4 Literature

3 Different types of Literature

Poetry - a genre in literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke emotion and
convey meaning.

A poem is a piece of literature that makes use of rhythmic qualities of language, such as phonesthetics,
sound symbolism, and meter to convey meaning. Phonesthetics examines the aesthetic appeal of the
sounds of certain words or parts of words. Sound symbolism refers to the non-arbitrary relationship
between the sounds of speech and their meaning. A meter is the fundamental rhythmic structure of a
poem or lines of poetry.
A poem's meter, rhythm, and its focus on the sounds of syllables, words, and phrases distinguish it from
other types of literature. The purpose of poetry is to convey meaning through imagery and metaphors
rather than to provide complete, grammatically accurate sentences. Depending on the style of the poem,
poems can range in length from a few lines to several pages. There may be one author or several poets
who contribute to a book of poems. Here are a few subgenres of poetry:

 Epic: Epics are long-verse narratives retelling the heroic journey of an individual or a group of
individuals. An epic typically features superhuman feats, extraordinary adventures, highly
stylized language, and a combination of lyrical and dramatic elements.

i.e. Odyssey
Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns driven time and again off course, once he had
plundered the hallowed heights of Troy. Many cities of men he saw and learned their minds, many pains
he suffered, heartsick on the open sea, fighting to save his life and bring his comrades home."

 Narrative: A narrative poem tells a story through poetic techniques, such as rhyme, rhythm,
similes, and metaphors. Narrative poems are longer than other forms of poetry and contain a
complete story similar to a novel.

Ie. The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”
 Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;
And each separate dying ember writhed upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
Nameless here for evermore

 Lyric: Lyric poems are short, highly musical verses that express powerful emotions. A lyric
poem is a personal expression of emotion written by a single individual.

i.e. She walks in beauty by Lord Byron

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that’s best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes;

Thus mellowed to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

One shade the more, one ray the less,

Had half impaired the nameless grace

Which waves in every raven tress,

Or softly lightens o’er her face;

Where thoughts serenely sweet express,

How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

 And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,

So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,

The smiles that win, the tints that glow,

But tell of days in goodness spent,

A mind at peace with all below,

A heart whose love is innocent!

 Dramatic: Dramatic poetry is poetry that's written in verse for public recitation or
performance. The purpose of dramatic poetry is often to express one's thoughts aloud to another
actor, oneself, or an audience.

i.e.
Juliet:
O, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon
That monthly changes in her circled orb,
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.
Do not swear at all;
Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious of self,
Which is the god of my idolatry,
And I’ll believe thee.

Romeo:
O speak again bright angel, for thou art
As glorious to this night, being o’er my head,
As is a winged messenger of heaven
Unto the white-upturned wondering eyes
Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him
When he bestrides the lazy-puffing clouds
And sails upon the bosom of the air.

Romeo:
O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear’:
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!
So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,
As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows.
The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand,
And, touching hers, make happy my rude hand.
Did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight!
For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.

Juliet:
Sweet, good night!
This bud of love, by summer’s ripening breath,
May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet.
Good night, good night! as sweet repose and rest
Come to thy heart, as that within my breast!

Fiction - stories that come from the writer's imagination, as opposed to being based strictly on fact or a
true story.

There are several purposes for fiction, including entertaining, inspiring, informing, and persuading the
audience. Fiction writers create stories using their imagination. Fiction writers use figurative language to
create stories of completely untrue events, characters, and settings to stimulate the imaginations of their
readers. Fictional literature includes a variety of subgenres, such as mystery, romance, or mythology. An
author may choose to write in a single genre or mix several subgenres into their story. As an example, a
writer may combine mystery genre elements with fantasy genre elements. The following are some
subgenres of fiction:

 Mystery: Mystery novels provide readers with plots that explore mysteries from beginning to
end. One of the main characters in a mystery is typically a detective or a private investigator
who solves the mystery with the reader.
 Historical fiction: Historical fiction uses real-life events to support its plots and key details. A
work of historical fiction engages readers by retelling a historical event in creative ways that
alter minor details, such as characters' names or the setting.
 Realism: Literary realism depicts familiar objects, people, and places without dramatizing or
romanticizing the story. Literary realism emphasizes realistic characters and settings, detailed
descriptions of everyday occurrences, and depictions of social classes.
 Magical realism: Magical realism is a genre of literature that depicts reality with a sense of
fantasy or magic. A magic realism story is a variation of realism fiction.
 Fantasy: Mythology and ancient folklore are some sources of inspiration for fantasy novels.
Fantasy novels usually depict imaginary settings, beings, and universes that are nonexistent in
the real world.
 Romance: Love stories are the dominant theme of romance novels. Although romance is also a
prominent element of other forms of fiction, romance novels emphasize the development of a
romantic relationship.
 Science fiction: There are several themes that are characteristic of science fiction, including
space exploration, futuristic species, and time travel. Most of the stories revolve around
scientific concepts, such as physics, astronomy, anthropology, chemistry, and astrophysics.
 Dystopian: A dystopian story envisions a world that's in a state of cataclysmic decline. A
dystopian fiction can depict societies with perpetual wars, social and economic class
divisions, mass poverty, environmental destruction, anarchy, and loss of individuality.
  Horror: The primary goal of horror fiction is to shock and frighten readers. A horror story
involves characters, settings, and plots that create suspense and tension for the reader.
 Fable: Fables typically teach a moral lesson to the reader or illustrate a moral dilemma that
the protagonist overcomes. An author may use inanimate objects or animals as protagonists who
act like humans to resolve conflict in a manner that demonstrates character development.
 Mythology: The mythological genre reveals elements of human behaviour through the use of
symbols. Mythology includes themes such as gods, goddesses, and cultural phenomena.

Nonfiction - works that are based on real people, events, and other topics and focus on information and
facts.

Nonfiction writing aims to inform or inspire the audience by using actual events, people, places, or facts.
Students can gain a deeper understanding of fiction texts through nonfiction texts, such as textbooks and
essays. Before writing a nonfiction piece, nonfiction authors typically conduct extensive research. Here
are a few of the subgenres of nonfiction literature:

 Autobiography: An autobiography is a personal narrative of one's life. Autobiographies may

serve a variety of purposes, such as helping the author overcome a difficult situation, assisting
people in overcoming similar challenges, or simply conveying stories.
 Biography: A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. Many
biographies feature notable individuals, such as celebrities, athletes, business leaders, and
politicians.
 Essay: An essay is a short piece of writing in which the author elaborates on an idea or topic
after conducting thorough research. An essay may aim to engage its readers, influence their
thinking, get them involved in its ideas, or persuade them to adopt the same point of view.

