Detection of Artificially Ripened Mangoes Using

Deep-Learning

1st Prof. Sandeep Shinde 2nd Swanand Kulkarni 3rd Akhilesh Kulkarni
Head of Department Department of Computer Engineering Department of Computer Engineering
Computer Engineering Vishwakarma Institute of Technology Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology Pune, India Pune, India
Pune, India swanand.kulkarni21@vit.edu kshitij.meshram21@vit.edu
sandeep.shinde@vit.edu

5th Kshitij Meshram

th
4 Maneet Kour Sudan
Department of Computer Engineering
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Pune, India
maneetkour.sudan21@vit.edu
Department of Computer Engineering
Vishwakarma Institute of Technology
Pune, India
kshitij.meshram21@vit.edu

Abstract — In response to the global demand due to its potential health hazards. Upon contact with
for efficiently handling mango quality control moisture, calcium carbide releases acetylene gas,
and inspection processes, this project harnesses acting as a ripening agent but posing risks to
the capabilities of deep learning and object consumers. Our project delves into these risks,
detection. By focusing on automating the emphasizing the need for a vigilant examination of
mango classification process, the primary the effects on physical appearance, including
objective is to create a streamlined system for uniform ripening, texture, softness, and external
detecting artificial fruit ripening using a blemishes.
combination of sensors, image processing, and
machine learning models. The overarching aim Implemented in Python, with PyTorch as the chosen
is to ensure food safety and quality through the deep-learning framework, particularly leveraging
development of a cost-effective and reliable YOLOv5, the project utilizes Google Colab as the
solution. integrated development environment (IDE).
Additionally, Roboflow serves as a comprehensive
tool for data collection, preprocessing, and model
Keywords - Python, PyTorch, YOLOv5, Google
training techniques, providing a holistic approach to
Colab, Roboflow, Mango Quality Control,
addressing the challenges associated with mango
Artificial Ripening, Deep Learning, Object
quality control and the detection of artificial
Detection.
ripening. Through this project, we envision not just
an automation of processes but a significant stride
I. INTRODUCTION toward ensuring the safety and quality of mangoes
Mangoes, being a widely consumed fruit globally, cost-effectively and reliably.
undergo various quality control measures that often II. LITERATURE REVIEW
involve labor-intensive and time-consuming
Individuals in contemporary times, driving a
processes. In a bid to revolutionize this paradigm,
heightened focus on maintaining well-being
our project employs cutting-edge technologies,
through the consumption of nutritious Mangoes.
specifically deep learning and object detection. The
The regular intake of Mangoes is associated with
central goal is to automate and streamline the
numerous health benefits, contributing to a
mango classification process, enhancing efficiency
diminished risk of chronic diseases due to the
and accuracy.
essential nutrients they provide for the proper
The project addresses a critical aspect of fruit maintenance of the body. However, a growing
quality – the detection of artificial ripening. issue within the fruit market revolves around the
Traditional methods of ripeness inspection are artificial ripening of Mangoes using substances
prone to inefficiencies. Leveraging the power of like calcium carbide, raising serious health
machine learning, our system aims to provide a concerns, including the potential to induce cancer.
swift and accurate determination of the ripeness News reports during mango seasons frequently
status, ensuring adherence to quality standards. underscore the prevalence of artificially ripened
Mangoes in markets, despite persistent warnings
The use of ethylene gas and chemical agents for and enforcement efforts. The use of calcium
artificial ripening is a prevalent practice. However, carbide in mango ripening, in particular, has
the introduction of calcium carbide raises concerns
emerged as a cause for alarm. This chemical
method has been linked to adverse health effects,
ranging from vomiting, diarrhea, and ulcers of
the throat and abdomen to general weakness,
permanent eye damage, and respiratory issues.
Recognizing the challenge of visually identifying
artificially ripened Mangoes, a novel solution has
been developed—a device leveraging image
processing technology. This innovative system
involves capturing an image of the mango under
scrutiny and comparing its features, such as
histogram values, with those of naturally ripened
Mangoes. Integrated into a smartphone through
an Android application, this technology provides
an efficient and accurate means of detecting
artificially ripened Mangoes. The proposed
system demonstrates a commendable 91%
efficiency in identifying Mangoes subjected to
artificial ripening.
In response to the escalating concerns surrounding
the widespread adoption of artificial ripening
