ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

11(12), 782-788

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/18044
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/18044

RESEARCH ARTICLE
PHYTOTHERAPY FOR HEALING SPORTS INJURIES: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

Khadija LECHHEB1, Achraf RAHID1, Fadoua BERDI1,2, Yassir BOUSLIMAN1,2 and Imane ZAKARIYA1,2
1. Mohamed V. Military Hospital, Rabat, Morocco.
2. Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Rabat, Morocco.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History Sports injuries, affecting both professional and amateur athletes, have a
Received: 25 October 2023 significant impact on performance, careers, and overall well-being.
Final Accepted: 28 November 2023 While conventional medical treatments play a crucial role in recovery,
Published: December 2023 the interest in alternative therapies, particularly phytotherapy, is on the
rise. Phytotherapy, also known as herbal or botanical medicine,
Key words:-
Sports Injuries, Phytotherapy, Herbal harnesses the healing properties of plants and herbal remedies to
Remedies, Healing address sports-related injuries. It's crucial to approach the efficacy and
safety of phytotherapy with caution. An extensive literature review has
unveiled an array of plants and herbal remedies, such as arnica,
comfrey, turmeric, boswellia, rosemary, calendula, Witch Hazel,
Cayenne, and Horsetail, with the potential to alleviate pain, reduce
inflammation, and promote the healing process. While phytotherapy
offers promise for sports injury management, further research and
clinical trials are imperative to validate its efficacy and ensure athlete
safety. The collaboration between traditional herbal medicine and
modern sports injury management holds great potential for
comprehensive athlete care.

Copy Right, IJAR, 2023,. All rights reserved.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:
Sports injuries are a prevalent concern in the realm of athletics, affecting both professional and amateur athletes [1]
These injuries, which encompass a wide range of conditions such as sprains, strains, contusions, and fractures, can
have significant repercussions on an athlete's performance, career, and overall well-being [1]. There are various
types of therapies for the management and treatment of sports injuries and the induced pain [2] Finding effective
treatments for sports injuries is paramount in ensuring athletes can recover swiftly and resume their sporting
activities.

While conventional medical treatments play a crucial role in the recovery process, there's agrowing interest in
exploring alternative therapies, particularly phytotherapy. [3]

Phytotherapy, also known as herbal medicine or botanical medicine, offers a promising avenue for sports injury
management [4]Phytotherapy harnesses the healing properties of plants and herbal remedies to address various
health issues, including sports-related injuries [4]. The general perception that herbal remedies or drugs are very safe
and devoid of adverse effects is not only untrue, but also misleading. [3] That is why it is important to note that the
efficacy and safety of phytotherapy, particularly in the context of sports injuries, should be approached with caution.

Corresponding Author:- Khadija Lechheb 782

Address:- Mohamed V Military Hospital,Rabat, Morocco.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 11(12), 782-788

This article explores the landscape of sports injuries, delves into the principles of phytotherapy, and provides a
comprehensive overview of plants and herbal remedies commonly used in sports injury management.

Method:
To compile this comprehensive review, we conducted an extensive search of scientific literature using reputable
databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and specialized journals in sports medicine, herbal medicine, and
phytotherapy. We focused on studies published between 2000 and 2023, considering their relevance to the topic of
phytotherapy for sports injuries. The following criteria were applied in the selection of relevant literature:
1. Relevance to sports injury management.
2. Availability of clinical evidence and case studies.
3. Historical or traditional usage of plants in injury treatment.

Results and Discussion:

Sports injuries, an unfortunate but common companion of athletes [1] affect thousands of people and athletes around
the world [5]. These injuries can occur during physical activity or sporting events, often due to poor training
practices, accidents, or inadequate preparation such as insufficient stretching or warm-up routines and can range
from minor strains and contusions to more severe fractures and dislocations. Sports injuries can have both
immediate and long-term consequences, affecting an athlete's ability to perform and, in some cases, leading to
chronic pain, frustration, and downtime [1][5] Sports injuries are a persistent challenge for athletes of all levels.