Drama - a genre of literature that is written to be performed on stage or screen.

Dramas are representations of fiction that involve dialogue and performance. Dramatic literature
includes epic poetry, lyric poetry, and novels. The performance of a dramatic piece of literature may
occur on stage in front of a live audience or through radio, film, and television. There are many sources of
inspiration for drama pieces, including novels, short stories, poems, and real-life events. A drama contains
dialogue, and the actors portray the characters through their impersonations. A dramatic piece of literature
contains acts or scenes that rely on props or imaginative dialogue to create a visual experience. The
following are drama subgenres:
 Tragedy: Tragedies focus on hardships that can cause emotional distress to the protagonists
of the story. Tragedies contain details that illustrate the challenges that the protagonist
experiences.
 Comedy: A comedy is a type of drama with a humorous tone that depicts amusing events in
which the characters ultimately prevail. A comedy features a lighthearted tone, clever wordplay,
turns of phrase, and humorous discussions of serious topics.
  Musical: A musical can be an original work or an adaptation of a longer literary work. Musical
dramas tell a story through music and include direct expressions of themes through song.
 Melodrama: Melodramas are pieces of dramatic literature that depict serious stories. A
melodrama may contain heroes, heroines, villains, and mentors with flaws who overcome their
limitations to achieve success.

Prose - written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.

The prose is a literary genre with no formal metrical structure. Instead of relying on rhythmic
structure, as in traditional poetry, it relies on a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure.
It involves clear, concise paragraphs that may be fiction or nonfiction. When writing prose, writers divide
the text into paragraphs and use regular grammar that can be serious or humorous.

Topic 2

Identify and differentiate the various elements and types of literature

Identify and differentiate the various elements of literature

Watch the story Greek Mythology of Eros and Psyche thru this link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=Z5QSwZAOtcI
;and read the story of Medusa and Athena on this link: https://www.dltk-kids.com/world/greece/m-
story-medusa-and-athena.htm

And identify the various elements of literature.

Printed or written:

Please choose your own pair

Make sure to read the assigned tasks for a smoother discussion next week during our face to face.

Part 1: Identify the various elements of literature

Part 2: Eros and Psyche

Plot: The plot centers around the love story of Eros, the god of love, and Psyche, a mortal
princess. Psyche faces trials and tribulations due to the jealousy of the goddess Aphrodite, who
sets her on a perilous journey to prove her love for Eros. The narrative follows Psyche's
challenges, her reunion with Eros, and their ultimate union.
Characters:
 Eros: The god of love, often depicted as a winged deity with a bow and arrow.
 Psyche: A mortal princess renowned for her beauty, who becomes the object of Eros'
love.
 Aphrodite: The goddess of love and beauty, who becomes jealous of Psyche's beauty and
plots against her.
 Zephyr: The West Wind, who aids Psyche in her journey.
 Pan: The god of the wild, who offers guidance to Psyche.
 Zeus: The king of the gods, who plays a role in the resolution of the story.
Setting: The story unfolds in a mythical world, featuring both mortal and divine realms. Key
events take place in Psyche's palace, the underworld, and the heavenly abode of the gods.
Point of View: The story is typically narrated from a third-person perspective, providing insights
into the thoughts and feelings of various characters, especially Psyche and Eros.
Theme: Themes include the transformative power of love, the challenges and trials faced in
relationships, the consequences of jealousy, and the idea of proving one's love through
overcoming obstacles.
Style: The style is mythical and romantic, characterized by vivid descriptions of the characters
and settings. The narrative incorporates elements of fantasy, adventure, and romance.
Conflict: The central conflict emerges from Aphrodite's jealousy, leading to Psyche's journey to
prove her love for Eros. Psyche faces various challenges imposed by the goddess, testing the
strength of her love. The conflict resolves with Psyche's reunion with Eros and the intervention
of Zeus.
Symbolism:
 Eros' arrows symbolize the unpredictable and sometimes uncontrollable nature of love.
 Psyche's trials symbolize the challenges faced in relationships and the transformative
nature of love.
 The forbidden look at Eros' true form symbolizes trust and the consequences of breaking
it.
 The gifts from nature (ants and reeds) symbolize the assistance Psyche receives on her
journey.
Perspective: The narrative primarily follows Psyche's perspective, emphasizing her emotional
journey and growth. However, it also provides glimpses into the motivations and actions of other
key characters, contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the story's unfolding events.

Part 3 Medusa and Athena

Title: Athena's Grace

Once, in the golden age of gods and mortals, there lived a priestess named Medusa in the sacred
city of Athens. Renowned for her unparalleled beauty, Medusa devoted her days to serving in the
grand temple of the wise goddess Athena.
Athena, the goddess of wisdom and warfare, watched over Athens with a benevolent eye. Her
city flourished under the shade of olive trees, a symbol of peace bestowed upon them by the
goddess herself. Yet, within the sanctuary of her temple, a storm brewed, for beauty can be a
double-edged sword.
Poseidon, the mighty god of the sea, harbored desires for the radiant Medusa. One fateful day, as
storm clouds gathered in the heavens, Poseidon descended upon the sacred temple. Whether by
the force of his divine will or the allure of Medusa's beauty, the goddess's sanctuary became a
witness to forbidden love.
Athena, all-knowing and just, discovered the transgression. Fury, like lightning, flashed in her
gray eyes. In her divine wrath, Athena punished not only Poseidon but also the mortal Medusa.
She cursed the once-lustrous locks of Medusa, turning them into writhing serpents, and bestowed
upon her a gaze that turned all who met her eyes into stone.
Cast out from the embrace of her fellow mortals, Medusa found herself transformed into a
monster. Alongside her sisters, Stheno and Euryale, she sought refuge on a desolate island, far
from the world that had once admired her.
In the shadows of exile, Medusa's once melodious voice was silenced by the hissing of her
serpent hair. Athena, however, in her infinite wisdom, observed the suffering of the banished
priestess. Though her love for Medusa had turned to sorrow and regret, the goddess could not
undo her own divine decree.
As the years passed, whispers of a hero named Perseus reached the isolated island. Born of a
union between Zeus and a mortal, Perseus was destined to face the monstrous Gorgon and claim
her head. Athena, feeling a pang of sympathy for the creature she had cursed, decided to aid
Perseus on his quest.
Guided by the wisdom of Athena and armed with a mirrored shield to avoid Medusa's gaze,
Perseus ventured into the lair of the Gorgon sisters. The confrontation was inevitable, and as
Medusa slept, Perseus, with a mixture of sorrow and determination, struck her head from her
shoulders.
From the blood that spilled upon the rocky ground, two creatures emerged. Pegasus, the winged
horse, soared into the heavens, while Chrysaor, a giant with a golden sword, stood tall. Medusa's
lifeless body crumbled into stone, and her curse was lifted.
Athena, witnessing the tragic end of Medusa, felt a heavy weight upon her immortal heart. She
took Pegasus under her divine wing, a symbol of redemption and mercy for the fallen priestess.
The tale of Medusa, Athena, and the hero Perseus echoed through the ages—a reminder of the
complexities of divine wrath, mortal beauty, and the enduring grace of a goddess who, despite
the severity of her judgment, sought to bring solace to the one she had condemned.

