Life and Works of Rizal
posing a loyalty threat to the Spanish
Vocabularies
• Galleon Trade – (1565-1815) this was
the form of trade between
Philippines and Mexico.
• Parian – Chinese enclaved
established in 1581 outside the walls
of Intramuros. Old name of Binondo
/ Divisoria.
• Sangley – a term that proliferated in
the Spanish Philippines to refer to
people of pure Chinese descent;
came from the Hokkien word
“sengli” meaning business.
• Immigrant – a person who migrates
to another country, usually for
permanent residence.
• Intramuros – “within the wall”, it is
the oldest district and the historic
core of Manila.
Chinese History in the Philippines
• Pre-colonial – Chinese arrived in PH
as merchants between the coasts of
Manila and China.
• 16th century – Chinese presence in
the Philippines began with trade.
• 1594 – Binondo was established by
Governor Dasmariñas as a
settlement for Chinese mestizos
who converted to Catholicism.
• Binondo – a hub for Chinese
merchants and intermarriages with
Filipinos, giving the rise to Chinese
mestizos.
• Chinese population – it increased,
regime. They are essential for the
colonial economy due to their
capital distributions.
• Governor Dasmariñas –
recognized the economic
importance of the Chinese and
didn’t expel them.
• Santa Cruz. Tondo and Northern
Luzon – notable Chinese mestizo
communities emerged in this area.
• 17th Century – over 100 Chinese
individuals married native Filipinos
in Iloilo, Pampanga, and Cebu.
• 1740 – during the Spanish Colonial
period the inhabitants in PH were
classified into three: Spaniards,
Indios and Chinese.
• 1741 – the legal status of the
Chinese in the Philippines was
officially established, and the
population was reclassified into four
groups based on tax payment or
tribute.
• Spaniards and Spanish Mestizos –
they were not required to pay
tribute and tax.
• Indios – they were required to pay
taxes depending on their income.
A Chinese mestizo and an Indio were
listed as Indios.
• Chinese – they were required to pay
taxes depending on their income.
▪ A policy that limited the
number of Chinese
individuals who could reside
in the Philippines and
restricted their area of
settlement was
implemented.
• Chinese Mestizos – they were
required to pay taxes depending on
their income.
➢ Any person born of a Chinese
father and an Indio mother.
➢ A Spanish Mestizo and a
Chinese Mestizo.
➢ A child of a Spanish mestiza
and a Chinese Mestizo.
• Changing Economy in PH – it greatly
affects and benefited the Chinese
and Chinese Mestizos.
• Chinese products – dominated the
traded goods during Galleon Trade.
• Stringent policies – the increasing
presence of Chinese raised
suspicions among Spaniards, leading
to this state policies.
➢ Includes: higher taxes,
movement restrictions, the
establishment of the Chinese
enclave known as the Parian
and even the policies of
expulsion.
• Chinese – known as necessary
outsiders, playing crucial role in
sustaining it despite initial suspicions
by the Spaniards.
• Integration – Chinese gradually
integrated into colonial society,
leading to intermarriage of
indigenous Filipinos and the
emergence of Chinese mestizos.
• Chinese mestizos – played a
significant in the economy
throughout the Spanish colonial
period, accumulating wealth,
purchasing land, and exerting
influence.
▪ Monopolized internal trading in
the PH while Spanish mestizos
focused on foreign trade.
▪ Highly influential in industry,
commerce, and business during
this period, becoming prominent
landholders, wholesalers,
retailers, and owners of artisan
shop.
▪ Played a crucial role in the armed
revolt against the Spanish
colonizers during the Philippine
Revolution of 1896 – 1898,
highlighting their recognition of
Spain as the enemy and
oppressor.
▪ The involvement of Indios with
them underscored their
determination to secure the
birthright of nationhood for
themselves and future
generations.
• Expulsion of Chinese – allowed
Chinese mestizos to take control of
markets previously dominated by
Chinese.
Rizal and the Chinese Mestizos
• Rizal was a 5th generation Chinese
mestizo, but he and his father were
considered Indios, and Rizal
disassociated himself from any
Chinese relations.
• He wrote influential novels, “Noli
Me Tangere” and “El Filibusterismo”,
in which he exposed Spanish abuses
and corruption, condemned colonial
oppression, and criticized the
Spanish friars’ behavior.
