Ielts Writing Task 1 and 2 Mahshid Emadi

IELTS WRITING TASK 1 AND 2
Mahshid Emadi
Chapter 1:
Band descriptors
1
2
3
4
5
6
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Chapter 2: Grammatical Range and Accuracy
SENTENCE TYPES
IELTS examiners want you to vary the sentence types you use. There are four types of sen
tences: simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex.
Simple Sentence
A simple sentence has one subject and one verb.
Children develop important skills at preschool.
subject verb
Smoking � bad for your health.

subject verb
Zoos provide many opportunities for research.

subject verb
Compound Sentence
A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses linked by a coordinat
ing conjunction. An independent clause is a clause that can stand alone as a sentence.
Many employees want to telecommute, but their bosses won't allow it.
independent clause conjunction independent clause
The streets are congested during rush hour, so many commuters ride the train.
We can take a bus to the museum, or we can walk there.

Coordinating Conjunctions
! I
Conjunction Use Example
I I
and adds information Cars are convenient, and people like to
drive them.
but shows a contradiction or Cars are expensive, but many people

contrast own them.
or shows a choice You can drive your car, or you can take
a bus.
yet shows a contradiction or Sam is a vocal supporter of public

contrast transportation, yet he never rides the
subway.
so shows a result Cars are expensive, so I don't own one.
for shows a cause We decided not to sell the car, for no

buyers could be found.
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GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY 213
WRITING TASK II [iMan Heydari | t.me/like_minded_people]
Just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain.

As long as As long as it is planned carefully, feel that change is
good.
As soon as As soon as the front door closed, looked for my key.
Before thought had put it in my coat pocket before we left.
Since It's been year since left home.
Until We can't leave until everyone finishes the test.
When When turned 12, my mother le me keep the key in my
pocket.
Whenever usually put the key in the same place whenever come
home.
While Several busses passed while we were waiting.
Place Where like to shop where prices are low.
(Where?) Wherever try to shop wherever there is sale.
Anywhere You can find bargains a nywhere you shop.
Everywhere use my credit card everywhere shop.
Manner As love to get flowers (,) as many people do.
(How?) Just as Just as biologists rarely see new species arise, linguists
rarely get to discover an unknown dialect.
As if You looked as if you didn't sleep at all last night.
As though She acts as though she doesn't know us.
Distance As far as We will hike as fa r as we can before it turns dark.
(How far, how As close as The child sat as close as she could to her mother.
near, As+adv.+as The child sat as close to her mother as she could.
how close)
Frequency As often as call my parents as often as can.
Reason As can't take evening classes (,) as work at night.
(Why?) Because can't take evening classes (,) because work at night.
Since can't take evening classes (,) since work at night.
Purpose So that Many people emigrate so th at their children can have
(For what better life.
purpose?) In order that Many people emigrate in order th a t their children can
have better life.
Result So+(adj)+that was so tired last night that felt asleep at dinner.
(With what So+(adv)+that She talks so softly that others cannot hear her.
results?) Such It was such an easy test that most of the students got A's.
a+(adj)+(noun)+that
So many+(noun)+that He is taking so m a ny classes th at he has no time to sleep.
Chapter: 4 Band Descriptors
So much+(noun)+that
So little+(noun)+that
So few+(noun)+that
Partial Although Although it was late, continued studying.
contrast Even though typed my essay even though am not good typist.
Though Though my assignment was due on Wednesday, finished
it on Monday. 9
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Contrast While My brother likes classical music, while prefer hard

(Direct trance.
opposite) Whereas He dressed conservatively, whereas like to be little
shocking.
Condition If We will not go hiking if it rains.
(Under what Unless We will not go hiking unless the weather is perfect.
condition?)
o Participle clause:
Financial aid is available, mean ing most students do not pay full tuition.
Doctors actually outnumber nurses, leav ing the bulk of health care up to assistant nurses.
The computer network crashed, result ing in widespread panic.
o Cleft:
Type Examples
It-cleft It is Joey (whom) we're looking for. (It =>cleft pronoun, Joey=>focus on)
It is Joey for whom we're looking.
It w as from John that she heard the news.
It w as meeting Jim that really cringed me.
It w asn't until we a r r ived a t the hotel that we met her. (that=when)
Wh-cleft Wh at he w anted to buy is Fiat.
Pseudo-cleft
Reversed wh-cleft Fiat is wh at he w anted to buy .
Inverted pseudo-cleft
All-cleft All w ant to do is Fiat.
Inferential-cleft It's not that he loves her. It's just that he has way with her that is
different.
There-cleft There's new house he wanted to build.
If-because cleft If he w ants to be an actor it's because he wants to be famous.
o Inversion:
Types Subordinators Example

