ONiT- 1 Pree OF _Sinnsrv0e *— ¥ The primipn o% — dimiitncs Atala That“ Similar Engines au Comtr % the dame malig dnd ‘thes dimemions au -peopational * Atme — dimemion i ‘ > usually the stylindin bone | % The Horio the langtiy , woiethe and thidhneas —t2In Katia ane) ini Ae, The pimilax ergs Au peak Hpirdudliore 4 one anothes i ¥ The Aimiloity Must te geomiaml, Kinematical and dynam stat * The pimilas engines have , The name D satio | b) ‘The | Aame eomprenaion natio ©) The pome mean eg yeetive satio JI TIS EFI TE ELI EG] A) The rame Volumetiic eppicterny © The name peed fpator Wd " u ! | The ulatiombip —buipeen the tylinds bore ard the Vaiious pasar ! 4 te ope bv, ) RPM x 5” PE pan! —— b) Displac ment Cpiaton) % 0? i > ; > | ) Weight 4 ony pat o p° = | o ‘ : > s : | OB) Becuing ae oe 1 ai i @) Wught “ as = Wintant — Piston dloplaament — ={ actors To Be Consiveren tue Seven The Type OF _Entune ° 1 Tyee 86) fpromen “) Orme yeh plowed’ * Used io Vuy keuge gas -enginen 5) Diesee yur “prose ° * Vousy used for Jeage enginer Live > Maine r Stotionauy OuVvieL — Heavy cluty automebitt % or omay engine, either % The pirtse may he Uved, but first eat always favows tte prousa. *% The type % prcieo wit) alm be duicid by the jw ure Type yee 8) Tw Store tye * *% Two nboke tye bo prypyyed ou to weignt and «Opa. wwunt - * Smik oil Engines — for whith —Aimplirity is mere tmpertant Than (wl etoromy at bulk on two Atioke yee © faye oil taglhe for maine puvia werk on to atioke yu din te weight womiduatien 5) Four Stowe tyes % tor tow Jud — wmrumption — and tong urs Ok full load , the four Aboke wy ba the adutrtageQE EE PP EE dE ddd dd I. Pd dE, , ‘x Hg weight high peed feliol engine = Unuctlly work 6m pouty ntoKe aye NOTE: = Medium Aize Oil ard peliol engine cou butt §=t WOTK an ® Othe ty de 3 Nunben_g_tyndon : | for ommint — tur aional Moment on Hank habe » Lower Mgune wright and higher efguiery jit in better fo we oO quater | Number @ Amal wytinde dndad of Lod number 4 tage wyuclew for this, the pmat eylineli» runt nun ak hidP engine opeed i % Huge — tytinde au used a in low tnank dhoge Apeede Aur | etded , as th rraime prpulaion - x % Te disivabs cuanw dhost Apr an tnpoytant fay he ntton tint, nd Number eytinelw - % The power ef tre eye tn be chouand by a grater | pumba a ayllnclits —immad a inemuasing hs dL memions | % Aer hodtxontas engines the number tytiocls ray FR one, “wo or fom. % The may be changed either ak én payallsl 0% tandem | and doublt tandem auorrgenent {oH age nize i = Lo fer Vetetou Orgs , the number 9 cytinckern cin be fein ot i to Aiteen 4. jement lea: = ¥ The — auanement gq tyuadow Aboud be Auch That fo ye —palane and dugnee % compactness the engere dbpending on the Aetviee -% tow — peed enythe> and for Which floor gma ta no uomiduction ary built with how’ xbotal tyindr % Hor higher peed, Vasil — th fine — Waryernent & prajemedd X Yor Wmpat , dhyte ard uyhter eomtrucion, V- Type and Hadia) geo a — best. + Sirgu Aeing & Drun_ Adtng | | Majority NC. Egdeo aru dalle ib aing eytindin \* Doubu acti ng engi Loe only for Very Lage paver | Capa with Jaage uytndew 6. Gaine Speed: |) Folatinal Speak Piston Speed | i * Have ditt efgece 0 gaa velbuitien | ¥ The four Aboke yen ow Aboke ~ bore tatio Chelow 1.25) © ty at higher piston rpeedA “than | whe — Leng howe tyPer HR fp dun ty the fact That dew patio engder, laiger yalpe forts can be had in the tylinden tobich coil Keepa the gaa Yeloiitien eitbin Lmity , # Be % & du te He * On the otha had, hightn pin Speco will Hare the inutia —atyensen bu Thene on be duced! by Wang aluminium - aliny plotorn. Pee ee eee eee ee ee TgPP EE EE EE EE BA | whore , b) Rotational Speed: % Thue ty NO et Tab fpr i aelution X The Jorge a wwtational Aped in from Ito fe Foco pm wit’ & ferdimy fo ue higher apeed» tb dower the wodght and | tt engine | ¥ Uae whe has emiduani — beastin; | § oy 9 9 Speed Jour: | % Rotational apeed “p! doen NOt. take tty account the nize & the ong ine X Pioton Speed 'c? diperda Upon the Atroke @ the engine on ‘th nebttion % Neither the dotattonal peed ‘1’ ror the piston peed ‘c! ox elu ¥ Dur to deggerentiak. * ppeed foctor" (ts) © utd Cy + Speed factor i C = Piton Apeed ¢m min) A = Lotational apeed rpm) Buk ce onl then = Piston atrore (m) Gene = 0 Cant) (0° 10° ts = ant 6 inion HROSIUN CAHN NKAEHehiAMehiiNMIN HK mennteNimIMNREREREOHEEIARMMMHAND NRK cH) ORHANThe Eyine tr Clasdigied o% , —y bw oped Y Cs <) —e Meliwm ppeed Y Cs iy belineen 1 and 3. > High peed if Cs between 3 and 4 | > Supa opeed if & ib 74. The peed ip Limited by drtuPs! atvenden, the nability ef Certain parita to {undlion Pury dnd Yapid diene in Noluunctric eg gidenuy at high Apeeda Le fer aineroge and autmonik ergérés The dinaiah mean ptbton Oped Manges fom 19.5 to 17,5 mis. 1X for heavy duty peatronay anger including righ peed dive egies the rmiitimum piston Aapeecle Langs rom WS wb 1.5 mo. |X The vale, Mage gao diesel ene in S tm 7-5 md ¥ High ptt opeeda ou ured i Ama —AtyoKe — Yeo | tow pidton apecda am ured ir Jaige ntiohe engine Stroke ~ Bere Ratio : = ¥ The poyommana ard divign % an Oye & thdivertty Chteckd by -E Hatio. * BLL > Undu oqnane engene * 9 D=L —> aquone engire - xo D>L —> Over — nquone trying VION VT V4 V4 VIII = =_~ 2 — z =~ 1 at ' it I y ct V4 ( Ps tFD EEE EEE EE EPP PP PPP PPP PD PD Da did | st - to about Unity, ~> The vawe nize an be increased — genauting in gin velbeiti even 4 the poten Apeed to hh There mignt he certain dnggieult in the diigh ¢ weMburtion chamber , — A certain claxany in dluodyp there —beliveen tte = Piston head ancl the tyuindor ancl the ain trapped in thin Ape in wotlo — foy the twombuation pHouea punpose and! ho ppc outs ao the «apron the dove $5 fe move than uoi0y , = ‘ = 15 ger the best snulla — for four Atrone 7 In the Gre eo to AboKe engine a guightly higher Value ry be wed > The dlimemiom @ the ayibe Cth be Heduced fo about one: ‘third it, Tree times the ruduttin & piston AroKe 1 > Bat te abkain the name pistin pred ard cutput « Crank shape Apeed will have tp he theveased . —> Agin fer high