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Abstract— This research paper explores the dynamics of and the inertial properties relative to it are taken constant. The
race car vehicles, with a particular focus on the phenomena of Vehicle Axis System is illustrated in Fig. 1.
understeer, oversteer, stability in yawing, and the natural and
forced response of the car. These are fundamental aspects of
vehicle dynamics that are critical to the successful design and
operation of high-performance race cars. Vehicle dynamics
relates tire and aerodynamic forces to overall vehicle
accelerations, velocities and motions, using Newton’s Laws of
Motion. The paper reviews the current state of the art in this
area, drawing on a range of literature sources and case studies
to illustrate key concepts and techniques. In particular, the
paper examines the underlying physical principles that govern
these phenomena and their effects on vehicle performance, as
well as the various engineering approaches and methods that
can be used to analyze a car's dynamic behavior.
𝐼 𝑟̇ = 𝑁 𝛽 + 𝑁 𝑟 + 𝑁 𝛿 (3)
There are six derivatives in this vehicle system and their name
and nature are shown in Table. 1.
Table I: The derivatives for simple 2DF automobile
Derivative Name Nature
𝑁 Control Moment
Control
𝑌 Control Force
𝑁 Yaw Damping
Sideslip Damping Damping
𝑌
𝑁 Static Directional Stability
Coupling
𝑌 Lateral Force/Yaw Coupling
𝐾= 𝑏=
( )
(9)
( ) Table II: Vehicle system parameters for a race car
𝑐= (10)
Symbol Value
The stability of the system is governed by the two eigen m 1700 kg
values 𝑠 , of the characteristic equation. The conditions for V 80 m/s
Iz 2000 kgm3
stability are as follows:
a 1.5 m
b 1.7 m
If𝑐 > , the eigen values 𝑠 , both have a negative
CF -40000 N/rad
real part and therefore the system is stable and CR -40000 N/rad
oscillatory
If ≥ 𝑐 > 0, the eigen values 𝑠 , are both real and
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
negative, so the system is stable and non-oscillatory
If 𝑐 ≤ 0, the eigen values 𝑠 , are both real, with one A. Stability
of them negative and the other one non-negative. So, The eigen values in (8) are calculated through MATLAB
the system is unstable and analyzed for the stability behavior. Both the eigen values
came out to be complex conjugates of each other with negative
Hence, the necessary and sufficient condition for yaw
real parts. This confirms that the vehicle is stable and
stability is 𝑐 > 0 in (8). The eigen values of the system
oscillatory. The root locus of this system is shown in Fig. 4.
matrix A can also be directly calculated using MATLAB.
The eigen values are as follows:
F. Stability vs Understeer/Oversteer
The numerator of the understeer gradient K reveals a 𝑠 = −0.937 + 1.969𝑖
close relationship between the understeer gradient and the
stability as: 𝑠 = −0.937 − 1.969𝑖
𝑏𝐶 ≥ 𝑎𝐶 ⟷ 𝐾 ≥ 0
𝑏𝐶 < 𝑎𝐶 ⟷ 𝐾 < 0
In order to be stable, a vehicle must be understeering or
neutrally steering. An oversteering vehicle is only stable up
to a certain velocity and unstable above that velocity.
G. Natural and Forced Response
The natural and forced response of the system is analyzed
using Simulink MATLAB. The natural response is analyzed
using the eigen values of the system matrix A, and the results
are obtained on MATLAB. The control inputs for forced
response analysis are of four types: step, impulse, sinusoidal
and ramp. The Simulink block set diagram for the analysis of
input responses is shown in Fig. 4. The relevant stability
graphs are obtained, and the results are discussed in the next
section.
Fig. 5. Root locus for the vehicle system
IV. CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the use of the bicycle model for analyzing
the vehicle dynamics of high-speed race cars has proven to
be a valuable tool for understanding the behavior of complex
system of a race car. Through the use of Simulink model and
transfer functions, we have been able to investigate the time
response of a race car to different control inputs. The analysis
has shown that the response of the vehicle varies depending
on the input signal used, with different inputs resulting in
more gradual or sudden changes in the car's behavior.
Overall, the bicycle model has proven to be a valuable tool
for studying the vehicle dynamics of race cars, and the
insights gained from this research can inform future work in
the field.
REFERENCES
Fig. 11. Time response of lateral velocity with ramp input
[1] Nelson, R.C. (2010) Flight Stability and Automatic Control. Chennai:
McGraw-Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
[2] Hammad, M. (2019) Safety and Lateral Dynamics Improvement of a
Race Car Using Active Rear Wing Control.
[3] Milliken, W.F. and Milliken, D.L. (1995) Race Car Vehicle Dynamics.
SAE International.