s,",ouid ho.

\l~
o.-nf'\I~C'
. i~ shou.id
ond
desi.ed ,\10 \-tQ~e. oa1f) I CU~cDt: 8'~n
lrIa{ch jots '(')put­ irnpede-nce LOt*, squ.-(ce and ou~u\:'
-, -

'.-npc-dencc u.:>'*' lDo.d. MOf1ll.f +Irnes - -\-hc~ rirra"fj "-9uJ'~~

, I .J

,o~ -I-+---c:.. '=.'rnptl_-l-icY =mnot _be. o..~he:iu-<=d ~i1h slNjle s\:-=~e

C\rr-, pU4---icy due - -1-0 ---the limi t'o -H on' 0+ --han sil":,-\-cr;- I t=ET .

So I fln o.,d--{
~ ..L
'\) =. \1<::> i d

M u \ +i s ~=-(\ e A-rr-..p\i -¥--i c:," .

~~~f'~\-

rnu \.-t1 s.~e - = rn p\l -~--\c--c'

Ih. 'is i'So used ---l--oi- \0. 'Y'tje =< f' f'1 i =+1 ons

~ s ~., ~"t ~e ~:_

lh=e... Q"n:: 4:tn--ee ~pc'S. 0{- couplin<::l

~ dc.\Icloplng tnul-l--is~e qrnpli -fiefS­

I
,:, Rc.. coupli':"3
!
I ,;;, T'"'"(ons.b coup\ir:3'
I
I
i
J:~ oi,c:.ct =upl i~

&-c ~r~:-

Rc coupled u~\n3 +ran sis-Ion; is. shown. \he­ ou'1'ul

Signal ()~ .fi.::ns~ ste..ee.. IS coupled --b #'e:­ i()Fub­ ~-»-.e. nc::cb
co.t -I+--.c.. ou1:ptlb tc:..... mtno.\ oJ'- .jq0l5t. .s.~e .

'ice­

R\ Rc,\
R\

R&

Ct:.
-t
\I,
~<; ,.,
R).. R~
ColE>
Rf. Rs Cos

c-ouplins dOcs.no\: c..f-kcl; +I-e 9u-~,;;c=nt peinl:.

ot- -+he. nc:=t ""'~e s.incc. ~ =upll~ =pa.e.i_~ Cc. b\O"-KE', -\he
d.c \101+=-:::J e +<-orn 'Y=Ch\~ -\he bctsc.. o-t- *e E',<=.-cond E;b=-~,,-,
"The Rc ne.h.oo"Yk is b--roo...d. bQ.nd In I"lClW'fe - 'Thd:>\ek It
8 iu c-s 0\. u::>,nd bQnd {.-=-qu.c:.nc:1' "fc:.sponsc uJI-\hOt.tt re:o k
cd: CU', j +'--=9 u e.n~ .

If, e -I!rc.q tl c:..n Llj d-lOps '0-1-1' Pl t 'I c:.'fj , 10 to

n3 c.qpo.ci \:-oYs. ~ (j=ln qlso

-h-C:9 U='Ic::1 cs duc:. -to coLtpl1

at h''Jh -f.-c 9. ue...n des. duc- -to shun\;

d C Cycq sc:s. Q.f"'Ic\ a.1l',O

1h e +r<=-9 tl C-r\CB 'Oc€.pof)SC of--+hc R<:- =uf>led =::, ""roo..ol)

bdolO­
, ,

A\l --- -- -",...-­

o , \0 100

~~~PJm8!-
'~"" ou,6pu t Slum! o.f- -ti<Jt&l: lS~e i'1> =uple-d

Ir)put 0+ -+he. r)c-::cl st=B~

-ha ()S,+cn mc"

,-­__-jl--C__---JI--_--l

Th,'s ~pc o-t- =t.tplins is Cls,cd -\0 rnCt-lc~ ~ \rnpcd<:f1 <o-c

bc~en oul:- pule Olncl lnpt.tt =Se-e..de e.t=.\;}G' lJsUQl\\j , ilv IS

usc:d -\0 rna:kh +he- IO"i'aE"Y oul:cpUt '"'resi-s-l:-ancc of- -AP f'Ou)Cr-{
,
q rnp Ii-/" ex +0 Q low 'mpc: dd1Ce. ICo'd,

As tDe knol.O Tt-Ofls+-cnrne-y- bloe,kS del p'Yov;di~

 de i-s.olo-Hon k+u:,.".e.o -!he.- ~ s-te<-a=. 1hc=c--\-crlc i -t-<Cln~~c
COu.pli 0,9 docs. nOt e.f-kc\: -\he: 9.u;~sCCJ"'ll; pain l; o-l- +he rvc-:d
S~G'c.

l="'"'1cqu.Cf\~ 'Yc::sf>Of) Ce 0+ -+ran ~-k>nnCry =ul'lccl arnpl\\10'1

is poo-r in cornpQ"f! SIOI) u..)\+h -\hot ot- Qn Rc cou.plcd. Clmp\;~""

Tt'5 Icka..3e ,'ndud-oncc Clnd inb=rLD;Y)~in3 co,pa.cl\:q,..,cc-s doc-s

no\:, o.tto<..O Qrnpl;~cY -\0 arnp\;t:t ~ .s~Clno.L!. ett- d\Hc/Ycnl:

fi'nb:=rrwlnd,n3 =pC<.c.\'t:o.ncc: O+­

--\+,e:. +-Ca n So 6 rn o--r CD u. pled ma..~
,
slue '"lIse 'Oc::sono.r) = Q-t

c: C'Y \-a....1 f) +t- c9 U e.r> d c t.O h \ e}, rno. K..c s 01'1") pi, tI c:y -to s\oe \I <:.-"i 'j

=ch
c=n get 'Yc:sonanC,<: at, Qn';ldc::s''Ocd. R~ ~c:quc::.n~ . .su.~

Cltrr..,pli .f1C"f5 a.'TC c..qlk.d ~ ~ ~ ~p~'

The t-rq()'S+O.... rn~"Y- - c..ou.plcd Qrnpl'! -l-IClYS a...... e- used ;n

"Ya.dlo and Tv '"Yccd<Jc"fs .f-c'Y arnpl~if)~ R~ sl8rals.

