Correction tables for Canadian s t a n d a d

&ness of chemical pulps at nonstandard

temperature and consistency
Rajah S. Sundrani,Jerry L. Hull, and Christopher J. Biermann

ever, because the freeness test is sen-

ABSTRACT Correction tables are wed to &jut thefieeness of sitive, repeatable, simple, quick, and
groundwoodpulps tested at nonstahrd tempmature and consistency decreases uniformly with beating or
refining, the majority of industry tech-
There is noparaLklset cfcorrection tabks$r chemicaLpulps. The nicians came to accept it as a valid
correctzon tabks@r cbmicalpulpspresented in tbis report show that measure of hydration, or the degree of
the corremon valwsjr chemicaLpulp are SigniJicantly higher tban beating, of chemical pulps.
While this test is used universally,
thosef i r groundwoodpulp. The report ah0 &tz$es twopotential the correctiontables have never been
deJicimcies in current test method$rpu&fieeness: (a) the h k of a verified, and the method used to ob-
temperaturepec$cation$r thefieeness tester and (b)$ilure to tain values for the original tables is
unknown. Consequently,the freeness
distinguish between results obtained on oh?- or new-styk testm. of a kraft chemicalpulp was measured
Results presented here show that tester tmpmature affemfieeness in an effort to developcorrectiontables
measurements. Other research bas shown that OB- and neu-styk that would correlate to the behavior of
chemical pulps. The procedure and in-
testersprovkk SigniJicantlydfuent results. strument used were identical to those
in the original Canadian standard
l E W O R D 3 Bkachedpulps, Canadian s t a d r d fieness, chemi- method except for the pulp, which in
calpulps, consisteng corrections,fiemess, so&oodpu&s, tempera- this casewas a bleached kraft Douglas-
ture, test method. fjr pulp. The standard conditions of
20°C temperature and 0.30%consis-
tency were also the same as the origi-
nal test.
The design of the standard free-

F reeness is defined as the rate at to adjust the freeness of pulps tested

which a dilute suspension of pulp at nonstandard conditionsof tempera-
can be dewatered. Because of its sim- ture and consistency. The Canadian
ness tester was changed in the 1960s.
The change was in the angle of the
inside end of the overflowtube, which
plicity and reproducibility, freeness standard freeness method was de- was cut at an acute angle in the old
testing is among the most widely used signed primarily to facilitate control testers and is cut square in the new
techniques for measuring levels of re- of the manufacture of stone-ground- testers. The latest version of the
fining. wood pulp, When the method was in- TAPPI test method for freeness, T227
In North America, pulp freeness is troduced, Campbell (3) warned users om-92, is the first to recognize this
commonly measured using the Cana- not to applythe ikeenesstests to chemi- fact. Drawings of the apparatus in pre-
dian standard freeness method, cal pulps, because chemical pulps are vious editions of the test method de-
CPPA-TS C.1(1) or TAPPI T227 om- far more reluctant to part with their picted the new tester, while the
85 (,).Correction tables are available water than mechanical pulps. How- descriptionswere of the old tester.
While the current TAPPI test
method notes the difference in design
Sundrani is a graduate student, Hull is a technician, and Biermann is an assistant
professor. All are affiliated with the Dept. of Forest Products, Oregon State University, between the old and new testers,there
Corvallis, OR 97331. is no indication that the two designs
Vol. 76, No. 5 Tappi Journal 147
 Testing-
1. InflUenCeof consistency on freeness at 20°C for pulps at four levels 2. Influence of inlet slurry temperature on freeness at 0.03% consis-
of freeness tency at six levels of freeness. (See legend in Fig. 3 for identification of
freeness levels.)

