LITERATURE

MEMBERS

MAE MIKYLLA MARY ROSE NAREKKA JOHN

ELLEMELEC
K

KYLE MARK LOUI RODRIGO

INTRODUCTION
The term literature is derived from the latin “littera” which
means “a letter of alphabet”.
According to the website Britannica. Literature is traditionally
defined as body of written works associated to imaginative and
creative works of poetry and prose and can be classified
according to variety of systems such as language, national origin,
historical period, genre and subject matter.
 TWO MAJOR FORMS
OF LITERATURE
Poetry- This literary type is usually written in the lines and is characterized by
having the element of rhythm ,sound, imagery, and form. Its main purpose is to
express feelings, thoughts, and ideas. It can be divided into three types: narrative,
dramatic, and lyrical and poetry.

Prose- On contrast to poetry, this literary piece applies a natural flow of

speech and grammatical structures which are mainly consisting of complete
sentences arranged logically and sequentially in a paragraph form.
 EXAMPLES
Poetry
Narrative Dramatic Lyric
Poetry Poetry Poetry

Prose
Non-
Fiction Fiction
 Poetry
Narrative Poetry- This poetry tells a story
and has the elements of a narrative such as
characters, setting, conflict, etc.
Dramatic Poetry- This is an emotionally
appealing drama written in verse that tells a story
and is intended to be recited or sung in front of
the audience by a character speaking in poetry.
Lyric Poetry- It is the most common type of
poetry that focuses on expressing feelings rather
than telling a story.
PROSE
Fiction- This serves as a product of the writer's wild
imagination and creative thinking where the characters react to the
conflict and various issues central to the main idea of a literary
work. Its three types are: short story, novel, crime, fantasy,
romance, and novella. science The main genres are fiction,
western, inspirational, historical fiction and horror
Non-fiction- These are stories inspired by real events where
the writers aim to present, interpret, or describe experiences based
on facts. The judgments, opinions, and commentaries of the
writers may be presented in the form of essays, journals, diaries,
feature articles, editorials, and the like.
 Some Examples of Major Forms of Literatures

Poetry Prose

Narrative Dramatic Lyric Fiction Non-Fiction

•Epic •Dramatic •Haiku •Short Story •Biography/
•Ballad Monologue •Song •Novel Autobiography
•Ode •Play •Narrative Essay
•Metrical •Soliloquy
•Elegy •Legend •Memoir
•Tales •Sonnet Song •Fable
Poetry
 Narrative
Epic- An epic poem, or simply an epic, is a lengthy narrative poem typically about the extraordinary deeds of
extraordinary characters who, in dealings with gods or other superhuman forces, gave shape to the mortal universe
for their descendants.
Ballad- A ballad is a song that tells a story, and it can be dramatic, funny, or romantic. You can find ballads in a
variety of musical styles, from country-western to rock n' roll. The ballad is an old musical form. Ballads are often
by anonymous composers, passed down from generation to generation
Metrical- Metrical poetry is poetry that has meter. It has a recognizable pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
Tales- A tale is a comparatively simple narrative, either fictitious or true, written or recounted orally in prose or in
verse. A tale often recounts a strange event, focusing on something or someone exotic, marvelous, or even
supernatural.
 Dramatic
Dramatic monologue- a poem written in the form of a speech of an individual character; it compresses into a single
vivid scene a narrative sense of the speaker's history and psychological insight into his character.
Soliloquy- is a monologue in which a character in a play expresses thoughts and feelings while being alone on stage.
Soliloquies allow dramatists to communicate information about a character's state of mind, hopes, and intentions
directly to an audience.
 Lyric
Haiku- A traditional Japanese haiku is a three-line poem with seventeen syllables, written in a 5/7/5 syllable count.
Often focusing on images from nature, haiku emphasizes simplicity, intensity, and directness of expression. Discover
more poetic terms.
Song- A Song is an expression of a poet's personal emotions, meant to be sung. Lyrics in a song contain verses (lines
that make up a song; sung poem) and a chorus (a repeating verse in a song (refrain).
Ode- A formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and often celebrates a person, place, thing, or idea.
Elegy- The elegy is a form of poetry in which the poet or speaker expresses grief, sadness, or loss. History of the
Elegy Form. The elegy began as an ancient Greek metrical form and is traditionally written in response to the death
of a person or group.
Sonnet Song- A sonnet is a type of fourteen-line poem. Traditionally, the fourteen lines of a sonnet consist of an
octave (or two quatrains making up a stanza of 8 lines) and a sestet (a stanza of six lines). Sonnets generally use a
meter of iambic pentameter, and follow a set rhyme scheme.
Prose
 Fiction
Short Story- an invented prose narrative shorter than a novel usually dealing with a few characters and aiming at
unity of effect and often concentrating on the creation of mood rather than plot.