Plot: The plot revolves around the forbidden love between Poseidon and the mortal priestess Medusa in
Athena's temple, resulting in Athena's divine wrath and the transformation of Medusa into a Gorgon. The story
follows Medusa's exile, her encounter with the hero Perseus, and the eventual resolution of the curse.

Characters:

 Medusa: The beautiful mortal priestess who becomes the victim of forbidden love and incurs Athena's
curse, transforming her into a Gorgon.
 Athena: The goddess of wisdom and warfare, who witnesses the transgression in her temple and
punishes both Poseidon and Medusa. Despite her wrath, she later shows empathy and aids Perseus in
his quest.
 Poseidon: The mighty god of the sea who desires Medusa, leading to the forbidden encounter and the
subsequent divine punishment.
 Perseus: The hero destined to face the Gorgon, guided by Athena, and equipped with the tools to
confront and defeat Medusa.
 Pegasus: The winged horse born from Medusa's blood, symbolizing redemption and mercy.
 Chrysaor: The giant born from Medusa's blood, representing another outcome of her tragic fate.
 Stheno and Euryale: Medusa's Gorgon sisters, who share in her exile.

Setting: The story is set in the golden age of gods and mortals, primarily in the sacred city of Athens, with
significant events taking place in Athena's grand temple and the desolate island where Medusa and her sisters
seek refuge.

Point of View: The story is narrated from a third-person omniscient point of view, providing insights into the
thoughts and feelings of various characters, especially Athena, Medusa, and Perseus.
Theme: The themes include the consequences of forbidden love, divine justice, the complexity of beauty,
redemption, and the enduring grace of a goddess despite her initial harsh judgment.

Style: The style is mythical and poetic, with rich and descriptive language that captures the divine and tragic
elements of the story. The narrative blends elements of romance, tragedy, and hero's journey.

Conflict: The central conflict arises from the forbidden love between Poseidon and Medusa, leading to
Athena's wrath and the subsequent challenges faced by Medusa as she grapples with her monstrous
transformation. The conflict is resolved through Perseus' quest and the lifting of the curse.

Symbolism:

 The olive trees symbolize peace, a gift from Athena to Athens.

 Medusa's serpentine hair and petrifying gaze symbolize the destructive consequences of forbidden
love.
 Pegasus symbolizes redemption and the possibility of positive outcomes arising from tragedy.
 Chrysaor symbolizes the unpredictable and varied consequences of divine intervention.
Perspective: The perspective alternates between characters, offering insights into their emotions and
motivations. However, the overarching perspective remains focused on the unfolding events and the impact of
divine actions on mortal lives.

Elements of Literature:
1. Plot:
Definition: The sequence of events that make up the storyline in a work of literature.
Key Points: It typically includes the exposition (introduction of characters and setting), rising
action, climax (turning point), falling action, and resolution (conclusion).

1. Exposition: Introduces the setting, characters, and the basic situation or conflict.
2. Rising Action: The series of events that build tension, develop the conflict, and lead to
the story's climax.
3. Climax: The turning point or the most intense moment in the story where the conflict
reaches its peak. It's a critical moment that often determines the outcome of the story.
4. Falling Action: Events that occur as a result of the climax and lead toward the resolution.
5. Resolution (or Denouement): The conclusion of the story where the conflicts are
resolved, and loose ends are tied up. It provides the reader with a sense of closure.
 2. Character:
Definition: The individuals who participate in the story.
Key Points: This includes the protagonist (main character), antagonist (opposing force), and
supporting characters. Characters drive the narrative forward through their actions and
interactions.
3. Setting:
Definition: The time and place in which the story occurs.
Key Points: The setting establishes the atmosphere and context for the narrative. It can include
physical locations, historical periods, and cultural environments.
4. Point of View:
Definition: The perspective from which the story is told.
Key Points: It can be first person (narrator is a character in the story), second person (narrator
addresses the reader), or third person (narrator is an outside observer). The choice of point of
view affects the reader's understanding and engagement with the narrative.

1. First Person: The story is narrated by one of the characters using pronouns like "I,"
"me," and "my." This perspective provides an intimate and subjective view of events but
limits the reader's knowledge to what the narrator knows.
2. Second Person: The story addresses the reader directly, using pronouns like "you." This
POV is rare in fiction and is often seen in instructional or self-help texts.
3. Third Person Limited: The narrator, who is not a character in the story, presents the
events from the perspective of one character. Pronouns like "he," "she," or character
names are used. The reader is privy to the thoughts and feelings of only that particular
character.
4. Third Person Omniscient: The narrator knows and can describe the thoughts, feelings,
and actions of multiple characters. This POV provides a broader view of the story,
allowing insights into various characters' perspectives.
5. Third Person Objective: The narrator presents the story from an impartial viewpoint,
only describing what can be seen or heard. There's no access to characters' thoughts or
feelings.

5. Theme:
Definition: The central idea or message of a work of literature.
Key Points: Themes often explore universal concepts such as love, power, justice, or the human
condition. They provide insight into the deeper meaning and purpose of the text.

 Love and Friendship: Exploring different forms of love, relationships, or the value of
friendships.
 Good vs. Evil: Examining moral dilemmas, ethical choices, or the nature of good and
evil.
 Identity and Self-Discovery: Characters' journeys to understand themselves, their place
in the world, or their personal growth.
 Power and Corruption: Exploring the effects of power on individuals or society, and
the corrupting influence it can have.
  Loss and Redemption: Themes surrounding grief, loss, and the possibility of finding
redemption or healing.