 • Despite of his Chinese Mestizo
background, Rizal did not have a
special connection with the Chinese
due to his disdain for his own Chinese
lineage.
• Rizal’s Heroism: Regardless of his
lineage, Rizal is recognized as a
nationalist and a Filipino hero.
Vocabularies
• Biographies – it is the story of a real
person’s life written by someone
other than that person.
• Memoirs – an account of the
personal experiences of an author.
• Ascendants – those from whom a
person is descended, or from whom
he derives is birth.
• Decree – an order usually having the
force of law a judicial decree by royal
decree.
• Indigo – any of various shrubs or
herbs of the genus Indigofera in the
pea family, having privately
compound leaves and usually red or
purple flowers.
➢ Rizal’s favorite color.
• Angelus – a devotion of the Western
church to commemorates the
incarnation and is said in the
morning, afternoon, and evening.
Family, Childhood, Early Education of Rizal
• Biñan – Rizal family originated.
• Reason why they become poor –
their father didn’t pay tax.
• Francisco Claveria – the governor
who changes Filipino surname.
• Note: People are rich if their house is
beside the church.
• Mercado – means “market”, a
common surname adopted by many
Chinese merchant that time.
• Mercado-Rizal – had also a Japanese,
Spanish, Malay, and Negrito blood.
• Calamba, Laguna – birthplace of
Rizal.
▪ A town with 4000 inhabitants,
located 54km in south of
Manila.
▪ Found in the heart of the
region, known for its
agricultural prosperity.
▪ Major producers of sugar and
rice, with an abundant variety
of tropical fruits.
▪ On the southern part lies the
Mount Makiling, and on the
other side is the lake called
Laguna de Bay.
Rizal’s Family
• Domingo Lam-co – Rizal paternal
descendant.
▪ A full-blooded Chinese who
lived in Amoy, China.
• Ines de la Rosa – Half-breed Chinese
and wife of Lam-co.
• San Isidro Labrador – owned by the
Dominicans and where Ines and
Domingo lives.
• Francisco Mercado II (1818-1898) –
Rizal’s father.
▪ Born in Biñan, Laguna on April
11, 1818.
▪ Studied Latin and Philosophy
in San Jose College, Manila;
 and died in Manila at the age
of 80.
▪ Became a tenant-farmer of
Dominican-owned hacienda.
▪ A hardy independent-minded
man, who talked less and
worked more, and was strong
in body and valiant spirit.
▪ Rizal called him “a model of
fathers”
• Teodora Alonso Realonda (1872-
1913) – Rizal’s mother.
▪ Studied at Colegio de Santa
Rosa.
▪ She knows literature and
speaks Spanish
▪ A business-minded woman,
courteous, religious, hard-
working ad well-read.
▪ Born in Santa Cruz, Manila on
November 8/9, 1872 and died
at August 16, 1911 at the age
of 85
▪ Second child of Brigida de
Quintos and Lorenzo Alonso.
▪ Had Spanish and Japanese
ancestors.
▪ Her father is a half Spaniard
engineer.
• Saturnina Rizal (1850-1913) – eldest
child.
▪ Married Manuel Timoteo
Hidalgo of Tanauan,
Batangas.
▪ Nickname – Neneng.
• Paciano Rizal (1851-1930) – only
brother of Rizal and the second child.
▪ Studied at San Jose College of
Manila.
▪ Immortalized him in Rizal’s
Noli Me Tangere as the wise
Pilosopo Tasio.
▪ Became a farmer and later a
general of the Philippine
Revolution.
▪ Rizal highly respected him
and value all his advice.
▪ He is the one who
accompanied Rizal when he
first went to school in Binan.
▪ He also convinced him to go
to Europe to pursue his
studies.
▪ He had his college in Manila
but later on decided to join
the Katipunan and fight for
independence.
▪ After the revolution, he
retired to his home in Los
Banos and died in August 13,
1930.
▪ Had two children by his
mistress Severina Decena – a
boy and a girl.
• Narcisa Rizal (1852-1939) – She is the
third child.
▪ Married Antonio Lopez at
Morong, Rizal; a teacher and
a musician.
▪ Nickname – Sisa.
• Olympia Rizal (1855-1887) – the
fourth child.
▪ Married Silvestre Ubaldo.
▪ Died in 1887 from childbirth.
