Differentiating Art History from Art Appreciation

Duration: 1 hour

Objective: By the end of this lesson, students will be able to distinguish between art history and art
appreciation, comprehending their distinct focuses and significance in the study of art.

 Role of art in society and daily life.

Art has a significant impact on society and daily life by serving as a means of expression, communication,
reflection, and cultural preservation. It influences our emotions, perceptions, and understanding of the world
around us. Art offers the following roles:

Expression and Communication - Art serves as a medium for people and groups to creatively express
thoughts, emotions, and concepts that might be challenging to convey through conventional communication
methods. (e.g. catharsis and healing)

Cultural Reflection - Art mirrors the culture and society it comes from, showing their values, beliefs, and
traditions. It holds the core of their identity and history, safeguarding it for the coming generations.

Social Commentary - Art often comments on social and political matters, discussing key issues like equality,
justice, and human rights. It raises awareness and prompts conversations about these important topics.
(example: political caricatures)

Emotional Impact - Art possesses the ability to stir intense emotions and forge profound connections,
sparking feelings of happiness, sadness, empathy, and inspiration, thereby enriching our emotional encounters.
(e.g., Digital Arts)

Historical Documentation: Art acts as a historical record, depicting events, individuals, and epochs in ways
that words alone can't. Artworks spanning various periods provide valuable glimpses into history.

 Art history and art appreciation.

Comparison of Art History and Art Appreciation

 Perspective: Art history offers an objective, research-based analysis, while art appreciation is more
subjective, focusing on personal responses.
 Approach: Art history aims to contextualize artworks within historical narratives, whereas art
appreciation encourages viewers to find personal meaning.
 Outcome: Art history provides historical and cultural knowledge, while art appreciation nurtures
emotional connections and enriches personal experiences.
 Audience: Art history is of interest to historians, scholars, and those seeking a comprehensive
understanding of art's evolution. Art appreciation is for anyone looking to connect with art
emotionally and aesthetically.

Think of art history as a way to learn about art using facts and research. It's like solving a puzzle to understand
what art means and how it fits into history. Art appreciation is more about how art makes you feel and what
you personally like about it.
Art history helps us learn about history and cultures from the past through art. Art appreciation helps us feel
happy, sad, or excited when we look at art and makes it special for each person.

Art history is for people who really want to study art in a big way. Art appreciation is for everyone who wants
to enjoy and feel a connection to art.

Summary:

When we put art history and art appreciation together, we get a complete way of understanding and liking art.
Art history helps us understand when and why the art was made, and art appreciation helps us feel happy when
we look at the art.

Think of it like wearing special glasses. One pair helps us learn the story of the art, and the other pair helps us
feel connected to it. When we use both pairs of glasses, we can see and enjoy art in a super cool way. It's like a
puzzle where all the pieces fit together, and we learn a lot about how important art is in our world.

Part 1: Understanding Art History Definition and Purpose:

 Art history as the academic discipline that examines artworks within their historical, cultural, and
societal contexts.

Art history is like being a detective for art. Imagine you have a favorite painting or sculpture, and you want to
learn everything about it. Art historians are the detectives who study these artworks. They look at when and
where the art was made and try to understand what was happening in the world at that time.

For example, think about the famous painting "Starry Night" by Vincent van Gogh. Art historians would
explore when and where van Gogh created this masterpiece. They might find out that he painted it while he
was in a hospital. They would also look at the style and colors he used and how they relate to his emotions and
the world around him.

By doing all this, art historians help us understand not only the art itself but also the history, culture, and
society of the time it was created. So, art history is like a time machine that takes us back in history through the
lens of art.

 Art historians analyze artworks to understand their evolution, styles, and the impact of artists.

Here's what art historians do:

 Evolution: They watch how art transforms over the years, like from simple shapes to more detailed
designs. It's like seeing how technology changes from old gadgets to new ones.
 Styles: Just like you can tell if a drawing is realistic or cartoonish, art historians can spot different
"looks" in art, called styles. They see how artists use colors, shapes, and techniques to create their
unique styles.
 Impact: Artists are like rock stars of their time! Art historians figure out how these artists influenced
others and the world around them. It's like studying how a famous singer's music affects everyone
who listens.