O~----:'\O::---'C:-OO---------I----~
IOOe) \0,000 Iml-1~
, ,

S<5dP~<J\-
"l"hc. ou~ put- S.\~ 1>01 o{- +he -l-IUtst- l';~~", i~ d
hcd
-\';,\

C\ Ito LO~

p=ss. -+t-n-ou~h bos= o{- -\-he n",::c,t- s~~ , Q~kc\-1"'3 ;\-5 b\a~;"9

~o "di H ons . TVa:

/'
1---1------1
~

D<.t~·+o -\-he. a bsCf") = Crt Rc cornponc:.n-t5. '\-5 tow -h cq\l.~

"'fc-span s.e::- l'~ ~o(')d bu~ e:tt- h;~ hc.. .h"'-9uc:nci~ e,hun\-1n3 eqya~-hn2>
suc~ =s o+r08 =p=c.i t-=()ces U\.cdu Cc=... -the. ~eUr) o~-\he.
"'" rn pI; +Jct' '

lhe:. -Hon"",i&-+cr; pq'fQfY1c~ e.uCh =~ \lee ctnd f-> et,°rec::

Lo i -H-, h-rn pc."'c:d-u"Jc Co. u.s.l 1)'3 -the. =1 kc +eN e...u. 'T'"fC~f)'\; and \10 \ -h''-''(Ie

-\-0 change:. Bc=ccu.lSoe 0+ di .... c.ct ~c> Ll pr,l'1<J '-\he sc..

bctse. +he .1;, as<=­ G+ -+he=...

in -+he. dl'"'(cc+ COu pled

 , C~~S\-
VQ"flOUS
~

Po. 0\..0. mo6::rt '" Rc <::'0 u-p l = cI T...,onsbmCrf COc.if'led O"cc \:- ceuplcd.

couplrn']
Co rn panen1-s.
R c sis4tN oncl Tcn\'=Oonce. -
=po..ci+cn rn. e:tton\ "'3 +ransfo,me­

'Ie'S
'1c..s 1\.\1:1
Black DC

(:.....-=qucnqj Cla.~ at mIddle NO\; uni-\in'm , 'n\~'n Qt ~ICl \; Clio miad l~

'Icspanse -t-c quU)c.ics '"fcsonont t.c: q u.erlCl;! .\\ eq U et'Ick s and
and low at " thc'f lmFfO\lement in
.\!..eq UCflcic S . *,c: loU) t- equ en"':!
"response

Impcde-n c<:. N.~ a.chclue:d

l-Jo \; 0. ch e:. L)C d AChe-hied
n,cdof-> \ "8

oc Qrnpl it-! CQtiOTl "-\.0 t-.Lo 'ks

i.D ci 8 hb U 'G \-,\:. ~<.llck Qnd hCQ\l~ -

b'""'fiH l\\.ot- pYcsc.n\; Not VTc sen I:, I''"'r c S ct"\ \:;

lClpp\ic.q+i on Used ;1) a.mp'{4c....

used. \1) 0\\ Qu-dio
who~ \ml'ed-c>"ce:. USed In omplf.\'I_
Smelll G\~t'X:!.1 m<::>.-tchl"~ ;\1, an iml" -ecttlcm o-l- sloLO
.qrnV\i ~c"'CS • u",ed ,I) C'f \ I:=rlo. . \Jse..d \ n ~F'
'Ya. d., 0 "T ceq ue:"li>,
~ O"ftli n.:l pc:r.-Clmc:b<
=mp\I~~"Y s~G ~
and tehc.:w.eDC
telerhoT'C "YCCc..lI/C'<s -I+-.c .,.- cec..\U<:rl 0.'0 01'\
q m pl;.u Cet+! <ll) 'is
-ktf"'c=d \10 l-l=~c
"Tcq uJ "'reel·
"'<rnpll ~ Crt

A v r~----------...

- --~
o 10 100 1000
\/0 l-l ~'" ~oJl') to 1th SOU"fCc,

A\15

AT R<.
ot.t ~'T c::A'\ t a=-,n LO I +h so '-''Ya:. I ~& -==-­
.'

cc

«~ ~ h ie+\\-t-\-'~) ~E.