The choice of the most suitable therapy depends on the nature of the injury and the extent of tissue damage. [2]

While conventional treatments have been the go-to for addressing these injuries, there's an ancient, natural approach
is used to improve health and facilitate the healing process of injuries [6] that's gaining recognition in the world of
sports medicine: phytotherapy.[7]

Phytotherapy, also known as herbal medicine or botanical medicine, offers a promising avenue for sports injury
management. [4]

Numerous athletes incorporate medicinal plants into their routines to enhance alertness, maintain wellness,
accelerate injury recovery, alleviate discomfort, mitigate inflammation, bolster their immune systems, [8] [9] and
optimize their chances of staying healthy in and out of season, enabling them to compete at the highest level
possible.[10]

Herbal products are extract from seeds, gums, roots, leaves, bark, berries, or flowers, and contain numbers of
phytochemicals such as carotenoids and polyphenols, including phenolic acids, alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides,
saponins, and lignans which though to provide health benefits.[11] They can be applied topically, which is effective
for musculoskeletal issues due to the proximity of the skin to the affected areas. Massage can further enhance these
treatments by improving blood flow and absorption of active ingredients while alleviating muscle contractures.

The results section summarizes our findings from the extensive literature review. The review has revealed an array
of plants and herbal remedies that exhibit efficacy in managing sports injuries, including:

Arnica montana:
Renowned for its stimulating and warming properties, which accelerate blood flow at the injury site, fostering the
healing process. It also exhibits analgesic properties, effectively mitigating pain and discomfort [4]. While some
studies indicated its effectiveness in reducing muscle soreness [4][12][13], conflicting results emerged regarding its
impact on musculoskeletal injuries [14].

Numerous clinical studies have examined the efficacy of Arnica Montana in the management of muscle and joint
injuries. A randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of Clinical Rheumatology investigated the use of
Arnica gel in individuals with osteoarthritis of the knee. The results showed a significant reduction in pain and
improved joint function in the Arnica group compared to the placebo group [15]. Another study in the European

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Journal of Sports Science explored the use of Arnica in athletes with muscle soreness. Participants who applied
Arnica gel reported faster recovery times and reduced muscle pain [16]
Arnica contains toxins, and its usage in high doses can lead to severe skin irritations [17]. Additionally, oral
consumption of arnica in excessive amounts has been associated with potentially fatal poisonings [18].

Symphytum officinale:
Comfrey root has been used as a traditional medicinal plant of topical application for alleviating discomfort in
muscles and joints complaints for centuries. [19][20] [21]

Comfrey root extract is known for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, and these therapeutic effects are
attributed to its constituents, including allantoin, mucilage, and rosmarinic acid. [21] [22]. It has been clinically
demonstrated to effectively reduce pain, inflammation, and swelling associated with conditions like degenerative
arthritis, acute myalgia in the back, as well as sprains, contusions, and strains resulting from sports injuries and
accidents.[19]

Comfrey contains pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs), which are known to have hepatotoxic properties. However, due to
minimal absorption of PAs through the skin, the use of comfrey ointment is considered safe and poses no risk to its
users [23].

Rosmarinus officinalis is a fragrant evergreen herb belonging to the Lamiaceae family [24]. known for its
medicinal properties. It contains various beneficial compounds, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic
acids, and essential oils [25]. In traditional medicine, rosemary has been used to treat a range of ailments, from
stomachaches and headaches to dysmenorrhea and nervous agitation [26][27].

Modern research has confirmed several health benefits of rosemary, including its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory
properties [28] [29]. It has also shown potential for pain relief, neuroprotection, and even improving memory.

Several clinical studies have investigated the use of Rosemary and its active constituents in the context of muscle
and joint injuries. In a randomized controlled trial published in the Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, athletes
with muscle soreness who received Rosemary extract supplementation experienced significant reductions in pain
and inflammation compared to the placebo group [30]. Rosemary is considered safe for consumption, with a low
risk of toxicity [26].

