Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • TACHEOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    redleatherwolf
    17 views22 pages

    Original Title

    TACHEOMETRY (1)

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    17 views22 pages

    TACHEOMETRY

    Uploaded by

    redleatherwolf

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 22
    TACHYMETRIC SURVEYS 1-1. TACHEOMETRY 1-2., “THE STADIA METHOD “4-3. STADIA HAIRS 1-4. STADIA. RODS 1-5. (PRINCIPLE OF THE STADIA 1-6. STADIA’ CONSTANTS V+7s STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR Lesson Z ‘Seannad ith Camscanner 1-1. TACHE OME Tt RY. ’ ng, tacheometry is defined as a procedure of Oblaining Roriz, nv silferences in elevation based on the optical guumace >! the wstrainent employed. This rapid and indirect method of meusera’, ytended intervals and angles observed with an ins! ent strument, such ae transit theodolite, on a graduated rod or scale. When ¢ ANNs 7 ¢ OMpared taping and differential leveling, the distances and elevatio obtained 4, snetric methods are usually of a lower order of accur: YA relative cy vf 1/300 to 1/500 can be obtained for most horizontal i measure. i differences in elevation to within plus or minus 3 centimeters, ments, r The use of the subtense bar for tacheometric measurements popularly practiced in Europe. It consists of a 2-meter long bar Mounted is harizontslly on a tripod and aligned perpendicular to the line by means ef @ sighting device on top of the bar, The horizontal angle subtended by the two sighting inarks on the bar is read by means of a transit or theodolite and the distance computed by trigonometry. in tha United States, the stadia method of indirectly measuring dis- tances und differences in elevation is more commonly practiced. This method employs the sighting telescope of an instrument in reading a small angie aiong 9 vertical plane and in determining the length which the angle subtends on a graduated rod held vertical on the distant point. Tacheametric methods are used to check the more accurate taped distances to uncover gross errors or mistakes, to determine differences of elevation between points, to-carry lines of levels where a relatively low order of eccuracy is required; and in measuring ‘the -lengths of traverse Hes. Its most general use is found in the compilation of planimetric and topographic “meps, and in field completion surveys for photogrammetric mapping, end in the location of details for hydrographic surveys. 1-2. THE STADIA METHOD. The word stadia is the plural of stadium. for a unit of length originally applied in contests. A stadia. denoted: 600 Greek units, by present-day international standards. The word stadia, as it is used now in surveying, was derived from the latter. The term is now applied to the cross hairs and rod used in making measurements, as well as to the method itself. Stadia readings can be taken with most surveying instru- ments, such as the engineer's level, alidade, theodolite, and the engineer's It comes from the Greek word measuring distances for athletic » OF 184 m 93cm (606 ft 9 in) The-equipment for stadi i i two horigorrainn ‘adia measurements consists of a telescope with Tod. Distances wat? Called stadia haire and a’graduated rod called stedia be measured v the rod is readily computea, the distance from the instrument to ne stadic method ments and is widely aot tor pecially well adapted to mapping require- 9 details and contour points in to- pid than taping, and under certain survey puma This method also requires the om 1-3. STADIA Haurs, conditions could bem, “more ra; ployment of tnwar mae” 8% Peer ‘Seannadith Camscanner The te copes ef most surveying instruments are , equipped or hairs in addition to the requiar vertical. and horjdbntol hairs (Fig. m Stadia hairs are equally distant from the horizontal hair and so posi such that one is found above and the other below. When the stadia ‘airs and the cross hairs are simultaneously visible and in focus, they are called fixed stadia hairs. In this type of arrenge- ment, the stadia hairs are mounted an the same ring (or reticule) ari in the same plane as the cross hairs, and are not adjustable with respec’ to each other. The distinct advantage of fixed stadia hairs is that there is no chance of accidentally. altering the spacing between them. In the disappearing type of stadia hairs, the hairs are mounted in a different plane slightly behind the rear of the cross hairs. The stadia hairs and cross hairs are not simultaneously visible in this condition, and the focus of the eyepiece has to be changed to make the