A . ~I.-
~ Rl
 eoualed
~~~

t<c, ~J-
R,
~
RS Cc

c,
Cc. ,
+­ '&0
cV
\Is
. R>.­ R2.
Re ~e
;:> ce, Ce

R-sse.trnl~ q\l -eatpCl clm-05 ar(b\tQ'1li\~ lQ<-f8c and Ql.el,-as

Q sho"d: ·C-\..,cuJt- ~ GLC. Slan0-' ~ CG>nct..,mo h-p0'lQ"""~
eqwuo\cn \;- d.eu.l\;.fu-< C\7 - C5 co.s. =d.e.- otrnfli ~crr .

\e:\-­ LIS ca.lw lo-k­

q .... e- R::,'" \ K I Rc I%-\ 0 I<. t REi( 2- \00 J). I RC:l-- z- UK I Rh __'" t,oOJ1-­
-V-lots+ S.-\-.:::>-(lG Cl.nd. P'l'" o.l\(, Rz.- :'-U'll-!m
h ~ .. '2-r5~ ,<:lit
-\-ho.*- ~ie"Z- \-'1-1<.1). l %0"'- 50
1
51-nd 6-\-=8 aSse..trne-
c

and nClC 'Z- '2- 5 )( \()- 6

RS
·,

,;,. 0' I

(DC CQ.f") U~ C(rF~rnQ:Ic- Ot~ :sis

Q) ~ "«crrt <3 e:U 1) Ct\!i'J ',­

14 fj 1- '%- - I,-\h '%- - 'O:J

bj <Xnpu't- l~sl&+=n C'c::C ~i2Y-

l(i'l. 2­ hie:i \. 'l:~st

l,Ohc..:u:. RL ~ Rc).

~ B~ C~~) 'L ­ 00 l ~:;:~

~ -(66,61

~~'2, ~ ~~ ~ ',­

"oe' R~
coh= ~~" Re,ll RI t\ R2. \\ 'Ri 2- 'L ~'Oo· 6Jl.

I.. 1 \ ,,-3 .
1l0 c '!?L 2­ (uo~\O )(E',6Q·a ~ o-oe~

As hoc' ~~ <..<:1-\ tu:-=nuse. Qfro-;cirnao\e.Qf)Q,'\l~;s-

eO CLI. 'T\Gr'I \:; Zj=Jt) ( q 1\) :-

AIi"\ '=-, - 'h-k ... - 0 Cl

 9-1·5
"\I
t-t \" - 50 '/. ­ I_I \(.

OlJcrrq 1\ 'Gol (') ( ~hrJ 1- '

B v ~ ~\ 'I- f:t\l:z.

"Z G-1€>E:,' 6i)'iC-'-66~LU)"Z. 6\'4-& u.S

. . "" t:l ~ \I 'f. f;I,\

aOe, a II 1)01-\a-8c '(I run (P!%J::;' V& ~

G\~,3·. U5,~\' I ,E> 't1<Y'

"Z- 32-U 5·6'
\. \ ~ '1-.. IC>?> + \ )<-10~

~;-\;~ Qrn p ll-¥-1Cr)' s~"'- in S~... :,cs <oi+!-) q c:.ornrrol') bos<::- Glrnpl/;f;o-t

S\o-=-'(J"'- • !X{- is. One OtPp"'0=~ -\0 -s.olue. ~ 10= rrnpe.do.nce

)7>ob1e.n, ,e,~ Q Cornrrxx) b=e cl,.a:.ul:- T"foJlsis-\o-r c T, Gtr)d;~

""s.socle<kd C:ornpon=f\-1-:'> '-"'F-''''~ op=-"Ja-k: ct..... Q Common ernl~

"trn p 11'+iCrl s+c-o.<a""-/ <.Ohi Ie - +he. .c.l.,cu.l \-IO~ T'2. ~c--HcrT\3-a'2> q

Co rYV(r>.()n 6 co.!?c ou \-pu+ -&~"'- . The = s code a.rnpll-t1crt (I; Uc-.s

as t.Uel! Q.~ ClOCJd \/01+0.8"" 8 eJ f) . and. \'J~ J..."'-'tu-c/)~ p01~rnQn.c<:..

0+ Q c..ornmon bQ,S.c cl"fcWt-.

 !~ ~~
.,
c
~
Q,:>~
. ; • • l?"1.
I'
~

-L ~
T0- 3
_ ""'i
Q,?­ t rrC.2
~
J, <l:C.,
-+
119 0
l<s k /
...AI\M I
I ~H <,
I

\I
s
t .-J : ::> R,;
-
~ I

"l1)c S1rnplit;c.cl ~-?Q....C\rnchv-r ~qt.UL)Q\C=-(){;- d-rcui+:' hH

=o.S=d.c. amen ~C/t 1~ di'TC1WI') b.j I'"Jcptudn 3 .h-Cl.{) si&4o-<' to;#'
+k.I", simp\', ~c.Ji
q _ ..
"'£'1 ,.1.'~1~~t
~ ~ ~ ~.'- d-r,... .. ~h
'--"'" CI.'Tc c<q& ' j
.s. hOCJ.:>1) b""\exn

r------.----...{'-")-----,----.-

Wi
"
R'
'1 «0, Ri2. RO:L ~

le6- U.S ~an .... i etc/"( +he el ':lcu1~ po...q mc-lc<5 a.:-(e- Rs .... l k j

1'o-.,rbo-H-,
R& ~ ~00K, 1(\.1 ... 10 I<. ClI. n d lZL '-3k Qnd -l-lan,;:islcY pcrrqrnc hs

-z-O ·98
\ -t 60
 .. 9l·6G.n.., .

~"( ~e--.!- ~~S~-

=,) C<..(-n~n\; 'n eU <) C-G~;)\-

8-; \ •• ,.", ..
h~ -00

LOn=,
l.'L I .. RiJ.
~J1.\ ·66J)..

L -O.qg

O\)cr(qll Uol+e..<ae saln \ A '2. A-\ll'/. Q.v2. .... -0· 95'1- 10b-~'
v
"2.-(33- 1>3

Rl :>
Ril\\R~ : '<i,\\Ro\lR\.I "Z. \.\K\\lClOl<.ltICl[(
'2­ 9891 Jl.
qM·\
"" 1:63-63 . ~
:z.. -66·35
966·1-t-toOel