Novel-Novel, a fictitious prose narrative of book length, typically representing character and action with some
degree of realism.

Play- is something you can do alone or with someone, something that involves being active, something that totally
captures your attention and gives you enjoyment.

Legend- Legend, a very old story or set of stories from ancient times, or the stories, not always true, that people tell
about a famous event or person.

Fable- Narrative form, usually featuring animals that behave and speak as human beings, told in order to highlight
human follies and weaknesses. A moral—or lesson for behaviour—is woven into the story and often explicitly
formulated at the end. (See also beast fable.)
 Non-Fiction
Biography/Autobiography- A biography is an account of a person's life, written by someone else. An autobiography
is an account of a person's life, written by that person.

Narrative Essay- is a type of essay that has a single motif, or a central point, around which the whole narrative
revolves. All incidents, happenings, and characters revolve around a single motif presented in the narrative. A
narrative essay is similar to a simple five-paragraph essay, in that it has the same format.

Memoir- is a narrative, written from the perspective of the author, about an important part of their life. It's often
conflated with autobiography, but there are a few important differences. An autobiography is also written from the
author's perspective, but the narrative spans their entire life.
Poetry
 Narrative

The Iliad by: Homer

La Belle Dame Sans Merci by

Ruby by: Joseph Szalinski Cinderella by Charles
John Keats Perrault

Epic Ballad Metrical Tales

The Iliad by: Homer

The Iliad “Iliás“ is an epic poem by the ancient

Greek poet Homer, which recounts some of
the significant events of the final weeks of the
Trojan War and the Greek siege of the city of Troy
(which was also known as Ilion, Ilios or Ilium in ancient
times). Written in the mid-8th Century BCE, “The
Iliad” is usually considered to be the earliest work in
the whole Western literary tradition, and one of the
best known and loved stories of all time.
 La Belle Dame Sans Merci by John Keats
O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,
Alone and palely loitering?
The sedge has withered from the lake,
And no birds sing.
O what can ail thee, knight-at-arms,
So haggard and so woe-begone?
The squirrel’s granary is full,
And the harvest’s done.
I see a lily on thy brow,
With anguish moist and fever-dew,
And on thy cheeks a fading rose
Fast withereth too.
 
I met a lady in the meads,
Full beautiful—a faery’s child,
Her hair was long, her foot was light,
And her eyes were wild.
I made a garland for her head,
And bracelets too, and fragrant zone;
She looked at me as she did love,
And made sweet moan
I set her on my pacing steed,
And nothing else saw all day long,
For sidelong would she bend, and sing
A faery’s song.
She found me roots of relish sweet, I saw their starved lips in the gloam,
And honey wild, and manna-dew, With horrid warning gapèd wide,
And sure in language strange she said— And I awoke and found me here,
‘I love thee true’. On the cold hill’s side.
She took me to her Elfin grot, And this is why I sojourn here,
And there she wept and sighed full sore, Alone and palely loitering,
And there I shut her wild wild eyes Though the sedge is withered from the
With kisses four. lake,
  And no birds sing.
And there she lullèd me asleep,  
And there I dreamed—Ah! woe betide!—  
The latest dream I ever dreamt
On the cold hill side.
I saw pale kings and princes too,
Pale warriors, death-pale were they all;
They cried—‘La Belle Dame sans Merci
Thee hath in thrall!’
Ruby by: Joseph Szalinski

Loyal companion whose racing paws & booming howl is

heard before she is seen. A wonderful addition to a family
who’s known loss. Grayed from the years, you still seem
playful and spritely, albeit a little fluffy. I wonder if you’d
remember me after all this time? If you’d still excitedly
greet me for licks, sniffs, and scratches; the piece of a
broken relationship I miss the most.
Cinderella by Charles Perrault

Once upon a time there was a girl called Cinderella. She did
all the work for her ugly step sisters. One day an invitation
arrived to go to a ball at the palace. Suddenly! A fairy
Godmother appeared and made Cinderella a beautiful dress
and a lovely carriage to take her to the ball. Cinderella danced
all night with the Prince. Then at 12 O’ clock Cinderella left
the ball. She lost her slipper on the stairs. The Prince looked
every where for her. Eventually he found her and the slipper
fit. They got married and lived happily ever after.
 Dramatic

