at the party.
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Situation 3:
Consider the red and the blue coloured floor mats of length 4 units and 5 units as follows.
4 units 5 units
Five red coloured floor mats of 4 units each can be arranged as follows. Its total length is
5 x 4 = 20 units.
4 units 4 units 4 units 4 units 4 units
Four blue coloured floor mats of 5 units each can be arranged as follows. Its total length is
also the same 4 x 5 = 20 units.
5 units 5 units 5 units 5 units
Note that the 5 floor mats each of length 4 units are required to equal 4 floor mats each of
length 5 units and that is, the length 20 units is the smallest common length that can be
matched by both sizes. From the above, it shows that the least common multiple of 4 and 5
is 4x5=20.
The Least Common Multiple of any two non-zero whole numbers is the smallest or the
lowest common multiple of both the numbers. The Least Common Multiple of the numbers x
and y can be written as LCM (x,y).
We can find the least common multiple of two or more numbers by the following methods.
1. Division Method 2. Prime Factorisation Method
Example 5: Find the LCM of 156 and 124.

Solution: By Division method 2 156,124
Step 1: Start with the smallest prime factor and go on 2 78, 62
dividing till all the numbers are divided as given below. 3 39, 31
13 13, 31
Step 2: LCM = product of all prime factors 31 1, 31
= 2 x 2 x 3 x 13 x 31 = 4836 1,1
Thus, the LCM of 156 and 124 is 4836.
By Prime Factorisation method

Step 1: We write the prime factors of 156 and 124 as given below (use of divisibility test
rules will also help).
156 = 2 x 78 = 2 x 2 x 39 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 13
124 = 2 x 62 = 2 x 2 x 31

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Step 2: The product of common factors is 2 x 2 and also the product of the factors that
are not common is 3 x 13 x 31.
Step 3: Now, LCM = product of common factors x product of factors that are not common
= (2 x 2) x (3 x 13 x 31) = 4 x 1209 = 4836
Thus, LCM of 156 and 124 is 4836.
(or)
156 = 2 x 78 = 2 x 2 x 39 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 13;
124 = 2 x 62 = 2 x 2 x 31
The prime factor 2 appears a maximum of 2 times in the prime factorization of
156 and 124, the prime factor 3 appears only 1 time in the prime factorization of 156, the
prime factor 13 appears only 1 time in the prime factorization of 156 and the prime factor
31 appears only 1 time in the prime factorization of 124.
Hence, the required LCM = (2 x 2) x 3 x 13 x 31 = 4836.
1.7 Application Problems on HCF and LCM

Let us see the word problems that involve the HCF and the LCM concepts in daily life situations.
Example 6: What is the greatest number that will divide 62, 78 and 109 leaving
remainders 2, 3 and 4 respectively?
Solution: Get all the common factors of 62 − 2, 78 − 3 and 109 − 4, i.e., 60, 75 and 105 and
see that the common factors will divide them all. The greatest number is the H.C.F of 60, 75
and 105.
60=2 x 2 x 3 x 5 75=3 x 5 x 5 105=3 x 5 x 7
Hence, the HCF is 3 x 5=15, which is the greatest number that will divide 62, 78, 109 leaving
remainders 2, 3 and 4 respectively.
Example 7: A book seller has 175 English books, 245 Science books and 385 Mathematics
books. He wants to sell the books in a box, subject-wise in equal numbers. What will be
the greatest number of the boxes required? Also find the number of books for each subject
in a box.
Solution: This is a HCF related problem. So, we need to find the HCF of 175, 245 and 385.
5 175 5 245 5 385

5 35 7 49 7 77
7 7 7 7 11 11
1 1 1
175 = 5 x 5 x 7; 245 = 5 x 7 x 7; 385 = 5 x 7 x 11
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The HCF of 175, 245 and 385 is the product of the common factors 5 and 7 i.e, 5 x 7=35
Since each box contains equal number of books, the greatest possible number of boxes = 35
The number of English books in each box = 175÷35=5
The number of Science books in each box = 245÷35=7
The number of Maths books in each box = 385÷35=11
Hence, the total number of books in each box is 5+7+11=23.
Note
●● LCM is always greater than or equal to the largest of the given numbers.
●● LCM will always be a multiple of HCF.
Example 8: Find the ratio of the HCF and the LCM of the numbers 18 and 30.
Solution: Now, 18 = 2 x 3 x 3 and 30 = 2 x 3 x 5
and their HCF is 2 x 3 = 6 and LCM is 2 x 3 x 3 x 5 = 90
Hence, HCF : LCM = 6:90 = 1:15
Example 9: Find the smallest number that can be divided by 254 and 508 which leaves the
remainder 4.
Solution: All common multiples of 254 and 508 will be 2 254, 508
divisible by both the numbers. Let us find the 2 127, 254
LCM of 254 and 508 (by division method). 127 127, 127
LCM of 254, 508 = 2 x 2 x 127 = 508 1, 1
Thus, 508 is the smallest common number that is divisible by 254 and 508.
Now, as we need remainder 4 while dividing, the required number is 4 more than
the LCM and so, the required number is 508 + 4 =512.
Example 10: What is the smallest 5 digit number that is exactly divisible by 72 and 108?
Solution:
First let us find the LCM of 72 and 108 2 72,108
(by division method). 2 36,54
2 18,27
LCM of 72 and 108= 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 = 216 3 9,27
Now, all multiples of 216 will also be common multiples of 3 3,9
72 and 108. 3 1,3
The smallest 5 digit number = 10,000. 1,1
Now, 10,000 ÷ 216 gives quotient as 46 and remainder
as 164.
Hence the next multiple of 216 i.e., 216 x 47 = 10,152 is the required smallest 5 digit
number that is exactly divisible by 72 and 108.

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Example 11: There are four Mobile Phones in a house. At 5 a.m, all the four Mobile
Phones will ring together. Thereafter, the first one rings every 15 minutes, the second one
rings every 20 minutes, the third one rings every 25 minutes and the fourth one rings
every 30 minutes. At what time, will the four Mobile Phones ring together again?
Solution: This is a LCM related sum. So, we need to find the LCM of 15, 20, 25 and 30.
2 15, 20, 25, 30
2 15, 10, 25, 15 Mathematics is a unique symbolic language in which the whole world works
and acts accordingly. This text book is an attempt to make learning of
5 15, 5, 25, 15
Mathematics easy for the students community.
Chapter Chapter Chapter
Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations

or algorithms; it is about understanding
1 NUMBERS
2 INTRODUCTION TO ALGEBRA
3 RATIO AND PROPORTION
— William Paul Thurston
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives Learning Objectives

To enjoy learning Math- Try this/these
ematics by doing A few questions which ● To understand large numbers and the terms used to represent them. ● To describe, extend, create numeric and geometric patterns. ● To understand the concept of ratio.
provide scope for
Activity reinforcement of the
● To compare large numbers and order them. ● To make predictions related to the patterns and investigate repeating patterns. ● To use ratio notation and simplify ratios.
content learnt.
● To employ estimation for large numbers. ● To understand the role of 'variables' in patterns. ● To divide a quantity into two parts in a given ratio.
● To solve word problems involving four fundamental operations. ● To use variables in simple algebraic expressions and equations to describe ● To recognise the relationship between ratio and proportion.
relationships.
● To understand and use the properties of Whole Numbers. ● To use the unitary method and solve simple ratio problems.
3 3, 1, 5, 3
ematic
ath
M
2.1 Introduction
s
1.1 Introduction Recap
Do you know? A li v e Think Are you ready for a number game? Follow the steps below carefully:
To think deep
Read the following conversation between two classmates. 1. Which of the following fractions is not a proper fraction?
To know additional
information and explore
related to the topic to cre- yourself!
Mani : (Reading Newspaper Headlines) Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 1 2 5 10
(a) (b) (c) (d)
ate interest. 3 3 10 5
“Ten thousand people visited the trade 1
To understand that Mathematics can be Think of any Multiply it Subtract the original number 2. The equivalent fraction of is _________.
experienced everywhere in fair yesterday”. Add 20 Divide by 2 7
nature and real life. number by 2 you had thought in step 1
2 1 7 100
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Mallika : Wow! That's a lot of people. 15 49 49 7
Is your answer 10? Is it the same for all in the class? Verify it with your friend who might
Miscellaneous have started with a number other than your number. Surprised? What if you started with 3. Write > ,< or = in the box.
and Challenging Note
Mani : Thank goodness, I went to the
1 3 4
problems To know trade fair exactly yesterday! a fraction, say or or ? In this game, regardless of the number you started with, the 5 1 9 3
To give space for learning more 2 4 5 (i) (ii)
and to face higher challenges
important facts
and concepts
8 10 12 4
answer will be 10.
in Mathematics and to face
Competitive
Mallika : Why… what is so important about it? 1 1 6 1
4. Arrange these fractions from the least to the greatest : , , ,
2 4 8 8
5 1, 1, 5, 1
Examinations.
Let us verify the game for two more numbers, say 4 and 9.
ICT Corner Mani : Don’t you see? If I had not gone, they
Go, Search the content would have written “Nine thousand 2
● If the initial number is 4, 5. Anban says that th of the group of triangles given below are blue. Is he correct?
and Learn more! 6
nine hundred and ninety-nine people only visited the trade fair yesterday”.
It would have been difficult to read and understand! Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
Let's use the QR code in the text books! How?
• Download the QR code scanner from the Google PlayStore/ Apple App Store into your smartphone
• Open the QR code scanner application
What do you think about this conversation? Was Mani right? 4 4×2=8 8 + 20 = 28 28 ÷ 2 = 14 14 − 4 = 10
• Once the scanner button in the application is clicked, camera opens and then bring it closer to the QR code in the text
2
book.
No! it would still be “Ten thousand people visited!”. Newspapers give (and readers want) ● If the initial number is 9, 6. Joseph has a flower garden. Draw a picture which shows that th of the flowers
• Once the camera detects the QR code, a url appears in the screen.Click the url and go to the content page. 10
a sense of the size, NOT exact values when numbers are large. are red and the rest of them are yellow.
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5
The main goal of Mathematics in School Education is to mathematise You have probably heard names like “lakhs” and “crores” used by elders. 7. Malarkodi has 10 oranges. If she ate 4 oranges, what fraction of oranges was not
the child’s thought process. It will be useful to know how to 9 9 × 2 = 18 18 + 20 = 38 38 ÷ 2 = 19 19 − 9 = 10 eaten by her?
mathematise than to know a lot of Mathematics.
1 39 55
1, 1, 1, 1
6th_Front page.indd 4 27-02-2018 16:59:01 6th_Chapter 1_ 001-038.indd 1 03-03-2018 16:30:03 6th_Chapter 2_039-054.indd 39 03-03-2018 15:15:02 6th_Chapter 3_055-075.indd 55 03-03-2018 16:04:30
The LCM of 15, 20, 25 and 30 is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 5

= 300 minutes = 5 x 60 minutes = 5 x 1 hour = 5 hours
Thus, the four Mobile Phones will ring together again at 10.00 a.m.
Try this
A small boy went to a town to sell a basket of wood apples. On the way, some robbers
grabbed the fruits from him and ate them. The small boy went to the King and complained.
The King asked him, “How many wood apples did you bring?”. The boy replied,
“Your Majesty! I didn’t know, but I knew that if you divided my fruits into groups of
2, one fruit would be left in the basket”. He continued saying that if the fruits were
divided into groups of 3, 4, 5 and 6, the fruits left in the basket would be 2, 3, 4 and 5
respectively. Also, if the fruits were divided into groups of 7, no fruit would be there in
the basket. Can you find the number of fruits, the small boy had initially?
(This problem is taken from the famous Mathematics problems collection book in Tamil
called “Kanakkathikaram” under the heading of “Wood Apple Problem”)
1.8 Relationship between the Numbers and their HCF and LCM
Let us find the HCF and the LCM of 36 and 48. First, find the factors of 36 and 48 using
division method.
36 = 2 x 2 x 3 x 3; 48 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 2 x 3 2 36 2 48
HCF = 2 x 2 x 3 = 12 2 18 2 24
LCM = 2 x 2 x 3 x 2 x 2 x 3 =144 3 9 2 12
Observe that, 36 x 48 = 144 x 12 = 1728 3 3 2 6
We find that, 1 3 3
product of two given numbers = their HCF x LCM 1
In general, for any 2 numbers x and y,
x × y = HCF (x, y) × LCM (x, y)
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Example 12: The LCM of two numbers is 432 and their HCF is 36. If one of the
numbers is 108, then find the other number.
Solution: We know that, the product of the two numbers=LCM x HCF
108 x (the other number) = 432 x 36
The other number = (432 x 36) ÷ 108 = 144
Example 13: The LCM of two co-prime numbers is 5005. If one of the numbers is 65,
then find the other number.
Solution: We know that, the product of the two numbers = LCM x HCF
As the HCF of co-primes is 1,
65 x (the other number) = 5005 x 1
The other number = 5005 ÷ 65 = 77
NUMBERS ICT CORNER
Expected Outcome
Step 1
Open the Browser and type the URL Link given below (or) Scan the QR Code. GeoGebra
work sheet named “Numbers” will open. The work sheet contains two activities. 1. LCM
and HCF and 2. Prime number game.
In the first activity Click on New Problem and solve the problem, then check your answer.
Step 2
In the second activity catch the egg which shows prime number as quick as possible. You
can select the level of speed in the beginning.
Step1 Step2
Browse in the link:

Numbers: https://ggbm.at/Exu3mtz5 or Scan the QR Code.