In simple words: Art historians look at art to understand how it changes, how it looks different from one
another, and how artists are like superheroes, leaving their mark on history. Just like you enjoy watching how
your favorite movie characters grow and change, art historians enjoy watching how art grows and changes too.

Key Points:

 Importance of historical context in interpreting artworks accurately.

Why Historical Context Matters:

 Meaningful Messages: Artists often use their art to say something about the world around them.
Historical context helps us catch these messages. For example, a painting of a war might have a
different meaning during times of peace than during times of conflict.
 Understanding Symbols: Art is full of symbols, like secret codes. But these symbols might change
meaning over time. Knowing the historical context helps us "decode" these symbols correctly.
 Cultural Influence: Different cultures have different beliefs and values. Historical context helps us
see how an artwork fits into its culture, so we don't misunderstand or misinterpret it.
 Artist's Intent: Artists create for a reason. Historical context helps us understand what was on the
artist's mind when they were creating. It's like knowing the story behind a song makes the lyrics even
more meaningful.

 How art historians research and analyze to gain insights into artists' intentions and societal influences.

Art historians research and analyze artworks to uncover insights into artists' intentions and societal influences
through a multifaceted approach:

Comparative Study: Artworks are compared with others by the same artist or from the same period to
identify common themes and influences.
Biographical Insight: Learning about the artist's life, experiences, and interactions sheds light on motivations
and inspirations.
Iconography Study: Symbols and imagery are analyzed to decode potential meanings and cultural references
within the artwork.

Activity: Art History Analysis (10 minutes)

 Artwork from a specific period or movement.

 Renaissance (1400-1600) - Rebirth | a period of time in European history when a lot of new ideas in
science, technology, art, and philosophy were explored or discovered (e.g. Scientific discoveries led to
major shifts in thinking: Galileo and Descartes presented a new view of astronomy and mathematics,
while Copernicus proposed that the Sun, not the Earth, was the center of the solar system.)
 Mona Lisa by Leonardo Da Vinci (Also known as Portrait of Lisa Gherardini

Who is Leonardo Da Vinci

Leonardo da Vinci lived during the late 15th Century and early 16th Century in and around Italy. He was a
painter, a scientist, an inventor, and an engineer. He is considered by historians to be a natural genius. Today
he is best remembered for his art, especially the "Mona Lisa" and the "Last Supper"

Assumptions:
Identify of the Subject – Commissioned Portrait vs. Womanized Self-Portrait vs.
Leonarado’s Mother vs. Secret Lover vs. Prostitute
In 2005, manuscript from Vespucci, a friend of Leonardo stating that Leonardo was doing a
commissioned painting Isa Del Giocondo

Mysterious Smile
Beauty Standard During the Renaissance
Symbolism
Possible Self-Portrait
Scientific Study

Creation of Adam by Michael Angelo Buonarroti

Who is Michael Angelo Buonarroti

Michelangelo's work is characterized by his exceptional ability to capture the human form with a sense of
naturalism, emotional depth, and intense anatomical accuracy. He had a profound impact on the
Renaissance movement, which sought to revive and celebrate classical art and culture.

Facts:

 One of the painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican

  Part of a series of scenes from the Book of Genesis

Key Themes:
 Divine creation and human connection | Biblical narrative of God giving life to Adam. Outstretched
arms and fingers of God and Adam symbolize the transfer of divine energy. Human life is a gift from
God
 Adam’s Passive Role | Adam’s relaxed posture and passive image waiting to receive the divine life
 Yearning for connection | God’ and Adam’s fingertips is the point of composition. Representing the
gap between divine and human.

School of Athens by Raffaello Sanzio

Who is Raffaello Sanzio?

Raphael's works are known for their balance, harmony, and serene beauty. He is often mentioned alongside
Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo as one of the three master artists of the High Renaissance.

