1.

1/ Introduction to the particulate

nature of matter
Matter- any substance that
occupies space and has mass

Pure substance Mixture

Element Compound Homogeneous Heterogeneous

(Sea water) (Water and oil)

Changes of state:
Deposition
Condensation Freezing
Gas Liquid Solid
Evaporation Melting

Sublimation

Endothermic process is when a substance changes from a more condensed

state to a less condensed state and absorbs energy from the surroundings.
Exothermic process is when a substance changes from a less condensed
state to a more condensed state and releases energy to the surroundings.
 1.2/ The Nuclear atom
Nuclear symbol notation:
Mass number = 24 2+ Charge
Protons + neutrons

12
Mg
Atomic number=
number of protons Chemical symbol of
the element

Isotopes are the same element with different number

of neutrons. As a result they also have different mass
numbers.
Natural abundance of an isotope is the percentage of
its atoms among all atoms of the given element found
on the planet.

Natural abundance formula:

Ar= (Mass of isotope 1 x Natural abundance of isotope 1) +
(Mass of isotope 2 x Natural abundance of isotope 2) / 100
 1.3/ Electron configurations

The wavelength is inversely proportional to both the

frequency and energy.

The S orbital is shaped like a sphere

The P orbital is shaped like a dumbbell
The Aufbau principle:

There are 2 exceptions to the Aufbau principle,

these are cu (copper) and cr (chromium).

As seen above both cr and cu do not fill 4s

first, rather they go to fill the 3d orbital.
Condensed electron configurations:
Condensed electron configurations is the
previous noble gas + the reminder of the
valence electrons
 1.4/ Counting particles by mass: the
mole

Avogadro’s law:
6.02x 10^23

Formulas:
Mol=Mass
Molar mass

Mol= number of particles

Avogadros
Mol= concentration x volume
 Empirical formula and molecular formula:
The empirical formula is the simplest ratio of
atoms of different elements that are present
within a substance.

The molecular formula show the actual

number of atoms of each element in the
substance’s molecule.

To Calculate the empirical formula of a molecule:

Step 1: calculate the number of moles of each
element presented
Step 2: Divide all the results by the smallest
number of moles found in step 1
Step 3: Change it to a whole number by
multiplying it as necessary
 1.5/ Ideal gases
Formula:
Pv=k (a constant)
p1v1=p2v2
STP
22.7
100.0 kPa
0 celsius= 273.15K
Combined gas law formula:
P1v1=p2v2
T1 T2
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume and
directly proportional to temperature

Ideal gas equation:

PV =nR
T