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Exercise 1.2
1. Fill in the blanks
(i) The HCF of 45 and 75 is _______.
(ii) The HCF of two successive even numbers is _________.
(iii) If the LCM of 3 and 9 is 9, then their HCF is _________.
(iv) The LCM of 26, 39 and 52 is______.
(v) The least number that should be added to 57 so that the sum is exactly divisible
by 2,3, 4 and 5 is _________.
2. Say True or False
(i) The numbers 57 and 69 are co-primes.
(ii) The HCF of 17 and 18 is 1.
(iii) The LCM of two successive numbers is the product of the numbers.
(iv) The LCM of two co-primes is the sum of the numbers.
(v) The HCF of two numbers is always a factor of their LCM .
3. Find the HCF of each set of numbers using prime factorisation method.
(i) 18,24 (ii) 51,85 (iii) 61,76 (iv) 84,120 (v) 27,45,81 (vi) 45,55,95
4. Find the LCM of each set of numbers using prime factorisation method.
(i) 6,9 (ii) 8,12 (iii) 10,15 (iv) 14,42 (v) 30,40,60 (vi) 15,25,75
5. Find the HCF and the LCM of the numbers 154, 198 and 286.
6. What is the greatest possible volume of a vessel that can be used to measure exactly
the volume of milk in cans (in full capacity) of 80 litres, 100 litres and 120 litres?
7. The traffic lights at three different road junctions change after every 40 seconds,
60 seconds and 72 seconds respectively. If they changed simultaneously together at
8 a.m at the junctions, at what time will they simultaneously change together again?
8. The LCM of two numbers is 210 and their HCF is 14. How many such pairs are possible?
9. The LCM of two numbers is 6 times their HCF. If the HCF is 12 and one of the numbers
is 36, then find the other number.

10. Which of the following pairs is co-prime?
a) 51, 63 b) 52, 91 c) 71, 81 d) 81, 99
11. The greatest 4 digit number which is exactly divisible by 8, 9 and 12 is
a) 9999 b) 9996 c) 9696 d) 9936
12. The HCF of two numbers is 2 and their LCM is 154. If the difference between the
numbers is 8, then the sum is
a) 26 b) 36 c) 46 d) 56
13. Which of the following cannot be the HCF of two numbers whose LCM is 120?
a) 60 b) 40 c) 80 d) 30
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Exercise 1.3
Miscellaneous Practice Problems
1. Every even number greater than 2 can be expressed as the sum of two prime numbers.
Verify this statement for every even number upto 16.
2. Is 173 a prime? Why?
3. For which of the numbers, from n = 2 to 8, is 2n − 1 a prime?
4. State true or false and explain your answer with reason for the following statements.
a) A number is divisible by 9, if it is divisible by 3.
b) A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by 12.
5. Find A as required:
(i) The greatest 2 digit number 9A is divisible by 2.
(ii) The least number 567A is divisible by 3.
(iii) The greatest 3 digit number 9A6 is divisible by 6.
(iv) The number A08 is divisible by 4 and 9.
(v) The number 225A85 is divisible by 11.
6. Numbers divisible by 4 and 6 are divisible by 24. Verify this statement and support
your answer with an example.
7. The sum of any two successive odd numbers is always divisible by 4. Justify this
statement with an example.
8. Find the length of the longest rope that can be used to measure exactly the ropes
of length 1m 20cm, 3m 60cm and 4m.
Challenge Problems
9. The sum of three prime numbers is 80. The difference of two of them is 4.
Find the numbers.
10. Find the sum of all the prime numbers between 10 and 20 and check whether that
sum is divisible by all the single digit numbers.
11. Find the smallest number which is exactly divisible by all the numbers from 1 to 9.
12. The product of any three consecutive numbers is always divisible by 6. Justify this
statement with an example.
13. Malarvizhi, Karthiga and Anjali are friends and natives of the same village. They
work at different places. Malarvizhi comes to her home once in 5 days. Similarly,
Karthiga and Anjali come to their homes once in 6 days and 10 days respectively.
Assuming that they met each other on the 1st of October, when will all the three meet
again?

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14. In an apartment consisting of 108 floors, two lifts A & B starting from the ground
floor, stop at every 3rd and 5th floors respectively. On which floors, will both of them
stop together?
15. The product of 2 two digit numbers is 300 and their HCF is 5. What are the numbers?
16. Find whether the number 564872 is divisible by 88.

(use of the test of divisibility rule for 8 and 11 will help!)
17. Wilson, Mathan and Guna can complete one round of a circular track in 10, 15 and
20 minutes respectively. If they start together at 7 a.m from the starting point, at
what time will they meet together again at the starting point?
Two numbers are said to be amicable numbers if the sum of the factors of
one number (except the number itself) gives the other number.
The numbers 220 and 284 are amicable, since the sum of the factors of 220 (except 220)
i.e., 1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 10 + 11 + 20 + 22 + 44 + 55 + 110 = 284 and the sum of the factors of
284 (except 284) i.e., 1 + 2 + 4 + 71 + 142 = 220.
Check whether 1184 and 1210 are amicable numbers.
Summary
A natural number greater than 1, having only two factors namely 1 and the number

itself, is called a prime number.
 A natural number having more than two factors is called a composite number.
 A pair of prime numbers whose difference is 2 is called as twin primes.
Every composite number can be expressed as a product of prime numbers in a

unique way.
 The Highest Common Factor of any two non-zero whole numbers is the largest
common factor of both the numbers.
 The Least Common Multiple of any two non-zero whole numbers is the smallest
common multiple of both the numbers.
Two numbers having 1 as their only common factor are said to be co-primes or

relatively prime.
 The product of two given numbers is equal to the product of their HCF and LCM.
Numbers 23

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ANSWERS
Chapter 1 Numbers 5. HCF → 22; LCM → 18018

Exercise 1.1 6. HCF=20 litres
1. i) 12 ii) 31 iii) 3 iv) 2 v) 10 7. After 360 seconds (6 min), at 8.06 a.m
2. i) False ii) False 8. 2 pairs possible
iii) True iv) True v) True 9. 24
3. smallest → 11; biggest → 97 Objective Type Questions
4. smallest → 100; biggest → 999 10. c) 71, 81 11. d) 9936
5. True. 3 + 7 + 9 = 19 is odd 12. b) 36 13. c) 80
6. (17, 71),(37,73) & (79,97)
Exercise 1.3
7. False. 9 is odd number but not prime
1. 4 = 2 + 2; 6 = 3 + 3; 8 = 3 + 5;
8. True. The composite number 4 has
10 = 3 + 7 (or) 5 + 5; 12 = 5 + 7;
3 factors namely 1, 2, and 4.
14 = 7 + 7 (or) 3 + 11;
9. 6, 12, 18, 24, 30 (excluding February) 16 = 5 + 11 (or) 3 + 13
10. 19 2. Yes, because it has only two factors.
11. a) 60 =2x2x3x5 3. For n = 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7
b) 128 =2x2x2x2x2x2x2 4. a) False, 3 is a factor of 9
c) 144 =2x2x2x2x3x3 b) True, 12 is a multiple of 6
d) 198 =2x 3 x 3 x 11
5. i) 8 ii) 0 iii) 9 iv) 1 v) 8
e) 420 =2x2x3x5x7
f) 999 =3x 3 x 3 x 37 6. False. 12 is divisible by both 4 and 6 but
12. (11, 13) or (13, 11) not by 24
7. True. 17+19=36 is divisible by 4
Objective Type Questions 8. 40 cm
13. b) 2 14. c) 2 15. b) 92 16. c) 40 Challenge problems
17. a) 80 18. d) impossible 19. a) 2
9. 2, 37, 41
20. d) all of these
10. 11, 13, 17, 19; The sum 60 is divisible by 1,
Exercise 1.2 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 but not divisible by 7, 8 and 9
1. i) 15 ii) 2 11. 2520
iii) 3 iv) 156 v) 3 12. Yes. 2 x 3 x 4=24 is divisible by 6.
2. i) False ii) True 13. Once in 30 days, 31st October
iii)True iv) False v)True
14. The lifts will stop at floors
3. i) 6 ii) 17 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 105
iii) 1 iv) 12
15. (15, 20)
v) 9 vi) 5
4. i) 18 ii) 24 16. Yes. Since it is divisible by both 8 and 11
iii) 30 iv) 42 and hence by 88
v) 120 vi)75 17. After 60 minutes, at 8 a.m
Answers 85
6th_06_ANSWERS_T2_EM.indd 85 23-07-2020 10:45:56 AM

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Chapter 2 Measurements 8. i) 7 hours 10 minutes

Exercise : 2.1 ii) 8 hours 55 minutes
1. i. 3/4 l ii. 205 kg 950 g iii. 18 l 500 ml iii) 8 hours
iv. 2 l 250 ml v. 500 iv) 12 hours 15 minutes
2. i. True ii. False iii. True 9. i) 13:40 hours , 21:20 hours
iv. True v. False ii) 8 halts iii) 5 minutes
3. i. 10005 ml ii. 4300 m iii. 0.3 g iv) 20:34 hours
4. (i) 1300 cm, 13 m, 0.013 km v)7 hours 40 minutes
(ii) 8.257 l, 0.008257 kl 10. 285 days 11. 7 hour 42 minutes
5. i) 15000 m, 1500000 cm, 15000000 mm 12. 172 days 13. Friday
ii) 12000 g, 12000000 mg 14. (i) 1 year 3 months 25 days
6. i) < ii) = iii) = iv) < v) > (ii) 3 years 2 months
7. 1 l 950 ml Objective Type Questions
8. 155 cm 16. (b) 48 17. (a) 21
9. 50 kg 500 g 18. (d) 3 19. (b) 3:35 hours 20. (b) 30
10. Maran ,100 m
Exercise : 2.3
11. 6 kg, 0.6 l
12. 800 students 1. 14 m 78 cm 2. 2000; 560
13. i. 20 glasses ii. 40 glasses 6. i) Yes
iii. 4 glasses iv. 2 glasses 7. 40 hours 30 minutes
v.8 glasses 9. She will not catch the train
Objective Type Questions Chapter 3 Bill, Profit and Loss
14. ( b) 904 cg 15. (a)1 kg 6 g Exercise 3.1
16. (d)1050 l 17. (d)70 mg 1. i) Mullai Furniture mart iv) 50 sets
18. (b) 2 km 800 m ii) Serial No: 728 v) correct
iii) `3000
Exercise : 2.2 2.
1. i) 10:15 hours; quarter past 10 Cash Bill
Maruthu Book Store, Chidambaram
ii) 6:45 hours ; quarter to 7
Bill No.570 Date : 12.04.2018
iii) 4:10 hours ; 10 minutes past 4 Sl.
Item Quantity Rate Amount
iv) 3:30 hours; half past 3 No.
1. Subramanya Bharathiyar 10 55 550
v) 9:40 hours; 20 minutes to 10;
2. Thiruvalluvar 15 75 1125
2. i. (d) ii. (e) iii. (b) iv. (c) v. (a) 3. Veeramamunivar 12 60 720
3. i) 1200 seconds ii) 20140 seconds 4. Thiru.Vi.Ka 12 70 840
iii) 210 minutes iv) 9 hours 40 minutes Total 3235
v) 7 hours 3. i) Profit = `20 ii) Profit = `10

4. 11 hours 5 minutes 25 seconds iii) S.P. = `140 iv) Loss = `10
5. 1 hour 58 minutes 5 seconds v) S.P. = `145
6. i) 2 a.m ii) 8:45 a.m 4. i) S.P. = `130 Profit = `20

iii) 9:10 p.m iv)11:20 a.m ii) S.P. = `120 Profit = `10
v) 12 midnight iii) S.P. = `100 Loss = `10
7. i) 3:15 hours ii) 12:35 hours iv) S.P. = `90 Discount = `30
iii) 12:00 hours iv) 00:00 or 24:00 hours v) S.P. = `110 C.P. = `90

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iv) Yes, Isosceles triangle

5. Profit = `15 10. Discount = `295
v) Yes, Equilateral triangle
6. Loss = `40 11. M.P. = `1850
vi) No, The triangle cannot be formed
7. No Profit / Loss 12. Discount = `25 8. i) Yes, Acute angled triangle
8. S.P. = `8,75,000 13. S.P = `3 ii) Yes, Right angled triangle
9. C.P. = `25,000 14. Loss = `5585 iii) No, The triangle cannot be formed
iv) No, The triangle cannot be formed
Objective Type Questions v) Yes, Acute angled triangle
15. (a) M.P. 17. (a) C.P = S.P vi) Yes, Obtuse angled triangle
16. (b) C.P 18. (b) S.P 9. i) 40° ii) 70° iii) 60°
Exercise 3.2 iv) 40° v) 30° vi) 40°
10. Equilateral Triangle
1. Gain = `15 5. Gain = `32
11. ii) A
cute angled triangle, Isosceles triangle
2. Loss = `50 6. M.P. = `29
iii) Right angled triangle, Isosceles triangle
3. Profit = `200 7. Profit =`960
iv) Acute angled triangle, Scalene triangle
4. Profit =`1,00,000 8. Profit = `3000 v) Acute angled triangle, Scalene triangle
Chapter 4 Geometry vi) Right angled triangle, Scalene triangle
Exercise 4.1 vii) Obtuse angled triangle, Scalene triangle
1. a) two b) scalene triangle c) two viii) Obtuse angled triangle, Isosceles triangle
d) 180° e) isosceles right angled triangle
2. i) Scalene triangle
ii) Right angled triangle 12. b 13. d 14. a 15. d 16. c
iii) Obtuse angled triangle
Exercise 4.3
iv) Isosceles triangle
v) Equilateral triangle 1. 90°, 45° , 45° 2. c
3. a) AB, BC, CA 3. c 4. 28°, 28°
b) ∠ABC, ∠BCA, ∠CAB or ∠A, ∠B, ∠C 5. Both are Isosceles Right angled triangles
c) A, B, C 6. Yes 7. No, A triangle cannot have more
4. i) Equilateral triangle ii) Scalene triangle than one right angle
iii) Isosceles triangle iv) Scalene triangle 8. “a” is true, because an isosceles triangle
5. i) Acute angled triangle need not have three equal sides
ii) Right angled triangle 9. 70°,40° or 55°,55° 10. c
iii) Obtuse angled triangle 11. a) ∆ABC b) ∆ABC , ∆AEF
iv) Acute angled triangle c) ∆
AEB, ∆AED, ∆ADF, ∆AFC, ∆ABD,
6. i) a) Isosceles Acute angled triangle ∆ADC, ∆ABF, ∆AEC
ii) a) Scalene Right -angled triangle d) ∆ABC, ∆AEF, ∆ABF, ∆AEC
iii) a) Isosceles Obtuse angled triangle e) ∆AEB, ∆AFC
iv) a) Isosceles Right -angled triangle f) ∆ADB, ∆ADC, ∆ADE, ∆ADF
v) a) Equilateral Acute angled triangle
vi) a) Scalene Obtuse angled triangle 12. (i) between 3 and 11 (iii) between 4 and 11
(ii) between 0 and 16 (iv) between 4 and 24
7. i) Yes, Scalene triangle
13. i. Always acute angles ii. Acute angle
ii) Yes, Scalene triangle
iii. Obtuse angle
iii) No, The triangle cannot be formed
Answers 87