▪ Nickname: Ypia
• Lucia Rizal (1857-1919) – the fifth
child.
▪ Married to Matriano
Herbosa.
• Maria Rizal (1859-1945) – the sixth
child.
▪ Married Daniel Faustino Cruz
of Binan, Laguna
▪ Nickname: Biang.
• Concepcion Rizal (1862-1865) – the
eight child.
▪ Died at the age of three.
▪ Nickname: Concha.
• Josefa Rizal (1865-1945) – the ninth
child.
▪ An epileptic, died a spinster.
▪ Nickname: Panggoy.
• Trinidad Rizal (1868-1951) – the
tenth child.
▪ Died a spinster.
▪ The last family to die.
▪ Nickname: Trining.
• Soledad Rizal (1870-1929) – the
youngest child.
▪ Married Pantaleon Quintero.
▪ Nickname: Choleng.
• 3 years old – began to take part in
family prayers and was able to recite
alphabet.
• 5 years old – was able to read
Spanish family bible and make
sketches with his pencil and mould
clay and wax objects.
• 8 years old – wrote his first dramatic
work which was a Tagalog comedy.
• The story of the Moth – Rizal’s
impression was “died martyr to its
illusions.”
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso
Realonda
• Jose – was chosen by his mother who
was a devotee of Christian Saint San
Jose (St. Joseph)
• Protacio – from Gervacio P. which
come from the Christian calendar.
• Mercado – adopted in 1731 by
Domingo Lam-co which means
market in English.
• Rizal – from the word Ricial which
means field where wheat, cut while
still green, sprouts again / green-
field.
• Alonzo – old surname of his mother.
• Y – and
• Realonda – was used by his mother
from the surname of her godmother
based on the culture by that time.
• Came from a wealthy family in
Calamba.
• June 19, 1861 – birthdate of Jose
Rizal.
• June 22, 1861 – Rizal was baptized in
the catholic church.
• Father Rufino Collantes – Rizal’s
godfather, close friend of Rizal
Family.
• Father Pedro Cansanas – Rizal’s
godfather, close friend of Rizal
family.
• Lieutenant-General Jose Lemery –
governor general of the Ph when
Rizal was born.
• He was already seen as a welcome
companion by many adults because
he is respectful and polite.
• Teodora teach him important
prayers, especially Angelus.
• His first teacher is his mother.
• Maestro Celestino – his first private
tutor.
• Maestro Lucas Padua – second tutor.
• Leon Monroy – his private tutor.
▪ Former classmate of his
father.
▪ Taught him the rudiments of
Latin.
• Uncle Manuel – concerned by his
physical development and instilled
him the love for nature.
• Uncle Jose – encouraged him to
develop his skills in painting,
sketching, and sculpting.
• Uncle Gregorio – taught him the
Rizal’s Influences
value of education.
▪ he got love for books and his
being hardworking from him.
• Had his early education in Calamba
and Binan.
• His education focuses on reading,
writing, arithmetic, and religion.
• Leandro – his cousin, living in
carromata.
• Father Leoncio Lopez – Spanish
priest of Calamba, fostered him the
love for scholarship and intellectual
honesty.
• Maestro Justiniano Cruz – his first
teacher in Binan.
▪ Describe him as tall, think,
long-necked, sharp-nosed,
and with a body slightly bent
forward.
Rizal Home
• Pedro – the teacher’s son which Rizal
challenged to a fight.
• Andres Salandanan – challenged
Rizal to an arm-wrestling match.
• Juancho-an – freely give him lessons
in drawing and painting.
• Jose Guevara – his classmates who
also love painting.
•
• Rizal’s Routine in Binan
▪ Regularly attended mass
▪ Went to class at 10am
▪ And ate lunch
▪ Then arrived home at 5pm
▪ And then study and drew.
▪ He always prayed before
going to bed.
• He is outstanding student: Spanish,
Latin, and other subjects.
• Francisco (father) – learned the value
of respect, love for work, and
independent thinking.
• Teodora (mother) – religiosity, a high
sense of self-sacrifice, and love for
the arts.
• Paciano (brother) – love for freedom
and justice.
• Sisters – taught him to respectful and
kind to women.
• Calamba – wherein his family
nurtured his mind and soul.
• Beautiful garden of Rizal – help him
appreciates nature.