aupan volume ratio, the L{p Taito be ahouk uni — I praia -K ratio Nauk to {yom tt 2 the more (rod aiuevot engines and 1,2 19 1.36 fev all : = | Common — Value being fouahole unity - > Foxi Avelage —Villven for - Yitio in 1.0 fer au rgines : =troduction © x The ize & the engine ao a whee tn determined on a Desion Consive rerrions * ( the basin 6 Mean tylinder — Preonure and tne Oped but the dinigo gh the. tndliy dec pillts dipendo on | tne morimum ufinden PHIUNe and acclevation &% fr | Moving port “Type Loads * The Atrennes the VaLiourn pain % the eng tome diem the founwing types gy Lond - ¥ The gas prusoure phould be Mgandid do the hook Lead thin distgning “he Yunning ea . la Dur to _Inevtia_tore * he Inertia — oud rropenticnal to te aU the peed . * The Inertia nd due te Huciprocating marner ane | © oppesition iy the gas toad at the The and do | Neduas the Ind on tre tophecting Sto and the | beast an. | * Op THe % te erbauat Mote tn foe — Atloke | Engiver , the trutia foxes load will tneduce a -poncier (ool tthe Connecting Hod There win ie a atyena > the form ecting sod -NPY, a AP 1. iu ds l. a lr . AD. mM ‘ Pr : PEEP EE | * Te lend | bata fo high acclutation 04 the vale gear We would Neurdsite hey valve Aprings. On he Valve gean in entively lia fy fpr | For High Speed Engine», ‘tne inettin Load! twin be deage dus -§ 3. Dw _to Centrifuge) Forens : * The antipagal fou diss te unbalaned —Antating tmaneo soca ada * The bak dit fp thee unbalanad fatune, irda ntreodes in orten Pills ey the or tne beaungs when the cHank phyt Lo tates Qu & the oppaite disections fo that GY the gar bow gine gq : The engine holding down born * There ein the be tram yeuse beneling the tonnetting Sead dur fy Ceollijugal fpean setup by the intating masa & the teoetting sind. % Fortunately thio wd tp mimem whene the geo lid bb Neg mud suclut ard vie Neogr » Ctheea® ct compu tyre & a 5 ‘DMpound stuctuetting Dtrercer would OCU With “Connecting "od « i 4 fewever, this in a Teveninu toad om he tenrecting ‘od. % Com fugal fords dur) pulamad may wit! induce heop Atresn within o the the maliiol pail and thin pbould be kept Limits CON earn an tien aes ae ana eee i iDu_te _“Hridional Fras * | 94 fruchiondl forum cue Ange , Gilute gy Aame — pallla i toay occur dus to over~ beating and AeLxure . % Whar the “Cronk ahapt sntates, ‘the load alr to the Tuning moment wme on the crank ahaje upting and the fommulation pots . # The bolle au usually mde quik Abong to suriat the forr du 4 unbalenad touples, however , twxniny moment Abowd dloo not te be negleid . * 4 nome tain” the cho might be end thrust on the Cranhabopt ar the beaings ahold be dusigredl Actor dingly . 5. Du to Vibrattom €apecially Grant Sage * x The otrensen ditty vilwation au Vely EPportant eppically ¢ b> te core q ‘Crank ahagt ¥ 1 vredua ther efgeda, the dinyres Obould Abrere the folowing pein , Q) The climemions Ahould be culfabyy elitr te avoid Sti nance B) The pat phowl be mrad qyuiee Am Atiyg Male the amp Utd & Vibration © The Mdtat and the Ahape % Tbe pots obould be Auth #49 to abpid fallaw by fatgue 4) Damping i the Abayt Aboud be theveared ty the we & — pubable matrials . ai 4 4 tT | ‘ 4 Nd WD ‘I. V4) 1h Vt t "2 2 4 4 oat imeVis fe thermal Loads © * ‘There will be temmat loade alan on ©The eye pout ince bok ome OY the nine ett Lean thle the wale jocket ¥ Thtte — woulel be tempuuture guadient > tre metal and di {0 thin atrennes wit be Aekup pecawe a unegecal expamion. ¥ The abesses din te themal douda will be Lun 4a Aettion ip -tyinnen- ¥ uh — disigning the Veulous pat of the driunal tomburtios Ongine, the Jellowing temp eg geet Aboud be tomidtned a) Expansion 4, | Mmetkata . 5) Stree. induud th mebale die % tamp. diggernan © Reduction yy Abrengtn | mete at high temperature a) Detrrmindlzon 4% he metal purpar which aw Ab} ect te high and Vay tog temperature . ©) obey t> a aot uUonrenee Teveey vere t verry nrenr nr wnvmnrsr Tone rv¥rnveDT®V 10 NOPE ANY/TITOVITH WTO) HTORIV FIO P>TIVOy Sru+ONIPInOnAOgnFnPOPIETOvRHOV0)DH/NIRINNO((E 110 B/VONONFUE A PINDIAI) BH Crove Or Matar Setecron Or Maregias [The folowing fachra fp be itbmidered wnia elicting the Material - 1. Availability * % Readily awcvatiatu , th laye quantity tp meet out | the sequuivement 2. lose: * wot & Material K Unt o% proening ‘the Material twith itp finiahed Jeccle 5. Medantiat _ Punreeries % Strengir % Hardness # Rigs aay * Toughness * Dace ey Fox @: The Malta for he connecting Heel af cn 1.0. fuse to withatand the — f wetuating Atreroes indeed — Enelunanu ptiengytp élomes CHiteuer + the patp dings Aboud hare had Auyaut to Heidt the wean. Gm thin ecine » the puter hardnese i» tre dwign eniteria % Mare gy bearing rralal, Mw w- efinen ew feuction in Heyuived . Te Pe op De ee OD ae ae ae ae ce ee pe a oO go Pa a aan ® pA. Manujattuning Conaiduattorn ° % An expomive mattal more ewnemical than @ Low NY \ | = | Piiad malital, Which bo cif 4,iut fe macbine . — > | * undue = ts a cMpua 4 ceying Pivgert = When te % P nape » 4 Plope =a au impor cant. — | —— | & The Manupactuy — precede, Ault ao = | > cating =~ | = ! > Rolling > | —r Aorging | > txtrurion =’ / — welding | 7 Machining © OVE toe Ddction Of material . 