6. Style:
Definition: The author's distinctive way of expressing ideas.
Key Points: Style encompasses choices in language, tone, sentence structure, and literary
devices. It reflects the author's unique voice and contributes to the overall atmosphere of the
work.
7. Conflict:
Definition: The struggle between opposing forces.
Key Points: Conflict can be internal (within a character) or external (between characters or with
external forces). It is a driving force that propels the plot and shapes character development.
8. Symbolism:
Definition: The use of symbols to represent ideas or qualities.
Key Points: Symbols are objects, characters, or elements that carry deeper meaning beyond their
literal significance. They add layers of meaning and contribute to the thematic richness of a
work.
9. Perspective:
Definition: The particular attitude or point of view of a character, narrator, or the author.
Key Points: Perspective influences how events and characters are portrayed. It can shape the
reader's understanding by offering a specific lens through which to view the narrative.

Types of Literature:

10. Poetry - a genre in literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to
evoke emotion and convey meaning.
11. Drama - a genre of literature that is written to be performed on stage or screen.
 12. Prose - written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.
13. Fiction - stories that come from the writer's imagination, as opposed to being based
strictly on fact or a true story.
14. Nonfiction - works that are based on real people, events, and other topics and focus on
information and facts.
15. Romance - a genre of fiction that focuses on romantic love and relationships.
16. Mystery - a genre of fiction that deals with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of
secrets.
17. Horror - a genre of fiction that evokes a feeling of dread in both the characters and the
reader.
18. Science Fiction - a genre of fiction that deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts.
19. Historical Fiction - a story with fictional characters and events in a historical setting.
20. Memoir - a genre of nonfiction that focuses on the author's personal experiences and
memories.
21. Biography - a genre of nonfiction that tells the story of a person's life.
22. Autobiography - a genre of nonfiction that tells the story of the author's own life.

Recorded literature first emerged c. 2500 BCE in Sumeria. History and literature are particularly
closely related in the ancient world as literature both reflects and records society and history.
Early literature tended to be either religious writings or epic tales of adventure by great heroes.
Ancient history ended in the 5th century CE with the fall of the Roman Empire.

 The Epic of Gilgamesh is one of the oldest surviving literary works. It was written in
Sumerian cuneiform and tells the story of Gilgamesh, the semi-divine king of the ancient
city of Uruk.
 The Book of the Dead is a collection of ancient Egyptian spells designed to guide the
pharaoh in the afterlife. The spells were written on the walls of tombs.
 The Analects of Confucius is a collection of the teachings of the Chinese philosopher
Confucius. It was compiled by his students, and the principles of Confucianism are an
important part of Chinese life today.
 The Iliad and The Odyssey form the foundation of Western literature. They are epic
poems written by the Greek poet Homer, and they tell the stories of the Trojan War and
the journey home of the hero Odysseus.
 Oedipus Rex by the Greek playwright Sophocles is one of the first great plays in Western
literature. It is a tragedy about the downfall of Oedipus, King of Thebes.
  The Mahabharata and the Ramayana are two great works from ancient India. They are
epic tales that contain much of the philosophy and teachings of Hinduism.

Difference between Cuneiform and Hieroglyphs

 Origin and Time Period:

 Cuneiform: Cuneiform is one of the earliest known writing systems, dating back to ancient
Mesopotamia (modern-day Iraq and parts of Iran) around 3400 BCE. It was used by several
Mesopotamian cultures, including the Sumerians, Akkadians, and Babylonians.
 Hieroglyphs: Hieroglyphs were used in ancient Egypt and have an even longer history, with origins
dating back to around 3100 BCE. They were used for writing in ancient Egyptian civilization.
 Writing Medium:
 Cuneiform: Cuneiform was typically written on clay tablets using a wedge-shaped stylus. It was also
used on other materials like stone and parchment.
 Hieroglyphs: Hieroglyphs were inscribed on various surfaces, including stone (such as obelisks and
tombs), papyrus, and wooden objects. They were often depicted in a more artistic and decorative
manner.

What is Poetry?

Heightened and imaginative language, rhythm, and meter, as well as distinctive structural and
stylistic features.

 Imagery and Figurative Language: Poetry uses vivid language like metaphors, similes,
and images to create strong mental pictures.

 Line Breaks: Poems have lines with intentional breaks that affect the text's pace and
meaning.
 Rhyme and Sound Patterns: Many poems use rhymes, sounds like alliteration, and
patterns for musical language.
 Meter and Rhythm: Some poems have rhythmic patterns like iambic pentameter, and
stressed/unstressed syllables create a unique flow.
 Stanza Structure: Poems are divided into stanzas, like paragraphs, to organize ideas.
 Poetic Devices: Poets use tools like enjambment, allusion, symbolism, and onomatopoeia
to add depth.
 Emotional or Aesthetic Impact: Poetry aims to evoke emotions and complex thoughts in a
condensed, artistic way.

"The Iliad" is an ancient Greek epic poem attributed to the poet Homer. It is set during the Trojan
War, a conflict between the Greeks (Achaeans) and the Trojans. The central focus of the poem is
the anger and wrath of the Greek hero Achilles and its consequences. Here is a summary of the
main events of "The Iliad":
Book 1: The Wrath of Achilles
 The poem begins with the Greek army, led by Agamemnon, besieging the city of Troy.
 Agamemnon takes a Trojan woman, Chryseis, as his war prize, which angers her father, a
priest of Apollo.
 Apollo sends a plague upon the Greek camp, and Agamemnon is forced to return
Chryseis to her father.
Book 9: Achilles' Withdrawal
 Agamemnon, in compensation for losing Chryseis, takes Achilles' war prize, Briseis.
 This dishonor infuriates Achilles, and he withdraws from the battle in anger, leading to
devastating losses for the Greeks.
Books 2-7: Epic Battles
 The Trojan and Greek armies engage in numerous battles.
 The Greeks are led by figures like Diomedes, Ajax, and Agamemnon, while Hector is the
primary hero on the Trojan side.
 Many warriors on both sides meet their deaths in combat.
Book 6: Hector and Andromache
 There is a poignant scene in which Hector, the Trojan prince and warrior, bids farewell to
his wife, Andromache, and their young son, Astyanax, before returning to battle.
Book 16: Patroclus' Death
 Patroclus, Achilles' close friend, dons Achilles' armor and enters the battle after Achilles'
withdrawal.
 He is killed by Hector, which prompts Achilles to rejoin the war.
Book 22: The Death of Hector
 Achilles confronts Hector in single combat outside the walls of Troy.
 Achilles kills Hector and drags his body behind his chariot, causing immense grief to
Hector's family and the Trojans.
Books 23-24: Funeral Rites and Reconciliation
 Priam, Hector's father, goes to Achilles to beg for the return of Hector's body. This leads
to a powerful moment of reconciliation between the two enemies.
 The poem ends with Hector's funeral, and it is implied that the Trojan War will continue.