• Hereditary influence
• Environmental influence
• Aid of Divine Providence
• One of the most distinguished stone
houses in the Calamba during the
Spanish times.
 • A two-storey building, rectangular in
shape, built of adobe stones and
hard-woods and roofed with red
tiles.
Rizal’s Literatures Work
• Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In
Memory of My Town) - A poem
about Rizal’s beloved town written in
1876 when he was 15 years old and a
student in Ateneo de Manila.
• Sa aking mga Kabta (To my Fellow
Children) – rizal’s first poem in native
language at the age of eight.
Rizal’s Sorrow
• First – the death of little Concha.
• Second – when her mother was
imprisoned and punished by the
basis of false and flimsy charges
(allegedly poison his brother’s wife.)
➢ Antonio Vivencio del Rosario
– Calamba’s gobernadorcillo,
arrested his mother.
➢ Forced her to walk from
Calamba to Sta. Cruz, a
distance of 50 kilometers.
➢ Her mother was languished
for 2 years and half in
provincial prison.
➢ Messrs. Francisco and
Manuel Marzan – lawyers of
Manila defend her mother.
• Third – when her mother got blind.
Ateneo Municipal / Ateneo de Manila
• A college under the supervision of
Spanish Jesuits.
• Escuela Pia (Charity School) – former
name – a school for poor boys in
Manila established in 1817.
• Father Magin Fernando – the college
registrar who refused to admit Rizal
for two reasons: he was late for his
registration; he was sickly and
undersized for his age.
• Manuel Xerz Burgos – nephew of
father Burgos, Rizal was admitted to
Ateneo because of him.
• Caraballo Street – his boarding
house outside Intramuros, owned by
Titay.
• Jesuit System of Education
➢ Trained the character of the
student by rigid discipline and
religious instructions.
➢ Students were divided into
two groups:
▪ Roman Empire –
consisting of internos
(boarders); red
banner.
▪ Carthaginian Empire
– composed of
externos (non-
boarders); blue
banners.
• Emperor – the best student in each
empire.
• Tribune – the second best
• Decurion – third best
• Centurion – fourth best
• Stand bearer – fifth best
• First year:
➢ Father Jose Bech – his first
professors who describe him
as a tall thin man, with a body
slightly bend forward, a
 harried walk, as ascetic face,
severe and inspired, small
deep-sunken eyes, a sharp
nose that was almost Greek
and thin lips forming an arc
whose ends fell toward chin.
• Religious Picture – his first prize for
being the brightest pupil in the class.
• Extra Spanish lessons – he took
private lessons in Santa Isabel
College during noon recesses for
three pesos.
• No. 6 Magallanes Street – new
boarding house inside Intramuros
owned by Doña Pipay.
• Second year:
➢ He received excellent grades
in all subjects and a gold
medal.
➢ The Count of Monte Cristo by
Alexander Dumas – his first
favorite novel
➢ Universal History by Cesar
Cantu – set of historical work
that was a great aid to hos
study, bought by his father.
➢ Dr. Feodor Jagor – a German
scientist- traveler who wrote
the Travels in the Philippines.
▪ Jagor observations of
the defects of the
Spanish colonization
▪ His prophecy that
someday Spain would
lose the Philippines
and that America
would succeed as
colonizer.
• Third year:
➢ His grades remained
excellent but only won one
gold medal in the subject of
Latin.
• Fourth year:
➢ June 16, 1875 – became an
interno in Ateneo.
➢ Padre Francisco Paula
Sanchez – his professor who
inspired him to study harder
and wrote poetry.
▪ “Model of
uprightness,
earnestness, and love
for the advancement
of his pupils.”
➢ Topped all his classmates in
all subjects and won five
medals at the end of the
semester.
• Last year in Ateneo:
Other Information About Rizal
• Rizal always called her sisters Doña
or Señora (if married) and Señorita (if
single).
• Rizal family belonged to the
principalia (a town aristocracy in
Spanish Philippines).
Agrarian Relations and the Friar Lands
• Vocabularies:
➢ Conquistador – a Spanish
conqueror.
➢ Caballeria – a small tract of
land included in a land of
grant.
 ➢ Sitio de Ganado Mayor – a
large tract of land included in
a land of grant.
➢ Hacienda – large estates that
were used in raising livestock
and agricultural production.
➢ Inquilino – a tenant who
rented land from the friars
and subleased the land to
sharecroppers.