800 1 I
700 -
600 - 600
u. LL

: -
tn

E
500
tn
2
E
500

tn- vi
%
z
400 - y 400
Z
W W
W W
300 - e 300

599mLCSF
200 - 0 429mLCSF 200

.15 20 .25 .30 .35 .40 , 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

CONSISTENCY, Yo INLET TEMPERATURE, "C

1. Regression analysis for consistencv cor- 111. Regression analysis for temperature correction at six levels of freeness
ectioi at four levels of freeness
I
PulpPulp Linear
freeness, regression freeness,
mL CSF equation" rz mL CSF Nonlinear regression equation* P

732 Y = -459.418X + 870 0.99 740 Y = -0.06 2 + 4.03 Z+ 679 0.91

599 Y = -688.471X + 806 0.99 613 Y = -0.09 Z + 7.70 Z+ 494 0.99
429 Y= -866.893X+ 689 0.99 509 Y = -0.07 Z + 8.74 Z + 359 0.99
339 Y -921.238X + 615 0.98 408 Y = -0.01 LR + 5.83 Z+ 286 0.99
290 Y = -0.01 Z + 7.84 Z+ 135 0.99
* Y = temperature-correctedregressed 216 Y = -0.05 ;P + 3.44 Z+ 125 0.99
freeness, mL CSF
x = consistency of slurry, % * Y = consistency-correctedregressedfreeness, mL CSF
Z=temperatureof slurry, "C
I

give differing results. At the time of independently,holding one variable at four freeness levels, varying from ap-
the design change, CPPA issued a cir- the central standard (0.3%consistency proximately 340 mL CSF to 750 mL
cular stating that there was no evi- or 20°C) while varying the other. The CSF, were produced using a 24-in.
dence of any effect on test results. raw material used was bleached kraft Bauer double-disc refiner. Refining
However, ,4ustralian studies (4) indi- Douglas-fir pulp obtained from Pope consistency was 1.5-2.0%. Ten free-
cate that there is a measurable differ- & Talbot (Halsey,OR). The water used ness tests were carried out on each
ence, particularly at higher freeness for the test was tap water, which was sample,with slurry consistenciesvary-
levels. soft and free from dissolved air and ing from 0.20%to 0.40%. Temperature
salts. was maintained at 20 k 1°C.
Experimental
Consistency correction Temperature correction
The experimental work was divided
into two separate parts: consistency Consistency corrections were deter- Temperature corrections were deter-
correction and temperature correction. mined for five levels of consistency and mined for nine levels of temperature
Corrections for each were determined four levels of freeness. Pulp samples at and six levels of freeness. Pulp samples