The Iliad, Book I, Lines 1-15

"SING, O goddess, the anger of Peleus' son Achilles,
that caused the Greeks untold pain and distress.
Many brave souls of heroes did it send hurrying
down to Hades, and many brave heroes
he gave their bodies to the dogs
and the birds, as the will of Zeus was accomplished,
from the very day on which Agamemnon, son of Atreus,
and the noble Achilles first stood apart from one another.
The god did it, that was his will,
bringing woes to both of them.
Which was the one to persuade them?"

The Odyssey, Book I, Lines 1-20

SPEAK, MEMORY—
Of the cunning hero,
The wanderer, blown off course time and again
After he plundered Troy's sacred heights.

nbsp; Speak
Of all the cities he saw, the minds he grasped,
The suffering deep in his heart at sea
As he struggled to survive and bring his men home
But could not save them, hard as he tried—
The fools—destroyed by their own recklessness
When they ate the oxen of Hyperion the Sun,
And that god snuffed out their day of return.

Of these things,

Speak, Immortal One,

And tell the tale once more in our time.

By now, all the others who had fought at Troy—

At least those who had survived the war and the sea—
Were safely back home. Only Odysseus
Still longed to return to his home and his wife.
The nymph Calypso, a powerful goddess—
And beautiful—was clinging to him
In her caverns and yearned to possess him.
Activity 1: Historical Development of Literature

Historical Development of Literature

When is the earliest recording of literature?

Define prose and poetry and its function:

Summary of the beginning of literature

i.e. recording of laws. Letters, poems, taxes

Define cuneiform:

How is writing done in cuneiform?

Egyptian Literature
Define Hieroglyphics:

What is the use of Hieroglyphics?

What is a Papyrus:

Chinese Literature

What is a Shijing?

Hebrew Literature

What is famous recorded literature of the Hebrews?

Greek Literature
Who is Homer?

What is The Iliad?

Provide sample of lines or poem from the Book of Iliad:

What is the Odyssey?

Provide sample of lines or poem from the Book of Odyssey:

Latin Literature

What is Virgil’s Aeneid?

Who is Aristophanes?
What is Tacitus’ Annals?

What is a satire?
Who is Horace?
Provide a sample of satire:

India Literature

What is the meaning of Shruti and Smriti?

What is a Vedas?

What is Puranas?

What is a Sanskrit?

What is the story about Ramayana? (Summary)

What is the story about Mahabharata? (Summary)

During the Middle Ages

What happened to the literature of Europe during the middle ages?

 Islamic Word
What is the Book of One Thousand and One Nights?

 Arabic Literature
What is a Philosophical Novel?
Who is Ibn Tufail?
What is The Philosophus Autodidactus all about??

Who is Al-Ghzali's?
What is the Incoherence of the Philosophers all about?

Who is Al-Nafis?
What is the Theologus Autodidactus all about?

Persian Literature

Who is Omar Khayyam?

What is Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam?

Sample poem of Rubaiyat:

Who is Ferdowsi of Iran

What is Shahnameh?

Who is Amir Arsalan?

Topics

 Types of Literature
 Literatures that influenced the World
 Prominent Literary works in the Philippines
 National Artists for Literature
 Antiqueño literary artists

Different types of Literature

Poetry - a genre in literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke emotion and
convey meaning.
A poem is a piece of literature that makes use of rhythmic qualities of language, such as phonesthetics,
sound symbolism, and meter to convey meaning. Phonesthetics examines the aesthetic appeal of the
sounds of certain words or parts of words. Sound symbolism refers to the non-arbitrary relationship
between the sounds of speech and their meaning. A meter is the fundamental rhythmic structure of a
poem or lines of poetry.
A poem's meter, rhythm, and its focus on the sounds of syllables, words, and phrases distinguish it from
other types of literature. The purpose of poetry is to convey meaning through imagery and metaphors
rather than to provide complete, grammatically accurate sentences. Depending on the style of the poem,
poems can range in length from a few lines to several pages. There may be one author or several poets
who contribute to a book of poems. Here are a few subgenres of poetry:

 Epic: Epics are long-verse narratives retelling the heroic journey of an individual or a group of
individuals. An epic typically features superhuman feats, extraordinary adventures, highly
stylized language, and a combination of lyrical and dramatic elements.

i.e. Odyssey
Sing to me of the man, Muse, the man of twists and turns driven time and again off course, once he had
plundered the hallowed heights of Troy. Many cities of men he saw and learned their minds, many pains
he suffered, heartsick on the open sea, fighting to save his life and bring his comrades home."

 Narrative: A narrative poem tells a story through poetic techniques, such as rhyme, rhythm,
similes, and metaphors. Narrative poems are longer than other forms of poetry and contain a
complete story similar to a novel.

Ie. The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe

Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary,
Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore—
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping,
As of someone gently rapping, rapping at my chamber door.
“’Tis some visitor,” I muttered, “tapping at my chamber door—
Only this and nothing more.”

Ah, distinctly I remember it was in the bleak December;

And each separate dying ember writhed upon the floor.
Eagerly I wished the morrow;—vainly I had sought to borrow
From my books surcease of sorrow—sorrow for the lost Lenore—
For the rare and radiant maiden whom the angels name Lenore—
 Nameless here for evermore

 Lyric: Lyric poems are short, highly musical verses that express powerful emotions. A lyric
poem is a personal expression of emotion written by a single individual.

i.e. She walks in beauty by Lord Byron

She walks in beauty, like the night

Of cloudless climes and starry skies;

And all that’s best of dark and bright

Meet in her aspect and her eyes;

Thus mellowed to that tender light

Which heaven to gaudy day denies.

One shade the more, one ray the less,

Had half impaired the nameless grace

Which waves in every raven tress,

Or softly lightens o’er her face;

Where thoughts serenely sweet express,

How pure, how dear their dwelling-place.

And on that cheek, and o’er that brow,

So soft, so calm, yet eloquent,

The smiles that win, the tints that glow,

But tell of days in goodness spent,

 A mind at peace with all below,

A heart whose love is innocent!

 Dramatic: Dramatic poetry is poetry that's written in verse for public recitation or
performance. The purpose of dramatic poetry is often to express one's thoughts aloud to another
actor, oneself, or an audience.

i.e.
Juliet:
O, swear not by the moon, the inconstant moon
That monthly changes in her circled orb,
Lest that thy love prove likewise variable.
Do not swear at all;
Or, if thou wilt, swear by thy gracious of self,
Which is the god of my idolatry,
And I’ll believe thee.

