Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Quarter 2, Week 1
People Media
-Refers to persons that are involved in the use analysis, evaluation, and production of media and information.
(source: MIL Curriculum Guide by DepEd)
Two Categories:
1. People as media
People who are well-oriented to media sources and messages and able to provide information as
accurate and reliable as possible.
Channels of information
Examples: People who are using social media (celebrity or ordinary people)
a) Opinion Leaders
- people or organizations that have such a strong social status that their recommendations
and opinions are listened to when making important decisions. Examples are political figures,
columnists, and celebrities who are known for their work.
b) Citizen Journalism
- it is the collection, dissemination, and analysis of news and information by the general
public, especially by means of the internet.
Classification:
i. Working on their own
- Social media
- Blogs and websites
ii. Working with news organizations
- Commenting on articles
- Crowdsourcing – collecting data from users through some services, ideas, or content
and then it needs to be stored in a server such that the necessary data can be or
provided to users whenever necessary. It works with or without payment. The best-
known example of a project in which crowd workers are not paid is the online
encyclopedia Wikipedia.
- Live blogging – it gives the reader a stream of updates about a rapidly developing news
story. (Example: Manny Pacquiao’s Boxing competition updates)
https://www.foxsports.com/boxing/manny-pacquiao-player
c) Social Journalism
- a media model consisting of a hybrid of professional journalism, contributor and
reader content. The format relies on community involvement, audience engagement,
social newsgathering and verification, data and analytics, and relationship-building.
2.People in media
Media practitioners who provide information coming from their expert knowledge or first-hand
experience of the event
Types of Journalist by Medium: Print Journalists, Photojournalists, Broadcast Journalists, Multimedia
Journalist
Other Examples:
People IN Media: news reporter, radio commentator
People AS Media: Facebook user, movie director, college professor
Impacts:
online selling phenomenon
vlogging phenomenon
A Local Issue Showing the Power of Media and Information to Affect Change
As emphasized in the previous activity, information if given to the proper authority is indeed powerful.
This information is more powerful if it is combined with the appropriate media. An example of this is Dr. Jose
Rizal's novels that caused social change during the Spanish regime. The information regarding the situation
of the country during the colonization period were shared through print media.
Taking Rizal's "the pen is mightier than the sword" in your generation, the term ‘pen’ from his words
may be replaced with media and information, which will make the quotation go, “the media and information
are mightier than the sword”, meaning that media and information, like his novels, can inspire change in
people’s lives.
It is undeniable that media is an essential tool in disseminating information. The combination of these two –
the angle of the information/issue disseminated and the media used to share this kind of information – is a
very powerful influence in all aspects of a person’s life (psychological, emotional, economic, social, political,
educational, medical, etc.), whether s/he is fully aware of it or not.
Below is an example of how media and information caused some changes in the educational aspect.
Study the issue that was experienced by students and parents during the first implementation of distance
learning this school year. Look at how media and information affected the decision about the issue.
Learning Competency with Code: Describe the impact of massive open online (MIL11/12CFT-IIIi-26)
Background Information:
The educational sector, as well as people’s innate thirst for knowledge, does not remain unaffected by
the influence of media, technology and information. In fact, the advancement in these three concepts is
central to the changes that occur in the mentioned parts of people’s lives.
One of the developments in media, technology and information that recently made a breakthrough in
the educational sector, and is continuously growing because of this current pandemic, is called the Massive
Open Online Course (MOOC). Educause, as cited by Gonzales (2016), defined MOOC as “a model for
delivering learning content online to any person who wants to take a course, with no limit on attendance”.
Hidalgo and Mopera (2015) also defined MOOC as “an online course that encourages people to interact with
one another in order to share knowledge”. In other words, it is learning in a global scale through the use of
media and technology in sharing and gaining information or knowledge.
Advancements in media and technology are not born out of nowhere. They always stem from perceived
needs or as a solution to a perceived problem. Hidalgo and Mopera (2015) pointed out in their discussion that
MOOCs’ main purpose is personal growth in terms of information, knowledge and skills. According to these
authors, there are three specific purposes of the development of the MOOC:
1. Higher education – It is clear from the characteristics given by Gonzales that MOOC is very different
from the traditional idea of schooling. If you decide to utilize MOOC in your learning, you are free to
choose only a certain course to enroll in. For example, if your purpose is to update your techniques in
cooking for your business, then you may only subscribe to channels or pages that would help you
achieve your goal. Once enrolled, you are also exempted from following certain educational protocols
and policies while still receiving higher quality education.
