LITERATURE

PREPARED BY: CHYRIL R.

OMATANG
 LITERATURE
derived from the Latin ‘litera’
which means letter
faithful reproduction of man’s
manifold experiences blended into one
harmonious expression
The body of all written works.
 WHY DO WE STUDY LITERATURE?

1. Literature is a conforming mirror of reality.

2. Literature serves as an expression of ideas and
feelings.
3. Literature enlarges the reader’s world.
4. It is a means of preserving the culture and
appreciating literary heritage.
 DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE

Fiction Non-fiction
Is a form of any
narrative or Form of any
informative work that narrative, account or
deals with the communicative
information/events that work based on facts
are imaginary (e.g. (e.g. biography,
novels, short stories, history)
 GENERAL TYPES OF LITERATURE

Prose Poetry
consists of those refers to those
written within the expressions in verse,
common flow of with measure and
conversation in rhyme, line and stanza
sentences and and has a more
paragraphs melodious tone
 EXPAND THE FOLLOWING
“Poetry is not a turning loose of emotion, but an
escape from emotion; it is not the expression of
personality, but an escape from personality. But, of
course, only those who have personality and emotions
know what it means to want to escape from these
things”-T.S. Elliot
“Poetry comes from the highest happiness or the
deepest sorrow.” – A.P.J. Abdul Kalam
“Poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful
feelings: it takes its origin from emotion recollected in
tranquility.”-William Wordsworth
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
1. Sound Devices
a. Rhyme
-similarity of sounds at the end of words

Rhyme

End Rhyme Internal Rhyme

occurs at the end occurs within the

of the lines line of poetry
End Rhyme:
I saw a fairy in the wood
He was dressed all in green
He drew his sword while I just stood
And realized I’d been seen
Internal Rhyme:
Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered
weak and weary
While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there
came a tapping
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
 Rhyme Scheme
is the pattern of end rhymes that may be
designated by assigning a different letter of the
alphabet to each new rhyme
b. Rhythm
a pattern of stressed and unstressed sound in the
line of a poem
 Strong
syllable Weak syllable
followed by Trochai followed by
Iambic
a weak c strong
syllabe syllable
Rhythm
Two weak Strong
syllables syllable
followed by Anapestic Dactylic followed by
a strong two weak
syllable syllables
Iambic-
A book/ of ver/ se un/ derneath/the bough
Trochaic
Fairer/than the/Mermaid/tavern
Anapestic
On this night/ of all nights/of the year
Dactylic
How shall I/know whether/they
welcome/back to me
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
c. Alliteration
the repetition of initial sounds on the same line or
stanza
Example: Big bad Bod bounced bravely.
Sally sells seashells by the seashore.
Arthur already answered questions about the
account.
d. Assonance
the repetition of vowel sounds (anywhere in the middle or end of
a line or stanza)
Example:
And so, all the night-tide,
I lie down by the side
Of my darling, my darling, my life and my bride.

How strange it is
To hover over words, like the smoke
From the loggers’ fires, over the valley.
e. Consonance
the repetition of consonant sounds (anywhere in
the middle or end of the line or stanza)
Example:
And all the air a solemn stillness holds.
f. Onomatopoeia
words that sound like that which they describe
Example:
Tlot-tlot; tlot-tlot! Had they heard it? The horse
hoofs ringing clear;
Tlot-tlot, tlot-tlot, in the distance? Were they deaf
that they did not hear?

The tick-tock of the clock woke e up.

ELEMENTS
2. Form
OF POETRY
a. Lines-the way poems are written, may or not be
sentences
b. Stanzas-are series of lines grouped together and
separated by an empty line from other stanzas.
 Couplet- two lines

 Tercet- three lines

 Quatrain- four lines

 Cinquain- five lines

 Sestet- six lines

 Septet- seven lines

 Octave-eight lines
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
3. Imagery
refers to the sensations that language creates in the
mind
 Imagery is the painting of pictures in the reader’s
mind through the use of language.
4. Figurative Language
an expression in which the words are not used in
their literal sense
 FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
a. Simile
a comparison between two unlike objects using
the words “like” or “as”
Example:
“The sun looked like a golden coin in the sky.”
“The moon shone as brightly as the stars.”
“The man cried like a baby.”
“The house was as silent as the grave.”
b. Metaphor
a direct comparison of two unlike objects. It
compares objects without using’ like’ or ‘as.
Example:
“Life is a blank page, waiting for us to write on
it.”
“My love is the sunshine in my life, brightening
up my day.”
“Her face was a book, he could read her every
thought and emotion.”
c. Personification
figure of speech in which a thing, an idea or an
animal, is given human attributes
Example:
“The pen ran quickly over her page, jumping from
word to word as though rushing to finish a race.”
 “The house sat proudly on the land, its windows
were eyes watching over its kingdom.”
d. Hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be
taken literally
Example:
I am so hungry I could eat a horse.
If I can’t buy that perfect prom dress, I’ll die!
I’ve told you to clean your room a million times.
 ELEMENTS OF POETRY
5. Speaker
voice; talks to the reader
Example:
But believe me, son.
I want to be what I used to be
when I was like you.