3
+:Ips' A<E . Rs ,..-UQ..1t
I 'I- 10
-:.. -2.Ll·Q
Rs,-r R\l \ '1.\03 -1-,\8(,.1

OUbpU~ -ac=:sl s-k..t) c~ C RoJ ,­

~OI"r::P I R 02- "" r:P ,

I< 0 "­ R 0 2-\\ 111,.. .. cot\:;K ... 3k·

 1
Tt.eo
~'

~p,cql -koo

I - , - - - - - ' - - - - - - - , - - - - - r - - \lc.c..

~,

b~ llsl n3 h- po"{'ol'Y\ck u.e =n ob+-eU() -#-'e cqua t1 Ol).-¥o-,

-h=9.ucn~ "fc::s,f'00s.c o.¥- RC. CClLlp\in~.

l'hc .-f-1~u""c e;oou.:>s -\he- h-PQ"-Q.rn",:I:Pf ~qW\)Olc.ot ~"fcu1{;

~ outpu\: s.c::d4ol") o+- -the -NOtl>t 6~C Clod -t:h<e inpubs.c::cl:1°O Cl1­

-\i-,c second st=..EJ~·

Cc

the- a.booc. h_pq"1o.me\:;cr( equJuqtent- d.c..u.ir e-atO be -hn-fhLl'Y

si IT'\f'ti cA a.S 6",10 to 1

 Cc

\
Rc

co n \.) ere i-l n9 CLI'Y1' en-\:- SOU "f Ce if) -10 \l 0 l-kt8 <:. S Oc.J"Y C cS .

e.~

~\;- mid .{\-c.que.nC;c:s =upU':.'j c=tf'a.ci-ttn's Cc O-d-s. as.

sho"Y t . c.. h eu.a. +hen +he. C;"f c...u.J ~ IS. Q& chol.On.
Q;

-the '\90 "

- ~e~b RtJ' Rl
R~\ -t R~

-1\.90 ~
- ~~'o R~ ~J
1\.9-\
(~I-+ Ri')\Yi

- ~+aIJ:b Rd ~ "
R~ + ~II (\Ii)
 \ -n<:e. at- -\he
1=\ t to U) c:'( 1-> e 9 Ll t::.f) ~k." -+r-.e 'T=C~

-\-he d-r et.U~ canOc:>ff1

":l \ <=r> G{ So '/. c ~ \(j UJCc. I ·~en

\<~ Cc"
r-------!\I\MJ>----I f-----,-__

(,) n\ \
~ - I-,-¥e 1'-b 1<0 1<,

~o\ -+ R\' -\- ~ooc

b", cAi ui d 1"3 u:ll-it) 'Vi' On bo -l+, si de&

)(
'It{).,
Ro' -+ 1?.1I -\- 1/.JuJc.

d1o'cJ.c LO! th nLttne'Yrrtb"( and de:norninq-\m

'<.0' + Rj' .

,!~. I

-¥rom ==!.ua.+1on @
 A\f UotQ) "­ Ii \f tm; cO
\+

1+ _....:'---
J
U:>Cc. (1'(0'+ R D

o l"") be4+. .s. i d cs .

f- 2 ~L

=-to"{.

fi \f (\00 "- A\fOnid)

f'L
'\(ct--\-=~c- o.-\;- teltD ~cqu.Cf)~ is <:.qLLcU -\-0 '1K -\-1fnc.s ot \lol~<:o
0: t- rr, i d -h-- c:- q Ll c.n civ.I.
e-t- ~ ~9u~'r-
L II • e=-<:r(QW
~-\:; ')'Zjb T"I~9 ue.ndcs -the <t.=q t.=nC2Jd I~ '-J .

b:l S-NQ.:J =-"po q'·k~(')c.e -in --the d--re.u.ll:. 5i rn ao'Y +0 -H-,~ ~OLO

{,--cq u en cJ q, .

Pt \( C."'l~~
\ RvtrnicO

p, \l L"'~ J":;)
"'- ~(f1- zO'ICll
\ A \t lrn\d)
"- 10·\ . r·

NOLO b~ =ns,i d c -r'''8 +uJ(') <S-I-=cae. Rc. c:.oupled C(')mmo()

SOU'TCC ~6T ctrllpl"-Mo( alb ~hou)n in ~'aLl"fC'

, - - - - - - - - - - - , - '1=

11 0
 C",h

MOlD we... a.ro~&e -the. <=-qwOq \ent cl,cu.ib -!-o-f mid heqwr>CI::\,

\ow 4-ccqUeAl!.I.:J Q.nd. hiS~ ~e~w:~·.,CZl·

~ ':.9lQ ~9~& \­
. \ . \' I, a sho.,t
Ih.e =<..l f\ i rl~ =.qpo. c..l-krrs ac ",S \ "e

d..,..cuJ ~ e.ncL· &.-h0-~ LCY-l) Sfunt- =PQ.~ \;once. ads like- a. cp<=.n che.Wt

1\.9 ~ - ~ rn \l Ets"fo' REj

0
TOT ~

dlQ,dc L·t-!-5 Clnd. R· tI·s LOI-\h l\9i

-
1\90
'Z
-3 If) \/6.&-to' R'l ''I
1\9.\ " l\9,
"o-T" le q 1

we. \<no<o ~a,\; \Ii 'l.- \JEts

 o.ch; like Q Clpd'
cc>p a.ci -\-crY, xC \;,Jwee.. and. So+. 0-:1 Cc( f'Q c:J +ar) c<::
~
CO n v~ -( I;-s. i n \-0,
d,.eui t - Then ~e Qheu.i+

'n;e. - ,~m \I qS '1'0' R. Et

"1'0* Yj"'C: ~9
b~ . dlu,dl":J t.Oith I\lI j in L-l-! ..s and. R·l+S,
is

1=\ ~ -~N)'-(oR<q
\/(Iou»
'1 0 -\- ~"""--t R ~
cit Qi d \ n3 r)un;<:/I"o--kr/ Cl nd de(") om In q -!t>"{ ~