2. Workplace connection – Another purpose of MOOC is to ensure that people of the same professional
field are updated with the current practices and equipped with the necessary skills to continue to
survive and to grow in their career.
3. Lifelong learning – As mentioned earlier, people have this innate hunger for more knowledge and
information. It is probably why advancement in technology and media is so fast. With MOOC, you
have access to anything you want to learn during your own time and pace all throughout your life.
Even after becoming professionals, MOOCs can help you be competitive, and in turn be indispensable,
in your chosen fields.
Learning Competency with Code: Discuss the Implication of Media and Information to an Individual and to
the Society (MIL11/12MILI-IIIj29)
Background Information:
As a member of the society, honing your media and information literacy skills is essential in helping
you become an active and productive citizen. The society becomes a cohesive unit if all of its citizens are
media and information literate who work towards the same goals.
Below is a how being literate on media and information impacts one’s life and the society as a whole.
1. Improved quality of life
Because the aim of all innovations and inventions is to make life easier, being media and information
literate helps an individual enjoy the benefits of such developments.
For example: A media and literate individual can maximize the use of the resources (gadgets, internet,
books, newspapers) that s/he has to help him/her easily answer the modules. An individual struggling
with these skills, on the other hand, may only rely on the module given since s/he may not see the
same resources as sources of information that would help him/her in answering the modules.
Learning Competency with Code: Describe the different dimensions of text information and media
(MIL11/12TIM-IVb-3); Analyze how text information and media is produced formally and informally
(MIL11/12TIM-IVb-4)
Background Information:
Text information and media is not as simple as you think it is. It is actually made up of various
dimensions that you need to understand to be able to produce one. This discussion will lead you to these
dimensions of text information.
Before going through the different dimensions, however, you first need to know what exactly is text
information. According to Hidalgo and Mopera (2015), text information is “about interpreting words in
order to generate knowledge”. Meaning, texts contain knowledge and it is your responsibility, as readers, to
use your comprehension skills to extract this knowledge from the material.
Since interpretation of the text is the reader’s responsibility, it would help to remember that words
have two meanings, denotation and connotation.
Denotation refers to the dictionary meaning (literal meaning) of words or phrases. In the example
given by Hidalgo and Mopera (2015), the denotative meaning of the idiomatic expression ‘the black sheep in
the family’ is literally a sheep with black wool owned as a pet by a family. Another example is the word
‘snake’. Denotatively, it means “a long limbless reptile that has no eyelids, a short tail, and jaws that are
capable of considerable extension and venomous bite”.
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the deeper meaning (implication) of the words and phrases.
Using the same idiomatic expression above, its connotative meaning is someone who is a disgrace to an
otherwise clean and prestigious record of a family. The word ‘snake’ connotatively means “a treacherous or
deceitful person”.
Aside from the meanings of words and phrases, text information can also be classified into two: formal
and informal text information.
Formal
> socially shared
> objective
Informal
> real-life events
> highly subjective
> driven by facts
> highly opinionated
> examples: birth certificate,
business and government > lacks sufficient evidence
documents > example: your thoughts about
the wearing of face masks and face
shields while running, hiking or
exercising
Third Dimension: Organization, Production and Dissemination of Text Information
The next dimension of text information that must be looked into is how it is organized, produced and
later on disseminated.
Organization Production Dissemination
Paragraphs – Print media Needs to comply with the needs of the target
information is (newspapers, audience – audience analysis
presented in fluid, magazines, Audience analysis methods
continuous form books) 1. Demographic analysis – analysis of sex, age,
Lists – enumeration New media race, socio-economic status, political and
of key ideas (blogs, social religious affiliations, ethnic and cultural
Tables – information media, e- backgrounds, occupation
is presented in mails) 2. Disposition analysis – analysis of the
columns and rows audience’s mood or attitude, motivation,
interests and goals, needs and preconceived
ideas
3. Knowledge analysis – analysis of the
audience’s awareness of the information
If the answer to these questions is a NO, will you still continue to select the text information? Study the text
information below and its evaluation.