practices in the contemporary fruit market,
particularly the use of the carcinogenic substance
Calcium Carbide (CaC2), this literature survey
explores a novel approach using multi-spectral
imaging to discern between natural and artificial
ripened Mangoes. The proposed methodology
captures spatial and spectral information across
eight narrow bands within the visible and near-
infrared wavelength range. The study introduces a
meticulously curated dataset comprising multi-
spectral images of naturally and artificially ripened
Mangoes, forming the foundation for extensive
experiments conducted on a large-scale database.
The remarkable outcome reveals an average
classification accuracy of 94.66%, underscoring
the effectiveness of multi-spectral imaging as a
tool for identifying artificially ripened Mangoes.
Additionally, the research delves into the
advantages of employing different color spaces for
spectral analysis, with the LAB* color space
proving particularly effective. Furthermore, an
innovative approach integrating artificial neural
networks within the RGB color space is
introduced, aiming to enhance the accuracy and
reliability of predicting the maturity stage of
Mangoes and vegetables. This technological
advancement holds promise for non-invasive and
efficient applications in agriculture and the food
industry, offering a robust method for assessing the
maturity levels of produce. offering a promising
solution to the prevalent issue of artificial ripening
in the fruit market. By leveraging advancements in
imaging technology, this research contributes to
ongoing efforts to ensure the quality and safety of
Mangoes reaching consumers, aligning with the
growing importance of health-conscious choices in
the modern food landscape.
The maturation process and the shift in color in
Mangoes and vegetables exhibit a close correlation.
The alteration in pigments such as chlorophyll,
carotenoids, flavonoids, and other vital compounds
plays a decisive role in determining the color of
these crops. As Mangoes and vegetables ripen, the
levels of these specific pigments change,
consequently influencing the color of the produce.
Leveraging this intrinsic relationship between
ripeness and color, and employing suitable
technology, one can ascertain the full development
or ripeness of a particular fruit or vegetable. The
transformation in color is a key indicator of the
ripening stage, and various color spaces can be
employed for spectral analysis to gain insights into
this process. Notably, research has demonstrated
that different color spaces yield distinct outcomes in
spectral analysis. Among these, the L*A*B* color
space has been identified as particularly effective in
the analysis of components. This color space proves
advantageous in capturing and interpreting the
spectral characteristics associated with the
maturation of Mangoes and vegetables. In this
study, an innovative approach is introduced that
incorporates artificial neural networks to develop a
system for predicting the maturity stage of a fruit or
vegetable. The RGB color space is utilized as the
basis for this prediction model. By harnessing the
capabilities of an artificial neural network, this
research aims to enhance the accuracy and
reliability of forecasting the ripeness of Mangoes
and vegetables based on their color characteristics.
This technological advancement holds promise for
applications in agriculture and food industries,
providing a non-invasive and efficient method for
gauging the maturity levels of produce.
The natural ripening process of Mangoes, driven by
ethylene production, enhances their sweetness and
edibility. However, concerns have arisen about the
artificial ripening of Mangoes, particularly in regions
like Bangladesh, a major producer of tropical
Mangoes. While the practical need for effective
transportation and distribution has led to the use of
chemicals like calcium carbide for accelerated
ripening, it poses significant health risks. This
prompts a closer examination of artificial ripening
methods, associated health hazards, and the quest for
safer alternatives. The focus is on shedding light on
critical aspects and exploring potential remedies to
contribute to a broader understanding and address
the implications of artificial ripening practices. The
way for more informed and health-conscious
approaches in the handling and ripening of Mangoes.
 Overall, these findings highlight the importance of
considering the potential health risks associated
with the consumption of artificially ripened
Mangoes. Reliable manner.
III. METHODOLOGY
Detecting artificial fruit ripening involves
leveraging computer vision with tools like
Roboflow and the YOLOv5 object detection model.
The process begins by defining the problem and
collecting a diverse dataset that includes images of
artificially ripened Mangoes. This dataset is then
labeled using Roboflow, with bounding boxes
indicating the regions of interest, such as ripe and
unripe Mangoes. The dataset is split into training,
validation, and test sets, facilitating model
development and evaluation.