Only aux Only Only in London did find purpose in life.
subject Only by changing themselves ca n orga niz a tions continue
to succeed.
Only after Only after the mass extinction of the dinosaurs were ou r
ancestors able to go there.
Only then Only then did she tell about the attack. (=at that moment
not before)
No No sooner… than No sooner had got into the house than the phone rang.
sooner/Hardly (One thing happens immediately after another thing)
had than Hardly… than Hardly had they reached Iran than they were ordered to 10
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return.
Should subject Instead of if S hould you wish to cancel your order, please contact us. (If
verb condit ion al 1 you should wish to…)
S hould your child become anxious about my activity,
inform us. (If your child should become…)
Were subject Instead of if Were we to give up the fight now, it would mean the end
to-infinitive condit ion al of democracy. (If we were to give up the fight now,…)
(T alk abou t sth Were the economy to slow down, there would be major
which w as about to problems. (If the economy were to slow down,…)
h appen)
Had subject Instead of if Had known you were waiting outside, would h ave
verb condit ion al 3 invited you to come in. (If had known you were waiting...)
Had she realized she would be travelling alone, she would
have never agreed to go.
Had it not been for this achievement, would have never
been able to go to school.
Not only aux Not only was it raining all day at the wedding but also the
subject, band was late.
but also Not only will they paint the outside of the house but also
the inside.
Not only did she forget my birthday, but she also didn't
even apologize for forgetting it. (But pronoun also)
Compound complex: complex sentence which contains one or more compound sentences
Government need to allocate significant part of its revenue to people who are retired
and cannot have fixed job.
Assignment 1 Name the type of clauses and sentences in the following sentences.
No. Sentence Name

Ex. will consider all the consequences if the company collapses. adverbial clause
1 What really needs to be the focus of every school system is the actual needs of
the students.
2 Having used up all the money we had, we asked for loan from the bank.
3 think that government should raise awareness of global warming.
4 Employers need to possess good communicative skills so that they can bond
with customers.
5 Many of the teachers currently working in the educational system are

experiencing degrees of burnout.
6 The goods, for which we had already paid, had to be returned to the factory.
7 Read the text and decide whether statements are true or false.
8 The train was over an hour late, which was extremely annoying.
9 Doctors actually outnumber nurses, leaving the bulk of health care up to
assistant nurses. 11
10 Ten people were rescued from the crash, none of whom was badly injured.
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Complex sentences
4 I will move to a new apartment.

I can find one closer to my job.
(if)
5 This neighborhood was quiet and peaceful.

They built a large shopping mall nearby.
(before)
6 I usually eat at restaurants.

I don't like to cook.
(because)
Compound-complex sentences
7 People like living in this city.

Rents are high.
Crime is a growing problem.
(even though, and)
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8 Life in a small town is peaceful and quiet.
8 Life in a small town is peaceful and quiet.
Many young people move away.
Many young
They can't findpeople
jobs. move away.
They can't find jobs.
(but, because)
(but, because)
PRACTICE 18
Write four sentences about each of the following topics. Use each of the four sentence types
PRACTICE 18
simple, compound, complex, and compound-complex-once per topic.
Write four sentences about each of the following topics. Use each of the four sentence types
simple,
1 compound, complex, and compound-complex-once per topic.
Zoos
1 Zoos
2 The importance of physical education
2 The importance of physical education
3 Life in a city/life in a small town
3 Life in a city/life in a small town
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My uncle's house
The children's books
Add ' only to the end of regular plural nouns.