Purpose: You want to travel to La Union for Christmas vacation
Text:
Amended Advisory on Localized Entry Protocols in Baguio City while on Restricted Status
by the (Public Information Office - City of Baguio 2020)
Effective 29 October 2020
All inbound travelers shall register online at https://hdf.baguio.gov.ph/ and upload
documentary requirements as listed. (See attached advisory)
OFWs and those from abroad shall follow procedure on Baguio Residents Returning from
Travels Outside of the City (see Letter F Number 3 in the attached advisory).
Who are APOR:
https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=589457951677183&id=310218036267844
B. Locally Stranded Individuals going to their home cities/provinces; Baguio residents who will
be staying out of the city for more than a month shall get Travel Authority at the Baguio
Athletic Bowl (present barangay endorsement from Barangay and medical certificate - desk
at Baguio Athletic Bowl)
Restricted/Unrestricted Category:
https://www.facebook.com/306028116715984/posts/671573266828132/
FOR TOURISTS - register online at http://visita.baguio.gov.ph/
EVALUATION
Relevance Yes, point A talks about what Baguio residents, who will be
Is the material about the topic you are going out and coming back must do.
researching for?
Does the text have most, if not all, of
the information you need to answer
your questions?
Authority Yes, the article was written by what is considered as the
Is/are the author/s or writer/s the official information source directly from the Office of the
‘right’ people to talk about the topic? City Mayor, Public Information Office.
Who is the creator of the information
source, and what kind of expertise
and experience do they have?
Timeliness/Currency The article was published last October, about two months
When did the information come out? Is ago and no other new announcements was published since
there a later version? then.
Validity/Accuracy All information seems to be facts and no opinions are
Are the information facts or opinions? included in the text information.
Argument Not applicable because you are simply looking for
Are the arguments supported by information.
details and examples?
Coverage Text information include all the information you need to be
Does it have most, if not all, the able to travel to La Union for your Christmas vacation.
information you are looking for?
CONCLUSION: Text information meets all the criteria. It can be used as a reliable text
information.
Fifth dimension: Production of Creative Text-Based Presentation Using Design Principles and Elements
The heaviness of words and symbols in a text information may cause miscomprehension. Fortunately, there
are design principles and elements that one can follow in creating text information.
1. Contrast–there are three elements that need to be considered: size (font size vs. slide/page size);
color (font and slide/page) and type. According to Hidalgo and Mopera (2015), there must be
balance between these elements in order to emphasize important details and ideas.
2. Alignment – “no information should be randomly positioned”.
3. Repetition – this design principle serves as a reminder of important terms, ideas and concepts.
4. Proximity – this design principle deals with how the string of words and phrases are related to one
another.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Quarter 2, Week 5
Learning Competency with Code: Describe the different dimensions of visual and audio information and
media (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-3) Analyze how visual and audio information and media is produced formally and
informally (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-4)
Background Information:
Like text information, visual information and media have different dimensions. Visual information
“uses pictures and graphics to convey messages” (Mopera and Hidalgo 2015).
ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
a. Effective for illiterate receiver- Visual a. Costly- Visual information can be expensive
information provides knowledge to those who especially if there is a need to produce
cannot read and understand texts or words. sophisticated presentations.
b. Helps in oral communication- Ideas can be b. Complex presentation- Some visual
explained well with the presence of visual presentations might be limited and might not
information. be good enough.
c. Easy explanation- Visual information provides c. Incomplete method- Some visual
illustrations that can be easily understood information are not enough to convey
compared to plain text information. messages.
d. Simple presentation- Visual information can d. Wastage of time- The making of visual
be aided and be presented easier though the use information can take a lot of time, espcially if
of graphics, photos, and others the presentation is too grand and
e. Prevents wastage of time- As compared to sophisticated.
writing text information where the number of e. Difficult to Understand- If there are too
words are necessary, visual information saves many elements embedded in a presentation, it
more time. may be difficult to comprehend the visual
f. Helps in quick decision- Visual information can information.
help you generate quick decisions because of its f. Problem for general ideas- Not everyone is a
simple yet extensive content that can easily visual learner.
understood.
g. Popular - many people prefer it over text
because of it can be enticing as compared to text
information
Third Dimension: Visual Message Design
Visual message design pertains to how the messages or ideas should be transformed into visual
information that would surely suit the needs of your target audience.