7 —_ | —_ =” | ——| Nose. Dhodudioo | ‘The engine om an nportant AU g& NoHe fo boTh Pasnengens arl Pedutrians \ We Ge Wwncerned not only with Mowe dhectly Ladsatrdl > Noun fiom the eryne nel, but alo WitD Nibuation tuamrestted thbough the engdre trounts te the body ond | @ witr Hood noine , Modliahd by the body pane * Hepo tk ip Unpettant tr reduc the cbtunat Nowe fh which driven and pannangew au Aubjecha én ordi to Unprove the sidshy comfort and in Case % wmmeual vehi, m ie psoye “the woTKi ny CnViroornent — 6} the dltiven % 4 b& neuro to Yeduw erterm howe +t wwoid Wer amenity tured by the vechiel e: ruses 6% Nowe tn Ep * The engtoe & ay timportart owe — @ noine « i % The node {stom an ange i> net only the nowe dlivettly suudtacl ar ound fiom tne engur tel but also the vibwation tuummitted thuough te engie mounts Powe and tolowred by the Acoust eg the Pedy Cooly . TEDPTILTTIIT Te TE DTTT TET DDE DED aryNEAT AAA Sees PSST a il ur « SP PEE EE PPE |X High Dilgeert Sounus oy Nowe |; IntdKe and exnauot noire 2. tombustion noise 13. Mecbunieat node % Dur fe value mechanism = % Pu tr piso i * Dur to Crank abot — flywheel E = Injection pump, injectors . = 4. Noire from quail iaxien = = * looting fo i % Supenthugen, Blewens, “Tuubocheugeno z * Dymo, Deattbutor Ctow web) { Intake Nowe ° i H Abate node is produud , by openiig and eloniry ef the coud Vale, whith yeoulls gp pubation a ait entaken th by the = i ge ond acoustic adietiono {80 the iptate SXyutoy —eompenerts ay Prcduad by high- Veloity air flowing eye the tut valve and thiough te trduction Aptem, aloo by ais Pasoing over the butteljiy vale in TE Car buxettor * Some rears the inte —nowe | i = i 6 adtivete the Noid — tet Hed TOG the tombuation chamber Tht ptuied — g Vale over JapPxboust Nobe | * 9 wb On Unoilenud ¥ Veehidh da the Aoudleot Aourrr NvIAE *% % Produad ‘te udder juleane 9% ge ‘Dt the exhaLnt Apter when the eahdust —LypAbem whale open . 4 dnsing 4% exhausts vale in comidued ty be % rewndayy Onpor tant : (XB the hole 4 size tox) flow plloaage in te Aller | |B Vay big, the mize wel wi be higher . 2. Comburtion Nowe « 4M the twombaoiion prousa im 1.¢. Engines to not Amooth ad gives 7 Tbe to fore on the pthtoo > tyuddu walls which ewntain a wick dange frugeuncy — edmporesnta. The fom ey Prurowy else ding eon buatfon bs Gnpentang in dulitmining tre magnitude rel Dpeceun eorkttntton holoe . % lean mix, Advanced rgnition tiring, higher eompsurion Sato, to dthiow high output With economy, Adaply hd tictelbue Wmbustion noia , % The injection timing _= we Mawes ee = 3. Mechanic Noise * i | * Poton Slap —> Impada belideen the ty bindu wall an tre = | Pwton moyos Pm idk pet diting The | J =” | engine eyes = . | * Tieng dive noe > Impacts occu beliveen the teeth &% = | geans . = *% Himng gen ain as backiash intaien up th either elbection X she events gy ditection Oct =n Pntlth HCMC i Dh tevolonal Vilnation and the fluctuating — tory ucplluements che Comahagts and the fuul in] eution CQUIPMERE There potne ou aly Patty. | Beating Fora 6 Rotational ° | ¥ The sugered te ur Timing Brean Cleanane bebivesn § fowinal and beuing cu periccticali taker Up ao te fem HeVeme wim toune the J Operating tye with tupultingy —impauts — and Nibaation Jeneation . Efe on Lauds » % The exypa % Mad on enjne moire dipends on, > Te engine vize > fotation at speed Method 9% injection and aoprration . ox Engine SpeedNoine Rodiatid from tre Engine 5: pce and Comporenta * Crarkenoe | wybindu bloes ¥ 011 Pump * froot timing cover Ord Rocke Cover % ful tyjection pump X Cranbavapt fuont pully and leper IEP PPE TD Oe « tCyunper & LINDER liner ction Cylinder ? |e jundion Uyuodu to Medina — the looting {Util w | | Metteviat : to quids the piston . % w» usually mad Up & Ore don tor) Cone Steel i The wytinds hes fe withotand high temp dik i> the | tombuotion % {us, Adme axtongement Must be provided to ol the wytinder | Single Cytindu Engure - | (Auch ap rcooters & motor tyus) un geneiallly ait | Goud . They an providid with fine auourd the uy Lely. i | (Auch ay cams) cue povided with wala jackets ox0und | eytinde to teot i - ' the wylindi, Wale jacket and frame aus Mads on om Piew j ege_ Rogie i The uylirdur, walle jacket une frame au madi depratele Cy inden bine ‘ The eyplindixa ae preovieled eoith Uyjlincley Linen 20 that th care % wlar thy can be eangily tupload|. Dry Linevs: A tylinds Ler which does pee have any lect tontack With the enyine wowing wali % Vraon aa dy Uinedra, 2. Wee Liners! A ujtindu lider which nave i outer Aware tn cixeck (ntact ith me engine Looting j Uoala Kruse. net Linea | Malt ate fer_Hrean : 1% Greed YPrabitg coor geained east ton (pene cat | ube) % Nidtel cart ton. i | i ‘® Nickel Chromsum cart ikon A Nika chromium cont steel With — Moly boinum. Nee The inna Cate —& te liner Abad treaha | Quabitten Y 4 bod Linear ! % Strengiy Yo venint he gan prunoure | 5 # Supp icientiy hand te wenat oean % Strength — to vesiat the thermay Atvemes dius to | the heat flow Thiough the Liner walt . ® ordu +e abtain a hard puxaa ty gedua wean, TEP PIPETTE IIo oop 4 LPP OEP IDE DD DDS « | ‘ i|= | % Wroaion Hoi oting = ¥ Gpabu ° taking O good bearing Aurgace = * 9 Aboud be Aymmelitad tw Ahape fd Qwoid Unequal = ely tution due t gar txtd and unequal expamion dus to theimal toad ‘x No distortion @% the ener Auljace du tm yetraning = firings - “XA Gteod brvade Grey Cart |xon |? Nicki Cheese Cast Gdn and Nickle Grmium ant ion | | * Nicku- Chromium cast odbeel enith Moly bdunun- | Avan tages 4 Dray hiner ° %% in Awe fo Xeplace a oly Uner. No domage e walt LaHaye ther cout the (Hankuase tr the tombustion chamber ® Dut t the absenu & a heapy pieme ak the top the iret, eytindy Centres can be vveduead.- je Woh ste Upper past the Liner (Disadvantages @ Dry Liner: | lomplicucd —cayting * Deereaned heat flow thinugh the wmporib wall.= i unui % The fourduy pruobtun & Wmidubly eared, ANU ‘the Jaige intanal coven the eytindr block tan fe prto Perty Duppor tic , ® The tyirlu block % — subteved % the Atremeo du to long itiiclinal expurmion ey the Linen. Dirad vantages tek Liner» % Difgiuue — suplacument % Danger q wiliv UdKage ito the Crakene and the tombuation nyc if the ating bt dyedtive “On Ogg onggnaganaanan ana ae aan oop op en ee eh Oh eeAAD NA. } ‘ Hi ‘ Desiom Or _Cyenoen, Thichnon ef the wytindin tod + Step it (Apparent konpitudina! Streon) GE. . GE~ _D*P (pe - 0°) where , D— Imids diameter ¢ the eytindu (tm) e SS Do Guide diasmeten “oy the wyitrdu (rm) P> Max. Pruoown nies the engine wytindin CW fmm?) (4 1 time gy By) St > Apparent Longi tudisl Atresa CN [wom?) erential § Atreaa) Te Gi- PPD where , E> Thicknens eo tre cyuirdu Uoall (mm) Te» Apparent Cixbunferenita) Atresa (NL mm?) St 3 (ek tengitudinal Steno) Net longitudinal dress « op - Ge m. where, 1. spor’. ay Poisoors satio, Usually daken ap 6.25 Step (Nee Crreumgerential Atreaa) Net Chum ferential ptreoo = oe — SE ™ 4 yur wale) £ t= PPo+e 20¢ toheve , Te Penwinaib Crrampenensial er loop abveoa for the ytindey mifigt in Mpa wom) N/mm7 Valu Gan be taken — fxom 85 mp to Joo mpy dipercing upon te pine and mobil q the ytindos CH» Allowance for “Kiboung (mm) = > Depend upoo the wylbds bore D Tabs |< Alltwara for _Reboring for 1.6. Engine _CyUedun. 