➢ Sharecropper – an individual
who rented the land from
inquilino and worked the
land.
• 1891 – Rizal was in Hongkong when
he received a news about his family
involved in a court case concerning
the Hacienda de Calamba.
➢ Spanish authorities were
summoning her mother and
two younger sister, Josefa
and Trinidad for further
investigation.
➢ As a support he wrote, “I AM
FOLLOWING YOUR CAVALRY
STEP BY STEP, I AM DOING
ALL I CAN…PATIENCE, A
LITTLE PATIENCE.
COURAGE!”.
History of Friar Lands
• Spanish conquistadors were
awarded land in the form of
haciendas for their loyalty to the
Spanish crown.
• Approximately 120 Spaniards were
granted either Sitio de Ganado
Mayor or Caballerias.
• Hacienderos failed develop their
haciendas.
➢ Reason 1: Spanish were not
expected to stay permanently
in the Philippines. Many of
them returned in Spain once
they done serving the
country.
➢ Reason 2: The livestock
market during this time is
small.
➢ Reason 3: The Galleon Trade
based in Manila, appealed
more the Spaniards because
it offered better economic
opportunities.
• Spanish friars – wee able to acquire
land through whatever means
available to them.
➢ Lands were donated to friars
in exchange of spiritual
favors.
• Many Filipinos believed that friars
had no title to the lands they owned
because they acquired them
through usurpation and other
dubious means.
• 18th Century – the exports of
agricultural crops started to blossom
and inquilino system was put into
place.
➢ The one who rented land for
a fixed annual amount was
expected to give personal
services to the landlords. If he
failed to do so, he will be
expelled from the land.
• Inquilinos could also leased the land
they were renting to a kasama or
sharecropper who would then be
responsible for cultivating the land.
 • Inquilino system – functioned as a
three-layered system with the
landlords on top, the inquilinos in
the middle and the kasamas at
bottom.
Martyrdom of GOMBURZA
• January 20, 1872
• 200 Filipino soldiers and workmen of
the Cavite arsenal under the
leadership of Lamadrid, filipino
sergeant, rose mutiny because of the
abolition of their unusual privileges.
• GOMBURZA were executed on
February 17, 1872 by the order of
Jose Rizal as a Lover to Women and of
Governor General Izquierdo.
Aesthetics
• Rizal dedicated his second novel El
Filibusterismo to GOMBURZA.
Hacienda de Calamba Dispute
• Hacienda de Calamba – originally
owned by a Spaniard, Don Manuel
Jauregui who donated the land to
Jesuit friars to allow him
permanently stay in the Jesuit
Monastery.
➢ When the Jesuits expelled in
the Philippines, the hacienda
went to the possession of the
Spanish Colonial
Government.
• 1803 – the land was sold to Don
Clemente de Azansa.
➢ Later on, it was sold to the
Dominicans who claimed
ownership of the Hacienda
until the late 19th century.
• Rizal’s family house – become one of
the inquilinos of the hacienda.
➢ Rented one of the largest
leased parcels of land
measuring approximately
380 hectares.
➢ Main crop – it was sugarcane
since it was the most in-
demand in the world of
market then.
• 1883 – the conflicts of land
ownership in the hacienda arose, and
the family evidently suffered.
• Juliana Makaraeg – also known as
Julia or Minang.
➢ First puppy love of Jose Rizal
by some biographical books
of him.
➢ Their story started in Los
Baños stream in 1877 when
Rizal had his summer
vacation in Calamba.
➢ According to Pablo Trillana III:
he heard a sweet song and
followed the voice. There, she
saw a beautiful lady taking a
bath with her grandmother.
➢ He asked her for a walk,
gathered butterflies and had
a sweet talk with her.
➢ He offered Julia and her
grandmother a ride home in
his rented carromata.
➢ “When they parted, he
returned to Calamba with
sweet, breathless longings.”
• Vicenta Ybardolaza – his second link.
➢ Gregorio Zaide (description) –
“a pretty girl colegiala, from
Pakil, Laguna.”
➢ Rizal got infatuated because
of her talent in playing harp at
the Regalados in1881.
• Segunda Solis Katigbak – first
woman and lover of Rizal.
➢ Younger sibling of Mariano
Katigbak; Rizal’s friend in UST.