The following are what you need to consider:
1. Culture – beliefs and traditions of the target audience should be taken into consideration in creating
visual information so that your material will be free from offensive details.
2. Educational ability – visual information materials aim to impart knowledge, so knowing the
intellectual capability of the target audience will help in how these materials are presented and how
complex and how much information the materials must contain.
3. Language and audience – the complexity of the vocabulary of the visual information as well as the
language used in these materials can become barriers in getting the message across to the target
audience.
Study the sample situation where visual information is evaluated using the criteria given a specific purpose.
Purpose: To confirm the information on Baguio City being a high-risk area
MP3 Player can store a sizeable amount of compressed audio files and it is more compact and more
portable than the portable cassette and compact discs (CD) players.
Photo source: (davidswidjaja 2020)
Podcast “is a form of internet audio broadcasting” (Hidalgo and Mopera 2015). Audio files are
downloadable and it can be accessed by subscriptions.
Photo source: (Hruts 2019)
Digital CDs -
information is read
and interpreted by
laser that is
converted into
sounc once played
by compatible device
Learning Competency with Code: Describe the different dimensions of motion and manipulative information
and media (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-3) Analyze how motion and manipulative information and media is produced
formally and informally (MIL11/12TIM-IVb-4)
Background Information:
Motion information can easily be found and accessed with the use of modern gadgets such
as smart phones, tablets, computers and laptops combined with the use of the new media. The
following are some of the possible sources of motion information.
1. Motion graphics blogs and resources–You can download motion information over the
internet through these recommended sites: Video Copilot, GreyScaleGorilla, AE Tuts, Video
Hive, AE Portal News and YouTube (STEM 12 2018).
2. Movie clips– These are parts taken or ‘clipped’ from bigger movies or motion information
materials to support a claim or to show an idea. Hidalgo and Mopera (2015), however, warned
movie clip users to be careful in choosing these clips because they may be misleading to the
viewers.
3. Short films – These are films that have one complete theme and idea, and usually run for
one to 15 minutes only.
4. Original videos – These are captured and or recorded actual events by anyone who has the
proper gadgets (mobile phone, camcorder and cameras among others).
DISADVANTAGES:
1. Misinterpretation–Some motion information may have deep and complex meanings that are
not so easily interpreted.
2. Cost – Motion information equipment and materials are expensive.
3. Unpredicted (technical) problems – It is inevitable to have some technical problems.
4. Time consuming – The creation of motion information may be very time-consuming.
5. Not interactive –There is no chance for the audience to directly interact (ask questions,
express opinions) with the material
IMPORTANCE:
1. Showcasing of complex ideas – videos, films and other motion visualizations are able to
present complex ideas; combination of and clear and proper of elements can help the viewers
grasp the idea presented in the material.
2. Assessment of one’s values–motion materials are known “to be strong media sources that
affect emotions”. For example, being able to watch poverty-stricken areas in a documentary
may trigger various emotions such as pity, gratefulness or may also
3. inspire viewers to re-assess what they may have or have not done to help.
4. Learners and culturally relevant events – motion materials can be powerful instructional tools to
update learners on the current community (local, national and or global) events.
5. Theoretical connections–motion materials are also powerful tools in helping learners
visualize theories being learned or introduced. For example, “Albert Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity is very comprehensive because of its relevance in studying the universe but by
enhancing [the lesson] with visual motion representations; […] learning can occur”.
Fourth Dimension: Organization, Production and Dissemination of Motion Information and Media
Catchy Can the motion information capture the attention of intended audience?
Concise Is the information shown in an orderly manner? Does the sequencing of events
show the important ideas the material wants viewers to understand?
Comprehensive Does the material show all possible aspects of the issue being discussed? For
example, if the topic is about teenage pregnancy, does the material show the socio-
economic, educational, psychological, physiological and moral aspects of the said topic?
Convincing Does the material able to sway your thinking?
Study the example below. You may watch the motion information using this link:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS-50Xm_xwk.
Print screen source: (Peterson 2020)
Purpose: To find evidence that piranhas are dangerous to humans
EVALUATION
Catchy Yes, the material is catchy because of the daring
Can the motion information capture the attention of act shown at the beginning of the
intended audience? video.