Carol Ann Duffy's – Shakespeare's Romeo and

Medusa Juliet

Dramatic Monologue Soliloquy

Carol Ann Duffy's – Medusa

Medusa is both terrifying and sympathetic in the

poem, a woman transformed into a monster by
her anger over her husband's affairs. The poem
points to the destructive potential of jealousy
and rage, and to the way that men use women,
only to discard them when they're no longer
young and beautiful.
 Romeo and Juliet
by: William Shakespeare

Romeo and Juliet is a tragedy written by William

Shakespeare early in his career about two young
Italian star-crossed lovers whose deaths ultimately
reconcile their feuding families. It was among
Shakespeare's most popular plays during his
lifetime and, along with Hamlet, is one of his most
frequently performed plays.
 Lyric

Sonnet 18 by William
“The Old Pond” by Duino Elegies: Rainer
Ode on a Grecian Urn Shakespeare
Matsuo Bashō Maria Rilke

Haiku Ode Elegy Sonnet Song

“The Old Pond” by Matsuo Bashō

An old silent pond...

A frog jumps into the pond,
splash! Silence again.
 
 The Iliad by: Homer
Thou still unravish’d bride of quietness, Ah, happy, happy boughs! that cannot shed
    Thou foster-child of Silence and slow Time,     Your leaves, nor ever bid the Spring adieu; O Attic shape! Fair attitude! with brede
Sylvan historian, who canst thus express And, happy melodist, unwearied,     Of marble men and maidens
    A flowery tale more sweetly than our rhyme:     For ever piping songs for ever new; overwrought,
What leaf-fring’d legend haunts about thy shape More happy love! more happy, happy love!
With forest branches and the trodden
    Of deities or mortals, or of both,     For ever warm and still to be enjoy’d, weed;
        In Tempe or the dales of Arcady?         For ever panting, and for ever young;     Thou, silent form, dost tease us out of
What men or gods are these? What maidens loth? All breathing human passion far above,
thought
    What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape?     That leaves a heart high-sorrowful and As doth eternity: Cold pastoral!
        What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy? cloy’d,
    When old age shall this generation
          A burning forehead, and a parching waste,
Heard melodies are sweet, but those unheard tongue.         Thou shalt remain, in midst of other
    Are sweeter; therefore, ye soft pipes, play on; Who are these coming to the sacrifice?
woe
Not to the sensual ear, but, more endear’d,     To what green altar, O mysterious priest, Than ours, a friend to man, to whom thou
    Pipe to the spirit ditties of no tone: Lead’st thou that heifer lowing at the skies, say’st,
Fair youth, beneath the trees, thou canst not leave     And all her silken flanks with garlands
    “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”—that is
    Thy song, nor ever can those trees be bare; drest? all
        Bold lover, never, never canst thou kiss, What little town by river or sea shore,         Ye know on earth, and all ye need to
Though winning near the goal—yet, do not grieve;     Or mountain-built with peaceful citadel,
know.
    She cannot fade, though thou hast not thy bliss,         Is emptied of this folk, this pious morn?
        For ever wilt thou love, and she be fair! And, little town, thy streets for evermore
    Will silent be; and not a soul to tell
        Why thou art desolate, can e’er return.
Duino Elegies: Rainer Maria Rilke

The Duino Elegies are a collection of ten elegies

written by the Bohemian-Austrian poet Rainer Maria
Rilke. He was then "widely recognized as one of the
most lyrically intense German-language poet", and
began the elegies in 1912 while a guest of Princess
Marie von Thurn und Taxis at Duino Castle, on the
Adriatic Sea.
Sonnet 18 by Shakespeare
Shall I compare thee to a summer’s
But thy eternal summer shall not
day? Thou art more lovely and more
fade, Nor lose possession of that
temperate: Rough winds do shake the
fair thou ow’st; Nor shall death
darling buds of May, And summer’s
brag thou wander’st in his shade,
lease hath all too short a date;
When in eternal lines to time thou
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven
grow’st: So long as men can
shines, And often is his gold
breathe or eyes can see, So long
complexion dimm'd; And every fair
lives this, and this gives life to
from fair sometime declines, By
thee.
chance or nature’s changing course
untrimm'd;
Prose
 Fiction

Legend of Lady Sonnet 18: Shall I

Godiva compare thee to a
The Story of an Hour Jane Eyre by Charlotte Hamlet by William summer’s day? By:
Bronte Shakespeare William Shakespeare