150 | 200 800 350] Heo | 450 a | ~ a [ptm | 4151 joo c (mai | Ls au | Heo | 6.3 v | Not: The ‘thicknesa @ the uyUinder wd wrcictlley Newien from WIT a fl ‘I 4.5mm tb 25mm, | ‘ | | By Sopbuiau sation, « y t= 0.045 D+ 1.6 mm, Step 1+ (Thicknenn ter) ‘Thi chnesn % du liner = 0.03 D & 0.035D. | SHR 2: Uhichneoo ey tenn jacket was) 4) Thichnena gy wet jacker woul = 0.032 D + 1.6 mm: | b) Thickness of unit jacket wat ~ toy bygen cylinder 3m = BE fer dinalax uy tinder j; Sapa) (wan pace between The cube ey tod & ter | Jacket toatl), Code helipeen the cule a = tomm for 75mm wylindu die cylindu Lait tem) inney . | Gore en = 15 min for TSomn uy Ula dia } ‘ id PY) } fy) | il st “| il | vd 4 iM al Wy cov) 0.08p + 6-5 mm || Bore 6 Login gq the Cyt at Steps) Uindicabd power) | LP Poo LANK (patty) | i bo | Wheve, Ym > Inckcatd mean qyective prupave (1 Immo?) | A> (reno - pectional oxta @ uylindo (mn?) A= TD ‘ | spe bore (inner chia) ¢mm) L—> Longin gq attoke (mm) N-> Speed 4 eine (rpm) D> Numbel q working AbroKes Per min N= N —> jor too aboke engine. f= x > for foun atoke egine Kas NO. of Uylindixs - Length @) the attoke < 1.25D f 2p (Nowally taker) ! rps BP there , BP —> Brake Power | Im Nm > Mech. efpivery Step a: Chergtr the eytndn) i | Length | “the tytinds = 115 X Length & atroke ini, Cytindn THange & Stude : Step 1: Dian etx 4 Atuds tl) bolls Gas lad di to “he . ~ 1 p*p —+@ mae. Preoouu Ww The 4 uylindar Roiating {tre offered “4. Mo xT dG —@ au the stud tor) bolts 4Cqustirg eu O 6B, i Dp = No Had oe Dip =nad2-o% w de> PUP ta NaC de= { DP T™ Do St Where, D> tyuindu bore (mm) 3 TTTTIIVIVDVE P > Meat. prusowe (1 rom?) ; Dy> No. q oluels —>% may be tolsen a> (2.010 +t) & (0.02D+4) de> cove or minor diameter (lu.,) diameter at ‘the Moot & the ‘thread (mm) SE > Altovadu tein Abrers for the mala & atids oy bolle in Mpa (or) Nimm* . 9e may be bake gy 95 te 10 ma. Step a: (Ticows gorge) th. t4 = Thidtness 4 flange = t-2t fb 14 E Where, ¢— Thidhnes q wyUrdu wall . Step 3. (Nominal dia cow major dia ¢d) 4 Abuct) d= Nominal dia = 0,75 Ef t 1% TEEPE ITI IIIS Where , > Thiknvs 4% flange SC EEEEEITENSTEnyerrirenereerreeemrerennenteeetstemeetarreaEnne tee Ce en en One= Step_4* (The ditana gq the flange from the centre = the bot_for ate or _tott) =a” The diatanu q he {lang e Sbéld rot be wa tran fer ine tunGa the hols ~ Cd tb) mm and not more for atud wy pod than (1.5d) there, A> Nominal dia ter) max. dia a the Amd wx) boue Step 5: (Ditch | the Alude 5 tote) | ; Pith & otids wy bole - afd & 2e.8Ja where, d—> Major dia tt) nominal dia (mm). N’. Cytinder Head : stip (eylindu head thicKness (t,)) es where, ther wybndu head thickness (mm) D > tyundu bore ¢mm) Po Max. prusoute timic ‘the tylunclu UN from?) Te > Allowable civcumferentiod Atvero (Mpa or Nim —> Moy be taken ay 30 to 50 mpa. | C—> Comtant wrote value ten as 0.7 Sep 2° Wier tek diameter D9) Dp = D¥3d/ Analysis Side Crank — Spape = Crank on chad Cobre. = BNW yy _= eg Vr a /K ayer “T | Lh alel stad hs ) - = oc @ aS _— 7 = ae 1. P= I p® Pow | Jenat 1: 5 “ea 5 | Deal é a= 6. aS A - lorank pér 0015 dcttw + 0.5 4 - —— = 1. Mb = 0.75 Ph. t= o4bde & 0.15 d _ A veutes fiom 06 BIy Mrs @ ade —_~ . —_ Take Lid = 0.8 Mex P xa. ~ = ae a, > Le oed (Mee TE dit ar =. 56 Nom? | oc 36 N bromo Dome Tas | tae Te af 6 32 3a de = 2 dj = 2 13. le~ 0. 8d b= Ay width @ dlywhee = - = _— = — _ = =— = - = = = -— | 4. Checking fer beauing prism, —-™ Af + 300mm i I 1 Hy = Pla+b) Pe Lex dex Pr | Horizentas | Heattt or | P= 2 Ho= Pp. a | : oeMr, ! ‘ I PEEPS | [Yer va = z | | Bele pun | Hi = (Fite) ec b He = (Fi+ Fa) c b eb, de= 0.84 ln Web Ms = Plo ky £) | 2 j fos Me Lee | pwe fa =P Wwe Total Atvess = fot $4 75 NI mm? w=? Shoge Urdu _{tpobeal , Muod ~ PlA+Q—H, xe 4 Pe= @ 5m (4) 5 Pr= @ $m Cm (O44) 6. ie Hy, = Pr ( a+) TH, = — Pp a b here me (289) 4. Hea = Pe | %) Crank Web Moe = Pe (n- Aj/2) Foe = Mot eure Mor= py (ovashe + te) for = Moy 4+ wer fl = Pr we Total compreoaion rtend f= foe+ fort “Twisting Moment in the web. Me= Pe (0.75 Le ta) fo- ME _ me Cys) Fema = fe, [FETE ma Vis (6)WOUGLELEGLLLELEELEEEELELELEELELLOb Hea Vo onennennennennenenmemmnnsnnnnnmera ii[Dbage at _jundioo _@ (rank | Mb= & (0.75 le +b) Me = Pe #¥R Mee ime+me i | we a ae fo = | mb+ me | 6 “.Fo-? ShabE undur flywheel» Mato load = ALa+e) — (fie tHe )C M (tywneed ueignt = Meo Me= PEXR Mie = md + me 16 », Arm? i | j | | | | a 20.N | pr? | Mie = TE do fy NI | He | | Vi= Net veatton = Jit vi Beaurg proune = Nek ‘readion 4 dy - Sage.|: — di fod tpt | t.p= BP Sx? _ S000 _ g250 w \ Ara 0.8 2.8 | 2. To fed p &L: | b A-T 9? | 1p - PmLAnK watts _ bo o— + 0.35% 1, Tp yn 0.3 x LSP XP xN ay oN wi 2 St0K 60 Ke aylirdu = O35 KSPR or peng, ooo | 2 A fron DttoKe tapiedsr cline engine has the follwing —apecification , Brake pooer = 5 kw Speed = 1208 IP Indicated mean eggectvel. 9.35 wlmnn? Meanie Pfideny= gor Preoouse | Deambe , . | 4) Bore and Lingth te yun dow, | 6) Tbicknens | the Uytindu hea , D Size qf otude for me tylindwy heack . 