➢ A friend of Rizal’s sister,
Olympia.
➢ Katigbak are known as major
producer of coffee in Lipa.
➢ It was a love at first sight
when he visited the house of
his maternal grandmother in
Trozo, Manila.
➢ They came to know each
other better with Rizal’s
frequent visits to the
dormitory of Olympia at
Colegio de la Concordia.
➢ They sent letters and poems
to each other.
➢ Unday – given pet name of
Rizal.
➢ They ended because Segunda
was engaged to Manuel Luz, a
tall wealthy man of Lipa,
Batangas.
➢ She was married at age of 14.
• Ms. L. (Leonor Valenzuela) – Rizal did
not give her a certain identification
but only and always refer to her as
Ms. L.
➢ He praised her because of her
beauty and calmness.
➢ Many biographers are
guessing if Ms. L. is a certain
Ligaya, Luningning, Lucring,
Lagring or a certain Leonor.
➢ She was a tall girl from
Pagsanjan, Laguna.
➢ Daughter of Capitan Juan and
Capitana Sanday Valenzuela.
➢ Rizal met her at the dormitory
when he was studying at UST
(beside Leonor’s dormitory).
➢ He captured her heart
because of her clever antics
like being a magician.
➢ Their relationship bloomed
but Valenzuelas did not
accept him.
➢ They hide their relationship
and used pet names.
➢ Orang – Leonor’s pet name.
➢ Rizal sent her love notes
written with invisible ink that
could only be deciphered
over the warmth of the lamp
or candle.
➢ But Rizal was link with
another Leonor that made
him torn between two
women.
• Leonor Rivera – Rizal met him when
he transferred to a dormitory of his
Uncle Antonio Rivera.
➢ He fell in love with Leonor
Rivera while still in a
relationship with Orang.
➢ He was regarded as true love
of Rizal because they lasted
for almost 10 years; an
attractive and refined girl
from Camiling, Tarlac.
 ➢ Since they were relative, they
hid their relationship and
gave Leonor a pet name
“Taimis”.
➢ Even when Rizal was in
Europe, their long-distance
relationship was
strengthened through letters.
➢ Maria Clara – she was
believed to be characterized
as a leading lady in Rizal’s Noli
Me Tangere.
➢ When their family knew their
relationship, she was
prevented to accept letters.
➢ She was engaged to a British
engineer Henry Kipping, she
agreed but she will never play
piano anymore once married.
➢ She sent letter to Rizal ending
their relationship.
➢ Rizal was deeply saddened
and heart-broken.
➢ She married Kipping in a very
sorrowful ceremony in 1891.
• Consuelo Ortega y Rey – Rizal met
her in the house of Don Pablo Ortiga
when he was studying at Unibersidad
Central de Madrid.
➢ She fell in love with Rizal
because of his intelligence,
cleverness, and being a great
poet; she was the most
beautiful among the
daughters of Don Pablo.
➢ Rizal also fell in love with him
and write a poem in August
22, 1883 entitled “A La
Señorita C.O. y R.”
➢ Their relationship ended
because Rizal was in
conscience that he was
committing, infidelity to
Leonor Rivera with whom he
is still in a relationship with.
➢ Eduardo de Lete, his friend,
was also in love with
Consuelo during that time;
so, he had to let go of her.
• O Sei-San (Seiko Usui) – she was fell
love at first sight with a very beautiful
Japanese woman.
➢ She was from a samurai class.
➢ He saw the girl walking in the
streets of Azabu district in
Tokyo. He even uses his
contacts at the Spanish
Legation house in Tokyo.
➢ He met the gardener of
Legation who knows the
whereabout of the woman.
➢ She was amazed by the
gentlemanliness of Rizal and
fell in love with him.
➢ They mingled with each
other.
➢ She taught him a Japanese art
of painting known as ‘Sumie’.
➢ She also helped him improve
his knowledge and
proficiency in Japanese
language.
➢ Before leaving off to US, he
promised her to come back
and marry her, but it did not
happen since Rizal was
executed.
➢ She mourned his death for a
year but later on married
Alfred Charlton, an English
Chemist at Peer’s School in
1897.
• Gertrude Beckett – he met her in
London annotating the Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas; boarded in the
house of Beckett Family since it was
nearer to the British Museum.
➢ She is a blue-eyed and buxom
girl and was the oldest among
the three Beckett daughters.