Concise Yes, the way information presented in the
Is the information shown in an orderly manner? material is organized and was able to discuss
Does the sequencing of events show the what viewers need to know about piranhas.
important ideas the material wants viewers to
understand?
Comprehensive No, because the motion information is an
Does the material show all possible aspects of the experimentation. It was not able to fully prove yet
issue being discussed? whether piranhas are as dangerous or not as
dangerous as they
were made out to be.
Convincing Yes, because it really showed how piranhas
Does the material able to sway your thinking? would behave if they come across a hand.
CONCLUSION: The motion information meets all criteria. It means that this motion
information may be one of the reliable and valid sources of information.
A. Elements of Film
1. Mise-en-scene – “put into scene”; all necessary elements that complete a scene must be
present and must have to be properly arranged: characters with costumes and make-up,
props, lighting, setting all must make sense.
2. Cinematography – manipulation of movie shots; necessary to put a dramatic vibe in the
video; three kinds – a) camera angles which refers to the perspectives used in shooting a
material; b) camera distances which refers to the distance of the camera to the object or
element being recorded; c) camera movement which refers to the manner of how camera
shots create motions by its movement.
3. Editing – act of combining separate film pieces together; follows a script which includes
effects that make scenes more meaningful.
4. Sound – important to add more emotions to scenes or to further explain a scenario; two
kinds – a) diegetic refers to the sound heard within the film world which includes
conversation of characters, horns of cars passing by, knocking on doors; b) non-diegetic
refers to the sound heard outside the film world which includes background or mood
music and narrator’s commentary.
ii. Documentary– can be done through: a) narration of events with footages and
pictures; or b) series of interviews, no narration, but with a storyline
iii. Video magazine–“less formal”; hosts narrate important points; with higher
entertainment value
D. Add appropriate elements–These refer to additional elements that would make the
information more credible. For example, if the motion material is a success story intended
to inspire young entrepreneurs, then a successful entrepreneur’s struggles into becoming
a success must be included in the material.
Storyboards are “graphic organizers represented by the use of frames, which show the
sequence of the video before its creation” (Hidalgo and Mopera 2015). This serves as the video
makers ‘map’ so that they know the correct order of scenes. Below is an example of a storyboard.
Manipulative information and media have several dimensions, like the previously discussed
types of information and media. Unlike the motion information and media discussed in Lesson 1,
this type has only five dimensions.
According to the video created by Angelinebdbaa138daa64c03 (2017), there are four types of
manipulative information:
1. Activism – These are practices that express strong support or opposition to controversial
issues. They also emphasize on direct vigorous action about the issue at hand and these may
“be done through public rallies, strikes, street marches, and even rants on social media”. For
example, it is a common knowledge how the Lesbian-Gay-Bisexual-Transgender (LGBT)
community used this type of manipulative information to fight for their rights. Another
example is how college students use this type to express their thoughts and feelings about
tuition fee hike.
2. Advertising – “It is the action of attracting public attention to something, especially through
paid announcements for products and services”. Hidalgo and Mopera (2015), gave another
definition of advertising or advertisement: it “is a notice, such as a poster or paid
announcement in print, broadcast or electronic media designed to attract public attention
(information) or patronage (selling)”.
There are many advertising techniques, which you probably learned when you
were in the lower years, but Hidalgo and Mopera (2015) only mentioned three of the most
common advertising techniques:
b. Scientific or statistical claim–numbers are used to sell the product or the service.
For example, when you hear the phrases “9 out of 10 women/men use product X”
or “doctors recommend”.
3. Hoaxing – Materials under this type are meant to deceive or defraud, but these have
successfully convinced people that these actually work. Scams are one of the most common
examples of such type.
Since the aim of manipulative information is to persuade its audience, materials under this
type of information and media may be characterized (adapted from Lungay 2017) as follows:
1. Media-flexible: It has to fit in more than one type of media so that it would reach more
people.
2. Quasi-credible: The materials have to have some truthfulness to them or at least they
need have the capability to be believed by the audience.
3. Charismatic: The materials have to appeal to more than one type of person.
Like the previous types of information and media, manipulative information may be evaluated
using the following criteria (adapted from Media and Information Literacy 2019).