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Exercise 3.8
1. Factorise each of the following polynomials using synthetic division:

(i) x 3 − 3x 2 − 10x + 24 (ii) 2x 3 − 3x 2 − 3x + 2
(iii) −7x + 3 + 4x 3 (iv) x 3 + x 2 − 14x − 24
(v) x 3 − 7x + 6 (vi) x 3 − 10x 2 − x + 10
3.7 Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)

The Greatest Common Divisor, abbreviated as GCD, of two or more polynomials is a
polynomial, of the highest common possible degree, that is a factor of the given two or more
polynomials. It is also known as the Highest Common Factor (HCF).
This concept is similar to the greatest common divisor of two integers.
For example, Consider the expressions 14xy2 and 42xy. The common divisors of 14
and 42 are 2, 7 and 14. Their GCD is thus 14. The only common divisors of xy2 and xy are
x, y and xy; their GCD is thus xy.
14xy2 = 1 × 2 × 7 × x × y × y
42xy = 1 × 2 × 3 × 7 × x × y
Therefore the requried GCD of 14xy2 and 42xy is 14xy.
To find the GCD by Factorisation

(i) Each expression is to be resolved into factors first.
(ii) The product of factors having the highest common powers in those factors will be the GCD.
(iii) If the expression have numerical coefficient, find their GCD separately and then prefix it as a
coefficient to the GCD for the given expressions.
Example 3.41
Find GCD of the following:
3 2 3
(i) 16x y , 24xy z
3 2
(ii) (y + 1) and (y − 1)
2 2
(iii) 2x - 18 and x - 2x - 3
2 3 4

(iv) (a - b) , (b - c) , (c - a )
Solutions
3 2 3 2 4 3 2
(i) 16x y = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × x y = 2 × x × y = 23 ´ 2 ´ x 2 ´ x ´ y 2
114 9th Standard Mathematics
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3 3 3 3
24xy z = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × x × y × z = 2 × 3 × x × y × z = 23 ´ 3 ´ x ´ y ´ y 2 ´ z
3 2
Therefore, GCD = 2 xy
3 3 3 2
(ii) y + 1 = y + 1 = (y + 1)(y − y + 1)
2 2 2
y - 1 = y − 1 = (y + 1)(y − 1)
Therefore, GCD = (y + 1)
2 2 2 2
(iii) 2x - 18 = 2(x − 9) = 2(x − 3 ) = 2(x + 3)(x − 3)
2 2
x - 2x - 3 = x − 3x + x − 3
= x (x − 3) + 1(x − 3)
= (x − 3)(x + 1)
Therefore, GCD = (x − 3)
2 3 4
(iv) (a - b) , (b - c) , (c - a )
There is no common factor other than one.
Therefore, GCD = 1
Exercise 3.9
1. Find the GCD for the following:

5 11 9 3 3 3
(i) p , p , p (ii) 4x , y , z
2 2 3 3 2 4 8 6
(iii) 9a b c , 15a b c (iv) 64x , 240x
2 3 2 3 3 2 5 3 4 2 3 2 2
(v) ab c , a b c, a bc (vi) 35x y z , 49x yz , 14xy z
3 2
(vii) 25ab c, 100a bc, 125ab (viii) 3abc, 5xyz, 7 pqr
2. Find the GCD of the following:

m +1 m +2 m +3
(i) (2x + 5), (5x + 2) (ii) a ,a ,a
2 2 2 3 4
(iii) 2a + a, 4a − 1 (iv) 3a , 5b , 7c
4 2 3 2 2
(v) x - 1, x - 1 (vi) a - 9ax , (a - 3x )
Algebra 115
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ANSWERS
1 Set Language
Exercise 1.1
1. (i) set (ii) not a set (iii) Set (iv) not a set
2. (i) {I, N, D, A} (ii) {P, A, R, L, E, O, G, M} (iii) {M, I, S, P}
(iv) {C, Z, E, H, O, S, L, V, A, K, I}
3. (a) (i) True (ii) True (iii) False (iv) True (v) False (vi) False
(b) (i) A (ii) C (iii) g (iv) !
4. (i) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18} (ii) B = % 12 , 14 , 16 , 18 , 10

1 /
(iii) C = {64, 125} (iv) D = #- 4, - 3, - 2, - 1, 0,1, 2 -
5. (i) B = {x : x is an Indian player who scored double centuries in One Day International}
n
(ii) C = $ x : x = , n ! N . (iii) D = {x : x is a tamil month in a year}
n+ 1
(iv) E = {x : x is an odd whole number less than 9}
6. (i) P = The set of English months starting with letter ‘J’
(ii) Q = The set of Prime numbers between 5 and 31
(iii) R = The set of natural numbers less than 5
(iv) S = The set of English consonants
Exercise 1.2
1. (i) n(M) = 6 (ii) n(P) =5 (iii) n(Q) = 3 (iv) n(R) = 10 (v) n(S) =5
2. (i) finite (ii) infinite (iii) infinite (iv) finite
3. (i) Equivalent sets (ii) Unequal sets (iii) Equal sets (iv) Equivalent sets
Answers 305
Answers_Combine.indd 305 14-12-2021 16:51:22

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4. (i) null set (ii) null set (iii) singleton set (iv) null set
5. (i) overlapping (ii) disjoint (iii) overlapping
6. (i) {square, rhombus} (ii) {circle} (iii) {triangle} (iv) { }
7. { }, {a}, {a, b}, {a, {a, b}}
8. (i) {{ }, {a}, {b}, {a, b}}
(ii) {{ }, {1}, {2}, {3}, {1, 2}, {1, 3}, {2, 3 }, {1, 2, 3}}
(iii) {{ }, {p}, {q} {r}, {s}, {p, q}, {p, r}, {p, s}, {q, r}, {q, s}, {r, s}, {p, q, r}, {p, q, s}, {p, r, s},
{q, r, s}, {p, q, r, s}} (iv) P(E)= {{ }}
9. (i) 8, 7 (ii) 1024, 1023
10. (i) 16 (ii) 1 (iii) 8
Exercise 1.3
1. (i) {2, 4, 7, 8, 10} (ii) {3, 4, 6, 7, 9, 11} (iii) {2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11}
(iv) {4, 7} (v) {2, 8, 10} (vi) {3, 6, 9, 11}
(vii) {1, 3, 6, 9, 11, 12} (viii) {1, 2, 8, 10, 12}
(ix) {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12}
2. (i) {2, 5, 6, 10, 14, 16}, {2, 14}, {6, 10}, {5, 16}
(ii) {a, b, c, e, i, o, u}, {a, e, u}, {b, c}, {i, o}
(iii) {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, {6, 7, 8, 9, 10,}, {0}
(iv) {m, a, t, h, e, i, c, s, g, o, r, y}, {e, m, t,}, {a, h, i, c, s}, {g, o, r, y}
3. (i) {a, c, e, g} (ii) {b, c, f, g} (iii) {a, b, c, e, f, g} (iv) {c, g} (v) {c, g}
(vi) {a, b, c, e, f, g} (vii) {b, d, f, h} (viii) {a, d, e, h}

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4. (i) {0, 2, 4, 6} (ii) {1, 4, 6} (iii) {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} (iv) {4, 6} (v) {4, 6}
(vi) {0, 1, 2, 4, 6} (vii) {1, 3, 5, 7} (viii) {0, 2, 3, 5, 7}
5. (i) {1, 2, 7} (ii) {m, o, p, q, j} (iii) {6, 9, 10}
6. (i) Y–X (ii) ^ X , Y hl (iii) ^ X - Yh , ^ Y - X h
7. (i) (ii) (iii)
A∪B A∩B (A∩B)′
(iv) (v) (vi)
(B–A)′ A′∪B′ A′∩B′
(vii) (A∩B)′ = A′∪B′
Exercise 1.4
1. (i) {1,2,3,4,5,7,9,11} (ii) {2,5} (iii) {3,5 }
Exercise 1.5
1. (i) {3, 4, 6} (ii) {−1, 5, 7} (iii) {−3, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
(iv) {−3, 0, 1, 2} (v) {1, 2, 4, 6} (vi) {4, 6} (vii) {−1, 3, 4, 6}

2. (i) { a,b,c,d,e,f } (ii) {a,b,d } (iii) { a,b,c,d,e,f } (iv) {a, b, d }
Exercise 1.6
1. (i) 15, 65 (ii) 250, 600 4. (i) 17 (ii) 22 (iii) 47
5. (i) 10 (ii) 10 (iii) 25 6. 1000 7. 8 8. Not correct

9. (i) 185 (ii) 141 (iii) 326 10. 70
11. x = 20 , y = 40 , z = 30 12. (i) 5 (ii) 7 (iii)8

13. 5
Answers 307

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Exercise 1.7
1. (2) 2. (1) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (4) 6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (4) 9. (3) 10. (4)
11. (2) 12. (1) 13. (1) 14. (3) 15. (4) 16. (1) 17. (4) 18. (3) 19. (3) 20. (1)
2 Real Numbers
Exercise 2.1
6 - 5 - 4 1
1. D 2. - 11 ,
11
,
11
, ...
11
9 19 39 79 159
3. (i) 40 , , , ,
80 160 320 640
;
The given answer is one of the answers. There can be many more answers
(ii) 0.101, 0.102, ... 0.109

(iii) - 23 , - 54 , - 89 , - 16
17 - 33
,
32
Exercise 2.2
1. (i) 0.2857142..., Non terminating and recurring (ii) –5. 27 , Non terminating and
recurring
(iii) 7. 3 , Non terminating and recurring (iv) 1.635, Terminating
2. 0.076293, 6 3. 0.0303, 2.15
4. (i) 24
99
(ii) 2325
999
(iii) - 1283
250
(iv) 143
45
(v) 5681
330
(vi) - 190924
9000
5. (i) Terminating (ii) Terminating (iii) Non terminating (iv) Non terminating
Exercise 2.3
2. (i) 0.301202200222..., 0.301303300333... (ii) 0.8616611666111 ..., 0.8717711777111 ...

(iii) 1.515511555..., 1.616611666...
3. 2.2362, 2.2363
Exercise 2.5
1 3
1.(i) 54 (ii) 5-1 (iii) 5 2 (iv) 5 2
3 5
2.(i) 42 (ii) 4 2 (iii) 4 2

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1 25
3.(i) 7 (ii) 9 (iii) (iv)
27 16
1 1 10 -14
4.(i) 5 2 (ii) 7 2 (iii) 7 3 (iv) 10 3
4
5.(i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 10 (iv)
5
Exercise 2.6
1.(i) 21 3 (ii) 3 3 5 (iii) 26 3 (iv) 8 3 5
2. (i) 30 (ii) 5 (iii) 30 (iv) 49a - 25b
5
(v) 3.(i) 1.852 (ii) 23.978
16
4. (i) 3
5 > 6 3 > 9 4 (ii) 3>
2 3
5> 3 4
7
5. (i) yes (ii) yes (iii) yes (iv) yes
6. (i) yes (ii) yes (iii) yes (iv) yes
Exercise 2.7
2 5 5 6 30
1.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
10 3 6 2
4 9 + 4 30
2. (i) (5 + 2 6 ) (ii) 13 - 4 6 (iii) (iv) -2 5
3 21
−4 11 1
3. a = ,b = 4. x 2 + = 18 5. 5.414
3 3 x2
Exercise 2.8
1. (i) 5.6943 ´ 1011 (ii) 2.00057 ´ 103 (iii) 6.0 × 10−7 (iv) 9.000002 × 10−4
2. (i) 3459000 (ii) 56780 (iii) 0.0000100005 (iv) 0.0000002530009
3. (i) 1.44 ´ 1028 (ii) 8.0 × 10−60 (iii) 2.5 × 10−36
4.(i) 7.0 ´ 109 (ii) 9.4605284 ´ 1015 km (iii) 9.1093822 × 10−31 kg
5. (i) 1.505 ´ 108 (ii) 1.5522 ´ 1017 (iii) 1.224 ´ 107 (iv) 1.9558 × 10−1
Exercise 2.9
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (2) 4. (1) 5. (4) 6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (1)
11. (4) 12. (4) 13. (4) 14. (2) 15. (2) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (4) 19. (2) 20. (3)
Answers 309

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3 Algebra
Exercise 3.1
1. (i) not a polynomial (ii) polynomial (iii) not a polynomial

(iv) polynomial (v) polynomial (vi) not a polynomial
2. Cooefficient of x2 Cooefficient of x
2
(i) 5 –3
(ii) –2 - 7
(iii) p –1
(iv) 3 2
(v) 1 -7
2
3. (i) 7 (ii) 4 (iii) 5 (iv) 6 (v) 4
4. Descending order Ascending order
(i) 7 x + 6x + x - 9
3 2
- 9 + x + 6x2 + 7 x3
7 4 7
(ii) - 2 x - 5x + 2 x + x x + 2 x2 - 5x3 - x4
3 2
2
6 2 6
(iii) 7x - 5 x + 4x - 1 - 1 + 4x - x + 7x3
3 2
5
7 7
(iv) 9y + 5 y + y - 3 y - 11 - 11 - y + y2 + 5 y3 + 9y4
4 3 2
3
5. (i) 6x3+6x2–14x+17, 3 (ii) 7x3+7x2+11x–8, 3 (iii) 16x4–6x3–5x2+7x–6, 4
6. (i) 7x2+8, 2 (ii) –y3+6y2–14y+2, 3 (iii) z5–6z4–6z2–9z+7, 5
7. x3–8x2+11x+7 8. 2x4–3x3+5x2–5x+6
9. (i) 6x4+ 7x3–56x2–63x+18, 4 (ii) 105x2–33x–18, 2 (iii) 30x3–77x2+54x–7, 3
10. x2+y2+2xy, ` 225 11. 9x2–4, 3596 sq. units
12. cubic polynomial or polynomial of degree 3
Exercise 3.2
1. (i) 6 (ii) –6 (iii) 3 2. 1 3. (i) 3 (ii) - 52 (iii) 32 (iv) 0 (v) 0 (vi) - ba