stadia hairs visible when the cross hairs have ,been used. A variety of patterns are available for cross hairs and stadia hairs as shown in Fig. 1-4. I M1 1 STADIA \ {184m S3cm or 606 ft Gin} ‘oned A Fig. 1-1. Presont-day equivalent of a ctadia unit. 14. STADIA KODS. There are various types of markings used on stadia rods (Fig. 1-3) but all have geometric figures designed to be legible when used for measuring long distances. Stadia rods are usually greduc.ted in. decimals of a foot but may be graduated in decimals of a muter or a yard. As an aid in dis- tinguishing the numbers and graduations, different colers are used. When selecting stadia rods, complicated designs should be avoided except when they are to be used for short sights and where greater precision is de- sired. Stadia rods vary in width from about 6,to 12 cm ard are usually made in two sections, and hinged together in the middle. Lengths of 3 to 3% meters are typical. Longer rods are also available when there is s n:ed to increase the sight-distance limit, however, they are heavy and awh wd to handle. When the stadia -sights do not exceed 60 m a Conventiona! le- veling rod such as the Philadelphia rod may be ‘sufficiently adequate to use. The rod should be made of well seasoned and straight-grained wood and -preferably light but tough. It should be painted with an all-weathe: print which does not have @ high gloss to make it clesr'y visible but less Teflective of sunlight. Since stadie rode are large and quite inconvenien. to transport in webieter, wiedia graduatinns, which are printed on a strip of coated woven feiele, may be used. Tie greduated febrile can be tacked onto a piece of TT ome 5 ‘Seannad ith Camscanner “oad or board tor a purticular job and later removed, and folded up te oy vusicd to the next job site. It occupies little space and is easily trans por t joved from the wood and folded. when Gopstan needed Screw upper Staaia Gross: hair Rin: Hair J Horizontal Telescope Tube Closs- Hair Vertical Cross-neir Lower Stadia Heir Fin. 1-3. Warkings and graduations 04 wladie rods, 1-5. PRINCIPLE OF THE STADIA, The ‘stadia method is based on the principle that in similat triangles coreesponding sides are Proportional, Figure 4-9 diustrates the principis Hoon which the stadia method is based. The etadia hairs are shown ag puints a and b; the distance betwe the hairs is i, For this particular cet up, the line of sight of the telescope is horizontul and th stadia rod is held vertical at the distant point. The opparent locations of the stadia heirs on the red are points A und Bb and the stadia interval iss, Leant +S ewe SE ‘Seannad ith Camscanner ‘Seannad ith Camscanner rays from points A and 8 passing through the lens center form a pair of similar triangles AmB and amb. Since ab fo equal to a'b', by similar tri. angles fti = dis and d = (f/Ds also \ D= d + (fee) = (flis + C = Ke +C The equation D = Ks + C is employed in computing horizontal distances from stadia intervals when sights are horizontal. The stadia constant C is the distance from the center of the instrument to the, principal focus. Its value is composed of the focal length of the lens (f) and the distance from the center of the instrument to the center of the objective lens (c). K or f/i is the stadia interval tactor of the instrument and s is the stadia or Tod intercept. The stadia intercept (or interval) is determined in the field by observing the difference between the upper stadia hair reading and the lower stadia hair reading, 1-6. STAOIA CONSTANTS. in Figure 1-5, the distance C is termed the stadia constant. It is the distance from the center of the instrument to the principal focus. This, "uantity ‘s composed of the focal length (f), which-remains constant, and she distance (c) from the center of the instrument to the center of the objecti ens. The distance, c, varies such a small amount that essentially it may Le considsred a constant. os y ‘n Lhe older instruments, the value of C varies from about 0.18 to 0.43 m,. These older models, which contain movable objective lens, are now being replaced by internal-focusing lens. In the newer telescopes, the geometry of the optics is such that the value of the stadia interval factor changes slightly when focusing the internal, lens. This change is compensa- ted for throughout the range of focus by a Corresponding change in the value ‘of the stadia constant. With present-day surveying instruments, and under ordinary conditions, C may be considered as 0.30 m for external- focusing telescopes. ‘The. important - advantage -of .internal-focusing teles- copes used in stadia work is that they