DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

Secunderabad
NACHARAM | MAHENDRA HILLS | NADERGUL
SUBJECT: SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES CLASS: X
Chapter-Manufacturing Industries Name -

1. Explain the term manufacturing.

Production of goods in large quantities after processing from
raw material to more valuable product is called manufacturing.
2. “The economic strength of the country is measured by the
development of manufacturing industries. Justify the
statement with examples.
Or
Manufacturing sector is considered as the backbone of
development in general and economic development in
particular. Why?
• Manufacturing industries not only help in modernizing
agriculture but also reduces the dependence of people on
agricultural income by providing them employment in
secondary and tertiary sectors.
• Industrial development is the precondition for the
eradication of unemployment and poverty from our
country. It aimed at bring down regional disparity by
establishing industries in the backward and tribal areas.
• Industries are responsible for the expansion of trade and
commerce.
• They are responsible for the increase in the foreign
exchange reserve.
• Countries that transform their raw material in to a variety
of finished goods of higher value are prosperous. India’s
prosperity lies in diversifying and increasing its
manufacturing industries.
• Increase the GDP/National Income of the country.
3. Industries and agriculture are complementary to each other.
Explain the statement with examples.
• Agro-industries in India have given a major boost to
agriculture by increasing its productivity.
• They depend on agriculture for their raw materials and
sell their products like tractors, fertilizers, pesticides etc.
to farmers.
• So the development and competitiveness of
manufacturing industry has not only assisted agriculturist
in increasing their production but also made production
process very efficient.
4. Write a note on the classification of industries.
Basis Types of industries Characteristics
Types of raw 1)agro-based agro-based industries
material industries i)Use agricultural products as
2) mineral based raw material
industries ii)Example - Cotton textile,
sugar mill, jute textile etc.
ii) mineral based industries
Use minerals or mineral ore as
the raw material.
Example. Iron and steel.
Aluminium, machine and tools
According to 1) Basic and Key Basic and Key
their main industries i) These industries
role 2) Consumer supply their products
industries. or raw materials to
manufacture other
goods.
ii) Example. Iron and
steel industry, copper
smelting, aluminium
smelting etc.
Consumer industries.
 i) These industries
produce Goods for the
direct use the
consumers.
ii) Example. Sugar,
toothpaste, footwear,
fan, sewing machine.
Capital 1) Small scale Small scale industries
investment industries i) These industries have
2) Large scale investment up to 1
industries crore
ii) Small capital base,
employs less labour
and most wide spread
iii) Example. Weaving,
food processing
industries etc.
Large scale industries
i) Capital investment
worth of 10 crores.
ii) Produce large volumes
of product and the
technology used is
superior. These
industries are
concentrated in some
of the places.
iii) Example. Iron and
steel, automobile,
heavy machinery etc.
Ownership i) Private Private sector
sector i) Owned and controlled
ii) Public by the private
sector individual or group of
iii) Joint sector individuals
iv) Cooperative ii) Example. TISCO, Bajaj
sector Auto, Dabur, Wipro
etc.
Public sector
iii) Owned and controlled
by the government
agencies
iv) Example. BHEL, SAIL
etc.
Joint sector
i) Jointly owned by the
private and public
sector
ii) Example. Oil India Ltd,
Mahanagar Gas Ltd
etc.
Cooperative sector
i) Owned and operated
by the producers or
suppliers of raw
material, workers or
both.
ii) They pool in the
resources and share
the profits and losses
proportionately.
iii) Example. Amul India,
Sugar Industry of
Maharashtra, Coir