Romeo:
O speak again bright angel, for thou art
As glorious to this night, being o’er my head,
As is a winged messenger of heaven
Unto the white-upturned wondering eyes
Of mortals that fall back to gaze on him
When he bestrides the lazy-puffing clouds
And sails upon the bosom of the air.

Romeo:
O, she doth teach the torches to burn bright!
It seems she hangs upon the cheek of night
Like a rich jewel in an Ethiop’s ear’:
Beauty too rich for use, for earth too dear!
So shows a snowy dove trooping with crows,
As yonder lady o’er her fellows shows.
The measure done, I’ll watch her place of stand,
And, touching hers, make happy my rude hand.
Did my heart love till now? forswear it, sight!
For I ne’er saw true beauty till this night.

Juliet:
Sweet, good night!
This bud of love, by summer’s ripening breath,
May prove a beauteous flower when next we meet.
Good night, good night! as sweet repose and rest
Come to thy heart, as that within my breast!

Fiction - stories that come from the writer's imagination, as opposed to being based strictly on fact or a
true story.

There are several purposes for fiction, including entertaining, inspiring, informing, and persuading the
audience. Fiction writers create stories using their imagination. Fiction writers use figurative language to
create stories of completely untrue events, characters, and settings to stimulate the imaginations of their
readers. Fictional literature includes a variety of subgenres, such as mystery, romance, or mythology. An
author may choose to write in a single genre or mix several subgenres into their story. As an example, a
writer may combine mystery genre elements with fantasy genre elements. The following are some
subgenres of fiction:

 Mystery: Mystery novels provide readers with plots that explore mysteries from beginning to
end. One of the main characters in a mystery is typically a detective or a private investigator
who solves the mystery with the reader.
 Historical fiction: Historical fiction uses real-life events to support its plots and key details. A
work of historical fiction engages readers by retelling a historical event in creative ways that
alter minor details, such as characters' names or the setting.
 Realism: Literary realism depicts familiar objects, people, and places without dramatizing or
romanticizing the story. Literary realism emphasizes realistic characters and settings, detailed
descriptions of everyday occurrences, and depictions of social classes.
 Magical realism: Magical realism is a genre of literature that depicts reality with a sense of
fantasy or magic. A magic realism story is a variation of realism fiction.
 Fantasy: Mythology and ancient folklore are some sources of inspiration for fantasy novels.
Fantasy novels usually depict imaginary settings, beings, and universes that are nonexistent in
the real world.
 Romance: Love stories are the dominant theme of romance novels. Although romance is also a
prominent element of other forms of fiction, romance novels emphasize the development of a
romantic relationship.
 Science fiction: There are several themes that are characteristic of science fiction, including
space exploration, futuristic species, and time travel. Most of the stories revolve around
scientific concepts, such as physics, astronomy, anthropology, chemistry, and astrophysics.
 Dystopian: A dystopian story envisions a world that's in a state of cataclysmic decline. A
dystopian fiction can depict societies with perpetual wars, social and economic class
divisions, mass poverty, environmental destruction, anarchy, and loss of individuality.
 Horror: The primary goal of horror fiction is to shock and frighten readers. A horror story
involves characters, settings, and plots that create suspense and tension for the reader.
 Fable: Fables typically teach a moral lesson to the reader or illustrate a moral dilemma that
the protagonist overcomes. An author may use inanimate objects or animals as protagonists who
act like humans to resolve conflict in a manner that demonstrates character development.
  Mythology: The mythological genre reveals elements of human behavior through the use of
symbols. Mythology includes themes such as gods, goddesses, and cultural phenomena.

Nonfiction - works that are based on real people, events, and other topics and focus on information and
facts.

Nonfiction writing aims to inform or inspire the audience by using actual events, people, places, or facts.
Students can gain a deeper understanding of fiction texts through nonfiction texts, such as textbooks and
essays. Before writing a nonfiction piece, nonfiction authors typically conduct extensive research. Here
are a few of the subgenres of nonfiction literature:

 Autobiography: An autobiography is a personal narrative of one's life. Autobiographies may

serve a variety of purposes, such as helping the author overcome a difficult situation, assisting
people in overcoming similar challenges, or simply conveying stories.
 Biography: A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. Many
biographies feature notable individuals, such as celebrities, athletes, business leaders, and
politicians.
 Essay: An essay is a short piece of writing in which the author elaborates on an idea or topic
after conducting thorough research. An essay may aim to engage its readers, influence their
thinking, get them involved in its ideas, or persuade them to adopt the same point of view.

Drama - a genre of literature that is written to be performed on stage or screen.

Dramas are representations of fiction that involve dialogue and performance. Dramatic literature
includes epic poetry, lyric poetry, and novels. The performance of a dramatic piece of literature may
occur on stage in front of a live audience or through radio, film, and television. There are many sources of
inspiration for drama pieces, including novels, short stories, poems, and real-life events. A drama contains
dialogue, and the actors portray the characters through their impersonations. A dramatic piece of literature
contains acts or scenes that rely on props or imaginative dialogue to create a visual experience. The
following are drama subgenres:
 Tragedy: Tragedies focus on hardships that can cause emotional distress to the protagonists
of the story. Tragedies contain details that illustrate the challenges that the protagonist
experiences.
 Comedy: A comedy is a type of drama with a humorous tone that depicts amusing events in
which the characters ultimately prevail. A comedy features a lighthearted tone, clever wordplay,
turns of phrase, and humorous discussions of serious topics.
 Musical: A musical can be an original work or an adaptation of a longer literary work. Musical
dramas tell a story through music and include direct expressions of themes through song.
 Melodrama: Melodramas are pieces of dramatic literature that depict serious stories. A
melodrama may contain heroes, heroines, villains, and mentors with flaws who overcome their
limitations to achieve success.
Prose - written or spoken language in its ordinary form, without metrical structure.

The prose is a literary genre with no formal metrical structure. Instead of relying on rhythmic
structure, as in traditional poetry, it relies on a natural flow of speech and ordinary grammatical structure.
It involves clear, concise paragraphs that may be fiction or nonfiction. When writing prose, writers divide
the text into paragraphs and use regular grammar that can be serious or humorous.