are so constructed that C is either zero ‘or small enough to be neglected, There should be no problem in detérmining the value of C for a Newly Purchased instrument since this value ‘ig usually determined by the manufacturer before the instrument is sold. It is usually ‘indicated on the inside of the instrument box. 1-7. STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR, The ratio f/i is calléd ‘the stadia interval factor and is designated by the letter K. For any given instrument, this value remains constant and depends only on the spacing between the stadia hairs. The manufacturer of the instrument can space the stadia hairs with relation to the focal length so as to obtain any convenient value of K desired. The most common value of K, however, is 100. + Bees HYPO . ‘Seannad ith Camscanner (Fig. 1-5) STANDARD SYMBOLS PSE IN STADIA MEAM: ‘ i i nae [—ptumb Line thru Instrument Center | yy ; focal length of tke lens. image distance or length from the center of the objective. lens to the plane of the cross wires when he faléscope |s. focused on sore definite points. object: distange or length’ from the conter of the objective: tens to > ‘a definite point when the telescope Is focusad on that point. distance or Bpaehig” between stadia hairs: distances from the center of Yhe Instrument to thd center of, the “objective tans.” as stadia constant or the distance from the center of the instrument to principal focus. Ca c+ a - distance trom the focal point in front of the telescops to the face of the rod. distance from the instrument center to the fate of the rad.” stadia interval factor or K = f/i. . stadia or rod Intercept. The difference between the upper stadia halr reading and the lower stadia halr reading. 2 a 9 ‘Seannad ith Camscanner The stadia interval factor of an instrument with adjustable stadia hairs can easily be made 100 (or any other desired value) by moving the hairs until their red interval is 1/100 of the distancé from the principal focus -to the rod. The stadia hairs are so adjusted such that the horizon - tal cross hair fies exactly equidistant from the upper and lower stadia hairs. TACHYMETRIC SURVEYS 2-4. DETERMINATION OF STADIA CONSTANT DETERMINATION OF STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR OBSERVATION OF STADIA INTERVAL ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: 1. Determining Stadia Interval. Factor Z. Horizontal Stadia Sights 3. - Horizontal Stadia Sights | Lesson 2 gS ee LL ‘Seannad ith Camscanner 2-1. DETERMINATION OF STADIA CONSTANT. For an instrument with an external focusing telescope, the stadia constant AC) is readily determined by setting up the instrument, focusing on an, distant point at least 300 m_ away, ,and measuring precisely the distance between the reticule and the objective lens, This measured quantity io the focal length (f), The telescope is next pointed und focused on another object about 90 m away, and the distance from the objective lens to the “center of the instrument is measured. This distance is called, c, and the stadia constant is equal to the sum of these’ two measured quantities, The stadia consiunt represents .the .distance: from: the center. of .the instrument to the principal focus (See Fig. 1-5). Most instruments of: recent design have internal focusing telescopes; and for such telescopes the, stadia constant is nearly zero and can be disregarded under all conditions, +2-2.. DETERMINATION OF STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR. The stadia interval factor (K) of’ ‘surveying instruments —is. “usually 100. Should there be a need, howéver, to: determine. the stadia -interval- factor, @ straight line about100 to 120’m-long is laid off om the’ ground. .The selected site should preterably be -nearly level ‘as practicable; ‘The’ instru- ment is set up on, one’end of, this line. For “an externally , focusing teles- cope, a point A is located on the line at a distance C -(or-f+c)-from the center of, and in front of,. the instrument. However, if the’ instrument, is internally focusing, then the position of A is set’ directly under the center of the instrument. é ti Points are next’'set on the line using stakes at intervals ot about 15 .to 20 m, then the: distances d,, do, d3, and. so on aré measured -from point A to the successive points’ in their order. of placement. The sta tod is thén held’on each of the stakes, ’and ‘the stadia interval -(s) is read, The; stadia interval factor (kK) is computed for each sight by dividing the distance “from the principal focus to the stake -by ‘the corresponding observed. stadia intercept. The mean. of tHe successive, values of K’ this determined is teken as the stadia ‘interval factor of. the. instrument.’ It is to be expected that the values of K for the “sevéral distances’ will riot agree “exactly owing to errors. in. observation and errors’ from. naturél sources. 23, OBSERVA | ION OF “STADIA INTERVAL.” - On transit-stadia surveys the stadia interval (or intercept) is ‘more ‘con- Veniently determined by setting the lower stadia ‘hair on the nearest whole centimeter (or; foot) mark then reading’-the- location of._the. _upper_stadie hair. The stadia iriterval is easily computed mentally by subtracting the whole ‘centimater value from the reading -at-the-upper stadia hair. This procedure nat only increases tho speed of observation, but also provides @ safeguard against .conimnitting mistakes .than if the lower hair were just allowed to-take any random position on the rod. The slight increase (or decrease) in the. vertical angle introduced by ;this: procedure does not couse 8 significant error when stadia distances are computed. Figure 2-1 illustrates thé. procedure for reading the: rod correctly: Here the line of sight of the telescope is raised or lowered by means of the vertical tangent screw luntil the lower stadia hair is set ata reading of 4.00 m. With the upper stadia hair now ‘set at 4.29 m, the stadia inter 12 ermera ‘Seannad ith Camscanner yal (0.29 m) is then easily computed mentally. In some instances the stadia interval will be in excess of the length of the stadia rod. The procedure of determining the interval is done by observing the separate half-intervals and taking their sum. When undertaking more precise stadja measurements, the observations on the rod may have to be made by using two targets on the rod. Both targets are set at graduated whole marke and two stadia intervals ere correspondingly determined. The mean of the two intervals thus obtained is used when computing the required stadia distances. During very hot and humid weather conditions, the intercept of the lower stadia hair with the rod should not be brought near the ground. This is done to avoid the excessive effects of atmospheric refraction. Verticel Cross- Mair Upper Stodio Hair Stecic Red Horizontal Cross- Hair Lower Stadio Hair Fig. 2-1. Detersining stadia intervel on level rod. When observing through the telescope, extreme care should be taken not to mistoke the horizontel hair for one of the stadia hairs. Such e weeteke ip liable to happen when telescopes of high magnifying power are reed since the stadia hairs appear to be far apart in the field of view. In such @ situation the usual tendency is for the eye not to see all the three hairs at once. ao Ste observed stadia interval should always be checked by readina the interval between the horizontal cross hair and a stadia hair and observing if thie is about one-half of the whole interval. Also, it is very important thet the stedia rod is held plumb when a reading is taken on it as any inclination of the rod from the vertical will introduce an error into the computed distance. For accurate plumbing of the rod a rod level should be used especially when highly inclined sights are taken. 2-4, ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS. 1) DETERMINING STADIA INTERVAL FACTOR. In determining the stadia reonragree am 13, ‘Seannad ith Camscanner nierval toctor (K) of @ transit, @ stadia rod was held vertically at several po. inls long measured distances from the instrument (see accompanying figure, and the corresponding stadia hair readings were observed. The distances ang the observed readings were recorded as follows. ‘DISTANCE FROM |_ STADIA HAIR READINGS | POINT TRANSIT TO ROD UPPER =| LowER | (mm) (m) (m) | — 30 0.96 0.66 0.64 0.60 0.58 0.56 0.53 120 1.72 0.50 Determine the stadia interval, fqctor of the instrument. Assume that the sta- dia constant (C) is zero, FIGURE 2-2. i ey —tanslte SOLUTION. i oh 430. ; 4, Mo® 35° 10:56—0,66). ~ '00.00 s 4B 4 105 . (110 = 0,64) {97 83 Kr* 3)" 17 = 0.537 - 100.96 ‘eed 120» = 98.36 Bo “Than os 60) * Kor “35 "72 -0.50) 98 36 “Tr eiosa | 81:40 AVE K = (Kg + Ky t Ket Ky Ky + Ky # Kg) / 7 (100.00 + 97.83 + 98.36 +97, 40 + 98.90 + 100.96 +98. 