4. (i) 56 (ii) –3 (iii) - 10
9
(iv) 94
6. (i) 2 (ii) 3 (iii) 0 (iv) 1 (v) 1
Exercise 3.3
1. p(x) is not a multiple of g(x)

2. (i) Remainder : 0 (ii) Remainder : 32 (iii) Remainder : 62
3. Remainder : –143 4. Remainder : 2019 5. K = 8

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6. a = –3, Remainder : 27 7. (i) (x - 1) is a factor (ii) (x - 1) is not a factor

8. (x - 5) is a factor of p(x ) 9. m = 10 11. k = 3 12. Yes
Exercise 3.4
1. (i) x 2 + 4y 2 + 9z 2 + 4xy + 12yz + 6xz (ii) p 2 + 4q 2 + 9r 2 − 4pq + 12qr − 6pr

(iii) 8p 3 − 24p 2 − 14p + 60 (iv) 27a 3 + 27a 2 − 18a − 8
2.(i) 18,107,210 (ii) −32, −6, +90

59 78
3. (i) 14 (ii) (iii) 78 (iv)
70 70
1 3x 2 3x
4. (i) 27a3 – 64b3 – 108a2b + 144ab2 (ii) x 3 + + + 2
y3 y y
5.(i) 941192 (ii) 1003003001
6. 29 7. 280 8. 335 9. 198 10. +5, +110
11. 36 12.(i) 8a 3 + 27b 3 + 64c 3 − 72abc (ii) x 3 − 8y 3 + 27z 3 + 18xyz
-9
13.(i) −630 (ii)
4
14. 72xyz
Exercise 3.5
1.(i) 2a 2 (1 + 2b + 4c) (ii) (a - m )(b - c)
2.(i) (x + 2) (ii) 3(a - 4b)2

2
 1  1 
(iii) x (x + 2)(x − 2)(x 2 + 4) (iv) m + + 5m + − 5
 m   m 
1  1   
(v) 6(1 + 6x )(1 − 6x ) (vi) a − + 4 a − − 4
 a   a 
3. (i) (2x + 3y + 5z )2
(ii) (−5x + 2y + 3z )2 (or) (5x - 2y - 3z )2
4. (i) (2x + 5y )(4x 2 − 10xy + 25y 2 )
(ii) (3x − 2y )(9x 2 + 6xy + 4y 2 )
(iii) (a + 2)(a − 2)(a 2 + 4 − 2a )(a 2 + 4 + 2a )
5. (i) (x + 2y − 1)(x 2 + 4y 2 + 1 − 2xy + 2y + x )
(ii) (l − 2m − 3n )(l 2 + 4m 2 + 9n 2 + 2lm − 6mn + 3ln )
Answers 311

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Exercise 3.6
1.(i) (x + 6)(x + 4)
(ii) (z + 6)(z − 2)
(iii) (p − 8)(p + 2)
(iv) (t - 9)(t - 8)
(v) (y − 20)(y + 4)
(vi) (a + 30)(a − 20)
2. (i) (2a + 5)(a + 2)
(ii) (x − 7y )(5x + 6y ) (iii) (2x - 3)(4x - 3) (iv) 2(3x + 2y )(x + 2y )
(v) 3x 2 (3y + 2)2 (vi) (a + b + 6)(a + b + 3)
3. (i) (p − q − 8)(p − q + 2)
(ii) (m + 6n )(m − 4n ) (iii) a + 5 ( )( )

5a − 3 (iv) (a + 1)(a − 1)(a 2 − 2)
(v) m(4m + 5n )(2m − 3n )

2
1 1
(vi)  + 
 x y 
Exercise 3.7
1. (i) Quotient : 4x2–6x–5, Remainder : 33 (ii) Quotient : 4y2–6y+5, Remainder : –10

(iii) Quotient : 4x2+2x+1, Remainder : 0 (iv) Quotient : 8z2–6z+2, Remainder : 10
2. Length : x+4 3. Height : 5x–4 4. Mean : x2–5x+25
5. (i) x 2 + 4x + 5, 12 (ii) (x 2 - 1), - 2
x 2 3x 51 109
(iii) 3x 2 − 11x + 40, − 125 (iv) 2x 3 − − + ,
2 8 32 32
6. 4x 3 − 2x 2 + 3, p = −2, q = 0, remainder=−10
7. a = 20, b = 94 & remainder=388
Exercise 3.8
1.(i) (x − 2)(x + 3)(x − 4) (ii) (x + 1)(x − 2)(2x − 1)
(iii) (x − 1)(2x − 1)(2x + 3) (iv) (x + 2)(x + 3)(x − 4)
(v) (x − 1)(x − 2)(x + 3) (vi) (x − 1)(x − 10)(x + 1)


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Exercise 3.9
1. (i) p 5 (ii) 1 (iii) 3a 2b 2c 3 (iv) 16x 6

(v) abc (vi) 7xyz 2 (vii) 25ab (viii) 1
2. (i) 1 (ii) a m+1 (iii) (2a + 1) (iv) 1
(v) (x + 1)(x − 1) (vi) (a − 3x )
Exercise 3.10
2. (i) (5,2) (ii) Infinite number of solutions (iii) no solution

(iv) (−3, −3) (v) (1,3) (vi) (−3, 3)
3. 75km/hr, 25km/hr
Exercise 3.11
1.(i)(2, −1) (ii) (4,2) (iii) (40,100) (iv) ( 8, 3 )

(2) 45 (3) 409
Exercise 3.12
 3
1.(i) (2,1) (ii) (7,2) (iii) (80,30) (iv)  1, 2 
1 
(v)  , −1 (vi) (2,4) (2) `30000, `40000 (3) 75, 15
3 
Exercise 3.13
 1 1
1.(i) (3,4) (ii) (3, −1) (iii)  − , 
 2 3
(2) Number of 2 rupee coins 60; Number of 5 rupee coins 20
(3) Larger pipe 40 hours; Smaller pipe 60 hours
Exercise 3.14
1. 64
5
2.
7
3. ∠A = 120° , ∠B = 70° , ∠C = 60° , ∠D = 110°
4. Price of TV = `20000; Price of fridge = `10000
5. 40, 48
6. 1 Indian – 18 days; 1 Chinese – 36 days
Answers 313

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Exercise 3.15
1. (4) 2. (3) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (2) 6. (1) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (4) 10. (3)
11. (2) 12. (3) 13. (3) 14. (2) 15. (3) 16. (3) 17. (4) 18. (2) 19. (3) 20. (2)
21. (4) 22. (3) 23. (2) 24. (1) 25. (2) 26. (3) 27. (1) 28. (3) 29. (2)
4 Geometry
Exercise 4.1
1. (i) 70° (ii) 288° (iii) 89° 2. 30°, 60°, 90° 5. 80°, 85 °, 15 °
Exercise 4.2
1. (i) 40°, 80°, 100°, 140° 2. 62°, 114° , 66° 3. 44° 4. 10cm
7. (i) 30° (ii) 105° (iii) 75° (iv) 105° 8. 122° , 29o
9. Ratios are equal 10. d = 7.6
Exercise 4.3
1. 24cm 2. 17cm 3. 8cm, 45°, 45°
4. 18cm 5. 14 cm 6. 6 cm
7. (i) 45° (ii) 10° (iii) 55° (iv) 120° (v) 60°
8. ∠BDC = 25°, ∠DBA = 65°, ∠COB = 50°
Exercise 4.4
1. 30° 2.(i) ∠ACD = 55° (ii) ∠ACB = 50° (iii) ∠DAE = 25°
3. ∠A = 64°; ∠B = 80°; ∠C = 116°; ∠D = 100°
4.(i) ∠CAD = 40° (ii) ∠BCD = 80° 5. Radius=5cm 6. 3.25m
7. ∠OAC = 30° 8. 5.6m 9. ∠RPO = 60°
Exercise 4.7
1. (2) 2. (3) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (4) 6. (3) 7. (2) 8. (2) 9. (4) 10. (2)
11. (3) 12. (3) 13. (1) 14. (1) 15. (4) 16. (2) 17. (2) 18. (3) 19. (2) 20. (4)

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5 Coordinate Geometry
Exercise 5.1
(–7,6) = II Quadrant; Q(7,–2) = IV Quadrant; R(–6, –7) = III Quadrant;

1. P
S(3,5) = I Quadrant; and T (3,9) = I Quadrant
2. (i) P = (– 4,4) (ii) Q = (3,3) (iii) R=(4,–2) (iv) S = (–5,–3)
3. (i) Straight line parallel to x -axis (ii) Straight line which lie on y -axis.
4. (i) Square (ii) Trapezium
Exercise 5.2
1. (i) 10 units (ii) 2 26 units (iii) c–a (iv)13 units
2. (i) Collinear (ii) Collinear 7. 5 or 1
8. Coordinates of A (9, 9) or (–5,–5) 9. y = 4x+9 10. Coordinates of P(2,0)
12. 30 2
Exercise 5.3
1.(i) (−4, −1) (ii) (0, −1) (iii) (a + b, a) (iv) (1, −1)
2. (−5, −3) 3. P = −15 4. (9, 3)(−5, 5) and (1,1)
 9 3
5.  ,  6. (1, 8)
 2 2
Exercise 5.4
1. (7, 3) 2. 5:2 3. (3, 4)

 19 13   −9 −15 
4. (−2, 3) , (1, 0) 5.  ,  ,  , 7. (3, 2)
 2 2   2 2 
Exercise 5.5
 −8 −11
1.(i) (2, −3) (ii)  , 2. (4, −6) 3. 5 units
 3 3 
5
4. 20 5. 3 units 6. (1, 0) 7. (5, −2)
2
Exercise 5.6
1. (3) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (2) 6. (4) 7. (3) 8. (3) 9. (3) 10. (3)
11. (4) 12. (1) 13. (3) 14. (4) 15. (2) 16. (3) 17. (2) 18. (2) 19. (4) 20. (2)
Answers 315

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6 Trigonometry
Exercise 6.1
9 40 9 41 41 40
1. sin B = ; cos B = ; tan B = ; cosecB = ;sec B = ; cot B =
41 41 40 9 40 9
12 13 5 4
2. (i) sin B = (ii) sec B = (iii) cot B = (iv) cosC =
13 5 12 5
3 5
(v) tanC = (vi) cosecC =
4 3
1 3 1 2 2
3. sin q = ; cos q = ; tan q = ; cosecq = ;sec q = ; cot q = 3
2 2 3 1 3
3 1 − x2 1 − x2 1
4. 5. sin A = ; tan A = 7.
40 1 + x2 2x 2
1 4 4 4
8. 9. sin α = ; cos β = ; tan φ = 10. 7m
2 5 5 3
Exercise 6.2
7
2.(i) 0 (ii) (iii) 3 4. 2
4
Exercise 6.3
1.(i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 1 (iv) 2
Exercise 6.4
1.(i) 0.7547 (ii) 0.2648 (iii) 1.3985 (iv) 0.3641

(v) 0.8302 (vi) 2.7907 2.(i) 85°57′ (or) 85°58′ (or) 85°59′
(ii) 47°27′ (iii) 4°7′ (iv) 87°39′ (v) 82°30′
3.(i) 1.9970 (ii) 2.8659 4. 18.81 cm2 5. 36°52′
6. 54.02 m
Exercise 6.5
1. (1) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (3) 7. (3) 8. (1) 9. (2) 10. (2)
7 Mensuration
Exercise 7.1
1.(i) 120 cm2 (ii) 7.2 m2 2. 1320 m2, ₹26400 3. 12000 m2

4. 1558.8 cm2 5. ₹ 1050 6. 240 cm2 7. 138 cm2
8. 354m2 9. 1536 m2 10. 672 m2

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Exercise 7.2
1. 1160cm2, 560cm2 2. ₹1716 3. ₹3349

4.(i) 384 m2, 256 m2 (ii) 2646 cm2, 1764 cm2 (iii) 337.5 cm2, 225 cm2
5. 1600 cm2 6. 253.50m2, ₹6084 7. 224cm2, 128cm2
Exercise 7.3
1.(i) 576 cm3 (ii) 2250 m3 2. 630 cm3

3. 25 cm, 20 cm, 15 cm 4. 2624000 litres 5. 25000
6. 12 m 7.(i) 125 cm3 (ii) 42.875 m3 (iii) 9261 cm3
8. 5 m 9. 15 cm
Exercise 7.4
1. (3) 2. (2) 3. (4) 4. (3) 5. (3) 6. (1) 7. (2) 8. (3) 9. (4) 10. (1)
8 Statistics
Exercise 8.1
1. 27°C 2. 44kg 3. 56.96 (or) 57 (approximately)
4. 142.5 mm3 5. p = 20 6. 40.2 7. 29.29 8. 29.05
Exercise 8.2
1. 47 2. 44 3. 21 4. 32
5. 31 6. 38
Exercise 8.3
1. 6600, 7000, 7000 2. 3.1 and 3.3 (bimodal) 3. 15
4. 40 5. 24 6. 58.5
Exercise 8.4
1. (1) 2. (3) 3. (3) 4. (2) 5. (1) 6. (4) 7. (1) 8. (2) 9. (2) 10. (3)
Answers 317

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9 Probability
Exercise 9.1
1 3 1 5
1. 2. 3. 4.(i)
7 13 2 24
1 2 1
(ii) (iii) 5. 6.(i) 0
8 3 4
1 1 1
(ii) (iii) 1 7. 8.
12 280 5
3
9.
4
Exercise 9.2
209 15
1. 0.9975 2. 3. 4. 0.28
400 8
1 43 1
5.(i) (ii) (iii)
6 75 75
Exercise 9.3
1. (4) 2. (2) 3. (1) 4. (4) 5. (1) 6. (4) 7. (4) 8. (4) 9. (1) 10. (2)