Literatures that influenced the World

1. The Bible or the Sacred Writings

Synopsis

Old Testament:

 Begins with creation and the origins of the world, detailing stories of Adam and Eve, Noah's Ark,
and the patriarchs like Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
 Focuses on the history of the Israelites, their enslavement in Egypt, and their liberation through
Moses, receiving the Ten Commandments, and their journey to the Promised Land.
 Chronicles the rule of various kings, the establishment of laws, prophets' teachings, and the
wisdom literature.
 Highlights the struggles, triumphs, and conflicts of the Israelites with God, each other, and
neighboring nations.
New Testament:

 Begins with the life, teachings, and ministry of Jesus Christ, including his miracles, parables, and
the Sermon on the Mount.
 Focuses on his crucifixion, death, and resurrection, which are central to Christian beliefs.
 The Gospels (Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John) document Jesus's life and teachings.
 The rest of the New Testament contains letters (epistles) written by apostles like Paul, Peter,
and others, offering guidance to early Christian communities.
 Ends with the book of Revelation, a prophetic vision of the future and the final judgment.

2. Koran

Synopsis

Structure:

 The Quran consists of 114 chapters called "Surahs," which vary in length. These Surahs are not
organized chronologically but generally by length, from longest to shortest.
  Each Surah covers various themes, teachings, guidance, and narratives.
Key Themes:

 Oneness of God (Tawhid): The Quran emphasizes the oneness of God (Allah), describing His
attributes, teachings, and the importance of worshiping Him alone.
 Prophets and Messengers: The Quran mentions various prophets from Adam to Muhammad,
including Noah, Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, conveying their messages, missions, and their call
for righteousness.
 Guidance and Ethics: It offers guidance on moral behavior, justice, compassion, charity,
kindness, and social responsibility.
 Day of Judgment: The Quran discusses the concept of the afterlife, the Day of Judgment,
heaven, and hell.
Narratives:

 The Quran includes stories from the previous scriptures, reiterating events from the lives of
biblical figures but sometimes with different emphases or details.
 These stories often emphasize moral lessons and guidance for believers.
Linguistic Style:

 The Quran is written in classical Arabic and is highly revered for its eloquence, rhythm, and
linguistic beauty.

3. The Iliad and the Odyssey

Synopsis of the Iliad

Background:

 The Trojan War rages between the Greeks (Achaeans) and Trojans, ignited by the abduction of
Helen, wife of Menelaus, by Paris of Troy.
Main Conflict:

 The epic focuses on the wrath of Achilles, the greatest Greek warrior, who withdraws from the
war in anger after a dispute with Agamemnon, the Greek commander, over a captured maiden
named Briseis.
Key Events:

 The Greeks suffer without Achilles' aid as he remains enraged and refuses to fight. His
companion, Patroclus, dons Achilles' armor and enters the battle, leading to his death at the
hands of Hector, the Trojan prince.
 Consumed by grief and seeking revenge for Patroclus' death, Achilles rejoins the war, leading to
a dramatic confrontation with Hector. Achilles kills Hector and dishonors his body by dragging it
behind his chariot.
Themes:

 Honor, glory, fate, and the impact of war on individuals and societies are explored throughout.
The interactions between mortals and the gods underscore divine intervention in human affairs.
Conclusion:

 The poem ends with Hector's funeral and the return of his body to King Priam of Troy,
highlighting the consequences of wrath, the tragedy of war, and the ultimate futility of excessive
pride and vengeance.
"The Iliad" is a tale of heroism, human frailty, and the complexities of emotions amidst the chaos of a
legendary war.

4. The Mahabharata

Key Lessons

 Revenge Leads to Doom: The rivalry between the Pandavas and Kauravas, born out of
jealousy, culminates in catastrophic consequences, emphasizing how revengeful instincts
can lead to destruction.
 Virtue of Sacrifice: Bhishma's unwavering sacrifice and integrity, akin to making
decisions for the greater good, are relevant not only in ancient times but also in today's
world, especially in matters of business.
 Trust and Faith in God: Arjuna's choice of Lord Krishna over a massive army
highlights the power of trust and faith in adversity, reinforcing the belief that such faith
can act as an ultimate weapon.
 Half-Knowledge is Dangerous: Abhimanyu's fate in the war teaches the peril of having
partial knowledge. It underscores the dangers of not being fully equipped or informed,
which can lead to dire consequences.
 Accepting Destiny: The narrative underscores the inevitability of destiny. Despite
wisdom and power, individuals succumb to fate, making decisions that align with
destiny, even if seemingly unnatural.
 Law of Karma: Actions have consequences, and the Kauravas' evil deeds result in their
own downfall. The Kurukshetra War becomes a reckoning for their malevolent actions.
 Life Goes On: Despite immense grief and loss, life continues. The Pandavas, despite
their losses, continued to fulfill their duties and ruled the kingdom, epitomizing resilience
and fortitude.

5. The Book of the Dead

The Book of the Dead, also known as "The Book of Coming Forth by Day" in ancient Egypt, is a collection
of religious texts and spells designed to guide and assist the deceased in the afterlife. Here's an
overview:

Purpose:
  The Book of the Dead served as a guidebook for the deceased, providing instructions and spells
to navigate the afterlife successfully.
 It aimed to ensure the soul's safe passage through the dangers of the underworld, reach the Hall
of Judgment, and ultimately attain eternal life.
Content:

 Comprised of various spells, hymns, and illustrations, the book was often personalized for the
deceased individual, with specific spells chosen based on their circumstances and beliefs.
 The spells addressed different aspects of the afterlife journey, such as protection against
demons, knowledge of magical formulas, and instructions on how to address gods and
goddesses encountered in the afterlife.
Beliefs and Afterlife:

 Ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife where the soul would undergo judgment in the Hall of
Ma'at, where the heart of the deceased would be weighed against the feather of truth.
 If the heart was found pure and lighter than the feather, the deceased would proceed to the
afterlife. If not, they risked being devoured by a monstrous deity.
Evolution and Copies:

 The Book of the Dead evolved over time, with different versions and chapters being added, and
variations based on social status and beliefs.
 Copies of the book were inscribed on papyrus scrolls and buried with the deceased in tombs,
intended to assist them in the afterlife journey.
The Book of the Dead stands as a testament to ancient Egyptian beliefs about the afterlife, showcasing
their intricate religious practices, reverence for the divine, and the importance of rituals and magic in
ensuring a prosperous afterlife for the deceased.