36)/7 69/.81/7 = 98.83 (average stadia interval factor of the instrument ) 2) HORIZONTAL STADIA SIGHTS. An engineer's level with a stadia cons- ‘Seannad ith Camscanner ee eee tant of 0.30m was set up on the line between two points, A ond B, ana tne following hair readings were observed. - ROD PUSTIOR HAIR READINGS upPER | MIDDLE | LOWER (a) fe) tb) | ROD HELD AT A 1330m_ | 1175m | 1.020m ROD HELD AT B | 1.972 | 1.854 | 1.736 It the stadia interval factor of the level is 99.5, determine the length of the line AB. “ FIGURE 2-3, (Stadia Rod held at A Stadia Rod held at B—, SOLUTION. s) F(ab) = (1,330 ~1.020) = 0.310m (stadia Interval observed on A) 82 = (az - by) = (1.972 - 1.736) = 0.236m — (stadia Interval observed on B) v 4d, = Ks, +C 99.5 (0.310) + 0.30 3h.145m {horizontal distance from the tothe rod held at A) dy ® Kegt © 99.5 (0.236) + 0 30 23762m — thorszansei distance trem the level to the rod held at B) Lay 4 #42 3! 145 + 23.782 = $4. 927M — dength of fine AB) 3) HORIZONYAL STADIA SIGH>S. A dumpy level with an internal focu- Sing telescope was setup on the jeff bank of a river and: the rod readings tebulated below were taken on @ stadia rod held successively at the left Gnd right woter edges. If the stacia interval factor of the instrument is 100, determine the width of the river ® ‘Seannad ith Camscanner HAIR READINGS MIDDLE | LOWER ROD POSITION UPPER 109 a ROD HELD AT LWE 2.189m | 2.172m |. 2.155m 2.069 ROD HELD AT RWE 2.277 | 2.173 FIGURE 2-4. ea rod held at LWE Hor. Line of Sight Dumpy tavet (kel Width of river (W) 2 % SOLUTION. 5, =(a,-b,) (2.189- 2.155) . 0.034m (stodla Interval observed on LWE) SQ (a, —b,) =(2.277- 2.069) ).208m * @tadia Interval observed on RWE) Ks, + C =100(0.034) + 0 =3.4m parcontal distance trom the level to the rod held at the left water edge) A dp = Ksg+ C i = 100(0.208)+ 0 : 20.8m (arizontal, distance from ihe tevst to the red he W = de~4, = 20.8-3.4 a) =17.4m (width of the river) . 8s SNAPE ‘Seannad ith Camscanner - TACHYMETRIC SURVEYS | 3-1. INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS 3-2. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: 1. Theléned Stadia Sights 2. IncLined Stadia Sights 3. Inclined Stadia Sights Lesson 3 ‘Seannad ith Camscanner 3-1. INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS. In actual fieid practice, most stadia measurements are inclined becaus varying topography, but the interval is still read on a vertically held rog, The inclined measurement, which is also dependent on the observe vertical angle, is reduced to horizontal and vertical components of the inclined line of sight. Figure 3-1 illustrates an inclined line of sight for an instrument set up at point M with the rod held vertically at N. The horizontal distance between the instrument and the rod is shown as HD or OD, and the vertical distance between the telescope axis at. O and the horizontal hair reading at P is VD or PD. The stadia interval on the rod is ab, and a'b! Tepresents the corresponding projection normal to the line of sight. The length of the inclined line of sight from O to P is e of 1D = K(a'b') + C eee reer 1) If the line a'b' is drewn perpendicular to the line of sight, the angle aPa’ (or bPb') will be equal to the vertical angle of inclination of the teles- cope (0). Since the angle. between the line passing through the principal focus and intercepting the points a'b' is quite small, the angles at a! and b! may be considered to be equal to 90 degrees. Also, since ab is equal to the stadia interval s; then a'b' is equal-to sCos(0C), Substituting the value of a'b' to eq.(1), the inclined distance is ID = KsCos + Dees eee ee eed n ee OG (2) The horizontal component of the inclined distance may be determined as follows HD = (ID)Cos at (Ks Cos + C)Cos a KsCos? + CCos ee. eee eee ee ee eg G3) Equation 3 is the expression for determining the horizontal distance from center of instrument at O to the rod held at N (distant stadia point), when the line of sight is inclined from the horizontal through an angle .. Similarly, the vertical component of the inclined distance is determined VD =(I0)Sin & (Ks Cos at + C} Sina? Ka Con@ Sin f+ Cin ot Cee eee Oe cal distance tron tie Equetion 4 is the expression for determining the ve fof the instrument at GO tu the reading @) av the rod held at the stant stadia point et Me For instruments with reat fovutu teles- copes, the second term tn olf of the nbove cquitions is omitted, ite reculting value beleg eq. tu zero, In must stadia surveys this iy dane Perause the required precision docs net warrant its ume. For ver sngles Jess than 3 degre Stadio distances may be computed juss as far horizontal sights withoet nny appreciable etror inteodure 1G psc eat ‘Seannad ith Camscanner (Fig. 9-17 INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS p= Stadia fod Canter of Insteument (Instrument Station) Where: =. stadia interval factor or f/! upper stadia hair reading = horizontal cross hair reading of rod reading, RR K a b = lower stadia hair reading P 3 =. stadla Interval or the differonca between the wpper stadia heir reading and the lower stadia halr reading on the rod or a- 0. 