"0 + R9.­
- 3",-('() REt
"fa-t" ~

"-o+YjWG+ Rq
'io-tR q
 JC\ \I t loW)

A\I tnlid)

\ -
.
--'..1>---_ _
'.2-\{~Cc(""IoT~)

2-\\ CcC;o;-~

blj =fP\C\;f)~ d d, On both s I dc~,

C\.t hl'Jh -hc::..9, u.e.I'\~ cs. --\\-c .,-c:a..Q\-ence. ot- s-h 0.':::\
\
COo. pa.cJ \:-=n C-e. ", ~ C L "- 4-hen "*'e q...,-cu.i \; comJc'i+s if1\1),
Sn ~UJ Cs,",
"Th.c DU\,.pU.~ \lO\~o.~C I 'I() ." .- ';3...... " 8tS"i'O '6
rtO-te.

'\9() - 3rf)'1'0 \I ~'2> "b 'I. _I­

f\')'I '19'I
~o "i-'lo

=h d'tc '\.9; ... \J <;'3

- 3rT) to REt
"'0 -t 1<9.-tj UJC.sh~ 1<.0

diu\de ntl~ Q.f")d. derom'l~

11ft-\- R0 +j lJJCShREt Re,

c-( (') + Rq

1-+ ~ lIJCs.hRG.'1o
~0-\:1?9
 AI/Chltl~
A\((m'd,)

\r'I pu{- I rnp'" -d.Or'lCC o~ ~\\-~ be

iNJpY'o\led b3 d\.ccb cCt..tp"'ng

---k, \ \ 0 o:JC/1 a. rnp\ I t-i err • 'the in po-\: \n/pe danCe. =n

-koo -kch ni ,\UC-S :­

-n:;-e dhccJ c.our\in~ C~ -\-WO S~-e<.ecs ~<:mH~

-k\towCtY c:unp\;+-i CJl • "The casc.=.dc c.cnncc.J1ons M- -\w{}

ert11-\-k:rr -6\\OUJc'YS IS CG;t\\e.d t)Q"(\inca+oo eonnec+'cn·
 \'V

18, "c.. . ::l k 1::>~. .so *'0. l:­ '"'oe l?~ <0 . 1. + .
So I 4t-a t we LOllI ~ ~ "S cO

q rr=..i rna te rn ooel .

I-Ic=e lXlcITIc\Ke- collec-loY

CO rn man +0 ha. \Ie. 0< ff""CP:l rl""1Q k

h - f'GI'"'fQ me l-o-t ""- 9 W \J QL eTl \;- ch'c.W ~.
\) C40.~ a. 'Tc'J..
A•
HOT
.A.
, '6
I-,'e. , %
,;
1­ ?:
'ibcz.­
1).f~b'J.. •
l(~
" ce2­

/ .&­ <­
C-

At,- node. '=',

.Te2,.+ {t~ -r ~~'1."- 0
!ilq '2.. -~b'). (I-t- \'k)

\ -A!i'2- '2. I -r hi' e.l

'! b c 2.
1\,2­
I<. \I L -to +he. c.hcuH

{tb'J.. hie + ~ RE
 As !)k.'S ~<h les.s --tf-,Ol) L+ I,-fe I·e. hie <-<-< l + ~ ~,

f 1(,'2 2. [l-t 1.-kJ RE J

I­ A.-v';.. 2­ 1­

R,2...
1_ Ay 'L hIe + ll-=t'-~_RE - ~RE
2..­

i'rnp<::denc~ a~ &1--a~ - 2­ .'- R'II z R'12. • As. --the va.lue.

/'
1(,2. 1'2:, u~ tq'Y8~ ~ hocRL>o'I'
 I'=>
\'"Ie \Ice
~f'c
'Te,
t­ IS
fro

"be, .1' hlle \lee,

~(i:bl

e.---"-'------------L-...:...-......J.--~c..

,
1'e l
,.. - [1!b l+ 1'cJ
(fCI 2 h-fe~,-+ hoe Vcc ,

". h-fcU1" -+ 1,0<:: [-1'0 R,~

~\ z h..fc,lJ-b, + hoe (fCI Ri2...

qe\ :!- - [Cf b , -t h~e(rb I +he>e.(l1el R''l-l

. .

[~el"T /fe, hoe Rit] ~ -1b \ II -+ ~e.J

7­ (.l+h-l'J
[l -+ hocRiJ

~Ppl3 \(ULto ~ loop­

"b:: .... ~lc.{fb\ -t- h~ \Icc:. - \f ce

. \ -

As --\t--e­ VOlli e 0+ h')'c i~ 2..2.. x IOtl mhidJ Ie, Verfj

Small u.:e =() 1"\e.\3tecl!­ h~c Vee. ~ '*'ef)/
 "bel ~ ~ktj1bl - t1e \ Ri2..

'I bcl L (jib\ (hie - f(,'l IJG~)

\/0 l+=-3<:. j'G..I'r) .-kn- sh8e -'2. (4,,;):­

. ..
Av 2- flp ,
2: . 2­

~ i'l - A(jl ~ I1 Ll.

'Rii..
hlc-+C~RE- ~E

YOlkg ~ ~=-ifl (8'11) ',­

. .slrn;lQ.... l~, A 2.- 1_ hie::

u v, R', I

o UOY""Clll Cl.rrr c::f) -l- "8 Q..) fl. I AjJ.... -A1\ )( A 1'2- .
 \lA

,-\-I,Oe Ri 2

OOc-(O\\ \10 t.. k~·8e ~oJf) I

L.2
~ t- rJre

As +he Vq!ue 0+- Ri2- IS IJC:ftl lO"fge. we. rnQ.~

hC-3leC.l:- hl(jh est- -b=r-rns­

.--------,

output Imp=Gle0ce;_

Since=. hc:lC '" h(Ie

~ ... -CI+h-PeJ

!,ic. ~ hie
l -+ h p~
'I o L h 0<:- + 1"'­

hie+%
 ~tel.
1-t h-k.