148 May 1993 Tappi Journal

II. Freeness corrections to 0.30°/0 consistency for chemical pulp*

Measured Measurec

340 92 83 74 64 55 46 37 28 18 9 0 9 18 28 37 46 55 64 74 83 92 340
350 91 82 73 64 55 46 37 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 37 46 55 64 73 82 91 350
360 91 82 73 64 55 45 36 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 36 45 55 64 73 82 91 360
370 90 81 72 63 54 45 36 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 370
380 90 81 72 63 54 45 36 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 380
390 89 80 71 62 53 45 36 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 36 45 53 62 71 80 89 390
400 88 80 71 62 53 44 35 27 18 9 0 9 18 27 35 44 53 62 71 80 88 400
410 88 79 70 61 53 44 35 26 18 9 0 9 18 26 35 44 53 61 70 79 88 410
420 87 79 70 61 52 44 35 26 17 9 0 9 17 26 35 44 52 61 70 79 87 420
430 87 78 69 61 52 43 35 26 17 9 0 9 17 26 35 43 52 61 69 78 87 430
440 86 77 68 60 51 43 34 26 17 9 0 9 17 26 34 43 51 60 68 77 86 440
450 84 76 68 59 51 42 34 25 17 8 0 8 17 25 34 42 51 59 68 76 84 450
460 83 75 67 58 50 42 33 25 17 8 0 8 17 25 33 42 50 58 67 75 83 460
470 82 74 66 58 49 41 33 25 16 8 0 8 16 25 33 41 49 58 66 74 82 470
480 81 73 65 57 49 41 33 24 16 8 0 8 16 24 33 41 49 57 65 73 81 480
490 80 72 64 56 48 40 32 24 16 8 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80 490
500 79 71 63 55 48 40 32 24 16 8 0 8 16 24 32 40 48 55 63 71 79 500
510 78 70 63 55 47 39 31 23 16 8 0 8 16 23 31 39 47 55 63 70 78 510
520 77 69 62 54 46 39 31 23 15 8 0 8 15 23 31 39 46 54 62 69 77 520
530 76 68 61 53 46 38 30 23 15 8 0 8 15 23 30 38 46 53 61 68 76 530
540 75 68 60 53 45 38 30 23 15 8 0 8 15 23 30 38 45 53 60 68 75 540
550 74 67 59 52 44 37 30 22 15 7 0 7 15 22 30 37 44 52 59 67 74 550
560 73 66 58 51 44 36 29 22 15 7 0 7 15 22 29 36 44 51 58 66 75 560
570 72 65 58 50 43 36 29 22 14 7 0 7 14 22 29 36 43 50 58 65 72 570
580 71 64 57 50 43 35 28 21 14 7 0 7 14 21 28 35 43 50 57 64 71 580
590 70 63 56 49 42 35 28 21 14 7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 590
600 69 62 55 48 41 34 27 21 14 7 0 7 14 21 27 34 41 48 55 62 69 600
610 67 60 54 47 40 34 27 20 13 7 0 7 13 20 27 34 40 47 54 60 67 610
620 65 59 52 46 39 33 26 20 13 7 0 7 13 20 26 33 39 46 52 59 65 620
630 64 57 51 44 38 32 25 19 13 6 0 6 13 19 25 32 38 44 51 57 64 630
640 62 56 49 43 37 31 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 19 25 31 37 43 49 56 62 640
650 60 54 48 42 36 30 24 18 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 650
660 58 53 47 41 35 29 23 18 12 6 0 6 12 18 23 29 35 41 47 53 58 660
670 57 51 45 40 34 28 23 17 11 6 0 6 11 17 23 28 34 40 45 51 57 670
680 55 49 44 38 33 27 22 16 11 5 0 5 11 16 22 27 33 38 44 49 55 680
690 53 48 43 37 32 27 21 16 11 5 0 5 11 16 21 27 32 37 43 48 53 690
700 51 46 41 36 31 26 21 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 700
710 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 710
720 48 43 38 34 29 24 19 14 10 5 0 5 10 14 19 24 29 34 38 43 48 720
730 46 42 37 32 28 23 19 14 9 5 0 5 9 14 19 23 28 32 37 42 46 730
740 45 40 36 31 27 22 18 13 9 4 0 4 9 13 18 22 27 31 36 40 45 740
750 43 39 34 30 26 21 17 13 9 4 0 4 9 13 17 21 26 30 34 39 43 750

* Freeiness measuired on pulp at temperatur'e of 20 rt 1°C

at six freeness levels, varying from ap- ture of water leaving the side orifice of Hull's temperature-correction formula
proximately 200 mL CSF to 750 mL the freeness tester was also recorded (5). Corrected freeness values were
CSF, were produced using a 24-in. and was plotted against the inlet slurry regressed using linear equations
Bauer double-disc refiner. Refining temperature. against consistency for each refining
consistency was 1.5-2.0%. Triplicate level. The linear regression equations
freeness tests at each of nine tempera- developed for the four levels of free-
Data analysis
tures were carried out on each sample, ness are given in Table I. The original
with slurry temperatures varying from Raw data obtained from the consis- temperature-corrected freeness data
10°C to 30°C. Consistency was main- tency-correction experiments were and regression lines are plotted against
tained at 0.30 f 0.03%.The tempera- corrected to 20°C using Biermann and consistency in Fig. 1. Corrections at
Vol. 76, No.5 Tappi Journal 149
 IV. Freeness corrections to 20°C for chemical pulp"