➢ She fell in love with him and
helped him in his painting and
sculpture.
➢ But Rizal suddenly left
London to avoid her because
he had ties with Leonor
Rivera.
➢ Letter to Regidor: “I cannot
deceive her. I cannot marry
her because I have other ties
which remind me of our
country and do not permit
me to marry her. I am not
going to commit the
indignity of placing passion
over a pure and virginal love,
such as she might offer.”
➢ He gave her the group carving
of Beckett sisters as a sign of
their brief relationship.
• Nellie Bousted – he met her when is
one of the guests of the Bousted
family at their residence in the resort
city of Biarritz.
➢ He befriended the two
daughters of the host,
Eduardo Bousted.
➢ He used to fence with the
sisters at the studio of Juan
Luna.
➢ Antonio Luna also like her.
➢ Nellie deeply infatuated with
Rizal.
➢ In a part held by Filipinos in
Madrid, a drunk Antonio Luna
uttered unsavory remarks
against Nellie. Leading to
Rizal challenging him for a
duel. Antonio Luna
apologized to him after a
while, averting tragedy for
the compatriots.
➢ Rizal love her but he refused
to be converted into a
Protestant and the idea of
staying in France and
remained to be a physician.
➢ Still they become good
friends.
• Suzanne Jacoby – het met her when
he moved to Brussels, Belgium in
1890, due to high cost of living in
Paris.
➢ He lived in the boarding
house of two Jacoby sisters.
➢ They fell in love with each
other.
➢ When he leaves, he left the
young Suzanna a box of
chocolates.
➢ He teasingly referring Rizal as
“Le petite diable or little bad
boy”.
➢ Her second later to Rizal
(October 1, 1890): “Don't
delay too long writing us
because I wear out the soles
of my shoes for running to
the mailbox to see if there is
a letter from you. She also
added, "there will never be
any home in which you are so
 loved as in that in Brussels,
so, you little bad boy, hurry
up and come back...”
➢ But their relationship lead to
a certain confusion since
there was mention of some
errata to the biographical
contexts.
➢ Ahmed Guizon (Rizal’s Affair
with ala Petite Suzanne):
Suzanne Jacoby was neither
from Suzanna siblings but
their niece Suzanne Thill
because they are far older
than Rizal.
➢ Slachmulyders thought that
they mistook young
Suzanna’s middle name
Jacoby as her instead of Thill.
As proof, he presented a copy
of the Jacoby family tree
showing that the two
Suzannas are a generation
apart.
• Josephine Bracken – He met her in
February 1895 during his exile in
Dapitan.
Summary:
➢ She is an 18-year-old Irish girl
with bluish eyes.
➢ Adopted daughter of George
Taufer from Hong Kong who
came to Dapitan to seek Rizal
for eye treatment.
➢ Rizal was first attracted with
her, physically.
➢ But Rizal’s sisters suspected
Josephine as an agent of the
friars and they considered her
as a threat to Rizal's security.
➢ (But) he still asked to marry
her but Josephine decline due
to her responsibility to her
father.
➢ She left Dapitan when Rizal
concluded that Mr. Taufer’s
case is untreatable.
➢ Josephine immediately
returned to Rizal and enjoyed
each other's company with
love and peace.
➢ Rizal could have had a son to
Josephine but because of
their frequent quarrels, she
delivered their son named
Francisco prematurely.
➢ Rizal did the delivery of
Josephine but after a few
hours, Francisco died and
Rizal himself buried his own
son.
➢ When Rizal was in jail and had
been sentenced to death
through firing squad, some
biographers like Fr. Balaguer
claimed Rizal married
Josephine before the
execution.
• The relationships in Jose Rizal's life
were complex and varied. His
romantic associations ranged from
early infatuations like Juliana
Makaraeg and Vicenta Ybardolaza to
more significant loves such as
Segunda Katigbak, Leonor
Valenzuela, and his cousin Leonor
Rivera. Rizal's interactions with Ms. L.
remain mysterious, and his
encounters with women like O Sei-
san in Japan, Gertrude Beckett in
London, and Nellie Bousted in Biarritz
 showcased his diverse experiences.
Later in life, in Dapitan, Rizal met
Josephine Bracken, leading to a
controversial and tragic love story.