r) h·'~2,..-. -t R~~
CI+h-1C
4-
h lel.
CI ~ h-fc)1.. L-thf<

~.s + hI e--.
(I+htd'l- L +!,k

~ '7'~ Da~1lr)3~ ~~,!l-

We ha\le s co.=) -ttcll if) e(O)\++e-i W tlOuX/'l" ,-fhe. \ "'PU1.

shun-l1,.,s ~t-k.e.b ~{ -th= hI asinj rr", S ls ms . To 0 l:Ierre..ome -t+-,(s

p-r a 6 1=rT) ...fh1 ~ i +k.-i ~ 11 0 tDerr C\.., c..u.i \- ; s tnedl~c:d.

'tc
~ .
~ 1<.,
~
R$ V
- 'HA
'\I" \1\( 9.,
l-
::•~~
V
t
rJ
~~1
,,~

I:c... I~

:. !>
:5r 1\'6 r.Jo
R~
:
1
 \0

+-I-c:utco ~ ot~ ~s.ln3 \JI\llc'l' & +hcOT=tYJ f n \..0 htd,

+h=~=rn vJe.­ =t) spirt '1<' rn+O -\-uJo "c: s; eo. -lc'"f~ on= in i,..,pu+- o.rd
of")Ctltlsls ·the
a +he::::.-( C\.t- ou~u\:' As 0.=- <'JC>'''''~ -fo.<
a~ -Ac.

=p=-el +cr; <.-0 ill be... sheri"t c1 ,c.u..i l=.d .

If ~ R.3
M\ \- Ro

, _ _r- ....-'\Jcx.

R.,

r.
2.

The .... cs \.s4an ",e- q'Y~ ecnn=cW +0 8To~nd Q.no. he.A~

tlX:.- 0;;>..() CGnncC-t- ~e.n) 0l:-- -#-0 ern; {-~ Jo.r-tn\ f)<Jl)
 R. V
N\I\.Nq-= Q\
,
~
r­ V
.. &....
~
;!J ~

:; R I'll
:;0
~ ~L :« >
~\: Q~ ~
•

f"'"
•
:;0 • o

Po"" S.~e\-'l.
R-c. c::cg u.l Va. len!:- d-rc.t...u'\; ~ Cs- Clrnpli.f..ie-t o.ud CO n~\- In-\o CC

0. rnr \\-f.i Vy"

!f~ ~ locu:\ 'Ocoks4ance filL IS. .sma.11 £.0 -thC..1­

hOe' ~e~o' I ~ ~ will (10-\0 o.~~rn::t+e arn~~\s.

c c

e.U,'"r("e.n ~ ~ =J n ,_

J:\1- .. .ik z­
(j\,

1 G :l-T 1hl- + ~-k.~l- z- 0

q61- ... - (ill»-- CI + h.feJ

1q:r "" I+~J

 lb
'::Enf'U+ 1N't pc:. cte..n Cc-)_
R," ... Vb <4.
'L -
P. b1
~PP-fj k0l- tu -the d.,c.Wt>

Vbc,. = hie-<ft,:1- -t-1:.oRCl­

\Jb c )... "-- ~ic:.Tb').. "t ~ol1L-l.

"- ~ le 1.b)..- ~)..IZ4.

"L SEb )..hie -+~ (\+h.fcJ RL ..

~ %.. l' + ~I e T hkJ ~Ll.- ., ~{h\c-\' flt:t:l-l!t.;)

Co< ~~r-,

qs Ril). I~ IQ'Tg<::. ~oeRL':>O·', -*'c:..n we. w\1I tl0 -fo =c\;­

~...,
I

c
 "1.­ h.J?2blT hOe~tl R,'2

T G, ,>--1J b \- h-kl1bl-hoct(e,l?.ll

l'61 (I T hoe Rj 1.-) ., -~I (\+ h0

AT, ...

\l b~ r.z. ~ k 1.bt -+ h-y", Vee. - \I e..c I

Ps;. -+he. \Jottl~ CJ~ h')6 h 2 -<). X \(\-1I whiu, i!; \ktj.$.r1Otl

we. c..cm n=okc\- n'1l:'- VCL '

 \'\

A . • r __ J •
d IT~c..nTla.\ om r\i D, .
11C1'" ,"" an ~\e f', L -0 ni"
~ v'TT '-
")-.e.u)L
'-' \

wh I ch -0 rn p\ "'--i c ~ -!'he- d; tb-.- <:Ol") Ce. b e +c.u~ ef) +t-e -k.oo i ~{

So; ~"O Is _ -I-1-e.n <: e , 'j t:- i So =::d lc- d C( '" d I ll-fe..r<:Ol") t-i a \ GI rn p\ i.\11 C'/'t ­
="s;dor/(')J an i'd=ct\ d.it~+\o.\ QNy\lt-iel'{)

~, -t
1c:\c etl
d i~~e.f\*, a.\
o rf1 PIf -I; 0'(
" 2-<>--------'

+
--lh c 0;;;:.\ ne k ~ cl. <=-cI

In Cln i deed

V(') \ ~ 'P'fopc-rH ono.l

V() "- Ad, Vi

\/() 2-Ad C\lI-V0

tohc:.:rte Ad 18, +he con ~n~ 0+- f"'oFJitian Q \1~ -The:
8c1 it;; -I-he- ~o.ll) b.cl\'-+h t.Ghich di~k.-yC.()t1o.\ o.mflli4~ Qrnpli~<:s

~e. ditk......-c:.()cl'C- bc:+c..oce.I) ~('), 'input- s:i~f'"lQb,. ~c. H- ts

c:q({~d eti~bcnt1o.1
~
qoJ(,)
~
o.f-
~
-the. dH-k.cnHo.\
~-....-....-
'-"'..r
arnp~'
 Ad :z- \It)

"'~
Gte.nCf'(""C:tll~ -the. d\"H~. . . cn+1QJ Ela../I) Is. c:::xp"l"css.=1. 'If)

i-t-s cleo bel Cd~ VQlue CIS,

CClmrnOf) mC)de. QoJlJ Ac.:­