Other Literatures that made an impact:

6. Canterbury Tales
7. Uncle Tom’s Cabin
8. The Divine Comedy
9. El Cid Compeador
10. The Song of Roland
11. The Book of the Days
12. One Thousand and One Nights or The Arabian Nights

Summary:

Relevance of studying literature

Preservation of Culture and History:
  Literature serves as a repository of a society's culture, traditions, and history. Epic poems,
religious texts, folktales, and oral traditions pass down values, beliefs, and historical
events across generations, preserving the essence of a civilization.
Shaping Identity and Values:
 It contributes to shaping individual and collective identities. Literature reflects societal
values, ethics, and ideals, fostering empathy, understanding, and shared experiences
among people.
Promotion of Critical Thinking and Creativity:
 Literary works often challenge societal norms, provoke thought, and inspire critical
thinking. They encourage readers to question, analyze, and contemplate complex ideas,
fostering intellectual growth and creativity.
Inspiring Social Change:
 Literature has been a catalyst for social change, advocating for human rights, equality,
and justice. Works addressing social issues have prompted discussions, movements, and
reforms, influencing perspectives and policies.
Cross-Cultural Influence:
 Literary works transcend borders, fostering cross-cultural exchange and understanding.
Translations of literary works enable access to diverse perspectives, fostering a global
dialogue and appreciation for different cultures.
Influence on Language and Communication:
 Literature shapes language, introducing new words, expressions, and idioms into a
language. It enriches communication, influencing the way people express themselves and
enhancing linguistic diversity.
Entertainment and Emotional Connection:
 Literature entertains, providing escapism, pleasure, and emotional connection. It evokes
empathy, allowing readers to experience different emotions and understand diverse
human experiences.
Legacy and Enduring Impact:
 Influential literary works endure across centuries, leaving a lasting impact on subsequent
generations. They inspire future writers, thinkers, and creators, shaping the literary
landscape for years to come.

Prominent Literary works in the Philippines

1. Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Jose Rizal: These novels are considered the most
controversial and widely-known works in Philippine literature, addressing social and political
issues during the Spanish colonial period.
2. Florante at Laura by Francisco Balagtas: is praised for its poetic language, intricate rhyme
scheme, and its portrayal of Filipino values and culture during the Spanish colonial period. It's
often studied in Philippine literature courses and is considered a national cultural treasure.

3. Mga Ibong Mandaragit (Birds of Prey) by Amado V. Hernandez: This literature piece delves into
social-political issues, particularly the Philippine revolution and neocolonialism, reflecting the
author's hopes for significant societal changes

4. Banaag at Sikat (From Early Dawn to Full Light) by Lope K. Santos: Regarded as the "bible of the
Filipino working class," this novel is considered one of the most important books in Philippine
literature, reflecting the experiences of the working class

5. The Woman Who Had Two Navels by Nick Joaquin: In this historical novel, Joaquin examines
the influence of the past on post-war events in the Philippines, contributing to the
understanding of the country's history and culture

6. Rosales Saga by F. Sionil Jose: This five-part novel series narrates class struggles and colonialism
experienced by Filipinos, reflecting the author's exploration of societal issues and historical
events

National Artists for Literature

1. Amado V. Hernandez: He was a highly esteemed Filipino writer known for his mastery
of poetic forms and his portrayal of social issues and the struggles of the common
people in his works. He was a prominent figure in Philippine literature and activism.
2. Jose Garcia Villa: He was a Filipino poet, short story writer, and literary critic renowned
for his innovative and avant-garde approach to poetry. Villa's contributions to modern
poetry earned him recognition and influence in the literary world.
3. Nick Joaquin: A celebrated Filipino writer, Joaquin was known for his significant
contributions to Philippine literature, particularly through his novels, short stories, and
journalism. He was highly regarded for his literary craftsmanship and insightful portrayal
of Filipino culture and society.
4. F. Sionil Jose: A prominent figure in Philippine literature, Jose is recognized for his
influential literary works that shed light on the social and political landscape of the
Philippines. His novels often explore themes of social injustice, poverty, and the
complexities of Filipino society.
5. Bienvenido Lumbera: An esteemed poet, critic, and cultural advocate, Lumbera is
highly regarded for his significant contributions to Philippine literature. He has made
substantial contributions to literary criticism, poetry, and cultural advocacy in the
Philippines.
6. Lazaro Francisco: Known for his masterpiece novels such as "Ama," "Bayang
Nagpatiwakal," and "Maganda Pa Ang Daigdig," Francisco is celebrated for his
contributions to Philippine literature through his engaging and influential works of
fiction.
7. NVM Gonzalez: A versatile Filipino writer known for his contributions to Philippine
literature through novels, short stories, essays, and poetry. His works often explore
themes of rural life, cultural identity, and the Filipino experience.
8. Ramon Muzones: Respected for his contributions to Hiligaynon literature, particularly
for his poetry and short stories, Muzones is esteemed in the literary landscape for his
impact on regional literature.
9. Resil Mojares: A distinguished literary figure known for his contributions to Philippine
literature, Mojares is particularly recognized for his expertise in literary criticism and
cultural history, contributing significantly to the understanding and analysis of Philippine
literature and culture.
10. Alejandro Roces: Recognized for his significant contributions to Philippine literature,
particularly in the genres of fiction and essays, Roces' works have made an enduring
impact on the literary scene in the Philippines.

Antiqueño Literary Artists

1. John Iremil Teodoro: A contemporary Filipino poet known for his poignant and
thought-provoking poetry. Teodoro has contributed significantly to Philippine literature
through his mastery of poetic forms and his exploration of various themes, often
addressing social issues and cultural nuances in his works.
2. Genevieve Asenjo: A respected literary figure known for her contributions to Philippine
literature, particularly as a poet and writer. Asenjo's works often delve into themes of
identity, culture, and social realities, showcasing her skill in capturing Filipino
experiences and emotions through poetry and prose.
3. Alex Delos Santos: A literary artist recognized for contributions to Philippine literature,
particularly in the field of poetry and creative writing. Delos Santos' works might cover
various themes and perspectives, contributing to the rich tapestry of Filipino literature.
4. Jay Edison Tondares: A literary artist known for his involvement in Philippine
literature, Tondares may have contributed to the literary landscape through writing,
poetry, or other creative endeavors, potentially addressing themes relevant to
contemporary Filipino society.
5. Ma. Milagros Germia-Lachica: An esteemed literary figure who might have made
significant contributions to Philippine literature. Germia-Lachica's works could
encompass various literary forms, potentially focusing on cultural themes, identity, or
social issues prevalent in the Philippines.
Activity 2

Create a poem. Feel free to choose any inspiration.

PLEASE INDI MAG COPY PASTE SA INTERNET KAY MA MAN.AN KO MAN RA GYAPON. 😊