2 = 60 WP = 0.35 xT x Dox rSxNX) HxXD yx (1000 x 6d | = | D3= 1PX 4may (000 X60 | 0.35 XTX LLB XNX) LURID ETEPE ee ae Tagg GC Tre rarprq aarpDp2- 6250 x 4X2 X (000 K 60 eS TY 0.35 15x 12.00%) | => [p= 15mm b-1.5p 2.45 x05 > [L= 12.5] =7 \L= 0.1125 m 3. Length gy ytindar = Longin gq tylindin = 1.15% Length & -me Abone = 1-15 y 0.1795 50-1938 m | + 0.2 m (nay) b) Thicknoo gq wyuindu tread | 1. Max. gao pressure (p) | P= 9X Pp = 9 x0.35 o> [P= 3.15 vim] 2. Thidsneso eg uyllocr head C th) th= p | 2 Take, C=.) ‘ ve z= Ha mpa 215 f &ixsus = 42 N[ rom \ We = 9.96 mm | | 1 i | | i =7 th= jomm (oay) (0 Size @ Stude for iytindy Head | 1 Number a Otude (04) bolts * No= 0.02 D+H = 0,02 ANESTH = 63 NA= O.01D +4 SO.OIX HIS +4 = 515 Taking Na= &al lore wx) Mimr diameter (de) T opps mb de GK 4 4 we do= OP dee [OP Nae nose de= °| Taking , NM M0FE OL = 65 mpa —_ 2 . ae = 65 NI] | desi [EEL , Goo) | Mo 6x65 + To fxd nominal dig aw) Major dia (d) i de~ O.84d i i ey d=_de _ (0.33 ~ 12.3 mm 0.84 0.84 be um No. 2 i A fur nttoke intunal eommbuntion engine hun the folowing — ppecifi ation . Broke pose ~ 1.5 kw Speed = 1000 \pm Indécatd mean Cftedive Pree = 0.35 Ni mm | | | 1 | | | Max. gap pruows 3.5 Ninn Meth. etgicienuy = B07, Detamine , A) The dimemiow @ wytndu HY the bngt> eo Alok io 1.4 times Be bore g uyundu . b) wall thickness & uytindue 4 beop Abess is 35 mpe ©) The thidinesd @ uyplinder head @ aide g otuds iwhen the Perminib obreso for ujlindu head g pmd mt) ae 45 Mpa & 65 Mpa veo pectively. a ‘ : < t « boanahakan‘ To fod Lingib & te ty Under : 1 BP LAS x10? | 375 wath Dm 0.8 | \ To gd Dd ond 1: | | | ' ps PmLaAnk i s' SET! 3 65 watts 60 ps Pot Hp? wn | HP “2 bo 1. pe Pm (22) Bow x) 66 Pe Pmy tu Dx TRAX! 1D00 X Box H XD. De = 1. PX 1000 x40 xy x2 Pr xX 1. xT XN Ys 1 De IP xX (000 X ox 8 = 4315 x (000% 60 x B mea | roe | O- 35% 1.4 xT X 1000 . 0.85 x 1.4 XTEX 100% D= 142.98 mm => [D> Hamm (nay i L= typ = LY XU © Obl. 6 mm =] Ls 20.2 mm ¢ oayp {|3 beng eytinder« Length @ ujlindu = 1.15 x Length @ the stoke =115 vy 902 =232.3mMm Lege wyUrdu = 934 mm (aay? } To fod the vthictheoo q tne yur Wall Ww ty PP oa, 20 \ = B35 XH yy | 2x35 » To fd the thickness of uylinde heuel i te P ep & al “oz Take , ——_—_—— C=0.) | = ly f Otxs.5 "J 45 Te = HE Mpa | = 12.64m = 45 |r | ® Size blade fer the yUndor head 1. Number e slide to) both - Da= 0.010 +4 Daz 6.022 +4 = 0.0) XH +H = o.02 x1 +H i No = 5.44 No = 6.88 | Taking Na= 8 2. tore lox) Minor dia (de) * de= DP = yy No 00S vl 8 x65 > der Ul. Gomm. 4 I 1 Nm 7 11 ‘ c | | } 4 iy « 1 > — < = — - = TISAI NA » a4I 3. To god nominal dia tex) Major dia (d) a | | de> 0. 84d . 0.84 | 4. Pitch circle diam ete | the Atuclo (Dp) Ope D4+Bd ~ ay t acy Ds 86mm 5. Prton 4 the inde ') Pith @ he ntads - TDp | W186 243 mm "e g ) sainimoum prion % Atde= ava = iy = 71. 1m | 1) Maxim Pitt J otudo - 28.5 (ih = 10b.6mm The Pitch 4 the pluds (43 mm) Wes beliveen 1.) mm anc’ 1d6.6 mm ThE pike & the Ata Cd) alatabd above iy ailloparteny. Hadededapetenertetesonnnon nna nm teasbopepinshininiebessernonsedaibinineiensesearibvwnemnioieesesessSeiencesscoc.désce.ccmc-.ccccess.. (AAEMDesign Or Piston Assemany = 1. | fundione _q Piston % The mal fundion &% a Piston in to Suuive the 3 imple jxiom the expanding gar and tammitd the i Meigy to the thank ahyt Though ‘the tonnecting | sod 2 | Moca ov Design Naviants 1 Pitoo Assam * | % Redua wm pression height # Usuage 4 odvonud “maliials (Metal malin Composition) A Improved puyec coatings x Erhonud C4mpaoved) Load Capability % Lighter weight. pistors au avabiony . ¢g, Al~Si - Alloy * Artiuwahd pioton a dvabiabu 1% Ky dtore wings ow em ployed % Piston woting i» avaliabu % Pistow with Abrengthining pide au Apallaks to Nelrfore Paton Csi - % Ful Akivted Pdtom ued Ran COXa- * Trances | tans headid pistona . % Pistoro with involoed awitie. % Pistom with Poariy High ‘' factor % Pitom for tio Atioke tyds engine - QGEPEPTTa Peper aIgrIrigtti9d4d9204%sk Qumtity factor _q_ Pastore ° “ =~ . _” «15 forty ” 5 four = 4% BAP % Bove dio. i” Th X Atoks Lngth x No. e tyUndu x Péter thao S four ranging Kr ” °K! factor < (Apparent cli ty) ~~ kK = Maso § ‘the Piston dnoembly — a (Diameter)? Usual Value = 6.3 9/en? eo Quality abtibutin gy wea _durigned Piston system Om Denn % The plston Ahowd have AYpident stengtr ond heat Herlatane pwoportien fo withatand high gas psurours ine | Joudes and theumdl Atresner. R Lightnor t tudue tata fou * btood and Quick disaipdlion @ ‘heat {Hom the town i) fo. the nings 1) Beourg area | Hi) tytindn wollle. | form on efyecve gan and cit eal % Good —theumal endfor X Minimum Work G fxidlion . * Sutiaby Quaargement for the Hug icity g the barsel. % Sugpicient Puojectcl gua to Dammit the Aick ‘thytiot ‘AHF eva RAiled atin remap erento imamate aE A RRO% Good NVH charatteuitio N- Nota \V- Nibxation H- Haines X Proper leaiana felween piston And wylinler . X Adequate quppoxt fpr the piston pr- % Give a Autabu Ahape for to te top 4 ‘the pbton Cxown « % Corrosive seniotanu # Sug wiatann ¥ Eovinonmentatty od bo~ friendly x hightor alloys * Mataal ruydability % Eire q manupacture at low Wat ¥ Matzal § the puto should maintain . Skekd qa piston annembly and io parts’ Pants ¢ Piston Aooembly © * Paton Crown Compression Hing * Ri belti Ring belltty << ON Acrapper Hing % Piston hing to») worst pin ton) Gtudgeon pin. % Paton OKint —> Alch thrust - % Pirton basel * Civclip. 7 | Hy) Jd I m) vd 147, ‘| } Py) ul " € ¥ | « \ | i} a hf i} id | | | | iI My) hd | | i |* (at ion * Nodwlay cat ton ¥ Cut dluminium 4 Ppryged aluminium coy x ant deel % forged Ateel * Alloy cost ton * Alloy Atel * Aluminiym Alloy4 + Aluminium - Sikeon alloys x Aluminium ~ topper allogs * fight lwtigne alloys — banelact Maliials ® Bim etallic ayptems * PH Ateel ( Pxect pitation Haxdned Ateel),LNA AAAS ARRAS UAeLdh Manupattuing Paton : X Pie Casting ¥ Cenilifugal Goth * lontinoun Casting % Aovgthy (pruoning) % Liquid and prunaing ( Aqueexs casting) % Temporing % Machining ig. Fula Used : ¥ Gtarouie * Diva X Bio- diesel % Blendd 9. Term Normally aed i Pistona © a) Pisten Slop ' % Duby engine opuation fre piston Ahijts — Horm one Aidh GY the eytinden tO the Other at the end % the eompxunsion Ahore - % This Ahigting Oecw With dOuggident fora and thoreore hilo the tylindu wd - * 4% Produ a distinc: metalle noine - % The Moe thus Produad t call Poior Aup b) Blow By: i) ® A gar paso-by tor lLarage) through the Cleanane between the ting belt and the tytin din Liner. oeOONerPIrgeggngganngaggqnagqgnaqgqggrgqgggy)?22 % Deston Suey au provickd On the Piston Nuljoa, to Aeah “the tylindu fiom the (AanK cave F However duxtrg wmprerrion and eupamion, gare a Lmpe —f%0m the top & the pdton inh the cHankane Poot the Piston wings The gases thar {lo Past the piston Hings au caked | by blow by gaaes . ;* Blow by dhould be minimum |. Blow by may caw Y thore tr tro Muth Lubricating Oi) On be ty Urdu walls . W Causes Gy Blow By : | * boas | Womprusion and Enghe payemana . % Undu heating piote» © Hings % Crburization y lubsicating oil in “he Suing gsuov ta. % Cll Untamination i the cxank cane X Improper wyuindu tow) tybirdn heacl dlsignn. % Unequal oh exesaive Tightening &% the wyYiodu heact hovla - % High Wexculy —q tre Uubsercating on) dim affene How by j A The Opeed | the engwe Vanier. 