Novel Play Legend Fable

Short Story
The Story of an Hour

What is "The Story of an Hour" About? "The Story of an Hour"

by Kate Chopin is about Louise Mallard, a woman in a
traditional Victorian marriage, who receives the news that
her husband was killed in an accident. After her grief subsides,
she begins to see opportunity and freedom in her future.
Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte

The novel follows the story of Jane, a seemingly plain and

simple girl as she battles through life's struggles. Jane has
many obstacles in her life - her cruel and abusive Aunt Reed, the
grim conditions at Lowood school, her love for Rochester and
Rochester's marriage to Bertha.
Hamlet by William Shakespeare

The ghost of the King of Denmark tells his son Hamlet to

avenge his murder by killing the new king, Hamlet's uncle.
Hamlet feigns madness, contemplates life and death, and seeks
revenge. His uncle, fearing for his life, also devises plots to
kill Hamlet.
 Legend of Lady Godiva

Lady Godiva (/ɡəˈdaɪvə/; died between 1066 and 1086), in Old English

 Godgifu, was a late Anglo-Saxon noblewoman who is relatively well
documented as the wife of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, and a patron of various
churches and monasteries. Today, she is mainly remembered for a legend
dating back to at least the 13th century, in which she rode naked – covered
only in her long hair – through the streets of Coventry to gain a remission of
the oppressive taxation that her husband, Leofric, imposed on his tenants. The
name "Peeping Tom" for a voyeur originates from later versions of this legend,
in which a man named Thomas watched her ride and was struck blind or dead.
Sonnet 18: Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day? By: William
Shakespeare

Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:
Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,
And summer’s lease hath all too short a date;
Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines,
And often is his gold complexion dimm'd;
And every fair from fair sometime declines,
By chance or nature’s changing course untrimm'd;
But thy eternal summer shall not fade,
Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow’st;
Nor shall death brag thou wander’st in his shade,
When in eternal lines to time thou grow’st:
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see,
So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
 Non-Fiction

Angela’s Ashes Good-Bye-to All That Walden by Henry

By Robert Graves
By Frank McCourt David Thoreau

Biography/Autobiography Narrative Essay Memoir

Angela’s Ashes By Frank McCourt

Angela's Ashes, by Frank McCourt, is a

genuine memoir that vividly tells the story
of a young, Irish Catholic boy during the
1930s and early 1940s. Frank's memory of
his impoverished childhood is difficult to
accept, however, he injects a sense of
devilish humor into his biography.
Good-Bye-to All That By Robert Graves

In Good-Bye to All That, Graves powerfully

explores the horrors of the First World War,
while also providing a compelling look at the
inner workings of British society. On the front
lines at Cuinchy and Laventie, divisions between
the men who fought became clear.
Walden by Henry David Thoreau

The main idea of "Walden" by Henry David

Thoreau is to find the meaning of life. He set
out to contemplate life and himself and to find
out man's role in the world.
 Genre
Genre refers to the forms of literature. The general ones are oral and
written. The main types are prose and poetry. There are many other forms
that have sprung through the years. Specifically, it is defined in the
curriculum guide as something that "may be determined by literary
technique, tone, content, or even (as in the case of fiction) length. The
distinctions between genres and categories are flexible and loosely
defined, often with subgroups. The most general genres in literature are
(in loose chronological order) epic, tragedy, comedy, and creative
nonfiction. They can all be in the form of prose or poetry.
 Genre
Fiction- One of the most popular genres of literature, fiction, features imaginary characters and events. This genre
is often broken up into five subgenres: fantasy, historical fiction, contemporary fiction, mystery, and science fiction.
Nonetheless, there are more than just five types of fiction, ranging from romance to graphic novels. In fantasy, the
characters or settings could not exist in the world as we know it because they require a sort of “magical” element.
The Harry Potter and Twilight series are popular examples.
Nonfiction- Unlike fiction, nonfiction tells the story of real people and events. Examples include biographies,
autobiographies, or memoirs.
Drama- Another popular category of literature, known as drama or play, is a story created specifically for a stage
performance.
The most renowned author of drama was William Shakespeare—the writer of Macbeth, Hamlet, and Romeo and
Juliet.
More modern plays include A Streetcar Named Desire and A Raisin in the Sun.
 Genre
Poetry- The fourth genre of literature is poetry. In this style of writing, words are arranged in a metrical
pattern and often (though not always) in rhymed verse.
Renowned poets include e.e. cummings, Robert Frost, and Maya Angelou