Curcuma longa:
Is a vibrant yellow spice and has been used for centuries in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurveda and
Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). It is rich in curcumin, a bioactive compound with powerful anti-inflammatory
and antioxidant properties. [31]

A study published in the "Journal of Clinical Interventions in Aging" investigated the use of curcumin in treating
ankle sprains. The researchers found that participants who received curcumin supplementation experienced reduced
pain and swelling compared to the control group. This trial highlighted curcumin's potential in managing acute
sprains [32].

In a clinical trial published in the "European Journal of Applied Physiology," participants with muscle strains were
given curcumin supplements. The results showed that curcumin reduced pain and improved muscle function,
supporting its use in managing strains [33].

Curcumin is generally considered safe when consumed as part of the diet. However, high doses or long-term use of
curcumin supplements may lead to gastrointestinal discomfort in some individuals [34]

Boswellia serrata :
A resin-producing tree native to India, has garnered significant attention for its remarkable anti-inflammatory
properties. Within this tree's resin, commonly known as frankincense, lie bioactive compounds, including boswellic
acids. Among these, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA) are notable
contributors to its therapeutic effects [35].

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Incorporating Boswellia serrata into therapeutic approaches holds promise as a natural and potent remedy to combat
pain and inflammation associated with sprains, strains, and various musculoskeletal conditions.
Numerous clinical studies have undertaken the task of exploring the efficacy of Boswellia serrata in alleviating pain
and inflammation, particularly in cases of sprains and strains. One noteworthy investigation, a randomized, double-
blind, placebo-controlled trial documented in the International Journal of Phytotherapy and Phytopharmacology,
delved into the effects of Boswellia serrata extract on individuals grappling with acute ankle sprains. The findings
from this study unveiled substantial reductions in both pain and swelling among participants who received Boswellia
serrata extract compared to those in the placebo group [36].

Further emphasizing the versatility of Boswellia serrata, another study featured in the European Journal of Medical
Research focused on its potential in managing mild to moderate knee osteoarthritis. This research demonstrated that
Boswellia serrata not only effectively reduced pain but also improved joint function in patients grappling with this
challenging condition [37].

Calendula officinalis:
A vibrant and medicinal flowering plant belonging to the Asteraceae family, stands out with its brilliant orange or
yellow blooms. Within these distinctive flowers lies a treasure trove of bioactive compounds, notably flavonoids and
triterpene saponins, believed to underpin its remarkable healing properties [38].

Centuries of traditional use and numerous scientific studies have illuminated calendula's potential as a promoter of
healing, especially when it comes to contusions and bruises. This plant's therapeutic prowess is intricately linked to
its multifaceted attributes, encompassing anti-inflammatory, anti-genotoxic, and anti-viral properties [39].

Incorporating Calendula officinalis into healing practices holds the promise of harnessing nature's gifts for the
benefit of those dealing with the discomfort and discoloration of contusions and bruises.

The effectiveness of Calendula preparations in the treatment of contusions and bruises has been the subject of
rigorous clinica l investigation. One noteworthy study, documented in the Journal of Clinical Interventions in Aging,
explored the topical application of Calendula ointment in elderly patients grappling with skin tears and bruises. The
outcomes unveiled a significant reduction in both bruise size and pain intensity within the Calendula-treated group,
setting it apart from the control group [40].

Further fortifying its reputation, another study, featured in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology, delved into the anti-
inflammatory potential of Calendula extract in animal models. This research added another layer of confirmation to
its prowess, particularly in reducing inflammation linked to contusions and bruises [41].

Hamamelis virginiana:
Witch Hazel, is a deciduous shrub native to North America. Its therapeutic properties have been harnessed for
centuries by indigenous communities for various medicinal purposes, including the treatment of skin conditions.[42]
[43] [44]

The key components of Witch Hazel responsible for its healing properties include tannins, flavonoids, and essential
oils [42]

These bioactive compounds exhibit anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties and astringent, [42][45] making Witch
Hazel an ideal candidate for contusion and bruise management.