 Depicts a grand hall with a gathering of some of the greatest philosophers, scientists, mathematicians,
and thinkers from ancient Greece and beyond.
 Celebration of Philosophy and Knowledge | celebration of human knowledge and the pursuit of
wisdom.
 Plato and Aristotle | Idealism (Plato) points upward to the realm of ideals and forms and Empiricism
(Aristotle) gestures downward, emphasizing the importance of observation and the physical world
 Depiction of Raphael and his friends | Some historians believe that Raphael included portraits of
himself and other artists blending contemporary figures with historical ones.

The Birth of Venus by Sandro Botticelli

Who is Sandro Botticelli?

He is best known for his exquisite and highly symbolic works that capture the spirit of the Florentine
Renaissance. Botticelli's art is characterized by its graceful figures, intricate details, and allegorical themes.

 Celebration of Beauty and Love | depicting graceful and elegant pose, along with her soft features,
embodies the ideals of physical beauty and attractiveness that were valued during the Renaissance.
 The painting can be seen as a reflection of Neoplatonic (The one, ideas, world) ideas of spiritual and
physical love, as well as the concept of beauty as a path to the divine.
 The seashell and the ocean waves are symbols of birth, renewal, and the cyclical nature of life. The
rebirth of Venus from the sea can be seen as a metaphor for the renewal of beauty, love, and life itself.
 Nudity and Sensuality | The painting depicts the goddess Venus emerging from the sea, standing nude
on a shell. This depiction of a nude female figure in a prominent artwork was somewhat controversial
at the time, as it challenged prevailing notions of modesty and was seen as sensual and daring. It
reflects a departure from the more religious and conservative themes of earlier Renaissance art.

 Baroque (1600-1750)
What is the meaning of Baroque?
The term Baroque comes from the Portuguese and Spanish words for a large, irregularly shaped pearl
("barroco" and "barrueco," respectively)
The Baroque style is characterized by grotesqueness (strange, mysterious, ugly, unpleasant, or disgusting),
extravagance (excessive), complexity, or flamboyance
 Caravaggio's "The Calling of Saint Matthew"

The message of the painting can be inferred as a representation of the moment when Matthew is called to a
higher purpose, leaving behind his life as a tax collector to follow Jesus. The painting captures the instant
when Jesus, with a simple gesture of his outstretched hand, beckons Saint Matthew to follow him and become
one of his disciples. Saint Matthew's response to this divine call is one of surprise and contemplation as he
hesitates, torn between his worldly occupation and the spiritual path offered by Jesus.
Caravaggio's "Judith Slaying Holofernes"

The painting shows Judith, a beautiful widow, beheading Holofernes, an Assyrian general who had invaded
her home city of Bethulia. The painting is characterized by the use of light and shadow, with the focus on the
blood that spurts from Holofernes' neck. The painting has been the subject of many interpretations, with some
seeing it as a commentary on the power of women and others as a representation of the violence of war

The story of Judith and Holofernes is a biblical story that has been depicted in many paintings and sculptures
throughout art history. Here is a summarized version of the story based on the search results: Holofernes was
an Assyrian general who invaded Israel, namely Bethulia, the city where Judith lived. Judith was a beautiful
widow who lived in Bethulia. Frustrated by the lack of faith in God shown by Bethulia’s leaders, Judith
concocts a plan of her own. Judith charms and befriends Holofernes and is allowed into his tent because of his
desire for her. After he gets drunk and passes out, Judith beheads Holofernes. Judith carries Holofernes' head
away in a basket back to Bethulia to prove to her neighbors that their troubles are over. The death of
Holofernes gives the Israelites faith, and they rout the Assyrian forces, securing victory for Israel. The story of
 Judith and Holofernes has been interpreted in many ways, with some seeing it as a commentary on the power
of women and others as a representation of the violence of war.

Peter Paul Rubens' The Descent from the Cross

Peter Paul Rubens' "The Descent from the Cross" is a painting that depicts the moment when the body of Jesus
Christ is taken down from the cross after his crucifixion. The painting is considered to be one of Rubens'
masterpieces and is still in its original place, the Cathedral of Our Lady, Antwerp, Belgium.