~~~""""""

Tn 0. ?a.c.+1 cot o.mF\;~'O'( , lDhe.n \/\ '=..\1'1. --It-e

d(tk'Y~+lCl.l Qtnp\i ~Oy 18 not- e.q,u.a\ -\0 ZScrrCl -\hem:
(') u ~ ut at
-+he. 0 U \:-p t.l t e:x..l & -ts d u c. -\0 f)
0 .\3, Co " '
<.;) \ ~ no.
\ q
<-J
c..n e.JfG\. k.d i" *"­

Ckl::" I-l-c:J>-c -+he-"cut-pUl- Va Ha..3C. \/0 'is:, '(:J"l"Qfcrrl-iona\ -to

Co fY) mon VOI--\<:L~e. bc+<.Dc:::e...() ir> f'U~ a.0d (llu.~(,\,t

A+ +his S~e. U.K ca.n de-Hr>e O"e impCN{on't- 'fO'"1O mcte-T

~ d l~..fe.-.. c.n-H Q\ ~ Olrt>fl\l-l!iCr\- known (J/l cornrnc:f) rnede.
.. ~ c d-; (Jf) ,., ct -\-1 a Cc\V\ R R) .
 -k> :th:l.-t 0-1' Co rn me n \f 0 H =-3"'- .

CMRR "'- f ~ A",

Ac.

idect\\.~ --I-t= =mn;Of) mode.- \LO\'+c:.ec. 8cUn i~ t.en-o,

hence:. --\he ideo\ \Ja.tuc- ~ CMRR is io ~()ite·

is Srno\1

Civil? R io d~ "'" 20\(';>':3\ %t\ de,

.\he ClUtrut \10 \-I-a..jc. =n k e'):~s=q In ~rn5 O~C~R'1

as be \0:..0 I

As I 'II) z- Ad \[d -+ -Ac Vc

... ~d \J d. { \ -+ Ac..\II:. l
AdVdj

"- f\l.~d l \+ (~~)IC~

~ ~d\ld 'l+ ~\Iq\ld)l
L C-l'IRR-j
'-1h\~ ~
-'> G~rCSSIOf) E)l.p\eoJl")~ -thQ-I- c\s C.M'?R is rQc.ftCQI~

\[CT~ \O"f8 C I -thoUCj'"' bcr\+) Vc.. and 'l d carnFOocn-h Q."(C

p-r-C$=flt- I ~ OL\.tptA.t- i~ mosH0 r-0rCy{+'\ono..t +0 -the:

dl1-~c.I"l = .s'eno.\ on~. The. comrnQlf) mode componen+
•
I'!, ~ 8"Yc-ctH~ ..,.-~cd-cd. .
 -,

UScS -Ih~ ~it-~ biascq d-rcuH-s which. Q'Oe idc::.ntieo\ ill

cha'Oa.ckrris+-ics. such -to:>o ic\c.n+1c.cil em;~krf b;qs",-cL c.l,cu.i~

q 'Y"C c:v:>.s h 0 <..Of) •

c\ C'l- ­

l!>. P.a
/il,
-s.. _
IS,
""'7­
~G,

Th= 0+ + -Vee. O-nd -\I~ ... q'Yc. a.lDo

mugn" +u.. de:> .,­
S,QI"T\C",

-":;'e d I ~'tC..n~ a \ q rn r Ii +JO'i c9<f") k 0 b-ldtnd b tJ UJ:> \ n~ sucl-,

-IuJ 0 =-tTl; {­ ~ b,' <:::ro=.d cl -( cu.i-h.
 19\
'1CSpcct­ +0 8,ounet 'The bQbn<:=d ClU\-pUl­ 1& -lcd<.e.n b::A-c.oc=<)

+h:::.­ colk-c-+o-t 'C, o...u.d &I, and colkc-l-o-t C:1- 0+ IQ').. . such on
olTlf'I"f..iC/)'" is CCtIl=d =rn;t-te-t C0Llplc..a dlHe......-=n-\-1cd o.t1l-p,i'+-1'<:rr­

..Jh e.n-, \5 3'"'r 0 U. ('") d "" d ' i -I::

. G1. rn p 'f -HOI

,"",omet~r­

~ 0,' .}k.rr-cn{-;' a \ mod<:... opo-ra -\-l <r1)

~iJ Co rr->rn Q) n 1T'lQ de 0 pex-ettt on ..