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Progress Check
1. Euclid’s division algorithm is a repeated application of division lemma until we get

remainder as _____.
2. The HCF of two equal positive integers k, k is _____.
Illustration 1
Using the above Algorithm, let us find HCF of two given positive integers. Let a = 273
and b = 119 be the two given positive integers such that a > b .
We start dividing 273 by 119 using Euclid’s division lemma.
we get, 273 = 119 × 2 + 35 …(1)
The remainder is 35 ¹ 0 .
Therefore, applying Euclid’s Division Algorithm to the divisor 119 and remainder 35.
we get,
119 = 35 × 3 + 14 …(2)
The remainder is 14 ¹ 0 .
Applying Euclid’s Division Algorithm to the divisor 35 and remainder 14.
we get, 35 =14 ×2 +7 …(3)
The remainder is 7 ≠ 0.
Applying Euclid’s Division Algorithm to the divisor 14 and remainder 7.
we get, 14 =7 × 2 +0 …(4)
The remainder at this stage = 0 .
The divisor at this stage = 7 .
Therefore, Highest Common Factor of 273, 119 = 7.
Example 2.4 If the Highest Common Factor of 210 and 55 is expressible in the form
55x - 325 , find x.
Solution Using Euclid’s Division Algorithm, let us find the HCF of given numbers
210 = 55 × 3 + 45
55 = 45 × 1 + 10
45 = 10 × 4 + 5
10 = 5 × 2 + 0
The remainder is zero.
So, the last divisor 5 is the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of 210 and 55.
HCF is expressible in the form 55x − 325 = 5
⇒ 55x = 330
x =6
10th_Maths_Chapter 2_English.indd 40 12/11/2021 6:32:14 PM

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Example 2.5 Find the greatest number that will divide 445 and 572 leaving remainders
4 and 5 respectively.
Solution Since the remainders are 4, 5 respectively the required number is the HCF of the
number 445 − 4 = 441, 572 − 5 = 567 .
Hence, we will determine the HCF of 441 and 567. Using Euclid’s Division Algorithm,
we have,
567 = 441 × 1 + 126
441 = 126 × 3 + 63
126 = 63 × 2 + 0
Therefore, HCF of 441, 567 = 63 and so the required number is 63.
Activity 1
This activity helps you to find HCF of two positive numbers. We first observe the
following instructions.
(i) Construct a rectangle whose length and breadth are the given numbers.
(ii) Try to fill the rectangle using small squares.
(iii) Try with 1 × 1 square; Try with 2 × 2 square; Try with 3 ´ 3 square and so on.
(iv) The side of the largest square that can fill the whole rectangle without any
gap will be HCF of the given numbers.
(v) Find the HCF of (a) 12,20 (b) 16,24 (c) 11,9
Theorem 3
If a and b are two positive integers with a > b then G.C.D of (a,b) = GCD of (a - b, b) .
Activity 2
This is another activity to determine HCF of two given positive integers.
(i) From the given numbers, subtract the smaller from the larger number.
(ii) From the remaining numbers, subtract smaller from the larger.
(iii) Repeat the subtraction process by subtracting smaller from the larger.
(iv) Stop the process, when the numbers become equal.
(v) The number representing equal numbers obtained in step (iv), will be the
HCF of the given numbers.
Using this Activity, find the HCF of

(i) 90,15 (ii) 80,25 (iii) 40,16 (iv) 23,12 (v) 93,13
Numbers and Sequences 41

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Highest Common Factor of three numbers

We can apply Euclid’s Division Algorithm twice to find the Highest Common
Factor (HCF) of three positive integers using the following procedure.
Let a, b, c be the given positive integers.
(i) Find HCF of a,b. Call it as d
d = (a,b)
(ii) Find HCF of d and c.
This will be the HCF of the three given numbers a, b, c
Example 2.6 Find the HCF of 396, 504, 636.

Solution To find HCF of three given numbers, first we have to find HCF of the first two
numbers.
To find HCF of 396 and 504
Using Euclid’s division algorithm we get 504 = 396 × 1 + 108
The remainder is 108 ¹ 0
Again applying Euclid’s division algorithm 396 = 108 × 3 + 72
The remainder is 72 ¹ 0,
The remainder is 36 ¹ 0,
Here the remainder is zero. Therefore HCF of 396, 504 = 36 .
To find the HCF of 636 and 36.
Using Euclid’s division algorithm we get 636 = 36 × 17 + 24
Here the remainder is zero. Therefore HCF of 636,36 = 12
Therefore Highest Common Factor of 396, 504 and 636 is 12.
Two positive integers are said to be relatively prime or co prime if their

Highest Common Factor is 1.
Exercise 2.1
1. Find all positive integers, when divided by 3 leaves remainder 2.

2. A man has 532 flower pots. He wants to arrange them in rows such that each row
contains 21 flower pots. Find the number of completed rows and how many flower
pots are left over.

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3. Prove that the product of two consecutive positive integers is divisible by 2.

4. When the positive integers a , b and c are divided by 13, the respective remainders are
9,7 and 10. Show that a+b+c is divisible by 13.
5. Prove that square of any integer leaves the remainder either 0 or 1 when divided by 4.
6. Use Euclid’s Division Algorithm to find the Highest Common Factor (HCF) of
(i) 340 and 412 (ii) 867 and 255
(iii)10224 and 9648 (iv) 84, 90 and 120
7. Find the largest number which divides 1230 and 1926 leaving remainder 12 in each
case.
8. If d is the Highest Common Factor of 32 and 60, find x and y satisfying d = 32 x + 60 y .
9. A positive integer when divided by 88 gives the remainder 61. What will be the
remainder when the same number is divided by 11?
10. Prove that two consecutive positive integers are always coprime.
2.4 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
Let us consider the following conversation between a Teacher and students.
Teacher : Factorise the number 240.
Malar : 24 ×10
Raghu : 8×30
Iniya : 12×20
Kumar : 15×16
Malar : Whose answer is correct Sir?
Teacher : All the answers are correct.
Raghu : How sir?
Teacher : Split each of the factors into product of prime numbers.
Malar : 2×2×2×3×2×5
Raghu : 2×2×2×2×3×5
Iniya : 2×2×3×2×2×5
Kumar : 3×5×2×2×2×2
Teacher : Good! Now, count the number of 2’s, 3’s and 5’s.
Malar : I got four 2’s, one 3 and one 5.
Raghu : I got four 2’s, one 3 and one 5.
Iniya : I also got the same numbers too.
Kumar : Me too sir.
Malar : All of us got four 2’s, one 3 and one 5. This is very surprising to us.
Teacher : Yes, It should be. Once any number is factorized up to a product of
prime numbers, everyone should get the same collection of prime
numbers.
This concept leads us to the following important theorem.

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Theorem 4 (Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic) (without proof )

“Every positive integer (except the number 1) can be represented in exactly one
way apart from rearrangement as a product of one or more primes.”
The fundamental theorem
N
asserts that every composite
number can be decomposed as a
product of prime numbers and that
x1 x2 x3
the decomposition is unique. In the
sense that there is one and only way
to express the decomposition as
y1 y2 y3 y4 y5 y6
product of primes.
...
...
...
...
...
...
In general, we conclude that
q q q q
given a composite number N, we p1 p2 p3 p4 ...
q
1 2 3 4
pn n
decompose it uniquely in the form Fig.2.2

N = p1 × p2 × p3 ×  × pn where p1, p2, p3,..., pn are primes and q1, q2, q 3,..., qn are natural
q q 1
q q
2 3 n
numbers.
First, we try to factorize N into its factors. If all the
Thinking Corner
factors are themselves primes then we can stop. Otherwise,
we try to further split the factors which are not prime. Is 1 a prime number?
Continue the process till we get only prime numbers.
Illustration
Progress Check
For example, if we try to factorize
32760 we get 1. Every natural number except ______
can be expressed as ______.
32760 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13
2. In how many ways a composite
= 23 × 32 × 51 × 71 × 131
number can be written as product of
Thus, in whatever way we try to power of primes?
factorize 32760, we should finally get three
3. The number of divisors of any prime
2’s, two 3’s, one 5, one 7 and one 13. number is ______.
The fact that “Every composite number
can be written uniquely as the product of power of primes” is called Fundamental
Theorem of Arithmetic.
2.4.1 Significance of the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic

The fundamental theorem about natural numbers except 1, that we have stated
above has several applications, both in Mathematics and in other fields. The theorem is
vastly important in Mathematics, since it highlights the fact that prime numbers are the
‘Building Blocks’ for all the positive integers. Thus, prime numbers can be compared to
atoms making up a molecule.

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1. If a prime number p divides ab then either p divides a or p divides b,

that is p divides at least one of them.
2. If a composite number n divides ab, then n neither divide a nor b.
For example, 6 divides 4 × 3 but 6 neither divide 4 nor 3.
m
Example 2.7 In the given factorisation, find the numbers m and n.
Solution Value of the first box from bottom = 5 × 2 = 10 2
Value of n = 5 × 10 = 50
Value of the second box from bottom = 3 × 50 = 150 3 n
Value of m = 2 × 150 = 300 5

Thus, the required numbers are m = 300, n = 50
Example 2.8 Can the number 6n , n being a natural number end with 5 2
Fig.2.3
the digit 5? Give reason for your answer.
Solution Since 6n = (2 × 3)n = 2n × 3n , Progress Check
2 is a factor of 6n . So, 6n is always even.
1. Let m divides n. Then GCD
But any number whose last digit is 5 is always odd. and LCM of m, n are ____ and
Hence, 6n cannot end with the digit 5. ____.
Example 2.9 Is 7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 a composite 2. The HCF of numbers of the

number? Justify your answer. form 2m and 3n is _____.
Solution Yes, the given number is a composite number, because
7 × 5 × 3 × 2 + 3 = 3 × (7 × 5 × 2 + 1) = 3 × 71
Since the given number can be factorized in terms of two primes, it is a composite
number.
Example 2.10 ‘a’ and ‘b’ are two positive integers such that a b × ba = 800. Find ‘a’ and ‘b’.
Solution The number 800 can be factorized as
Thinking Corner
5
800 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 5 × 5 = 2 × 52
Can you think of positive

Hence, a b × ba = 25 × 52 integers a, b such that a b = ba ?
This implies that a = 2 and b = 5 (or) a = 5 and b = 2 .
Activity 3
Can you find the 4-digit pin number ‘pqrs’ of an

ATM card such that p 2 × q 1 × r 4 × s 3 =3, 15, 000 ?
Fig.2.4

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Exercise 2.2
1. For what values of natural number n, 4n can end with the digit 6?
2. If m, n are natural numbers, for what values of m, does 2n ´ 5m ends in 5?
3. Find the HCF of 252525 and 363636.
4. If 13824 = 2a × 3b then find a and b.
5. If p1x × p2x × p3x × p4x = 113400 where p1, p2 , p3 , p4 are primes in ascending order and
1 2 3 4
x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 are integers, find the value of p1, p2 , p3 , p4 and x 1, x 2 , x 3 , x 4 .

6. Find the LCM and HCF of 408 and 170 by applying the fundamental theorem of
arithmetic.
7. Find the greatest number consisting of 6 digits which is exactly divisible by 24,15,36?
8. What is the smallest number that when divided by three numbers such as 35, 56 and
91 leaves remainder 7 in each case?
9. Find the least number that is divisible by the first ten natural numbers.
2.5 Modular Arithmetic

In a clock, we use the numbers 1 to 12 to represent the time
period of 24 hours. How is it possible to represent the 24 hours of
a day in a 12 number format? We use 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11,
12 and after 12, we use 1 instead of 13 and 2 instead of 14 and so
on. That is after 12 we again start from 1, 2, 3,... In this system the
numbers wrap around 1 to 12. This type of wrapping around after
hitting some value is called Modular Arithmetic. Fig.2.5
In Mathematics, modular arithmetic is a system of arithmetic
for integers where numbers wrap around a certain value.
Unlike normal arithmetic, Modular Arithmetic process cyclically.
The ideas of Modular arithmetic was developed by great German
mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss, who is hailed as the “Prince of
mathematicians”.
Examples
1. The day and night change repeatedly.
Life Cycle of Plant
2. The days of a week occur cyclically from Sunday to Saturday.
3. The life cycle of a plant.
4. The seasons of a year change cyclically. (Summer, Autumn,
Winter, Spring)
5. The railway and aeroplane timings also work cyclically. The
railway time starts at 00:00 and continue. After reaching
23:59, the next minute will become 00:00 instead of 24:00.
Fig.2.6

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ANSWERS
Exercise 1.1
1.(i) A × B = {(2, 1),(2, −4),(−2, 1),(−2, −4),(3, 1),(3, −4)}
A × A = {(2, 2),(2, −2),(2, 3),(−2, 2),(−2, −2),(−2, 3),(3, 2),(3, −2), (3, 3)}
B × A = {(1, 2),(1, −2),(1, 3),(−4, 2),(−4, −2),(−4, 3)}
(ii) A × B = {(p, p)(p, q )(q, p)(q, q )} ; A × A = {(p, p),(p, q ),(q, p),(q, q )} ;
B × A = {(p, p),(p, q ),(q, p),(q, q )}
(iii) A × B = { } ; A × A = {(m, m ),(m, n ),(n, m ),(n, n )} ; B × A = { }
2. A × B = {(1, 2),(1, 3),(1, 5),(1, 7),(2, 2),(2, 3),(2, 5),(2, 7),(3, 2), (3, 3),(3, 5),(3, 7)}
B × A = {(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 3),(5, 1),(5, 2),(5, 3), (7, 1),(7, 2),(7, 3)}
3. A = {3, 4} B = {−2, 0, 3} 5. true
Exercise 1.2
1.(i) Not a relation (ii) Not a relation (iii) Relation (iv) Not a relation
2. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} 3. {0,1,2,3,4,5}, {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
4. (i)(a) (b)
2 1 (c) {(2, 1),(4, 2)}
3 2
4 3
5 4
1 1
(ii)(a) 2 2 (b) (c) {(1, 4),(2, 5),(3, 6),(4, 7),(5, 8),(6, 9)}
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
5. {(10000, A ),(10000, A ),(10000, A ),(10000, A ), Salary Employees