1c) Prstoo Ovality : & Mayor Diamekor —r Diameter meanune at might angu to Piton pt coe alm the LgX Minor Piomela —> Diomeln medriud Paral © the | Piston Pen ah at any Pott along ‘he ploton Lungth “+ The Pioton ovality t dyored at AY Plane peyperdiuy (Lr) 40 the pistonpin coin Ahdk TH difserens beliveen Major and minor diametow én that Plane | Le piston ve a -— = = 2 a - = — “S oS — “= —_ = = — = aa ‘= —_ = — * = —_ = -~ = _ KH & the dixtuny belineen the top % the Ploton Axel the Untre &% the piston pin coud -©) Pioton Skint * # The piston gy the piston bwre below — the Sing Hecki upto the open ed ty Vmown ar Obit % Take the didr ‘thrust @ tho lonnecting Hol. 9) Oppooed Piston Engine : ¥ when a ingle cylindr howneo tao Oepenabh ¢xank aboge & Clkd Opposed piston engine . ¥ The movement % the pistoro @u Ayndtronized by Coupling oo cHank Ohag te | Advontages : | * well balanad - x No uytindr head suguired! * Fundiore om fre psuxipu g to AoKe engine X Shaving —&§ tombustion paw - # Recuad thermal Atveasea x A tompact — malTey tind 10) Artiewatd Pistooo x Mad 4 too dt4perent Mmalidb - x The upper parts ef the crown > Mack tp 4 (ast Lon % The lower port on Attire © Mach up g aluminium | The tonnetton pelpeen The CMoOD and The Abixt w& “thxough The Puton pin.nt cree * The pain in optimixed because & the pach, 1) To twntath ‘the wombuston ehambu. i) To cea gy Agdlee The ganw . Wi) To Support the Aattial fovus Ogre the kine won su guicling up and dowp Benegin Cor) Advantages : * 3m yy lowe BSFC- x 9 te 57. tneveoned Torqus On fell dad x joy wducien th heat plow % uwolent # Upto 207% Waght Hediuction * Slight ignifione sedudron th bwwby, 01} @mumption, Noise and gridtion - % Tempeatone at the hp Hing Suduad 1 90-60'C- * HC emission ydudion upte 8% without thcreaning Noa enidion % Beta’ wld Ate ® Ditiobu for allnnah usage * Grea Longevity * Reduad potor lop % Move diidbu CHOWN openly * Reducd head and Volume % Redueid AmobKing. x mprovect furl economy. -~ = _~ - — “ - — 4) i i es | do i STEEP Aa Tee Te ee ADisadvantages ° : ¥ Water : X DISsiUUE to Cost and machine ¥ Ancreanedl welg Ae - Matiz ° * Steel exw * Aluminium dling body Application : * Used tw highly Hahd engthe dypteme Like automotive , Devoengines propepation engine . 11. Croae Hadid €agide Piston : F ANalioble th manine too AtioKe engines 4 Eliminato the ich trust @ the pion « [% The piton dnd the Ama end G% the tonnettiny Ye) connects ‘Thxmugh cna head ¥ Smoother Operations * A cron head t 0 beating which io Used t lage Heciproasting engine either th 1.¢. Engle Or Ateam Engine .~ = —_— = oc = a - = — q } Py) Pm) | | il ! 1} e 1 2. Piston “Failures and Causes * &) Uneven bearing on tre Anirt | % cee din to mixdligned ennedting mil . *® Uneven beating susula ath, ‘I, a) Wh) i] —> Er UDpive oi] ComUMption | | | | | — > Pbdrn slap | | > OVbr heating ey the tngene | 4 | f P) Abrasive wea on tne _akire : |X Caured ty fide and hard Particles that enter into the tyUbdu Cluny audion 1 Abrovive wea, 4 Pot pKine, Sugs and ty Und tools Hew tn, —+> Piton Hub gs —> Framiye ai) Wmumption . > NOE Pulling property TD | | i© Shire Seiaune ‘ 9t may happen dur to any One | the foulowing, I *® Mouppiviene Piaton | bore deananu . < = ¥ Ove ty ; Ll ie 5 | 2” Acrapptrg ay oi) ov Lack q oil ww the ty tired. F ¥ Ditoyed bore £ : * od & puter yl ; cE L Y Piston wing Aealdg E — ¥ OVerbecutdy G| the pirton E _- de E _— 1D) Qnouppivent Piston | Bore Deere E _- |x 5 dik ty use gy over oize piston & an urdiiaixe bore E ~~ os N) Over Scrapping q Oil : — . , _ | Cauwed by Atronger pinton Miys when Uned — ” Diotored Bove ° E = ue * 4 caer the putty tr be i) hock q Pi Peston Rig Seabing ° * 4% % du (rreased blow by Gnd heru lage heat jow Poot the print. an unevenly a Du to, % Moufpicene Labrie of) pupply # Mef{iuet dealiy by pirton sings %* Aneptident Moly. # ‘moujfident eleorany betwee piston and bore 5 duny endo, Ying Aldys and book Mary ghooves L1H errno eR MRM panne [ob d d a d q d d d f I d d d ys1 4) Brentage 4 Paton Croan, * Pur to hydralic book creat duing tanptutonion tone % Dut to dipective gasket # Du t High Prusaur pHodusd dling tomprunoion AltoKe @) Ring band tottapre and Crom Buxning : x Dut > the dwelopmee % Vay high Prurdun ened “renpuatiwa —duttry eneontiolltd —Cormbuuation prounnen Lhe dutondtion on pys- ignitation diesel Knock. #) Covronien @ Pann : * Pu 7 wan Laking Though Cxanked eylinlu head , tylidu block, olamaged ganket , min twit Lubsucating Gi) and highty Uaded fut aeida au formecl. There Aciclo wrod! The piston 9) Girelip Grove faituve * ¥ Fuusive end float § the PomM pio permit it to hit the chdltp and damage the gsoove- b) Uneven Beawry on Giudgeon Pir * % Dur fo Umproper guelgeon pin fitting 15. Rou q Pértn Cvini@ en tbe Engive Perfommanar * Enhanament @ orauge taubalane, % Aiding — pwnit fwidulenu {tow . x Guidans 4% A/p xatio wrth Lombustin Chasnber topically Neer tp Opaus plug. * Gitow pugs have fo be Wed for tating hh hey dls Ww yh ‘Vehel = “~—= = “= = _— = - =— -™ _ ee = - = >: = - - = = ai -~ = ~ = o- a a = =1 4) Brentage 4 Paton Croan, * Pur to hydralic book creat duing tanptutonion tone % Dut to dipective gasket # Du t High Prusaur pHodusd dling tomprunoion AltoKe @) Ring band tottapre and Crom Buxning : x Dut > the dwelopmee % Vay high Prurdun ened “renpuatiwa —duttry eneontiolltd —Cormbuuation prounnen Lhe dutondtion on pys- ignitation diesel Knock. #) Covronien @ Pann : * Pu 7 wan Laking Though Cxanked eylinlu head , tylidu block, olamaged ganket , min twit Lubsucating Gi) and highty Uaded fut aeida au formecl. There Aciclo wrod! The piston 9) Girelip