RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Title: Key Factors Associated with Renal Failure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

1. Introduction:

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance
and impaired glucose regulation. This chronic condition affects millions of individuals worldwide and is
associated with numerous complications, including renal failure. Renal failure, also known as diabetic
nephropathy, is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and has significant implications for
patient health and quality of life. Understanding the key factors contributing to renal failure in patients
with T2DM is crucial for developing effective preventive and therapeutic strategies.

2. Research Objectives:

2.1. To identify the primary risk factors associated with renal failure in patients with T2DM.

2.2. To explore the relationship between glycemic control and the development of renal failure in
patients with T2DM.

2.3. To assess the impact of hypertension and its management on the progression of renal failure in
patients with T2DM.

2.4. To investigate the effect of dyslipidemia on the development and progression of renal failure in
patients with T2DM.

2.5. To determine the influence of lifestyle factors, including diet and physical activity, on the incidence
of renal failure in patients with T2DM.

2.6. To analyze the role of genetic factors in the susceptibility of patients with T2DM to developing renal
failure.

3. Methodology:

3.1. Study Design:

A retrospective cohort study will be conducted using medical records of patients diagnosed with T2DM
from a tertiary care center. Data from a five-year period will be collected to accurately assess the
association between key factors and renal failure development.

3.2. Sample Selection:

The study will include a minimum of 500 patients diagnosed with T2DM. Patients will be divided into
two groups: those who developed renal failure and those who did not. Matching criteria, such as age,
gender, and duration of T2DM, will be used to minimize confounding factors.

3.3. Data Collection:

Demographic information, medical history, laboratory results (including HbA1c, lipid profile, creatinine
levels), blood pressure measurements, lifestyle factors, and genetic markers (if available) will be
retrieved from medical records. The data will be analyzed to assess the association between these
factors and the development of renal failure.

3.4. Data Analysis:

Statistical analysis, including univariate and multivariate logistic regression models, will be performed to
identify key factors associated with renal failure in patients with T2DM. Adjustments will be made for
potential confounding factors. Subgroup analyses may be conducted based on relevant variables, such
as BMI, age, and disease duration.

4. Anticipated Outcomes:

This research aims to identify the primary risk factors associated with renal failure in patients with
T2DM, contributing to a better understanding of the disease's mechanisms. Findings could provide
insights into appropriate interventions, with potential implications for the prevention and management
of renal failure in this population.

5. Ethical Considerations:

Ethical approval will be obtained from the relevant institutional review board, and patient
confidentiality will be strictly maintained throughout the study.

6. Conclusion:

This research proposal seeks to investigate the key factors associated with renal failure in patients with
type 2 diabetes. By identifying and understanding these factors, we can develop targeted interventions
to prevent or delay the progression of renal disease and improve patient outcomes.

REFERENCE

Adler AI, Stevens RJ, Manley SE, et al. Development and progression of nephropathy in type 2 diabetes:
The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS 64). Kidney Int. 2003;63(1):225-232.
doi:10.1046/j.1523-1755.2003.00712.x

Afkarian M, Zelnick LR, Hall YN, et al. Clinical manifestations of kidney disease among US adults with
diabetes, 1988-2014. JAMA. 2016;316(6):602-610. doi:10.1001/jama.2016.10924
de Boer IH, Rue TC, Hall YN, Heagerty PJ, Weiss NS, Himmelfarb J. Temporal trends in the prevalence of
diabetic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA. 2011;305(24):2532-2539.
doi:10.1001/jama.2011.861

Thomas MC, Brownlee M, Susztak K, et al. Diabetic kidney disease. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2015;1:15018.
doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.18

Tuttle KR, Bakris GL, Bilous RW, et al. Diabetic kidney disease: a report from an ADA Consensus
Conference. Diabetes Care. 2014;37(10):2864-2883. doi:10.2337/dc14-1296