1 2 3 4 A1
(10000, A5 ),(25000,C 1 ),(25000,C 2 ),(25000,C 3 ), A2
` 10000 A3
(25000,C 4 ),(50000, M 1 ),(50000, M 2 ),(50000, M 3 ), A4
A5
` 25000
(100000, E1 ),(100000, E2 )} C1
C2
C3
` 50000 C4
M1
M2
` 100000 M3
E1
E2
335
Answers_X_EM.indd 335 12/6/2021 8:51:35 PM

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2. Discuss the nature of solutions of the following system of equations

(i) x + 2y − z = 6 ; −3x − 2y + 5z = −12 ; x − 2z = 3
1
(ii) 2y + z = 3 (−x + 1) ; −x + 3y − z = −4 ; 3x + 2y + z = −
2
y +z z +x x +y
(iii) = = ; x + y + z = 27
4 3 2
3. Vani, her father and her grand father have an average age of 53. One-half of her
grand father’s age plus one-third of her father’s age plus one fourth of Vani’s age is 65.
Four years ago if Vani’s grandfather was four times as old as Vani then how old are
they all now ?
4. The sum of the digits of a three-digit number is 11. If the digits are reversed, the new
number is 46 more than five times the former number. If the hundreds digit plus twice
the tens digit is equal to the units digit, then find the original three digit number ?
5. There are 12 pieces of five, ten and twenty rupee currencies whose total value is ₹105.
When first 2 sorts are interchanged in their numbers its value will be increased by
₹20. Find the number of currencies in each sort.
3.3 GCD and LCM of Polynomials

3.3.1 Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) or Highest Common Factor (HCF) of Polynomials
In our previous class we have learnt how to find the GCD (HCF) of second degree
and third degree expressions by the method of factorization. Now we shall learn how to
find the GCD of the given polynomials by the method of long division.
As discussed in Chapter 2, (Numbers and Sequences) to find GCD of two positive
integers using Euclidean Algorithm, similar techniques can be employed for two given
polynomials also.
The following procedure gives a systematic way of finding Greatest Common Divisor
of two given polynomials f (x ) and g(x ) .
Step 1: First, divide f(x) by g(x ) to obtain f (x ) = g(x )q(x ) + r (x ) where q(x ) is the quotient
and r (x ) is the remainder. Then, deg r (x ) < deg g(x )
Step 2: If the remainder r (x ) is non-zero, divide g(x ) by r (x ) to obtain g(x ) = r (x )q1(x ) + r1(x )
where r1(x ) is the new remainder. Then deg r1(x ) < deg r (x ) . If the remainder
r1(x ) is zero, then r (x ) is the required GCD.
Step 3: If r1(x ) is non-zero, then continue the process until we get zero as remainder. The
divisor at this stage will be the required GCD.
We write GCD  f (x ), g(x ) to denote the GCD of the polynomials f (x ), g(x ).
Note
If f (x ) and g(x ) are two polynomials of same degree then the polynomial carrying the
highest coefficient will be the dividend. In case, if both have the same coefficient then
compare the next least degree’s coefficient and proceed with the division.
Algebra 93

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Progress Check
1. When two polynomials of same degree has to be divided, __________ should be

considered to fix the dividend and divisor.
2. If r (x ) = 0 when f(x) is divided by g(x) then g(x) is called ________ of the

polynomials.
3. If f (x ) = g(x )q(x ) + r (x ), _________ must be added to f(x) to make f(x) completely

divisible by g(x).
4. If f (x ) = g(x )q(x ) + r (x ), _________ must be subtracted to f(x) to make f(x)

completely divisible by g(x).
Example 3.10 Find the GCD of the polynomials x 3 + x 2 − x + 2 and 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x − 3 .

Solution Let f (x ) = 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x − 3 and g(x ) = x 3 + x 2 − x + 2
2
x3 + x2 − x + 2 2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x − 3
2x 3 + 2x 2 − 2x + 4 (−)
−7x 2 + 7x − 7
= −7(x 2 − x + 1)
−7(x 2 − x + 1) ≠ 0 , note that -7 is not a divisor of g(x )
Now dividing g(x ) = x 3 + x 2 − x + 2 by the new remainder x2–x+1 (leaving the

constant factor), we get
x+2
x2 − x + 1 x3 + x2 − x + 2
x3 − x2 + x (−)
2x 2 − 2x + 2
(−)
2x 2 − 2x + 2
0
Here, we get zero remainder.
Therefore, GCD(2x 3 − 5x 2 + 5x − 3, x 3 + x 2 − x + 2) = x 2 − x + 1 .
Example 3.11 Find the GCD of 6x 3 − 30x 2 + 60x − 48 and 3x 3 − 12x 2 + 21x − 18 .
Solution Let, f (x) = 6x 3 − 30x 2 + 60x − 48 = 6(x 3 − 5x 2 + 10x − 8) and
g (x) = 3x 3 − 12x 2 + 21x − 18 = 3 (x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x − 6)

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Now, we shall find the GCD of x 3 − 5x 2 + 10x − 8 and x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x − 6

1
x 3 − 5x 2 + 10x − 8 x 3 − 4x 2 + 7x − 6
(−)
x 3 − 5x 2 + 10x − 8
x2 − 3x + 2
x -2
3 2
x 2 − 3x + 2 x − 5x + 10x − 8
x 3 − 3x 2 + 2x (−)
−2x 2 + 8x − 8
−2x 2 + 6x − 4 (−)
2x - 4
= 2(x − 2)
x -1
2
x - 2 x − 3x + 2
(−)
x 2 - 2x
−x + 2
−x + 2 (−)
0 Here, we get zero as remainder.
GCD of leading coefficients 3 and 6 is 3.
Thus, GCD (6x 3 − 30x 2 + 60x − 48, 3x 3 − 12x 2 + 21x − 18) = 3(x − 2) .
 
3.3.2 Least Common Multiple (LCM) of Polynomials
The Least Common Multiple of two or more algebraic expressions is the expression
of highest degree (or power) such that the expressions exactly divide it.
Consider the following simple expressions a 3b 2 , a 2b 3 .
For these expressions LCM = a 3b 3 .
To find LCM by factorization method
(i) Each expression is first resolved into its factors.
(ii) The highest power of the factors will be the LCM.
(iii) If the expressions have numerical coefficients, find their LCM.
(iv) The product of the LCM of factors and coefficient is the required LCM.
Example 3.12 Find the LCM of the following
(i) 8x 4y 2 , 48x 2y 4 (ii) 5x - 10, 5x 2 - 20
(iii) x 4 - 1, x 2 − 2x + 1 (iv) x 3 - 27, (x - 3)2 , x 2 - 9
Algebra 95

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Solution (i) 8x 4y 2 , 48x 2y 4

First let us find the LCM of the numerical coefficients.
That is, LCM (8, 48) = 2 × 2 × 2 × 6 = 48
Then find the LCM of the terms involving variables.
That is, LCM (x 4y 2, x 2y 4 ) = x 4y 4
Finally find the LCM of the given expression.
We condclude that the LCM of the given expression is the product of the
LCM of the numerical coefficient and the LCM of the terms with variables.
Therefore, LCM (8x 4y 2, 48x 2y 4 ) = 48x 4y 4
(ii) (5x - 10), (5x 2 - 20)
5x - 10 = 5(x − 2)
5x 2 - 20 = 5(x 2 − 4) = 5(x + 2)(x − 2)
Therefore, LCM [(5x − 10),(5x 2 − 20)] = 5(x + 2)(x − 2)

(iii) (x 4 - 1), x 2 − 2x + 1
x 4 - 1 = (x 2 )2 − 1 = (x 2 + 1)(x 2 − 1) = (x 2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)
x 2 − 2x + 1 = (x − 1)2
Therefore, LCM [(x 4 − 1),(x 2 − 2x + 1)] = (x 2 + 1)(x + 1)(x − 1)2
(iv) x 3 - 27, (x - 3)2 , x 2 - 9

x 3 - 27 = (x − 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9) ; (x − 3)2 = (x − 3)2 ; (x 2 − 9) = (x + 3)(x − 3)
Therefore, LCM [(x 3 - 27),(x - 3)2,(x 2 - 9)] = (x − 3)2 (x + 3)(x 2 + 3x + 9)
Thinking Corner
Complete the factor tree for the given polynomials f(x) and g(x). Hence find their
GCD and LCM.
f(x) = 2x3 – 9x2 – 32x –21 g(x) = 2x3 – 7x2 – 43x – 42
2x + 3 x+1 x+2
GCD [f (x) and g (x)] = _____ LCM [f (x) and g (x)] = _____
Exercise 3.2
1. Find the GCD of the given polynomials
(i) x 4 + 3x 3 − x − 3, x 3 + x 2 − 5x + 3 (ii) x 4 - 1 , x 3 − 11x 2 + x − 11
(iii) 3x 4 + 6x 3 − 12x 2 − 24x , 4x 4 + 14x 3 + 8x 2 − 8x
(iv) 3x 3 + 3x 2 + 3x + 3 , 6x 3 + 12x 2 + 6x + 12

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2. Find the LCM of the given expressions.

(i) 4x 2y, 8x 3y 2 (ii)
-9a 3b 2 , 12a 2b 2c (iii) 16m,-12m 2n 2 , 8n 2
(iv) p 2 − 3p + 2, p 2 - 4 (v) 2x 2 - 5x - 3, 4x 2 - 36
(vi) (2x 2 - 3xy )2 , (4x - 6y )3 , 8x 3 - 27y 3
3.3.3 Relationship between LCM and GCD
Let us consider two numbers 12 and 18.
We observe that, LCM (12, 18) = 36, GCD (12, 18) = 6 .
Now, LCM (12,18) × GCD(12,18) = 36 × 6 = 216 = 12 × 18
Thus LCM × GCD is equal to the product of two given numbers.
Similarly, the product of two polynomials is the product of their LCM and GCD,
That is, f (x ) × g(x ) = LCM [ f (x ), g(x )]×GCD[ f (x ), g(x )]
Illustration
Consider f(x) = 12(x 2 − y 2 ) and g(x ) = 8(x 3 − y 3 )
Now f(x) = 12(x 2 − y 2 ) = 22 × 3 × (x + y )(x − y ) ...(1)

and g(x) = 8(x 3 − y 3 ) = 23 × (x − y )(x 2 + xy + y 2 ) ...(2)
From (1) and (2) we get,
LCM[f(x), g(x)] = 23 × 3 × (x + y )(x − y )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
= 24 × (x 2 − y 2 )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
GCD  f (x ), g(x ) = 22 × (x − y ) = 4(x − y )
LCM ´GCD = 24 × 4 × (x 2 − y 2 ) × (x 2 + xy + y 2 ) × (x − y )
LCM ´GCD = 96(x 3 − y 3 )(x 2 − y 2 ) ...(3)
product of f(x) and g(x) = 12(x 2 − y 2 ) × 8(x 3 − y 3 )
= 96(x 2 − y 2 )(x 3 − y 3 ) ...(4)
From (3) and (4) we obtain LCM × GCD = f (x ) × g(x )
Thinking Corner
Is f (x ) ´ g(x ) ´ r (x ) =LCM [ f (x ), g(x ), r (x )] × GCD [ f (x ), g(x ), r (x )] ?
Exercise 3.3
1. Find the LCM and GCD for the following and verify that f (x ) × g(x ) = LCM ×GCD
(i) 21x 2y, 35xy 2 (ii) (x 3 − 1)(x + 1), (x 3 + 1) (iii) (x 2y + xy 2 ), (x 2 + xy )
2. Find the LCM of each pair of the following polynomials

(i) a 2 + 4a − 12, a 2 − 5a + 6 whose GCD is a - 2
(ii) x 4 - 27a 3x , (x - 3a )2 whose GCD is (x - 3a )
Algebra 97

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3. Find the GCD of each pair of the following polynomials

(i) 12(x 4 - x 3 ), 8(x 4 − 3x 3 + 2x 2 ) whose LCM is 24x 3 (x - 1)(x - 2)
(ii) (x 3 + y 3 ), (x 4 + x 2y 2 + y 4 ) whose LCM is (x 3 + y 3 )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
4. Given the LCM and GCD of the two polynomials p(x) and q(x) find the unknown
polynomial in the following table
S.No. LCM GCD p(x) q(x)
(i) a 3 − 10a 2 + 11a + 70 a -7 a 2 − 12a + 35
(ii) (x 4 − y 4 )(x 4 + x 2y 2 + y 4 ) (x 2 - y 2 ) (x 4 − y 4 )(x 2 + y 2 − xy )
3.4 Rational Expressions

Definition : An expression is called a rational expression if it can be written in the form
p(x )
where p(x) and q(x) are polynomials and q(x) ¹ 0 . A rational expression is the ratio
q(x )
of two polynomials.
The following are examples of rational expressions.
9 2y + 1 z3 + 5 a
, 2 , , .
x y − 4y + 9 z − 4 a + 10
The rational expressions are applied for describing distance-time, modeling multi-
task problems, to combine workers or machines to complete a job schedule and much
more.
3.4.1 Reduction of Rational Expression
p(x )
A rational expression is said to be in its lowest form if GCD (p(x ), q(x )) = 1 .
q(x )
To reduce a rational expression to its lowest form, follow the given steps
(i) Factorize the numerator and the denominator
(ii) If there are common factors in the numerator and denominator, cancel them.
(iii) The resulting expression will be a rational expression in its lowest form.
Example 3.13 Reduce the rational expressions to its lowest form
x -3 x 2 − 16
(i) (ii)
x2 - 9 x 2 + 8x + 16
x -3 x −3 1
Solution (i) 2 = =
x -9 (x + 3)(x − 3) x +3
2
x − 16 (x + 4)(x − 4) x −4
(ii) 2 = =
x + 8x + 16 (x + 4)2
x +4
3.4.2 Excluded Value

p(x )
A value that makes a rational expression (in its lowest form) undefined is called
q(x )
an Excluded value.