Grove faituve * ¥ Fuusive end float § the PomM pio permit it to hit the chdltp and damage the gsoove- b) Uneven Beawry on Giudgeon Pir * % Dur fo Umproper guelgeon pin fitting 15. Rou q Pértn Cvini@ en tbe Engive Perfommanar * Enhanament @ orauge taubalane, % Aiding — pwnit fwidulenu {tow . x Guidans 4% A/p xatio wrth Lombustin Chasnber topically Neer tp Opaus plug. * Gitow pugs have fo be Wed for tating hh hey dls Ww yh ‘Vehel = “~—= = “= = _— = - =— -™ _ ee = - = >: = - - = = ai -~ = ~ = o- a a = =b % Combuotion prpoum be vey bh | \x | at: ¥ Full Ceonomy (Lower ut tonmumption) % Sty Yatio & ‘the Aoxil chamber » gsualn - S-> Sufaad Ou, y—> Volume. High Bmep Reduétion t pumping tear (pumpadg bere au minimine Vigorous Owxil proved . HX Sufficient mini 4 ait ard qu paticlre x FmpHovel ai ubltiadlion X Aico for compute wwmbuntion G fu - Higher tarbulnu i the puei) Lombustn Chamber unults ® a gsi teat lade Me. Osjecto gg Sujoo Con gq the Parton Suupacr ap weu Oo the Piston Ring : St ehiminatis the non- wnifom tempeicln gsaclient and thumal Atresr® the Poton . % ‘vetdlho the heat to the tombustion = chumbe = for bets Mining | ful andl ait Bellu wmbastion Mate Reduus tie Opalaton | -pirtn cyumon and Valve heado TO Paevent deterioration % lubsicalion And mechanical Weab % Combuotion prpoum be vey bh | \x | at: ¥ Full Ceonomy (Lower ut tonmumption) % Sty Yatio & ‘the Aoxil chamber » gsualn - S-> Sufaad Ou, y—> Volume. High Bmep Reduétion t pumping tear (pumpadg bere au minimine Vigorous Owxil proved . HX Sufficient mini 4 ait ard qu paticlre x FmpHovel ai ubltiadlion X Aico for compute wwmbuntion G fu - Higher tarbulnu i the puei) Lombustn Chamber unults ® a gsi teat lade Me. Osjecto gg Sujoo Con gq the Parton Suupacr ap weu Oo the Piston Ring : St ehiminatis the non- wnifom tempeicln gsaclient and thumal Atresr® the Poton . % ‘vetdlho the heat to the tombustion = chumbe = for bets Mining | ful andl ait Bellu wmbastion Mate Reduus tie Opalaton | -pirtn cyumon and Valve heado TO Paevent deterioration % lubsicalion And mechanical WeaX To Pravert oot fermation andl — torvo2 yon = x Reduus Ignition duay = - = ¥ Reduco ppeelgic ful wroumption Hab = * Redudioo i emimion Loares - w * tompiaion ratio Lowered “SZ % Reduilion sn YoUunelc eypictenuy = % Smoke dumity suduacl i* Erhaot, goo temperature etncreanes 1X Over theumal eppirieny theveaned | & Recut Heat tora |* Reduchion @ (0 and He. | fetetion eduction LX Erhanad Life apan | | Rig ptiching Avoiclna | | ON 4PREECDRERL LE 1 oT Aston Pn 1. Fundrorn ° 3 piston * The man funBlon & piston pin is fo tonnect the and the connecting Hod * 9 tb alo named Oo wrist pio or gudgeon po. * % % woually madi hollow and tapered on the did, te Amalbet inids oliameli bey at the centre ¥ the pin % The pion pir panes thanugh the tbanen prubvidid on | the Gidk the pity ake and the bu tre oma! end the wrnetting Hod . xX The wntre Y poton Ahowlll be 0.200 & 0-40P above the centre & the Akin, th Ordu % aB—Aet The ‘tunning Check GY the fiuiction and tp obtain uniform dblilbution | Prsoun belipeen the piotom and the wytindy — diner . 2. Materials ° : *® (aoe hardined tee! alloy tontats! ng Nickel, Chromi wun, molybdenum oY Vanadium hawity keri Atrength 4xom TO mpa — & 90 Mm3. Convuating the Paton Pl» ancl the Sau El Y tre Connecting Rod © 4) Fu Hating Type ' | | . | FM te fun floating tyre he Pion Pin > fHee | | to form both in the piston bosveo and the bush 4 the Ama eel Y ‘the Connetting Hod . é) Cine ip % The end movements a the Piston pio Ahold be Deane by Meam gq Apiirg Circlpa & Orel TO Pruvent the pin from tudhing Ore Atoving Tre tyUindu Un ex b). Semi— Finating Type : * Gm nem) ~ gioting tyPe , the pdton plo ls kitten fxee ch twin with pioton §—onaee tind Mapicly Aeawted to the Amd end & the Connecting roel VOOR gana anggnnn aang gang a guyana agaae = | or i io {Hee Jo min the bush oq the | pmall end q te tonne yoo and is sigidly peaire — | io the poten toaseo by mea g A AcreW. —— | . Smal tnd o% ——~ | bexhing connecting nod | | | = EA Ph Paton bo = Piston Pir Secured to the Paton Tin Sead to tre = Smad tnd oy tre wnretig boom | the piston tod \ Be r ! NP tr PEPE SAPED.ty Aston Fiston Rimes _ oe 1. Fundion —_ —— — < je . | % 9 in the Unpack the Nectosany Addit prisowu to = = | Maintain the seal belioeen the pion and the Ss tyUndu bore . ‘2 |>. Clana ications = | | com) Hing © pti “= prusaion og Piteo we ying : = % Oi pcraper thg or oi) tontiol wing “= = 4) Comp szesion Ring ° = 1) Lowtion : Inatiad at te tp portion & the pioton = —_— : een th ty to id - 3 | i) Aunaion <> 7 Aeat the pa Sbéliv ¢ pater an _ | the wyUndsy Une. —_ | i = _> Pruvent the high Pxeouu gar ey al —_= change fern haking down the Linen, = —> To Tarmger tre heat from the poten =“ _ oo = | | head fo the uy Unelor eoalls . | . > To abforh forme path % Ihe pirton — fuuctation dis fo nll thrust - | |b) Oil Sevaper_ Ring * ~ | 1) Location 7% & Gmeticl apie te tompsunnion guirgs and —~ | trevtd a ' . = ! > | ji) Fundiom | > To ccrap the Libxiecting ti} {Hom the aupa = gy tre bins. —_ | —> To winimiza the flow g oi) Tey ambien Ones aa (the agg ot na ane the Proper Aubsication % the Liner oeF 3 - 4. Progit 4 Compruaaion Rings : | a) Napier Ring ° % ValaHon g externally Aakepped | Yung . % Hooked subg i» Abort ~ Creeping edge - xX with good oil contre) 6) Bonnet “Faced Chromium Plexi Rings : _ F wed & gasotine ard clierel tyne. x wed & A top wMmprrdlon suing / * % Gives goed bed -in. wipe 3 Ly | % Good ocug, tasictance | -¥ bong Gye ¥ Naka oil lrto) chaacteriotica | ©) Keyatone Ring : “Pur Kuy Afone suing Nah Key ntone Crapen an both aids) Craper on one aid oviny) % Used an top Hing wm diwel engine x Prevent Atcking due TD Cargon formation % ton be fried & Qeumve with Almilan taper . % Voge Y Alunah gud.VT 5. Popa 4 Oil Sevopor Ring : % Used th high speed diesel unre & Voy populasy sing % Main walt prraows io duauibed Hom — tuitting relicat wil expandly # May be Chrome piatd fer wall pkesum Upto 100 KN [nt 6 Mateo of pesto Ringe * % Cost ton # Alley case Gon - | x Grey