Data augmentation techniques are applied to

enhance the dataset's diversity, preparing it for
training. YOLOv5 is chosen as the model for its
effectiveness in object detection tasks and ease of
implementation. Model configuration involves
setting hyper parameters like the number of classes
(ripe and unripe), learning rate, and other relevant
settings. IV. RESULT

The model is trained on the prepared dataset and its

performance is monitored using the validation set.
Evaluation metrics, such as precision, recall, and F1
score, gauge the model's ability to detect artificial
fruit ripening accurately.

Fine-tuning may be considered if initial

performance is suboptimal, involving adjustments
to hyper parameters or the collection of additional
data. Once satisfied with the model's performance,
it is deployed for inference to detect artificial fruit
ripening in new, unseen images.
The first image is of artificial ripened mango and the
Continuous monitoring and maintenance are crucial latter is of naturally ripened mango.
for real-world scenarios. Regularly updating the
The third image shows the result for the artificial
model with new data ensures it adapts to changes in
ripened mango and the fourth image is
the environment. Comprehensive documentation
throughout the process aids in reproducibility and
future improvements. A feedback loop, involving
user or stakeholder input, helps iteratively enhance
the model's effectiveness. In summary, the
methodology combines data preparation, model
training, evaluation, deployment, and ongoing
refinement to create a robust system for detecting
artificial fruit ripening.
 III. CONCLUSION
III. DATASET
In conclusion, our project represents a pivotal step
Dataset Composition: forward in the realm of mango quality control and
inspection. By seamlessly integrating deep learning,
Our dataset comprises high-resolution images object detection, and advanced technologies like
capturing Mangoes in various stages of ripening. To sensors, we have developed an efficient system to
ensure diversity, we collected samples from automate the mango classification process. The
different sources, considering factors such as emphasis on detecting artificial fruit ripening
geographical location, Mango varieties, and addresses not only the need for efficiency but, more
ripening conditions. Each image in the dataset is importantly, the imperative to ensure food safety and
labeled with annotations indicating the ground truth quality.
for the ripening status – whether natural or
artificial. The choice of Python as the programming language,
Image Annotation: PyTorch as the deep-learning framework, and the
implementation of YOLOv5 showcase a
Accurate annotation is crucial for the success of the commitment to leveraging robust tools. Google
YOLOv5 algorithm. Each Mango in the dataset is Colab's user-friendly environment and Roboflow's
meticulously annotated to provide bounding box comprehensive capabilities in data management and
coordinates and corresponding class labels, model training further enhance the project's efficacy.
distinguishing between naturally and artificially
ripened instances. This annotation process is vital As we navigate the intricacies of artificial ripening,
for training the algorithm to recognize specific particularly with calcium carbide, we bring attention
visual cues associated with ripening stages. to potential risks associated with its usage. The
Dataset Size and Diversity: project sheds light on the effects on the physical
appearance of mangoes and underscores the
To eenhance the model's robustness, our dataset importance of a vigilant approach to safeguarding
includes a substantial number of Mango samples, consumer well-being.
ensuring a diverse representation of ripening
characteristics. The dataset spans various lighting Ultimately, our efforts coalesce into a holistic
conditions, backgrounds, and angles, mirroring solution that not only streamlines processes but also
real-world scenarios encountered during fruit contributes to the larger mission of delivering safe,
inspection and assessment. high-quality mangoes to consumers worldwide. The
endeavor towards a cost-effective and reliable
Validation Set:
system underscores our commitment to making
To evaluate the generalization capability of our advancements in technology meaningful and
model, we set aside a portion of the dataset as a impactful in the realm of food safety.
validation set. This subset of images is not used
during the training phase but serves as an III. REFEREENCE
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