Industries of Kerala,
Mother Dairy etc.
5. Textile industries occupy unique position in the Indian
Economy. How?
Or
Note down the importance of textile industries in the Indian
economy.
• It is self-reliant and complete the entire value chain.
• It contributes significantly to industrial production,
employment generation and foreign exchange earnings.
6. Why was cotton textile industries concentrated in cotton
growing belt of Gujarat and Maharashtra?
• Availability of raw cotton
• Nearness to the market of Mumbai and Ahmedabad
• Good transportation and accessibility to port facility.
• Cheap availability of labour
• Moist climate
7. Cotton textile industry has a close link with agriculture.
Justify.
• Provides living to the farmers growing cotton
• Provides living to cotton boll puckers.
• So many workers are employed in ginning, spinning,
weaving, dying, packaging etc.
• This industry supports a many other industries like chemical
and dye, mill stores, packaging material, engineering works.
8. Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector
loomage lower than power loom and handloom?
• Keeping the mill sector loomage low helps the poor
weavers to earn and face the competition in market.
• Mill sector loomage are capital intensive. They will not
solve the problem of unemployment and over exploit
the resources.
 • Whereas the powerloom and handloom will help to
provide employment in the rural areas and reduce the
migration of villagers to the cities.
9. Our spinners export good quality yarn while garment
manufacturers have to import fabric. Justify.
• Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and
capable of using all quality fabric but our weaving, knitting and
processing units cannot use much high quality yarn.
• We do not have the large and modern factories to use good
quality yarn and the demand for good quality garment is also
less as it is costly.
10. While spinning continues to be centralized, weaving is
highly decentralised. Why?
• Spinning continues to be centralised in the states like
Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamilnadu, where as weaving
is highly decentralised to provide scope for
incorporating traditional skills and designs of weaving in
cotton, silk, zari, embroidery etc.
• India has world class production in spinning but weaving
supplies low quality of fabric as it can not produced
much of the high quality yarn.
11. Most of the jute industries are located on the bank of
river Hoogly. Why?
• Proximity of the jute producing areas.
• Inexpensive water transport supported by good network of
railways, roadways abundant water for processing the jute.
• Cheap labour from the state like Odisha, Bihar, UP
• Kolkata as a large urban centre gives the facilities of market,
banking, insurance etc.
12. Why are the sugar mills in recent years shifting to South
and West and mainly to Maharashtra?
• The cane produced here has a higher sucrose content
 • Cooler climate ensures longer crushing season
• Cooperatives are more successful in these states.
13. Why is the iron and steel industry called the basic and
heavy industry?
• It is called the basic industry because
1) All the other industries like heavy, medium and light,
depend on it for their machinery.
2) Steel is needed to manufacture a variety of engineering
goods, construction material, defence, telephone,
scientific equipment and a variety of consumer goods.
• It is called a heavy industry because
1) All the raw materials as well as finished goods are heavy
and bulky entailing high transportation cost.
2) Example. Iron ore, coke, and lime stone are required as
the raw material by the iron and iron and steel industry.
Along with this some quantities of manganese are also
required to harden the steel.
14. What are the factors responsible for the concentration
of iron and steel industries in Chhotanagpur plateau?
• Low cost of iron ore
• High grade raw material in proximity
• Cheap labour
• Vast growth potential in the home market