.
 Diego Velazquez's Las Meninas

Scholars have different interpretations of what Velázquez is painting on the large canvas. The most common
seems to be that he is painting the King and Queen. Under this interpretation, we (the viewer) see the room
from the perspective of the King and Queen as if we are being painted by the man himself. The other common
interpretation is that the King and Queen are standing to the side, and Velazquez is painting what we see as Las
Meninas
  Classical (1750-1827)

The art of the period is characterized by grace, beauty of line, clarity of form, and balance of structure

Psyche and Cupid

The sculpture of Psyche and Cupid, also known as "Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss," depicts the moment
when Cupid awakens Psyche with a kiss after she has been brought back to life. The sculpture represents the
overcoming of obstacles to the love between Psyche and Cupid, and their last union in marriage

The story of Cupid and Psyche is about overcoming the challenges and obstacles that a human must undergo to
achieve happiness and immortality

The sculpture also symbolizes the power of true love and the inseparable union between love (Cupid) and the
soul (Psyche)
 The Death of Marat by Jacques-Louis David

Jacques-Louis David's painting "The Death of Marat" depicts the French revolutionary leader Jean-Paul Marat
in a bathtub, where he was assassinated by Charlotte Corday. While the painting does not depict the act of
assassination itself, it captures the aftermath of the murder. Marat is shown slumped over in the bathtub,
lifeless, with a letter in his hand and a quill on the floor.
 The Oath of the Horatii by Jacques-Louis David

The painting stresses the importance of patriotism and self-sacrifice for one’s country and family
 The Third of May 1808 by Francisco Goya

The painting depicts a massacre that took place in Madrid on the 3rd of May in 1808, by French soldiers who
executed hundreds of Spaniard rebels who revolted against the French invasion

The painting was intended to arouse anger and hatred on the part of Spanish viewers
  Romantic (1827-1900)
The Romantic period was characterized by a greater freedom of form and design, a more powerful and
spontaneous expression of emotion and feelings, and greater contrasts of loud and soft in music. Romanticism
was not just about the emotion of love, but it could also be about hate or death (positive or negative feelings).

The Raft of the Medusa by Théodore Géricault

The painting portrays the survivors of the wreck who were abandoned on a hastily made raft. He spoke with
two survivors and built a precise size replica of the raft.
The painting is a powerful representation of human suffering and horror.
Saturn Devouring His Son by Francisco Goya
The painting is a reference to the Roman myth, in which Terra (Gaea) foretold that one of the sons of Saturn
would overthrow him, just as he had overthrown his father, Caelus (Uranus)

. The painting may be about God's wrath, the conflict between old age and youth, or Saturn as Time devouring
all things. The painting is a representation of the darker side of human nature and the destructive power of the
gods. The painting is a criticism of individuals becoming grouped together and taking on an inhuman quality.
The Kiss by Francesco Hayez
The painting is a representation of the union of French and Italy during the Risorgimento. The painting is a
representation of a couple of lovers who say goodbye, maybe for the last time, and describes all the hopes that
grew during the Italian Risorgimento (19th-century movement for Italian unification).

The Death of Sardanapalus by Eugène Delacroix

Depicts the ancient tale of the Assyrian king Sardanapalus.

Sardanapalus was the last king of Assyria, who according to legend, exceeded all his predecessors in his
sybaritic way of life. He decided to take matters into his own hands after learning that his city was under attack
by a rebellious enemy group. Instead of facing a humiliating defeat, Sardanapalus decided he himself would
destroy his prized possessions. His concubines, including his favorite Myrrha, his horses, and his slaves would
all be burned and destroyed.

 Modern (1900-1970)
The modern period has been a period of significant development in the fields of science, politics, warfare, and
technology. It has also been an age of discovery and globalization.
 Nude Woman by Pablo Picasso

The painting is a sensual portrait of Picasso's lover Marie-Thérèse Walter, painted in 1932 at the artist's
Normandy estate. The painting depicts a woman sitting in a red armchair, with her back arched and her legs
spread apart, in a pose that suggests both relaxation and eroticism.

Le Bonheur de Vivre (The Joy of Life) by Henri Matisse

Overall, "Le Bonheur de Vivre" is a painting that celebrates life, love, and pleasure, and its meaning can be
interpreted in different ways depending on the viewer's perspective.