The animals' cages
PUNCTUATION
The teachers' meeting
IELTS examiners expect you to use correct punctuation.
PRACTICE 19
Beginning and Ending Sentences
Add the every
Begin correct punctuation
sentence to each
with a capital sentence.
letter. End every sentence with a period or question mark.
Eating at restaurants is more expensive than eating at home.

1 telecommuting which
Are home-cooked mealshas become
really an increasingly popular way to work is not favored by
more nutritious?
many supervisors
2 Commas
when children start school at an early age do they learn better
Use a comma between items in a list of three or more things.
3 some people feel that physical education isnt as important as academics
Most children don't learn to read, write, or do math until they start primary school.
4 Our waiter
childrens was polite,
interests friendly,
change asand efficient.
they grow up
5 Useafter
a comma
I gotbefore
homea Icoordinating
noticed theconjunction.
stains on the jacket
I like eating at restaurants, but they are expensive.
6 clearly peoples ideas are influenced by things they see on TV and the Internet
We can repair the item for you, or you can return it to the store for a refund.
7 Usesome houses
a comma were
after a heated with
subordinating solar
clause power
at the and others
beginning were heated with oil or gas
of a sentence.
8 Afteristhe
what thesubway system
best age is constructed,
to begin there will be
foreign language fewer traffic jams.
study
If more people used public transportation, there would be fewer traffic jams.
9 we had to go along with our parents decision even though we didnt agree with it
Use a comma after an introductory word or phrase.
10 when I was a child I wanted either a dog a cat or a parrot as a pet but my parents wouldnt
Furthermore, there would be less air pollution.
letAfter
me have one
dessert, we paid the bill and went home.
11 Uselondon
a comma to separate
one nonessential
of the biggest citiesinformation-a phrase
in the world is or clause that
a fascinating canto
place bevisit
removed
from the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence.
12 in the evening you can visit one of our citys famous theaters
Tomatoes, which were originally cultivated in Mexico, are used in recipes around
the world.
Your notes: T he Grand Hotel, one of the most expensive in the city, is right across the street
from the park.
Apostrophes
Apostrophes take the place of the omitted letter in a contraction.
do not=don't
we are=we're GRAMMATICAL RANGE AND ACCURACY 219
l am=l'm
she is=she's
Lee is= Lee's
it is=it's
who is=who's
he has not=he hasn't
they have=they've
let us=let's
218 WRITING FOR THE IELTS 15

Chapter 3: Topic-based Vocabulary
Topic 1: Health
1. to be prone to obesity
Meaning: to be likely to become fat [in an unhealthy way]
Example: Children who are addicted to watching television, instead of playing
outdoor games, are more prone to obesity.
2. eating disorders
Meaning: problems which occur when people are unhappy with their bodies, and
therefore eat far too much or far too little.
Example: Advertising tells women that they should have bodies like supermodel
celebrities, and this sometimes leads to eating disorders such as anorexia or
bulimia.
3. safe hygiene standards

Meaning: a safe level of keeping yourself, living areas or working areas clean in
order to prevent illness and disease
Example: Maintaining safe hygiene standards in hospitals, homes and workplaces
is a simple and inexpensive way to combat the spread of diseases.
4. to keep their teeth healthy

Meaning: to take care of their teeth by cleaning them regularly
Example: Advertisements encourage youngsters to brush their teeth several times a day
in order to keep their teeth healthy.
5. to launch a full-scale investigation into sth

Meaning: to start an investigation completely or using all available methods, equipment,
money, etc.
Example: Scientists are about to launch a full-scale investigation into the cause of the
outbreak of the disease.
6. the outbreak of an epidemic

Meaning: a large number of diseases occurring at the same time in a particular
community
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Example: A lack of government programs for vaccination and regular health care may
lead to the outbreak of an epidemic, particularly in developing countries.
7. sedentary lifestyle
Meaning: involving little exercise or physical activity
Example: A sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in health problems such as

obesity and heart disease.
8. healthy eating habits

Meaning: eating healthy food at regular times of the day
Example: Health education involves teaching people about healthy eating habits, such as
regular mealtimes and eating fruit and vegetables every day.
9. to take regular exercise

Meaning: to do some physical activity on a regular basis
Example: Authorities should encourage people of all ages to take regular exercise by
providing facilities in each community.
10.a fitness regime