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ANSWERS
Exercise 1.1
1.(i) A × B = {(2, 1),(2, −4),(−2, 1),(−2, −4),(3, 1),(3, −4)}
A × A = {(2, 2),(2, −2),(2, 3),(−2, 2),(−2, −2),(−2, 3),(3, 2),(3, −2), (3, 3)}
B × A = {(1, 2),(1, −2),(1, 3),(−4, 2),(−4, −2),(−4, 3)}
(ii) A × B = {(p, p)(p, q )(q, p)(q, q )} ; A × A = {(p, p),(p, q ),(q, p),(q, q )} ;
B × A = {(p, p),(p, q ),(q, p),(q, q )}
(iii) A × B = { } ; A × A = {(m, m ),(m, n ),(n, m ),(n, n )} ; B × A = { }
2. A × B = {(1, 2),(1, 3),(1, 5),(1, 7),(2, 2),(2, 3),(2, 5),(2, 7),(3, 2), (3, 3),(3, 5),(3, 7)}
B × A = {(2, 1),(2, 2),(2, 3),(3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 3),(5, 1),(5, 2),(5, 3), (7, 1),(7, 2),(7, 3)}
3. A = {3, 4} B = {−2, 0, 3} 5. true
Exercise 1.2
1.(i) Not a relation (ii) Not a relation (iii) Relation (iv) Not a relation
2. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} , {1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36} 3. {0,1,2,3,4,5}, {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8}
4. (i)(a) (b)
2 1 (c) {(2, 1),(4, 2)}
3 2
4 3
5 4
1 1
(ii)(a) 2 2 (b) (c) {(1, 4),(2, 5),(3, 6),(4, 7),(5, 8),(6, 9)}
3 3
4 4
5 5
6 6
7 7
8 8
9 9
5. {(10000, A ),(10000, A ),(10000, A ),(10000, A ), Salary Employees

1 2 3 4 A1
(10000, A5 ),(25000,C 1 ),(25000,C 2 ),(25000,C 3 ), A2
` 10000 A3
(25000,C 4 ),(50000, M 1 ),(50000, M 2 ),(50000, M 3 ), A4
A5
` 25000
(100000, E1 ),(100000, E2 )} C1
C2
C3
` 50000 C4
M1
M2
` 100000 M3
E1
E2
335

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Exercise 1.3
1. {1, 2, 3, 4,...} , {1,2,3,4,...}, {2, 4, 6, 8,...} , yes.2. yes
3.(i) 12 (ii) 4a 2 − 10a + 6 (iii) 0 (iv) x 2 − 7x + 12
4.(i) (a) 9 (b) 6 (c) 6 (d) 0
(ii) 9.5 (iii) (a) {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 10, x ∈ R} (b) {x / 0 ≤ x ≤ 9, x ∈ R}
3 1
(iv) 5 5. 2 6.(i) -2 (ii) (iii) 3 (iv)
2 2
7. 4x 3 − 96x 2 + 576x 8. 1 9. 500t
10.(i) Yes (ii) 0.9,24.5 (iii) 60.5 inches (iv) 32 cms
Exercise 1.4
1.(i) Not a function (ii) function (iii) Not a function (iv) function
2.(i) {(2,0),(4,1),(6,2),(10,4),(12,5)}
(ii) x 2 4 6 10 12 (iv)
f(x) 0 1 2 4 5
A f B
(iii)
2 0
4 1
6 2
10 4
12 5
9
3.(i) A f B
1
2 (ii) x 1 2 3 4 5 (iii)
2
3 3 f(x) 2 2 2 3 4
4
5 4
6.(i) {1, 8, 27, 64} (ii) one-one and into function

7.(i) Bijective function (ii) Not bijective function 8. a = –1 or 1, b = 1
9.(i) 5 (ii) 2 (iii) -2.5 (iv) 1
-9
10.(i) 2 (ii) 10 (iii) 178 (iv) 17
11. Yes 12.(i) 32°F (ii) 82.4°F (iii) 14°F
(iv) 100°C (v) −40°
Exercise 1.5
2 8
1.(i) x 2 - 6, (x - 6)2 ; not equal (ii) 2
, 2 - 1 ; not equal
2x - 1 x
3-x 9-x
(iii) , ; not equal (iv) x - 1, x - 1 ; equal (v) 4x 2 + 8x + 3, 4x 2 ; not equal
3 3
-5
2.(i) -5 (ii) 4. a = ±2
3
{ } {
5. y | y = 2x 2 + 1, x ∈  ; y | y = (2x + 1)2 , x ∈  } 6.(i) x 4 - 2x 2
2
(ii) x 4 − 2x 2  − 1 7.f is one-one, g is not one-one, f  g is not one-one 9. -4x - 1
 

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Exercise 1.6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(C) (C) (A) (B) (C) (D) (C) (A) (C) (C) (A) (D) (C) (B) (D)
Unit exercise-1
1. 1,2 and -5 ,1 2. {-1, 0, 1} , {(-1, -1),(-1, 1),(0, -1),(0, 0),(1, -1),(1, 0),(1, 1)}
3. (i)4 (ii) 2 (iii) a
4. {(9, 3),(10, 5),(11, 11),(12, 3),(13, 13),(14, 7),(15, 5),(16, 2), (17, 17)} , {2,3,5,7,11,13,17}
-5
5. –1≤ x ≤1 9.(i) (ii) 2(x + 1) 10.(i) R - {9}
6
(ii) R (iii) [2, ¥) (iv) R
Exercise 2.1
1. 2, 5, 8, 11, … 2. 25, 7 6.(i) 4 (ii) 51
(iii) 144 (iv) 6 7. 174 8. 2,-1 9. 6
Exercise 2.2
1. Even number 2. No value 3. 10101 4. 9, 3
5. 2,3,5,7 and 3,4,2,1 6. 2040, 34 7. 999720 8. 3647 9. 2520
Exercise 2.3
1.(i) 7 (ii) 5 (iii) 2 (iv) 7 (v) 2
2. 3 3. 2,8,14,… 4. 8, 19, 30, … 5. 11 a.m
6. 8 a.m 7. Friday 9. 2 10. 6 a.m, Monday
Exercise 2.4
4 5 6
1.(i) 216,648,1944 (ii) -7 , -11 , -15 (iii) , , 2.(i) -1 ,6,25,62
25 36 49
n -1
(ii) 2, -6 ,12, -20 (iii) -4 , 2, 12, 26 3.(i) n 2 + 1 (ii)
n
15 13 63 225
(iii) 5n - 2 4.(i) , (ii) -12 , –117 5. , 6. 1,1,3,7,17,41
4 3 11 31
Exercise 2.5
1.(i) A.P (ii) not an A.P (iii) A.P (iv) A.P
3 5 7
(v) not an A.P 2.(i) 5, 11, 17, … (ii) 7, 2, -3 , … (iii) , , ,…
4 4 4
3.(i) -1 , 2 (ii) -3, -7 4. -83 5. 15
6. 93, 99 8. 4 9. 3,17,31 10. 78
11. 2,9,16 12. 5:7 13. −3° C, 0° C, 3° C, 6° C, 9° C 14. 31 years
Exercise 2.6
1.(i) 3240 (ii) 999 (iii) 721 2. 20 3. 1540
5. 612.5 6.50625 7. 168448 8.(i) ₹ 45750 (ii) ₹ 5750 9. 20 months
6
10.(i) 42 (ii) 2130 12. (24a − 13b)
a +b
Exercise 2.7
1.(i) G.P (ii) not a G.P (iii) G.P (iv) G.P (v) G.P
(vi) not a G.P (vii) G.P 2.(i) 6,18,54 (ii) 2 ,2, 2 2
ANSWERS 337

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(iii) 1000,400,160 3. 1 4. -18 5.(i) 12 (ii) 7 6. 5 ´(311 )

9 9
7. 3072 9. , 3, 2 (or) 2, 3, 10. ₹ 76577 11. ₹ 23820, ₹ 24040
2 2
Exercise 2.8
  3  
n   1  
n
25   1024  
1.(i) 1 − −   (ii) 1 −    2. 1820 3. 12
8   5  3  4 
      n 
 1
4 1 −   

 10  
27 1 4  
4.(i) (ii) 63 5. 6.(i) n −
2 4 9 81
10(10n - 1) n 41
(ii) - 7. 3069 8. ₹ 174760 9.
27 3 333
Exercise 2.9
1.(i) 1830 (ii) 1584 (iii) 3003 (iv) 1240 (v) 3256
(vi) 42075 (vii) 1296 2. 105625 3. 210
4. 15 5. 9 6. 4615 cm 2 7.(i) 4n 3 + 3n 2 (ii) 2240
Exercise 2.10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(C) (A) (B) (C) (D) (A) (D) (C) (A) (C) (C) (D) (B) (B) (C)
Unit exercise-2
2.(i) 35 litres (ii) 5 (iii) 3 3. 1 6. -78
8. ₹1200 9. 2, 6 , 3 2 , … 10. ₹27636
Exercise 3.1
1 1 1
1.(i) 2, -1 , 4 (ii) , , (iii) 35, 30, 25
2 3 4
2.(i) infinitely many solution (ii) no solution (iii) unique solution
3. 24 years, 51 years, 84 years 4. 137 5. 7, 3, 2
Exercise 3.2
1.(i) x + 2x − 3
2
(ii) x + 1 (iii) x (x 2 + 4x + 4)
2
(iv) 3(x 2 + 1)
2.(i) 8x 3y 2 (ii) –36a3b2c (iii) -48m 2n 2 (iv) (p − 1)(p − 2)(p + 2)
(v) 4(x + 3)(2x + 1) (x - 3) (vi) 23 x 2 (2x − 3y )3 (4x 2 + 6xy + 9y 2 )
Exercise 3.3
1.(i) 7xy, 105x y 2 2
(ii) (x + 1) , (x − 1)(x + 1)(x 2 + x + 1)(x 2 − x + 1)
(iii) x (x + y ) , xy(x + y ) 2.(i) (a + 6) (a - 2) (a - 3) (ii) x (x − 3a )2 (x 2 + 3ax + 9a 2 )
3.(i) 4x 2 (x - 1) (ii) x 2 − xy + y 2 4. (i) (a + 2)(a − 7) (ii) (x 2 − y 2 )(x 2 + xy + y 2 )
Exercise 3.4
x -1 x -9 9 p +5
1.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
x x -2 x -1 2p(p − 4)
2.(i) -5 , 5 (ii) 2, 3 (iii) 1 (iv) 0, -3 , 2

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Exercise 3.5
3x 3z 3t 2 3x - 4y x 2 + xy + y 2
1.(i) (ii) p + 4 (iii) 2.(i) (ii)
5y 3 4 2x - 5 3(x + 2y )
b−4 3y 4(2t - 1) 4
3.(i) -5 (ii) (iii) (iv) 4. 5. x 2 + 4x + 4
b +2 x -3 3 9
Exercise 3.6
2
2x 2x + 2x − 7 2(x - 2) 1−x
1.(i) (ii) (iii) x 2 + xy + y 2 2.(i) (ii)
x -2 (x + 3)(x − 2) x -4 1+x
2x 3 + 1 x +1 (4x 2 − 1)
3. 4. 5. 7. 2 hrs 24 minutes 8. 30 kgs, 20 kgs
(x 2 + 2)2 x 2 − 2x + 4 2(4x 2 + 1)
Exercise 3.7
y 4z 6 7x + 211 (a + b)4 (x + y )4
1.(i) 2 (ii) 4 (iii) 2.(i) 2x + 5
x2 4x − 1 9 (a − b)6
1
(ii) 3x − 4y + 5z (iii) (x − 2)(7x + 1)(4x − 1) (iv) (4x + 3)(3x + 2)(x + 2)
6
Exercise 3.8
1. (i) x 2 − 6x + 3 (ii) 2x 2 - 7x - 3 (iii) 4x 2 + 1 (iv) 11x 2 - 9x - 12
2.(i) 49, -42 (ii) 144, 264 3.(i) 30, 9 (ii) 24, -32
Exercise 3.9
1.(i) x + 9x + 20 = 0 (ii) 3x − 5x + 12 = 0 (iii) 2x 2 + 3x − 2 = 0
2 2
1 10 1 -4
(iv) x 2 + (2 − a )2 x + (a + 5)2 = 0 2.(i) -3 , -28 (ii) -3 , 0 (iii) - , - (iv) ,
3 3 3 3
Exercise 3.10
1 9 -5 1 1
1.(i) - ,2 (ii) -2, (iii) -2 ,9 (iv) - 2, (v) , 2. 6
4 2 2 4 4
Exercise 3.11
2 2 1 3+ 3 3- 3
1.(i) , (ii) -1 , 3 2.(i) 2, (ii) ,
3 3 2 2 2
23 a + b a -b
(iii) -1 , (iv) , 3. 3.75 seconds
3 6 6
Exercise 3.12
1
1. 5, - 2. 1.5 m 3. 45 km/hr 4. 20 years, 10 years
5
5.Yes, 12 m, 16 m 6. 72 7. 28 m, 42 m 8. 2 m 9. 7 cm
Exercise 3.13
1.(i) Real and unequal (ii) Real and unequal (iii) Not real
1
(iv) Real and equal (v) Real and equal 2.(i) 2, 3 (ii) 1,
9
Exercise 3.14
2
(α + β ) − 2αβ α+β
1.(i) (ii) (iii) 9αβ − 3(α + β ) + 1
3αβ (αβ )2
ANSWERS 339

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(α + β )2 − 2αβ + 3(α + β ) 7 29 13
(iv) 2.(i) (ii) (iii)
αβ 5 10 6
3.(i) x 2 − 44x + 16 = 0 (ii) x 2 − 3x − 1 = 0 (iii) x 2 − 24x − 64 = 0
4. -15 , 15 5. -24 ,24 6. -36
Exercise 3.15
1. `6500, `1250 2. y=8, x=4 3. y=4.5, x=15, 4. y=18 minutes, 10 pipes
5. 360, `30 6. `90, 10 hrs
Exercise 3.16
1.(i) Real and unequal roots (ii) Real and equal roots (iii) No real roots
(iv) Real and unequal roots (v) Real and equal roots (vi) Real and unequal roots
2. –3, 4 3. No real roots 4. -1
5. -4 , 1 6. -2 ,7 7. –1, 3 8. –2, 3
Exercise 3.17
3
1.(i) 16 (ii) 4 ´ 4 (iii) 7 , , 5, 0, -11 , 1
2
2. 1 ´ 18 , 2 ´ 9 , 3 ´ 6 , 6 ´ 3 , 9 ´ 2 , 18 ´ 1 and 1 ´ 6 , 2 ´ 3 , 3 ´ 2 , 6 ´ 1
8 64 
 9 
1 3 5