8 observed vertical anglo of slevatlon or doprussion. A positive or negative sign must be Indicated to Identify the type of angle. © = stadia constant of the instrumsnt or ¢ + f. For infornal_focusing _tolescopes,-assume- this value -to~ be~z6ro. 10 = Ks Cosa + © Con at + C Cos of RD Vb = Ks Cora? Sinat + CSInade DE « Hi + VD ~ RR (the inetinud or slop distance trom the center of instzumont uF @ fo the horizon- tat eroge halt reading of FD (ne horlzante! dlatunes getweon tho I-s- trumant ond the rod} (the vertical dixtanes Between the teles- supe exit Of G Gad the heriaontal cross ely rasding we MD {aietorence in oiavetton sesween the ins- trumany stetiee of M ant te distant edie peist of M. Mi er OM fe the fvighr of intemal mms 1S ‘Seannad ith Camscanner 4 S-g, ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEMS: 1) INCLINED STADIA SIONTS, The following data wore obtained by sta dio measurement. vertical angle + ¢ie"es', and observed stadia intercept + 220m. The sfodio Interval factor of tho Instrument Used Is 95.5 and C» ©O.Som If the height of instrument ts 62M, and the rod reading ts taken at L.oSm, determine the following: sntal stadia distance (HD) from the instrument set up at A to the a) hors rod held al point B, b>) vertical stadia distance (VD) from the center of the Instrument to the point on the rod bisected by the horlzontal cross halr, ©) inclined of slope distance (ID) from the Instrument conter to thee int on the rod bisected by the horizontal cross hair, @) difference in elevation (DE) between the point over which the Instru- ment Is set up and the polnt_on which the rod was hold, FIGURE 3-2. Stadia vod pra 1,95 1m, fi a vo atrument — KeoS.5 —— Ce0.90m ” eto Saag ) eT eras HO SOLUTION. al_HO+ Ks Cos@ec + ¢ Cos oc = 95.5 (2.20) Cos* (1823!) + 0.30 Gost18"23") = 189.20 + 0.28 . = 189.48m (horizontal stadia distance between A and B) Db) VD = Ks Sin c@-Cos oC + CSince = 95,5(2,20) Sin (18°23!) 23! in (18°23 752 201s Cos (18°23!) + 0,30 Sin (18°23') = 62.97m (artical stadia distance between the reading on the rod af B and the horizontal line of sight) c) ID = Ks Cosct ¢¢ = 95.5 (2,20) Cos(18°23') + 0,30 = 199,38 4 0.30 * 199.68m Uinelined stedia distanced 20 mame BSE LTA ‘Seannad ith Camscanner SOLUTION CHECK. —— w = \uHoy* + (voy* = \uss.48F + (62.977 = 199.67m (checks) From the figure it can be seen that DE+ RR = VO+Hi and d) DE = HI + VD-RR = 1.62 + 62.97 -|.95 = 62.64m (difference In elevotlon between A and B) 2) INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS. The upper and lower stadia hair readings on a stadia rod held at station B were observed as 3.50 and LOOM, res- pectively, with the use of a transit. with an internal focusing telescope & having a stadia interval factor of 99.5. The height of the instrument above station A is 1.45m and the rod reading is taken at 2.25m. If the vertical angle observed is -23°34', determine the following: a). horizontal, vertical, and inclined stadia distances. b) difference in elevation between the two stations. c) the elevation of station B, if the elevation of station A is 155.54m above mean sea level. FIGURE 3-3. Instrument: K=99.5 cz / 0 (Tetttontal toe of stant Elev. of B (required) SOLUTION. 6) 3 #{fa-b) * (3.50 -1.00, 7 = 2.50m faredie imeervell ‘Seannad ith Camscanner HD = Ks Cos* a + CCos oC = 99.5 (2.50) Cos* (23° 34') + (0,0) Cos (23°34') = 208.99m {horizontal stadia distance between A aid B) VD = Ks Sin © Cos oC + CSin a A = 99.5 (2.50) Sin(23° 34') Cos (23°34') + (0.0) Sin(23°34') = 91.16m (vertical stadia distance between tho reading on the rod at B and the horlzontal lIne of sight) ID"= Ks Cos C +C \ = 99.5(2.50) Cos (23°34) + 0.0. = 228.00m (inclined or slope stadia distance) SOLUTION CHECK, ——, 10 = Wo? + (vo)? cat dh (208.99) + (91.16 = 228.00m (checks) From the figure it can be seen that DE + HI = VD + RR ana by) DE= RR+VD-HI = 2.25 + 91.16 -1.45 = 91.96m (difference In elevation between stations A and 8) Since an angle of depression is observed, B must’ be lower than A and ©) Elev of & = Elev of A-DE = 155.54 - 91.96 = 63.56m —_ (tho alevation of station B above mean see level) 3) INCLINED STADIA SIGHTS. A transit with a stadia interval factor of 100.8 was sel at C cn the line between points A and B, and the following / Stadia readings were observed. \ | POSITION OF RoD | VERTICAL ANGLE [. —~ ae renee Sat i verer | winpte | LowER 1 oO. if the stodia constont is o.381m, datermnt Q) length of line AB b) difference in elevatio ne the following: 1 between points A and B, SOLUTION. a) 5*(a)~4) a a(n.

    You might also like