15. Write a note on the characteristics, uses and area of

aluminium smelting industry.
• Character – Second important metallurgical industry.Light
weight, malleable, good conductor of heat and becomes strong
when mixed with other metal.
• Uses –Used as a substitute of steel, copper, tin and zinc etc by
the industries. Used in the manufacture aircraft, utensils and
wire.
• Area – Odisha, West Bengal, Kerala, UP, Tamil Nadu,
Maharashtra
16. Mention the two prime factors responsible for the
location of the aluminium industries.
• Regular supply of electricity
• Raw material at minimum cost
17. Write a note on organic and inorganic chemicals along
with their uses.
• Organic chemicals -
1) mainly includes petrochemicals
Uses – synthetic fibers , synthetic rubber, plastic, dye,
pharmaceuticals industries.
2)These industries are located near oil refineries and
petrochemical plants.
• Inorganic chemicals –
1) Sulphuric acid (used by fertilizer, synthetic fiber, adhesive,
paint, dye industry)
2) Nitric acid, alkalies, soda ash (used for glass making, soap,
detergent, paper)
3) Caustic Soda
18. “The chemical industry is its own largest consumer.”
Justify.
• Chemicals produced by one industry is being used as
raw material by another chemical industry. That’s why
chemical industry is its own largest consumer.
• Basic chemicals undergo processing to produce other
chemicals that are used by industries, agriculture and
consumers.
• Example – Factories producing nitric acids may be used
as raw material in pharmaceutical industries.
 19. Write a note on different types of fertilizers.
• Produces nitrogenous fertilizer (mainly urea), phosphate
fertilizer, ammonium fertilizer, complex fertilizer like
combination of nitrogen, potash, phosphate etc.
• Potash is entirely imported as the country does not have
any reserve of commercially usable potash or potassium
compounds in any form.
18. Name the raw materials required by the cement
industries. What are the necessary conditions for the
cement industry?
• Raw material -. Limestone, Silica, Alumina, Gypsum
• Necessary conditions: Coal and electric power are needed
apart from rail transportation.
20. What are the factors responsible for the quantum jump
of automobile industries in the last 15 years?
• Liberalization
• Coming in of new and contemporary model increased the
demand which led to the healthy growth of the industry
including passenger cars, two and three-wheelers.
21. What are the major impacts of IT industries on the
Indian Economy?
• It has created a lot of employment opportunities.
• Continuous development in hardware and soft ware
technology is the key to success of IT industries.
22. “Although industries contribute significantly to India’s
economic growth and development, the increase in
environmental pollution cannot be overlooked.” How do
industries contribute to environment pollution?
i. Air pollution
• It is caused by the presence of high proportion of
undesirable gases such as carbon monoxide and Sulphur
dioxide.
 • Smoke emitted by the chemical and paper factories, brick
kilns, refineries and smelting industries are responsible
for air pollution.
ii. Water pollution.
• It is caused by the organic and inorganic industrial wastes
and effluents discharged in to the river.
• The main culprits of this type of pollution are paper, pulp,
chemical, textile, dyeing, petroleum refineries industries.
• These industries release detergent, chemical, salt, heavy
metals like lead and mercury etc. to the water bodies.
iii. Thermal pollution
• This pollution occurs when hot water from factories and
thermal plants is drained in to the rivers and ponds before
cooling.
• Waste from the nuclear power plants, cause cancer, birth
defects, miscarriage etc.
iv. Soil pollution
• Dumping of waste especially glass, harmful chemicals,
salt, garbage etc. renders the soil useless.
• Rain water percolates to the soil carrying the pollutants to
the ground and found water also gets contaminated
v. Noise pollution
• Industrial and construction activities, machinery, factory
equipment, generators etc. make a lot of noise.
17. The challenge of sustainable development requires control over
industrial pollution. Substantiate the statement with example.
• One hand industries lead to extensive industrial growth
and development, on the other hand these are also the
cause of environmental degradation.
• Industries could minimize the use of water by reusing and
recycling water.
 • They can do rain water harvesting to meet the water
requirement
• They can do the treatment of hot water and effluent
before releasing to the water bodies. Treatment of the
industrial effluent could be done in three phases like
primary treatment by mechanical means. Secondary
treatment by biological and tertiary treatment by
biological and physical process.
• Air pollution could be reduced by fitting smoke stacks to
the factories with electrostatic precipitators, fabric filter,
scrubber and inertial separators.
• To avoid noise pollution machinery and generators could
be fitted with silencers, machine can be redesigned to
reduce noise and noise absorbing materials could be used
apart from the personal use of earplugs and earphones.
23. Explain the proactive approach adopted by NTPC for
preserving the natural environment and resources.
• Optimum utilization of equipment by adopting latest
technology.
• Minimizing waste generation by maximizing the use of ash.
• Creation of the Green belts for ecological balance
• Ash pond management and ash water recycle system and
liquid waste management.
• Ecological monitoring, reviews and online database
management for all its power stations.