I Measured Measured I
mL CSF Points freeness to be added, Points freeness to be subtracted,

I-
I
200
210
220
44 41 37
48
51
44
47
39
42
32
35
37
28
30
32
24
25
27
19
20
22
15
16
16
10
10
11
5
5
6
0
O
0
5
5
6
10
ll
11
16
17
17
21
22
23
27
28
29
33
34
35
39
40
41
45
46
47
51
53
53
57
59
60
200
210
220
1 230 55 50 44 39 34 28 23 17 12 6 0 6 11 17 23 29 35 42 48 54 61 230
240 58 53 47 41 36 30 24 18 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 37 43 49 56 62 240
250 62 56 50 44 38 31 25 19 13 6 0 6 12 19 25 31 38 44 51 58 64 250
260 65 59 52 46 39 33 26 20 13 7 0 6 13 19 26 32 39 46 52 59 66 260
270 69 62 55 48 41 34 28 21 14 7 0 7 13 20 27 34 40 47 54 61 68 270
280 72 65 58 50 43 36 29 22 14 7 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 280
290 75 67 60 52 45 37 30 22 15 7 0 7 14 21 29 36 43 50 57 64 71 290
1 300 74 66 59 51 44 37 29 22 15 7 0 7 15 22 29 37 44 51 58 66 73 300

' 310
320
330
340
350
731
71
70
691
68
65
64
63
62
61
58
57
56
55
55
51
50
49
48
48
43
43
42
42
41
36
36
35
35
34
29
28
28
28
27
22
21
21
21
20
14
14
14
14
14
7
7
7
7
7
0
0
0
0
0
7
7
7
7
7
15
15
14
14
14
22
22
21
21
21
29
29
29
28
28
37
36
36
35
35
44
43
43
42
42
51
50
50
49
49
58
58
57
56
56
65
65
64
63
63
73
72
71
70
70
310
320
330
340
350
360 67' 60 54 47 40 34 27 20 13 7 0 7 14 21 28 35 41 48 55 62 69 360
370 66 59 53 46 40 33 27 20 13 7 0 7 14 21 27 34 41 48 55 62 68 370
380 65 59 52 46 39 33 26 20 13 7 0 7 13 20 27 34 41 47 54 61 68 380
390 64 58 51 45 39 32 26 19 13 6 0 7 13 20 27 33 40 47 54 60 67 390
400 63 57 50 44 38 32 25 19 13 6 0 7 13 20 26 33 40 46 53 60 66 400
410 62 56 50 44 38 31 25 19 13 6 0 6 13 20 26 33 39 46 52 59 66 410
420 63 56 50 44 38 31 25 19 13 6 0 6 13 19 26 32 39 45 52 58 65 420
430 63 57 50 44 38 31 25 19 13 6 0 6 13 19 25 32 38 45 51 58 64 430
440 64 57 51 44 38 32 25 19 13 6 0 6 13 19 25 32 38 45 51 58 64 440
450 64 58 51 44 38 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 13 19 25 31 38 44 50 57 63 450
460 65 58 51 45 38 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 19 25 31 37 44 50 56 62 460
470 65 58 52 45 38 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 19 25 31 37 43 49 55 61 470
480 66 59 52 45 38 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 54 60 480
490 66 59 52 45 39 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 42 48 53 59 490
500 67 60 53 46 39 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 30 36 41 47 52 58 500
510 67 59 52 45 38 32 25 19 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 29 35 41 46 51 57 510
520 6!j 58 51 44 37 31 24 18 12 6 0 6 12 18 24 29 35 40 45 51 56 520
530 64$ 57 50 43 36 30 24 18 12 6 0 6 12 18 23 29 34 40 45 50 55 530
540 62 55 48 42 35 29 23 17 11 6 0 6 12 18 23 29 34 39 44 49 54 540
550 60 54 47 41 34 28 22 16 11 5 0 6 12 17 23 28 34 39 44 49 53 550
560 59 52 46 39 33 27 22 16 10 5 0 6 11 17 22 27 32 37 42 47 51 560
570 57 51 44 38 32 27 21 15 10 5 0 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 40 45 49 570
580 5!5 49 43 37 31 26 20 15 10 5 0 5 11 16 21 25 30 35 39 43 47 580
590 54 48 42 36 30 25 20 14 9 5 0 5 10 15 20 24 29 33 37 41 45 590
600 52 46 40 35 29 24 19 14 9 4 0 5 10 15 19 23 28 32 36 39 43 600
610 51 45 39 34 28 23 18 13 9 4 0 5 9 14 18 23 27 30 34 38 41 610
620 49 43 37 32 27 22 17 13 8 4 0 5 9 13 18 22 25 29 33 36 39 620
630 46 41 36 31 26 21 16 12 8 4 0 4 9 13 17 21 24 28 31 34 37 630
640 44 39 34 29 24 20 16 11 7 4 0 4 8 12 16 20 23 26 29 32 35 640
650 42 37 32 28 23 19 15 11 7 3 0 4 8 12 15 19 22 25 28 30 33 650
660 40 35 30 26 22 18 14 10 7 3 0 4 8 12 15 18 22 25 27 30 32 660
670 37 33 29 24 21 17 13 10 6 3 0 4 8 11 15 18 21 24 26 29 31 670
680 35 31 27 23 19 16 12 9 6 3 0 4 7 11 14 17 20 22 25 27 29 680
690 33 29 25 21 18 15 11 8 5 3 0 3 7 10 13 16 18 21 23 25 27 690
700 30 27 23 20 17 14 11 8 5 2 0 3 6 9 12 15 17 20 22 24 26 700
710 28 25 22 18 15 12 10 7 5 2 0 3 6 9 11 14 16 18 20 22 24 710
720 26 23 20 17 14 11 9 6 4 2 0 3 6 8 11 13 15 17 19 21 22 720
730 24 21 18 15 13 10 8 6 4 2 0 3 5 8 10 12 14 16 17 19 20 730
740 21 19 16 14 11 9 7 5 3 2 0 2 5 7 9 11 13 14 16 17 19 740
750 19 17 14 12 10 8 6 5 3 1 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 13 15 16 17 750