Accessibility Effectivity of
Is the material technique used
accessible to people
with varied What technique was
used and how effective
capabilities and was it?
means?
Reflective of Appropriateness of
pluralistic nature of
the global society media used
Does the material Is the media where
the information
surpass any and all
appeared the most
demographic appropriate to use forstits
background of its Manipulative purpose?
audience? Information
Principle of Understanding Is the level of the topic within your area of experience?
Principle of Objectivity and Balance Are all facts presented?
Is the material free from biases?
Principle of Accuracy At the time of dissemination, are all the information true and
accurate?
Principle of Understanding Most likely, the answer to this is yes. There is a great
Is the level of the topic within your area of possibility that you have experienced dining in the
experience? said company.
Principle of Objectivity and Balance This principle may not be applicable to advertisements
Are all facts presented? because the goal of such materials is to convince its
Is the material free from biases? target audience. There may be facts that are not
presented, thereby showing certain biasness in the
materials.
Conclusion: This manipulative media has very great potential in attracting customers and
in swaying people’s minds and decisions.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Quarter 2, Week 7
Background Information:
Multimedia is defined by Marshall (2001)as “the field concerned with the computer-controlled
integration of text, graphics, drawings, still and moving images (video), animation, audio, and any
other media where every type of information can be represented, stored, transmitted and processed
digitally”. From this definition, it can probably be deduced that multimedia information refers to the
information that is produced and disseminated through and using multimedia. It is very apparent that,
today, this type of information and media are the most common and the most utilized in most aspects of a
person’s life.
It is undeniable that multimedia information is as much a part of life as the basic needs are.
Because of this, you are aware that it has its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of using multimedia (Oxillo 2017) and (Rebolledo 2018)
1. “It targets multiple senses (sight, hearing, etc.)”.
2. “It can be interactive”.
3. “It can cater to a wide audience”.
4. “It enhances the effect of text presentations”.
5. “It can retain the attention of its audience”.
6. It can be used in various settings (education and or entertainment, among others).
7. “It can be modified easily”.
Concretizing
Online games Robotics COVID-19, vaccines
theories
Since the definition of multimedia information can be presumed that it is the combination of all
the types of information and media discussed earlier. It can also then be supposed that the criteria for
evaluating a material under the multimedia information and media are the combination of two or five
types of information and media’s set of criteria, whichever is applicable to the material at hand.
For example, if the multimedia information material is the combination of visual, textual and
manipulative information, then the criteria to be used will also be the combination of the three sets of
criteria, except when a criterion is repeated.
MEDIA AND INFORMATION LITERACY
Quarter 2, Week 8
Background Information:
1. Text
On the next page is an analysis of the material given so that you will be able to
see how the elements successfully came together to form the material.
1. Text
Contrast
Color: dirty white background, black letters
Size: title bigger than the rest of the text
Alignment
For runners who know the road by heart is obviously the title so it is placed in the center
of the text information part; indentions (even if the groups of words are not exactly
paragraphs) are intentional to direct the attention of the readers to the idea they want to
emphasize.
Repetition
Since the shoes are designed for women, you will notice that the word 'woman' has
been repeated a few times. Aside from this word, the company name has also been
repeated to probably commit to the reader's memory the name.
Proximity
Notice how the second 'paragraph' was constructed. The beginning of the paragraph is
not a sentence but the following sentence does pertain to the beginning of the
paragraph.
2. Visual
For the visual element of the material, notice the presence of the
elements (point; lines; shapes; value; texture, except color), even if the visual is a
photograph.
How were the design principles shown in the picture?
Balance is manifested by the
location of these two
elements. One element is
located at the upper left
corner while the other one
found at the bottom right
corner, creating a balance
between the identified
elements. You will also notice
that there is a shot of the sky,
which balances out the image
of the road. The trees on the
other hand, is between the
lake and the road, ensuring
that there is still balance.
Photo
Unity source:
is shown (Althepal
because 2008)of the shows being a woman’s shoes for running and being able to reach f
the concept
was shown by all the elements in the photo.
Variety is quite obvious in the picture as you can see that there are various elements at play: trees, road, woma
lake and, of course, the shoes.
NOTE: All elements and design must NOT be randomly placed in the
material if it has no significance. All elements and design must make sure that the
message is clear and loud just by merely looking at the picture.
3. Manipulative