Folktale- Another beloved genre of literature is folktale. Folktale, which is also referred to as
mythology, tells stories of originally oral literature and are meant to pass on particular moral lessons.
These tales often have a timeless quality, dealing with common concerns that are relevant despite the time
period.
 Examples of Different Genre Types
•Action and Adventure Genre
-Action and adventure are sometimes considered two distinct genres, however, the two go hand-in-hand: they involve
exciting sequences and obstacles that must be overcome before reaching a goal. There are many different categories of
action-adventure stories.
• Comedy Genre
- Comedies are humorous stories intended to make the reader or viewer laugh. Whether it’s a literary genre or found in
the most popular music genre, comedy is just funny.
• Fantasy Genre
- Stories about magic spells, mythical creatures, and fabled kingdoms are known as fantasies. This genre sometimes
includes witchcraft and wizardry, dragons and unicorns, and an emphasis on legend. Check out a few fantasy sub-genres
and examples.
• Genre
-Horror stories are intended, as the name suggests, to horrify and scare an audience. The genre of horror has been
shocking audiences for many centuries and includes many sub-genres.
 Examples of Different Genre Types
• Mystery Genre
- Mystery always leaves you guessing. Not only are you guessing who did it, but what will happen next. Explore several
different subgenres of mystery along with music, movie, and literary examples of each.
• Drama Genre
- When you are ready for a good cry or just want to curl up to smile at a good romance, then it is time to look for drama.
You might find a heartwarming family story or a spicy romance set 100 years ago.
• Science Fiction Genre
Any story that uses scientific concepts to explain the world or the universe is known as science fiction, sci-fi, or syfy.
This genre is very similar in construction to fantasy, except that science is a central theme.
 
 Literary Elements
Literary elements refer "to particular identifiable characteristics of a
whole text. They are not "used," per se, by authors; they represent the
elements of storytelling which are common to all literary and narrative
forms. For example, every story has a theme, a setting, a conflict, and
has a particular point-of-view, etc.
 Literary Elements
In order to be properly discussed as part of textual analysis, literary elements must be clearly
identified for that particular text” (Glossary, Curriculum Guide). The common elements of stories
are setting, characters, conflicts, themes, point of view, and plot. Actions also have their own
elements such as descriptions, ascending actions, climaxes, descending actions, and resolution or
denouement. Poetry has his four key elements: form, image, rhythm and sound. Free verse, couplets,
limericks, etc. Photography, on the other hand, is why we see photography in words, adding color to
all kinds of literature, especially poetry. Rhythm and sound are somewhat similar. In fact, rhythm
falls into a broad category of sounds. Sounds are rhymes, repetitions (repeating words, sentences, or
lines), alliterations (repeating the same consonants), assonances (repeating the same vowels), and
onomatopoeias (using actual sounds to tell someone or something). ), rhythm has to do with the
flow of the beat. B. Is he fast or slow? In general, both sound and rhythm are the primary elements
that influence poetry musically (Encyclopedia Britannica).
 Literary Elements
Theme- literary theme is the main idea or underlying meaning a writer
explores in a novel, short story, or other literary work. The theme of a story can
be conveyed using characters, setting, dialogue, plot, or a combination of all of
these elements
Characters- is any person, animal, or figure represented in a literary
work. Characters are essential to a good story, and it is the main characters that
have the greatest effect on the plot or are the most affected by the events of the
story.
Settings- refers to the time, place, and environment in which a story occurs.
Through its use, authors can establish mood, develop their characters, and
enhance the conflict.
 Literary Elements
Plot- is the sequence of events that shape a broader narrative, with every event causing or
affecting each other. In other words, plot is a series of causes-and-effects which shape the story
as a whole. Plot definition: A series of causes-and-effects which shape the story as a whole.
Conflict- is a literary device characterized by a struggle between two opposing forces.
Conflict provides crucial tension in any story and is used to drive the narrative forward
Point of view- is the perspective from which an author tells a story. It's one of the most
important decisions authors make in shaping a story. The narrator can be unnamed or a specific
character. Authors also choose whether to write in first, second, or third person.
Style- is the literary element that describes the ways that the author uses words — the author's
word choice, sentence structure, figurative language, and sentence arrangement all work
together to establish mood, images, and meaning in the text.
 THANK YOU!

Mae Mikylla Mary Rose Narekka John Ellemeleck

Kyle Mark Loui Rodrigo