GENERAL CHEMISTRY

P R I N C I P L E S A N D M O D E R N A P P L I C AT I O N S

ELEVENTH EDITION

PETRUCCI HERRING MADURA BISSONNETTE

CHAPTER 3
Chemical Compounds
Yasemin ÇELİK, Ph.D.
ESKISEHIR TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Chemical Compounds
CONTENTS

3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds

and Their Formulas

3-2 The Mole Concept and Chemical

Compounds

3-3 Composition of Chemical

Compounds

3-4 Oxidation States: A Useful Tool in

Describing Chemical Compounds

3-5 Naming Compounds: Organic and

Inorganic Compounds

3-6 Names and Formulas of Inorganic

Compounds

General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

A compound is made up of two or more elements
in fixed proportions, and can be broken down into
simpler substances by chemical processes.

General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 3-1 Types of Chemical Compounds

Two types of fundamental chemical bonds that hold atoms together

in a compound:

1. Covalent bonds: Involve sharing of electrons between atoms.

Lead to molecular compounds.

2. Ionic bonds: Involve transfer of electrons from one atom to

another. Lead to ionic compounds.

General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 Molecular Compounds
 A molecule is a group of two or more atoms held together by covalent
bonds.

 Compounds composed of molecules are called molecular compounds.

 Molecule is the smallest unit of a compound.

 Molecules are electrically neutral particles.

 Molecules that contain two atoms are called diatomic molecules.
e.g., CO
 Most molecules contain more than two atoms:
Water molecule: H2O
Ordinary table sugar: C12H22O11
Some molecules have millions of atoms
 Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas

Molecular compounds are represented by chemical formulas (symbolic

representation) that indicate:
• The elements present
• The relative number of atoms of each element
Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas (cont’d)

• An empirical formula simply gives the (whole number) ratio

of atoms of elements in a compound.

• A molecular formula gives the number of each kind of atom

(composition) in a molecule.

Compound Molecular formula Empirical formula

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 HO
Octane C8H18 ?
Acetic acid C2H4O2 ?
Formaldehyde CH2O ?
Glucose C6H12O6 ?
Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas (cont’d)

Empirical and molecular formulas do not give information about

how the atoms are attached to each other.

A structural formula shows the order in which atoms are

bonded together in a molecule and by what type of bonds.

Acetic acid
Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas (cont’d)

 A condensed structural formula is written on a single line

and an alternative way of showing how the atoms of a
molecule are connected.

 The acetic acid molecule is represented as either:

CH3COOH
or
CH3CO2H
Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas (cont’d)
In
aAline angle formula
line-angle (line (line
formula structure):
structure) is used to show how the
atomsrepresent
• Lines are attached to bonds
chemical each other in complex compunds (e.g.,
• Aorganic
carboncompounds).
atom exists wherever a line ends or meet another line
• Hydrogen atoms (or CH3are
Organic compounds goups) are needed
composed of to complete
carbon andeach carbon
hydrogen
atom’s four bonds
principally, and oxygen and/or nitrogen as important constituents.
• The symbols of other atoms or group of atoms and the bond lines
Each carbon
 joining them to atom forms
C atoms four covalent
are written bonds.
explicitly.

Line structure of testosterone (C19H28O2)

Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas (cont’d)

The best way to represent the three-dimensional structure of

molecules is to use models:
1. Ball and Stick Model: 2. Space Filling Model:

ethanol molecule, C2H5OH

Color scheme for use in molecular models

General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

Molecular Compounds and Their Formulas
(Summary)

Condensed structural formula: CH3COOH

Line-angle formula:

Several representations of the compound acetic acid

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 FIGURE 3-2
Visualizations of (a) butane, (b) methylpropane, and (c) testosterone

General Chemistry: Chapter 3 Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

CONSEPT ASSESMENT 3.1
Represent the succinic acid molecule (HOOCCH2CH2COOH),
through empirical, molecular, structural, and line-angle
formulas.

Molecular formula: C4H6O4

Emprical formula: C2H3O2

Structural formula:

Line-angle formula:

Copyright © 2017 Pearson Canada Inc.

 IONIC COMPOUNDS

 Atoms can gain or lose electrons to form charged species

called ions.

+ Metals tend to lose electrons to form

positively charged ions called cations. Electron
− Non-metals tend to gain electrons to form transfer
negatively charged ions called anions.

 Ionic compounds are composed of positively charged

cations (typically metals) and negatively charged anions
(typically non-metals), which combine to form an electrically
neutral compound.
The charge of a main group cation or anion can be
determined from Periodic Table
• The elements in Groups 1, 2 and 13 to 18 are the ‘main group
elements’

• When Groups 1 and 2 metal atoms form ions, they lose the
same number of electrons as the IUPAC group number.

Na atom loses one electron to become Na+

Ca atom loses two electrons to become Ca2+
Al atom loses three electrons to become Al3+
(Al is in group 13; so 13-10 = 3)

• When non-metal atoms form ions, the number of electrons

gained is normally 18 minus the IUPAC group number.

• O atom gains 2 electrons (18-16 = 2) to become O2-

 Ionic Compounds
In an ionic compound, oppositely charged ions are attracted to
each other such that the compound has no net charge.

Sodium chloride simply consists

of sodium ions and chloride ions,
regularly arranged.

Formula unit of an ionic compound is the

smallest electrically neutral collection of
ions and it is a part of the crystal
structure
(NaCl)
There are no
distinct molecules
of sodium chloride.

Portion of an ionic crystal and a formula unit of NaCl

 Ionic Compounds

The formula unit of an ionic compound is the smallest

electrically neutral collection of ions. The ratio of atoms (ions)
in the formula unit is the same as in the chemical formula.

Formula unit of magnesium chloride?

Mg2+ + 2Cl MgCl2

A monatomic ion consists of a single ionized atom

Magnesium nitrate is an ionic compound made up of Mg and(e.g.,
2+ Na +,

Mg2+, Cl )
NO  ions. An electrically neutral formula unit of this compound
3

A polyatomic )
must oneisMg
consist ofion made uptwo
2+ and of two
NOor
3
more
 ions atoms
(Mg(NO (e.g.,
)
3 2) NO 3