ton * Nodway dor % Sintered ton. x (Conbice matiabs bon. | x Steel. # High — Coubon tant — Won Alley tontatning Dick et, chrominuen ancl «Molybdenum ete x Rings cue chromium plabd % Alloy dteel . x Ring los poten ngpteme aru aloo o> dwwtleing ptage 1. Manupact ing Prown 9 Pastor Rings ° ¥ Singu Casting prouss . X Cent pugal Quating pours TEPPITIVETII IITA aad 1% etd —drauon prop i tecl% Pot wating — Q Cache % Hings - “ & Tree cuoting — depuat Hinge 8. oye Pan Ring Coating : # friction sudluction X Gort bed ~ the bore | tybinclor * frhanad dife pan # To have improved aeugg *rintanu . x To tnpunve weay wuiotanu with a fee guc gut formulations (pitoel — wat —armulaion altohols ) |* Over the time ‘the Coating peala oy “Running- in” = "Bed ~in”. (3 Ring ticking © wade avoidunu % Reduction | pxevemtion a ‘heat Gam ger ty ome ingede Lut | | 19. Pivton Ring Coatings ° | | ¥ Motybdenum coat - Aprayed | | % Phoophates x topper coak 4 zine = wak 18 Ceramic Walt Dk tompooits ett 1% chrome tort ~ Plechoplatrd ~ Sprayed . 1% Grp Graphiti Coot | Tungdten Canbids ~ Sprayed .'0. Metata Coat Applicator x Flecho totLting % Plapma wating % Powds nating 1. Sougging Paton Rings « a) * Seupging bo a form a Ouyjace damage caused by the acthewion and welding & high Spb X wher thue high opt fractua , particle Ac creat wi Cause = ALLY bing bY abrasive action x % b& vsually can aot ‘the top & tre duad ante | poston where The ermpeiatiitig one ighest and the thiknes the po ote higher. 5) Avoidans y Scugging : ¥ Beltu lubsication X Voing % Oil % bdtu Quad % Higher Vawsly oil | | | a) Bing Sugping ( Supa Aclbonion) i | x Fotlwu wry Hestrication q Lubsicatty — 81 duwelopa | cramive fiudion and high funptictuu betren the i Hing And the OyUinclor bore ouspace. This even tually i Counts the sng mmattiat fe Weel with that of | the wylindss vusulting o> Ourbping| % Running 6 the piston caumes minuk crates 0 the adjoant Auyate % Leos vung rd gap caus the ends hr bute and Prasoir | | Prurown 0 the tyurdu Walt bkuting the oi) film Od Oub Sequent —deupping |e Lok gba choxanu i» “tre hing grmve « le A Yuy arse or vely Pmooth wytindy bore Auspeucr » * tybindor dAteration (aun Loca high Apoto i 1b) Ring and Land Breakage dn to Uneay Hage: 1 A Pew top tompsuscion Suhg when pitted br a orn hore without Sumovirg te ‘op Weay Hidge , can bend oT brats | by biting aganint The wear Midge , | c) Ring Abrasion : * Uncean axembly § PhD and surge in Ie ty tinelot | bore la) Ring and land Breakage din to evasive ' guoove | Sid, Cleortanu * # fitment | a PUD og th an enassively um top Hag gmpove - * Nolay optration, breake dnd ~The darnage tw the | ¥ fucmaive — oil Comumption ind The Sth hlucte | | \ ting land: ’ 3 d 4 2 | €) Ring Breakage — due to Imeorrece_Immtaltation : ¥ The batting q the tung tre came E ty biak x A oman © bed or a minun Comes caused coniu fitting the Whg Or the péton ty hand wil came the Hing to bak tp obsewnation 4) Ring Sticking * x se % cuvvect quant @ lubxicating 011 x Ertesive CLO diposite th the Hing gxanve. % Fxediye oil enoumpfion x Bow - by % Piton Seinune. AVDAFTGRAIVTIT_NVNAHKATANGCagaeDTg and _ ~gr_ePreRDT_g_agys32 Desien Or Piston I. Pistor Cron Design ° {Pater head er cmewn thickness) a) Based on Strengte (Pnoed 07 Gias Lociding) ° Gomi dury gay fore) | hn | te, = |B pt Pin | 6 wy Y ten = 0.493 D [=] ° ra where, D> Diametn | piste (rom) Gbi > Allowabu bending Atres (NI mm) { Pm —> Maxitnum wythdu pruscu wh) Matimum expwaiey Prusowne Uv 1mm?) * Without Riba : | Fer > Aluminium aliey —> 20-25 NI mm Op, > cot bon —> 40~ 50 NIrom- | With Riva : | Te, => Alminium allgy —> 5° — 150 N/mm Tb > Cart hom — go- 200 Nimmo x Preoc (Morcimum Fruplosion Pressure) Ponce > 4-5 tf 5.5 Pmean for 5.1. Engude. Pac > 6:0 © 71-5 Prear for Ch Cry ceb) Based on Heat “Tramser Cters) : (Avedon treumal toacling) tors = Ae _—@3 4T Ky Cte te) : Ap Bsre x LCV BP _ a) No. eytires Bp - Pemep XLADK yu O 60 x (n00 , wheres BP > Brake Poy (Kw) Poimie.p—> Brane mean eyfeciive pruraru (N Im? | L—> tegts 4 ‘the Anose tm) ' i > Nominal Value Hanging from 1.25D t&1-5D A —> HP® binm) no viz sls for jour atroke nN fer pout AlioKe K> No. @ tyWodus p> Heat tam4enred — TE piston Cxown (Latta) te Tempuatwn at the Hon Cente te > Tompuatwo dt the CHown edge Kp > Hatt taroge racton kp = Heat tare puived_to_peotep — “Total Heat Uberated t cylinder Normally Kh Yulue —> 0-05 (5% max) Ky—> Thumal wonductivity @ the crown mottial ~— (tol bu) eoennnaannngnaonangnaagagaanagna?”BSFc Volar . Hy) 4 AROK , natually sprend } Diesel Engine fii) 4 otteke , Nalieally vreen| = 0.94 b 0.39 Kgl Kuch | Crapotine engine = 0.19 & 0.20 bg) Huh “ Gbonigtc Vou gy Stu | | Garotne = 45,000 47 kg. Dime = 44,000 KI/Kg * Speatgic Grrawity — % fwr* Giapoine = 0-12 Div el = 0.88 Thermal Conductivity Nala @ Paver Mela Gs ) Ale Si Alloy 64 em ay gut tion —> 18-8 wimk 3) tasbon Ates! 3619 & 6 H9 tole ©). Based oy ‘fatigue Conantiation P I tors = 2 Da [22s * 3 OF (p+ Lp)” where » Der Bore q the yb 7 Pot Piametu (mm) a 0 fader = 0.7 for & flat Cowonstor Hersapherical Bows: as [v~ soci] Bowl wohere » lp» byt a piston (mm) —> an be taken a P t 1.5P > fatgur Abteng™ (w Imm) > Normal valu 85 bp 100 Niro comparing — ‘the vols | ter, Etre, tera the hight yale § ter thidinens ThE platon tp be ‘baken whith gives the (Hown. pap ap ep eb Op Poh pe Dp bh PG tp DB an De in i tePiston Rane 9) The Breadth ton) Radiat ‘Thickness % the Pirton Ring (by) © br = D 2h Ob where, by > Breactth (on) Radial thickners @ the Péston Yuing (torn) Va D > Bove @ cytindur (mm) Ph—> wall pauoowa LN Imm) H Tha Bending Atreoa % Hing malziat (N Imm?) Nomind Valu q Po—> 0.0245 4 0.042 NI mm Opa 24 —M2 Niwm for cast lHon 90 Nimne for Chrome Nickel . b) Anal Thickness tre Ring Cor) Hugnt § the Rig Chr) | 2. brs (07 & 1) br C) Number of teings © (Ov) > | ) fy = _D to hy ushere , Dv-» Numbor q ings D> Nominal Bore 4 tytinelu (rom) Mt fA . r hr—> Heignt ¢ %ubg tr) aril thichnes g | r the sung trom 2) Wwe odd ‘The higher Value @ Mr to be Laken ' ‘ PPP } "| Normally the Number 4 tba may Now A to 6