I *Freeness measured on pulp at consistency of 0.30 + 0.03%

I
150 May 1993 Tappi Journal
4. Effect of inlet slurry temperature on freeness at three tester 5. Effect of inlet slurry temperature on freeness-correctionvalues at
temperatures (pulp freeness = 345 mL CSF) three tester temperatures (pulp freeness = 345 mL CSF)

800 - 60 1

700 -
u.
600
I
I
a
u. E
cn
0 2
a 500 0
I-
E
ui
cn
sa
400
a
0
W u
w cn
E 300
zw
E
200

100' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
INLET TEMPERATURE, "C INLET TEMPERATURE, "C

3. Comparison of inlet and outlet temperatures at six levels of freeness even consistencieswere obtained from
linear regression equations. The cor-
32 rections at other freeness levels were
then calculated by linear interpolation
30

28
t and extrapolation. Table I1 shows the
consistencycorrectionsthat were gen-
erated for the range of freeness levels
(340-750 mL CSF).
26
Raw data from the temperature-
correction experimentswere corrected
9 1 to 0.30% consistency using Biermann
w- 24
a and Hull's consistency-correctionfor-
2
mula (5). Corrected freeness values
s22
B were regressed using nonlinear equa-

I
B
2
I-
20
tions against temperature for each re-
fining level. The nonlinear regression
equations developed for the six levels
ki 18
of freeness are given in Table PPI. The
$0 740mLCSF
original consistency-corrected free-
16
613mLCSF
ness data and regression lines are plot-

"9
0 509mLCSF
ted against temperature in Fig. 2.
408mLCSF Corrections at even temperatures
0 290mLCSF were determined using multi-linear re-
12 0 216mLCSF gressions. The corrections at other
freeness levels were then calculated
by linear interpolation and extrapola-
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30
tion. Table IV shows the temperature
INLET TEMPERATURE, "C corrections that were generated for
the range of freeness levels (200-750
mL CSF).