Open Window, Collioure by Henri Matisse

The painting is a representation of the view from the window of the hotel's room in Collioure in which the
artist stayed. It is a small painting with sizes 55.3 x 46 cm, but it captures the essence of the Mediterranean
landscape

Dance Hall Bellevue by Ernst Ludwig Kirchner

The painting is a representation of Kirchner's interest in dancers for their freedom and athleticism, making this
dance hall the perfect subject for his art.
  Contemporary (1950-)

Woman III by Willem de Kooning

The painting is a reflection of de Kooning's interest in the female form and his exploration of the boundaries
between figuration and abstraction.
 Autumn Rhythm by Jackson Pollock

The painting is a representation of Pollock's new approach to paint handling, which involved pouring,
dripping, dribbling, scumbling, flicking, and splattering the pigment onto the canvas in unorthodox ways.
Untitled by Jean-Michel Basquiat

(Make you own interpretation)

 Door 84 by Dorothea Tanning
The painting is a representation of the subconscious mind, with the door symbolizing a portal to the
unconscious. The open door represents choice and possibility, while the closed door represents fear and desire

 Guide students in discussing the possible historical influences, societal factors, and artistic styles
reflected in the artwork.

Renaissance Art: The art of the Renaissance was influenced by humanism, the rediscovery of classical art and
literature, and the rise of wealthy patrons. These artworks include paintings, sculptures, and architecture that
depict human figures, perspective, and realism.

Baroque Art: The art of the Baroque period was influenced by the Counter-Reformation, the absolutist
monarchies, and the scientific revolution
. These artworks include paintings, sculptures, and architecture that depict dramatic scenes, intense emotions,
and ornate decoration.

Romantic Art: The art of the Romantic period was influenced by the Industrial Revolution, the rise of
nationalism, and the interest in nature and the supernatural. These artworks include paintings, literature, and
music that depict emotion, imagination, and the sublime.

Modern Art: The art of the modern period was influenced by the World Wars, the rise of mass media, and the
questioning of traditional values. These artworks include paintings, sculptures, installations, and performance
art that depict abstraction, expression, and experimentation.

Contemporary Art: The art of the contemporary period is influenced by globalization, technology, and the
diversity of cultures and identities. These artworks include paintings, sculptures, installations, and digital
media that depict social and political issues, identity, and the environment.

Part 2: Grasping Art Appreciation (15 minutes)

Definition and Purpose:

 Define art appreciation as the process of interpreting and responding to artworks emotionally and
personally.

Art appreciation is indeed the process of interpreting and responding to artworks emotionally and
personally. It involves engaging with art on a deeper level, moving beyond just visual observation to connect
with the artwork's meanings, messages, and aesthetic qualities.

Here's a breakdown of the key components of art appreciation:

 Interpretation
 Emotional Response
 Personal Connection
 Aesthetic Experience
 Cultural and Historical Context
 Subjective Nature
 Critical Thinking
 Meaning Making

 Emphasize that art appreciation focuses on individual reactions and aesthetic experiences.
The emphasis in art appreciation often centers around the individual reactions and aesthetic experience of
the viewer. This approach recognizes that art is a subjective experience, and each person brings their unique
perspective, emotions, and background to the interpretation of a work of art.

Key Points:

 Discuss how art appreciation allows individuals to form personal connections with artworks.
Art appreciation enables individuals to form personal connections with artworks by fostering emotional
engagement and subjective interpretation. This process allows viewers to develop a deeper understanding of
the artwork's significance, symbolism, and meaning based on their own experiences, perspectives, and
emotions. Through art appreciation, people can connect with art on a more intimate and personal level, making
the viewing experience more enriching and fulfilling.

 Highlight the subjective nature of art appreciation, where interpretations can vary widely.

Art appreciation is personal and can be seen differently by different people. This happens because art connects
emotionally, culturally, and personally. People have their own backgrounds and experiences, making
interpretations diverse. Artworks can evoke many different feelings and meanings. According to Smith
(2017), appreciating art involves feeling and connecting personally. Art's subjectivity is clear when people see
different things in symbols or themes. People's cultures, lives, and biases affect how they understand and enjoy
art. The subjective nature of art shows that it can mean different things to different people.

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