Despite these connections, many of
Rizal's romantic relationships faced
challenges, including societal
expectations, family objections, and
personal choices. Ultimately, his
commitment to nationalist causes
and tragic circumstances, such as his
execution, added complexity to the
narrative of his love life.
Pointers to Review
• Filipino Classified Regime (Half
Breed / Mestizo) – those persons of
mixed race – Indian and Spaniards.
Mixed of native Filipino and any
foreign ancestry.
• Hacienda – a large landed estate, one
of the traditional institutions of rural
life.
• Hacienda System – sharing of
resources and the decision-making
process involved in the sharing
process.
• Evidences of precolonial culture –
clothing, footwear, religion, foreign
trade, language, culture and beliefs?
• Central form of government –
Governor-General (highest
authority), Alcalde mayor (leader of
provinces).
• Indios – the lowest-ranked group.
• Social class order – Peninsulares,
Criollos, Mestizos, Filipinos, and
Indios.
• Taimis – Leonor Rivera
• To the Filipino Youth – to tell the
importance of the youth and their
capability to shape the future of our
motherland.
• What prevented Rizal in being a
Jesuit? – Imprisonment of Dona
Teodora.
• Rufino Collantes – the person who
baptized Rizal.
• Jose Bech – the first professor of Rizal
in Ateneo, whom he describes as a
man of high stature; lean body, bent
forward; quick gait; ascetic
physiognomy, severe and inspired;
small, sunken eyes; sharp Grecian
nose; thin lips forming an arch with
its sides directed toward the chin."
He was somewhat of a lunatic and of
an uneven humor; sometimes he was
hard and little tolerant and at other
times he was gay and playful as a
child.
• Don Leoncio Lopez – well-learned
and well-respected Filipino parish
priest of Calamba. He was a great and
close family friend of Rizals.
• Source of income of Rizal family –
Rice, corn and sugar.
• A house near the church means? – it
means that they have more
privileged or influential within the
community.
• Ilustrado – erudite, learned or
enlightened ones, constituted the
Filipino intelligentsia or educated
class during the Spanish colonial
period.
• Ateneo / Colegio de San Ignacio –
the school for the boys.
• Gobernadorcillo (Kapitan) – the only
highest government position open
for Filipino natives or Chinese
mestizos. They are the chief
executive of the town/municipal.
• Fr. Paula de Sanchez – one of Rizal’s
professor in Ateneo who inspired him
to study harder and to write poetry.
• Fr. Leonard – the priest who
requested Rizal to curve the image of
Sacred Heart of Jesus.
• Leon Monroy – his tutor who
instructed him in Spanish and Latin.
• Padre Burgos – he was a close friend
and associate of Paciano Rizal. His
execution along with Gomez and
Zamora deeply affected Rizal who
was inspired to write his second
novel, El Fili.
• The Virgin of Antipolo – for a safe
delivery, she pledged her son, vowing
to one day bring him in a pilgrimage
to that mountain shrine to the north.
• Justiniano Cruz – his private teacher
in Binan. Wherein he also received
spanking.
• Paciano – advised him to used a
surname Rizal in Ateneo.
• Saturnina, Narcisa, and Maria –
collectively gave him diamond ring as
a parting gift when he went to
abroad.
• Reasons why Rizal is unhappy in UST
– discrimination (Filipinos were
treated differently), educational
environment (less progressive and
limiting), racial prejudice, conflict
with the Dominican friars.
• Compañerismo or Comradeship –
the secret society of Filipino students
in UST that was founded by Rizal, the
members were called “Companions
of the Jehu.
• Philosophy and Letters – Rizal’s
course in UST.
• Reason why Rizal pursue medicine –
he wants to cure his mother who was
going blind due to cataract.
• Rafael Izquierdo – the governor-
general during that time that
command to execute the 41
mutineers including the GOMBURZA.
• Economy, education and
secularization of the parishes –
factors contributed to the birth of the
Filipino nationalism.
• Chinese Coolies – engage mostly in
unskilled, hard labour formed the
early backbone of Singapore’s labour
force.
• Aim of Propaganda Movement –
reinstate the former representation
of the Philippines in the Spanish
Parliament (make the country the
province of Spain not just a colony),
secularize the clergy, legalize the
Spanish and Filipino equality, abolish
polo y servicio, guarantee basic civil
freedoms.
• Noli Me Tangere – the book of
feeling.