Capsicum Frutescens, Capsicum Annuum:

Cayenne, derived from the Capsicum species primarily grown in tropical America within the Solanacées family,
stands as one of the most widely used spices. This spice is particularly renowned for its active compound, capsaicin
[46] [47], which has garnered significant attention in medicinal research [48]. One of capsaicin's notable attributes is
its capacity to influence sensory nerve signaling within the skin [10].

The versatility of capsaicin is evident through numerous studies highlighting its diverse range of bioactivities,
including its role as an analgesic [49], antioxidant [50], and its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties [51].

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In the realm of pain management, research has extensively delved into the potential of capsaicin sourced from
Cayenne. A systematic review conducted by Mason et al. [52] has indicated that the topical application of capsaicin
can offer relief for chronic pain, including discomfort associated with muscle-related issues. While it's important to
note that not every patient may achieve a 50% reduction in pain, the use of Cayenne's topical application has
demonstrated promising outcomes [52].

One of Cayenne's advantages is its safety profile. While it may cause temporary sensations like itching or burning
when applied topically, these side effects typically subside quickly.

Equisetum arvense:
Commonly known as Horsetail, is a bushy perennial herb that has been recognized for its medicinal characteristics
since ancient times [53] [54] Known for its diverse therapeutic properties, it has been described as an anti-
inflammatory and antioxidant agent and highly recommended by herbalists as a haemostatic remedy [54]. These
beneficial activities of Horsetail are attributed to its rich content of several classes of secondary metabolites,
including phenolics (such as flavonoids, styryl pyrones, and phenolic acids), alkaloids (including equisetin, nicotine,
palustrine, and palustrinine), phytosterols (like campesterol), bitter principles, and an array of essential minerals like
silica, calcium, magnesium, selenium, iron, potassium, and zinc [55]

Silica is one of the key components in Horsetail that contributes to its remarkable healing potential, particularly
concerning bone health and fracture healing. Silica plays a critical role in the absorption and utilization of calcium
by the body, an essential mineral for maintaining strong bones. Various studies have revealed a positive correlation
between silica intake and bone mineral density [56]. The presence of silica in Horsetail aids in the structure of bones
and connective tissues through several mechanisms: Facilitating Calcium and Mineral Deposition, Reducing
Osteoclast Activity, Stimulating Osteoblast Activity, Promoting Collagen Synthesis and enhancing
Glycosaminoglycan and Collagen Production [57].

Phytotherapy, a natural approach to healing, offers a versatile array of plant-based remedies to effectively address
various sports injuries. Well-regarded botanicals like arnica, comfrey, turmeric, and boswellia have gained
recognition for their potential in relieving injury-specific symptoms. These herbal treatments can be applied
topically or ingested, tailoring the approach to the type and severity of the injury.

However, while phytotherapy holds promise, it's vital not to overlook safety considerations. This includes the need
to be aware of potential contraindications and interactions with other treatments or medications. The validation of
the efficacy and safety of herbal remedies in sports injury management necessitates further research and clinical
trials.

Ultimately, the collaboration between traditional herbal medicine and modern sports injury management approaches
holds great potential for providing comprehensive care to athletes.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, phytotherapy emerges as a promising avenue for managing sports injuries, offering athletes natural
and effective remedies. Plants and herbal remedies such as arnica, comfrey, turmeric, boswellia, and rosemary have
demonstrated their potential in alleviating pain, inflammation, and promoting the healing process. As the field of
sports medicine continues to evolve, the integration of phytotherapy into athlete care may usher in enhanced
recovery and improved athletic performance. However, it is crucial to approach phytotherapy with caution,
considering safety aspects and conducting further research to validate its efficacy in sports injury management.

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