Vol. 76, No. 5 Tappi Journal 15 I

 ReSUltS
General observations
Consistency-correction and tempera-
ture-correction values for chemical
pulp are greater than those in TAPPI
T227om-85 for groundwoodpulp. Cor-
rection values for chemical pulp aver-
aged approximately 15% higher
(maximum 31% at freeness 340 mL
CSF) for consistency and approxi-
mately 40%higher (maximum 71%at
freeness 300 mL CSF) for tempera-
ture, compared with standard values
for groundwood pulp. As pulp consis-
tency increases, the freeness de-
creases. The relationship between
freeness and consistency is linear at
all refining levels, as seen in Fig. 1.
The relationships between freeness
and temperature are nonlinear, be-
coming more linear at lower freeness
levels, as seen in Fig. 2. In both cases,
the slope of the curves increases with
decreasingfreeness. This trend agrees
with those reported by Hrubesky (6).
Effect of temperature of tester
The temperatures of the inlet slurry
and the water exiting the tester were
different. Figure 3 shows that greater
differences were observed at lowerin-
let temperatures and with decreasing
freeness. With decreasing freeness,
water drains from the tester more
slowly. Hence the residence time in
the drainage chamber increases, al-
lowing more heat to absorb to or
desorb from the freeness tester.
Tests were carried out at different
tester temperatures to see how the
temperature of the freeness tester af-
fected this difference. Experiments
were conducted at tester temperatures
of 3"c, 21"c, and 33°Cwith inlet slurry
temperatures of lo%, 20%, and 30"c,
using pulp of freeness 345 mL CSF.
The measuredfreenessvalue increases
with increasingtester temperature, as
seen in Fig. 4. However, corrections
xdculated at different tester tempera-
tures showed little difference,with the
.eastdifference at low s l w tempera-
mes, as seen in Fig. 5.
Circle No. 426 on Reader Service Card
152 May 1993 Tappi Journal
Conclusion
Freeness-correction values obtained
for chemical pulps were higher than
those for groundwood pulps. This
shows that tables of Canadian stan-
dard freeness for groundwood pulp
cannot be applied to chemical pulp.
For maximum accuracy, correction
tables for each specific pulp should be
developed.
The temperature of the freeness
tester itself affects the freeness value,
and the ambient temperature of the
tester should be considered when de-
termining the freeness. Correction
tables determined at one ambienttem-
perature will be valid at other ambient
temperatures. Differences in test re-
sults between old- and new-design
testers may exist, and this should be
considered when comparing results
from different tests. Further work to
confirm these differences should be
considered. m
Literature cited
1. CPPA-TS C.l, Canadian Pulp and Paper
Association, Montreal.
2. Test Method T 227 om-85 "Freeness of
pulp," TAPPI PRESS, Atlanta.
3. Campbell, W. B., Pulp Paper Mag. Can.
31(7): 264(1931).
4. Determination of drainability (Parte),IS0
5267-2, Canadian Standard Freeness
Method, International Organization for
Standardization, Geneva.
5. Biermann, C. J. and Hull J. L., Replace-
ment of the Canadian Standard freeness
temperature and consistency correction
tables with equations suited to computer
use, OctoberJ992, volume 75, no. 10.
6. Hrubesky, C. E., Tech. Assoc. Papers 31:
379(1948).
The authors express their sincere gratitude to
Shang Koh and Matthew Miner for verifying the
data by running duplicate tests on the consis-
tency correction.
Received for review May 22,1992.
Accepted Nov. 20,1992.