 3 3  5 1 3

  125  
0 2 4 64 4 −7 8
3.(i)   (ii)  9  4.  
   3 3   
1 1 3  64 125  3 9 2
 72 
3 3 
− 7 5 − 3 

5.   7.(i) 3,12,3 (ii) 4,2,0 or 2,4,0 (iii) 2,4,3
 3
 −2 5 
Exercise 3.18
 0   2 0 
 5     7
 −17 −37 −63 −15 −45
3.  3 9 ,  3 1  4.(i)   (ii)  
    −39 −11 −26  15 −27 −60
2 2 2 2
5.(i) 4, -10 , 12 (ii) -10 , 14, 10 6. 4,6 7. 4 8. -1 , 5 and -2, 4
Exercise 3.19
1. 3 ´ 3 , 4 ´ 2 , 4 ´ 2 , 4 ´ 1 , 1 ´ 3 2. p ´ r , not defined 3. 7,10
12 19 −10 −4
  ,   , AB ¹ BA
4. 
10 3   24 25 
Exercise 3.20
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
(D) (A) (B) (A) (B) (C) (D) (B) (C) (C) (B) (A) (B) (D) (B) (B) (D) (B) (C) (A)
Unit exercise-3
1. 6,2,1 2. 42,78,30 3. 153 4. (ky + x )(k 2x 2 − y 2 ) 5. x 2 + 2x + 1 6. (i) x a - 2
7. (p + q + r )
2
5
(ii) −x + 8. 11 hrs, 22 hrs, 33 hrs 9. 17x 2 − 18x + 19 10. 3
2 2qr
11. 14 km/hr 12. 120 m,40 m 13. 14 minutes 14. 25 15.(i) x 2 − 6x + 11 = 0

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9  750 1500 2250  8000 16000 24000

(ii) 3x 2 − 2x + 1 = 0 16. 3, 17.(i)   (ii)  
40000 24000 8000 
4 3750 2250 750   
 122 71 
 
18. sin q 19. 8, 4 20. 
−58 −34
Exercise 4.1
1.(i) Not similar (ii) Similar,2.5 2. 3.3 m 3. 42 m
15 36
5. , 6. 5.6 cm, 3.25 cm 8. 2.8 cm 9. 2 m
13 13
Exercise 4.2
1.(i) 6.43 cm (ii) 1 2. 60 cm 5. 4 cm, 4 cm
8.(i) Not a bisector (ii) Bisector 12. 2.1 cm
Exercise 4.3
1. 30 m 2. 1 mile 3. 21.74 m 4. 12 cm, 5 cm
5. 10 m, 24 m, 26 m 6. 0.8 m
Exercise 4.4
1. 7 cm 2. 2 cm 3. 7 cm, 5 cm, 3 cm 4. 30° 5. 130°
20
6. cm 7. 10 cm 8. 4.8 cm 10. 2 cm 13. 8.7 cm 14. 10.3 cm 15. 4 cm 16. 6.3 cm
3
Exercise 4.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(C) (B) (D) (A) (D) (A) (B) (C) (A) (D) (B) (B) (B) (D) (A)
Unit exercise-4
12 10 4
2. cm, cm 5. 20 13 km 7. 10 m 8. shadow = × (distance) 10. 6 units
5 3 11
Exercise 5.1
1.(i) 24 sq. units (ii) 11.5 sq. units 2.(i) collinear (ii) collinear
1
3.(i) 44 (ii) 13 4.(i) 0 (ii) or -1 5.(i) 35 sq. units (ii) 34 sq. units
2
6. -5 7. 2, -1 8. 24 sq. units, area(DABC ) = 4 × area(∆PQR) 9. 122 sq.units
10. 10 cans 11.(i) 3.75 sq. units (ii) 3 sq. units (iii) 13.88 sq. units
Exercise 5.2
1
1.(i) undefined (ii) 0 2.(i) 0° (ii) 45° 3.(i) (ii) -cot q
5
17
4. 3 6. 7 7. 8. 4 9.(i) yes (ii) yes 11. 5, 2
2
Exercise 5.3
5
1.(i) 2y + 3 = 0 (ii) 2x − 5 = 0 2. 1, 45° ,
2
3 +3 3+3 3
3. x − 3y − 3 3 = 0 4. , 5. -5 6. x − y − 16 = 0
2 −2
7.(i) 16x − 15y − 22 = 0 (ii) 4x − 9y + 19 = 0 8. 15x − 11y + 46 = 0
9. x + 4y − 14 = 0 , 3x + 5y –28 = 0 10. 5x + 4y − 3 = 0
11. (i) 1 (ii) 7.5 seconds (iii) 10 seconds
ANSWERS 341

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12.(i) 3x − 2y − 12 = 0 (ii) 3x − 20y + 15 = 0 13.(i) 2, -3

(ii) -3, - 4 14.(i) 5x + 2y + 3 = 0 (ii) x + y + 4 = 0
Exercise 5.4
1.(i) 0 (ii) undefined 2.(i) 0.7 (ii) 0
3.(i) Parallel (ii) Perpendicular 4. 4 5. 3x + 4y + 7 = 0
6. 2x + 5y − 2 = 0 7. 2x + 5y + 6 = 0 , 5x + y − 48 = 0 8. 5x − 3y − 8 = 0
9. 13x + 5y − 18 = 0 10. 49x + 28y − 156 = 0 11. 31x + 15y + 30 = 0
12. 4x + 13y − 9 = 0
Exercise 5.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(B) (A) (B) (C) (C) (D) (B) (B) (A) (C) (C) (A) (B) (B) (B)
Unit exercise-5
 7 13 
1. Rhombus 2.  ,  3. 0 sq.units 4. -5 6. 2x − 3y − 6 = 0, 3x − 2y + 6 = 0
 2 2 
7. 1340 litres 8. (-1, -4) 9. 13x + 13y − 6 = 0 10. 119x + 102y – 125=0
Exercise 6.2
1. 30° 2. 24 m 3. 3.66 m 4. 1.5 m 5.(i) 7 m (ii) 16.39 m 6. 10 m
Exercise 6.3
1. 150 m 2. 50 m 3. 32.93 m 4. 2078.4 m 6. 30 Feet / m
Exercise 6.4
1. 35.52 m 2. 69.28 m, 160 m 4. 150 m, yes
5.(i) 264 m (ii) 198 m (iii) 114.31 m 6.(i) 2.91 km (ii) 6.93 km
Exercise 6.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(B) (D) (B) (A) (B) (B) (A) (C) (B) (D) (B) (B) (D) (B) (A)
Unit exercise-6
5. 29.28 m/s 6. 1.97 seconds (approx) 7.(i) 24.58 km(approx)
(ii) 17.21 km (approx) (iii) 21.41 km (approx) (iv) 23.78 km (approx)
8. 200 m 9. 39.19 m
Exercise 7.1
1. 25 cm, 35 cm 2. 7 m, 35 m 3. 2992 sq.cm
4. CSA of the cone when rotated about PQ is larger. 5. 18.25 m
6. 28 caps 7. 5 :9 8. 56.25% 9. ₹ 302.72 10. ₹ 1357.72
Exercise 7.2
1. 4.67 m 2. 1 cm 3. 652190 cm 3 4. 63 minutes (approx)
5. 100.58 6. 5:7 7. 64:343 9. 4186.29 cm 3 10. ₹ 418.36
Exercise 7.3
1. 1642.67 cm 3
2. 66 cm 3
3. 2.46 cm 3 4. 905.14 cm 3
5. 77.78 mm3 6. 332.5 cm 2 7.(i) 4pr 2 sq. units
(ii) 4pr 2 sq. units (iii) 1:1

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Exercise 7.4
h
1. 36 cm 2. 2 hrs 3. 2 4. 6 cm 5. 1812000 cm 3 /1812 litre 6. 1.33 cm
3x
7. 1 cm 8. 100%
Exercise 7.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(D) (A) (A) (B) (C) (B) (B) (C) (C) (A) (D) (A) (A) (B) (D)
Unit exercise-7
1
1. 48000 words 2. 27 minutes (approx.) 3. pr 3 cu.units 4. 782.57 sq.cm
3
5. 450 coins 6. 4.8 cm 7. ₹ 6800 8. 2 cm 9. 17 cm 10. 2794.18 cm 3
Exercise 8.1
1.(i) 62; 0.33 (ii) 47.8; 0.64 2. 50.2 3. 250 4. 2.34
5. 222.22, 14.91 6. 6.9 7. 6.05 8. 4.5 9. 1.2, 1.44 10. 7.76 11. 14.6
12. 6 13. 1.24 14. 60.5, 14.61 15. 6 and 8
Exercise 8.2
1. 52% 2. 4.69 3. 7.2 4. 180.28% 5. 14.4% 6. 10.07% 7. Vidhya 8. Social, Science
Exercise 8.3
1. {HHH , HHT , HTH , HTT ,THH ,THT ,TTH ,TTT }
2. {(1, 2),(1, 3),(1, 4),(1, 5),(1, 6), (2, 1),(2, 3),(2, 4),(2, 5),(2, 6), (3, 1),(3, 2),(3, 4),(3, 5),(3, 6),
(4, 1),(4, 2),(4, 3),(4, 5), (4, 6), (5, 1),(5, 2),(5, 3),(5, 4),(5, 6),(6, 1),(6, 2),(6, 3),(6, 4),(6, 5)}
15 3 9 8 1
3. (i) (ii) 340 4. 5. (i) (ii) 6. (i) (ii) x = 4
32 8 1000 999 4
1 1 5 1 7 1 7
7.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 0 8. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
6 6 12 8 8 2 8
3 1 10 6
9.(i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
13 2 13 13
13 1 157 1 5 5
10. 12 11.(i) (ii) 0 (iii) 12. 13. (i) (ii) (iii)
46 46 600 6 6 18
1 3 1
14. (i) (ii) (iii)
8 4 8
Exercise 8.4
11
1. 2. (i) 0.58 (ii) 0.52 (iii) 0.74 3. 0.1 4. 1.2 5. 0.2
15
5 1 5 7 73 17 11 11 11 29
6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 1 13. , , 14.
9 13 6 8 280 40 48 24 16 35
Exercise 8.5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(C) (A) (C) (B) (C) (D) (B) (A) (A) (B) (B) (B) (C) (C) (D)
Unit exercise-8
1. 8,12 2. 5.55 3. 7 4. 81 5. 5.17, 1.53 6. City A 7. 60, 40
1 3 13 13 3 10 1
8. 9. 10. 10 11. 12. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
9 4 20 49 49 49 49
ANSWERS 343

Sch-2 LCM & HCF PDF (Eng)

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Objective Type Questions

13. The difference between two successive odd numbers is

14. The only even prime number is

15. Which of the following numbers is not a prime?

16. The sum of the factors of 27 is

19. If the number 6354 * 97 is divisible by 9, then the value * is

20. The number 87846 is divisible by

1.5 Common Factors

1.5.1 Highest Common Factor (HCF)

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 12 27-06-2020 04:41:31 PM

Illustration: Find the HCF of 63 and 42.

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 13 27-06-2020 04:41:32 PM

●● HCF (x, y) = x, if y is a multiple of x. For example, HCF (3, 6) = 3.

Example 3: Find the HCF of the numbers 40 and 56 by division method.

Prime factorisation of 40 = 2 x 2 x 2 x 5 Dividing by the common factor 2,

Let us find the factors of 24

The factors of 18 are 1 , 2 , 3 , 6 , 9 and 18. 24

The factors that are common to all the three given 2 6

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 14 27-06-2020 04:41:32 PM

1.6 Common Multiples

1.6.1 Least Common Multiple (LCM)

4th Table 5th Table

This situation can be tackled by Anu using the

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 15 27-06-2020 04:41:33 PM

5 units 5 units 5 units 5 units

1. Division Method 2. Prime Factorisation Method

Example 5: Find the LCM of 156 and 124.

By Prime Factorisation method

16 6th Standard Maths

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 16 27-06-2020 04:41:33 PM

1.7 Application Problems on HCF and LCM

5 175 5 245 5 385

175 = 5 x 5 x 7; 245 = 5 x 7 x 7; 385 = 5 x 7 x 11

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 17 27-06-2020 04:41:33 PM

18 6th Standard Maths

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 18 27-06-2020 04:41:33 PM

Mathematics is not about numbers, equations, computations

— William Paul Thurston

Learning Objectives Learning Objectives Learning Objectives

The LCM of 15, 20, 25 and 30 is 2 x 2 x 3 x 5 x 5

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 19 27-06-2020 04:41:34 PM

NUMBERS ICT CORNER

Browse in the link:

20 6th Standard Maths

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 20 27-06-2020 04:41:36 PM

Objective Type Questions

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 21 27-06-2020 04:41:36 PM

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 22 27-06-2020 04:41:36 PM

16. Find whether the number 564872 is divisible by 88.

6th_01_NUMBERS_T2_EM.indd 23 27-06-2020 04:41:36 PM

Chapter 1 Numbers 5. HCF → 22; LCM → 18018

6th_06_ANSWERS_T2_EM.indd 85 23-07-2020 10:45:56 AM

Chapter 2 Measurements 8. i) 7 hours 10 minutes

iii) 210 minutes iv) 9 hours 40 minutes Total 3235

v) 7 hours 3. i) Profit = `20 ii) Profit = `10

5. 1 hour 58 minutes 5 seconds v) S.P. = `145

6. i) 2 a.m ii) 8:45 a.m 4. i) S.P. = `130 Profit = `20

86 6th Standard Maths

6th_06_ANSWERS_T2_EM.indd 86 23-07-2020 10:45:56 AM

iv) Yes, Isosceles triangle

6th_06_ANSWERS_T2_EM.indd 87 23-07-2020 10:45:57 AM

1. Factorise each of the following polynomials using synthetic division:

16. Find whether the number 564872 is divisible by 88.

iii) 210 minutes iv) 9 hours 40 minutes Total 3235

(ii) 0.101, 0.102, ... 0.109

1. (i) not a polynomial (ii) polynomial (iii) not a polynomial