Vee,

Qe­ ~(,

-"o-t"
---
I!l.,
,­
~, \
IZs 2­
-r
-t- I
'Js. Vs.
I I
I I I
\ --,I
r
L_ Re;
-~
Sov.rl; c t: ,
"l:
S'''0.('0. -
?
SO<..rfC~
-\lEe; s; 51"'0.1

::rn di~-k.:-n= . ()-8ctl mode 4\-,e -\-u.:,o infW: s''an::tl~ q-n::

di tk<::.r>t -h-ctr) <::..ad, o+hen-' co[')so"de."''""'3 -he" ,r)fut s',\;\nals

CJ..:)h;c..h a:""fe S"""l""nc ir') ~ni+Udc .b<.\.~ l'i'so· ou1 0+ p~se..

'Th=c. .s tel no. Is I LQ'df, 0 rpoSi -k phCls C Can he. 0 b-1--=-i I") e-d <ho rl')
 -A s S <:.tIT") c +had- +he S I!"c UDa. ti: on the b Qj)e crt \'ill

i~ po",,:+tu: 3o,n3 b~ 01\ +he bar,;,e o~ \S1)..- Is. nC"gq-H't.e

'So 1'"'j c..0,' -tho. f OS /+1t.X'." (l0in38,\(jna.\ en +he. base of \'ill,

Oln ornptit\CrI' -'Ie- 8°\11':) 51'erlC\.\ de-veto"\,3 on ~ C.-olkc-kn

o~ lSll' due -10 + \J c 3 <:> i "8 s 1Bno.l l ~ U'lr=f')-I- +h-r-O U.31, ~E

qls,c:J ille...-cas.<'%>.~nC'e =- pos"+kl:: 8o'r:3si3no.! ts
dcVc lop""d C1.C ....DS~ Ry;;'
vee

\?lS I
I

/ Vt e
uIQr­ =t-
,
i
,,<- -,\Q
L----.( oj

Due- -\0 -'Ie. 30 tnlj sf (3 r)a\ 01\-the baSi"'- ~~ ~,>-,o. an amrli..f.1o--r

. I
c.o\lcc..~ of ~; Qr)d
+e..s.-l-\:j 80\119 S/(lllo.I dcve lops Of) +f-.a

-\-he -~c:: aoln<J s~-nQ.I dC\Jdop~ QQ"fOS..:!> £<5' ~'C=us,e. +he

e.-rn i\--~ 4-0 HCl~ a.c..\1 em ,O~ \ g,l~ '

So signed V 0 l-!-a_gc Q('TOSS l?c r due..Jo "\i-.-e.

~\ Qnd &].. q'te. e.qual ir) ma.3~ 1+Ude and

Q
at- \80

phase J' due... m rna+ch<:.d pcri"f o-C- -ha sis.-ms '

•IS no slgna\ a.C'"'fOS S +he. cmlH'Cri ,,",cs.is.-\--o.nCG.

 <)0
Hen ce -I-he~ is nO Be s~l")q\ ~'Trco..t")l:- ..f 10 wi 1)3 -tf-,,-o Uj h -The
e>rnil:::~ R~s\g*=-t')ce, I-h::=.nce- .rn -tl->is case lZ e docs () o\­
-Ve ~~d ba.ck.

On cOlkc-hN

C'lPposl-k.. 'If) poIQ"ri~. -Arid \;(0 'IS --I+c.. dI4c.....cJ)ce beA-uoc:Cf)

+...0 0 S\C!nqls. l---tcnce.. +he.. cAl UCJYd)C~" ou-t- pu-\­ \J o is wke. Q..3

l Q "I~ e o~-*'e.. SI(lf\a.\

\

S'-oul")d.

Tn +hL~ mo de... -the SIW".,Q\ ;~ a.f'flk.. d -+0 ~

f:I ell") d. (S! ayc.... d.c,.-iucc\

hOn> 4h.c... Sqrne sou.... <ee
base:... \J\I 'l..­

So, --+t-e... -k.oo signals a .......c ==ltl.o\ \n m~I)"4ud.e O!2. we:\\o.s

\1") phase..

Tn \' hose 05'1 EI ()a \ \( 0 H =-(3<:A a Ie 4-t--e. base.<:> o-t- <Q 1 Cl no.. 6l~
=us-=s II) phas",- si8r")a\ voH=:jes 4cI app=a'l" O<:"f"OSS

~E' I tOh\ch a.dd -\-oe c ~

~'T .... c....nt and p--iO\li des Q

.-k.c:..d b a.. c "- '1) c.ch.\ LCc\

ornpli 11V"r'

OJ h; Ie -1he -h...oo -5'8 nq \5 phase slaoQ\ \lot+o.3~

IJ-J. e-o. ()...Q \ r<\. 0..8 n i mel:e ae"f055, -+he..-+we

tJ.o w thoc. 0U I:-pcd- V 0 It-a...~ c.. is

too 0 c...o\ k: (' .-\-m

•In 'So. me.. rhase
cli-t-k'Y<::..() cc. "II is almost "ti"V'To/ nC'Q"8C::b~ ,
,
ii, shot.tld be ~OYO'

Rc