Meaning: a method or routine of taking regular exercise
Example: Even elderly people can adopt a fitness regime by taking light exercise such as
walking or jogging.
11.health awareness campaigns

Meaning: publicity to encourage people to be concerned about looking after their health.
Example: Public health awareness campaigns are essential if people are to accept that
they have a personal responsibility to look after their own health.
12.preventive medicine
Meaning: practices of healthcare intended to try to stop illnesses
Example: An emphasis on preventive medicine will result in a healthier population and
reduced costs for medical treatment.
13.alternative healthcare
Meaning: this is a term used by many western countries to describe more traditional
types of healthcare that do not involve operations and pharmaceutical drugs.
Example: Naturopathy is a form of alternative healthcare which treats illness and
diseases using natural foods, herbs and other techniques.
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14.public health services
Meaning: the agencies funded by the government to protect and promote the health of
the population
Example: I would argue that funding for public health services should be the main
priority of all governments.
15.to take out private health insurance

Meaning: to make regular payments to an insurance company, who will pay for medical
or hospital treatment when you need it
Example: In countries with poor public health services, many people have to take out
private health insurance in order to receive adequate medical treatment.
16.primary health care

Meaning: the medical treatment that you receive first when you are sick or ill, for
example from your doctor or local clinic.
Example: Developing countries must allocate resources to establish primary health care
clinics in rural areas and overcrowded city districts.
17.medical practitioner
Meaning: a person who works as a doctor or surgeon
Example: It is essential to train more medical practitioners if public health is to be
improved.
18.to build up one’s immune system/ immunity

Meaning: to increase the ability of your body to fight diseases
Example: A healthy lifestyle and a diet rich in vitamins is a sure way to build up one’s
immune system.
19.mental health problems

Meaning: related to illnesses of one’s mind
Example: Overwork may sometimes result in mental health problems, such as anxiety
and depression.
20.to offer emotional support

Meaning: to give counselling to a person who is suffering from a mental health problem
Example: Some schools in Europe now offer emotional support to pupils who are the
victims of bullying.
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Topic 2: literature
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Topic 3: Children and upbringing
Doing an enjoyable activity with a child can develop better skills and more creativity than reading. To
what extent do you agree? Use reasons and specific examples to explain your answer.
IELTS sample essay answer (1)

Parents throughout the world place spend time reading with their offspring to prepare them for school where
their literacy skills are further developed; however, recent research suggests that focusing on reading at an
early age can be detrimental, and participating in fun activities would be far more beneficial. I am a strong
advocate of this approach, and the benefits of it will be covered in this essay.
A fundamental reason for this is that there is no biological age for reading, and pushing infants to acquire this
skill before they are ready could have repercussions. For example, in the UK, many boys are reluctant readers,
possibly because of being forced to read, and this turned them off reading. By focusing on other activities and
developing other skills such as creativity and imagination, when they are ready to read, they usually acquire
this skill rapidly.
In addition, the importance of encouraging creativity and developing a child's imagination must be
acknowledged. Through play, youngsters develop social and cognitive skills, for example, they are more likely
to learn vocabulary through context rather than learning it from a book.
Furthermore, play allows youngsters to mature emotionally, and gain self-confidence. There is no scientific
research which suggests reading at a young age is essential for a child's development, moreover, evidence
suggests the reverse is true. In Finland, early years' education focuses on playing.
Reading is only encouraged if a child shows an interest in developing this skill. This self-directed approach
certainly does not result in Finnish school leavers falling behind their foreign counterparts. In fact, Finland
was ranked the sixth-best in the world in terms of reading.
Despite being a supporter of this non-reading approach, I strongly recommend incorporating bedtime stories
into a child's daily routine. However, reading as a regular daytime activity should be swapped for something
which allows the child to develop other skills.
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Topic 4: media and the ways it controls people
Your notes:
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Topic 4: Nature, the environment and energy
About Topic 4
The Nature, the environment and energy topic includes fossil fuels and renewable fuels,
climate change, threats to the environment (deforestation, pollution etc) and their effects, the
biosphere, and animal life/human attitudes to animals.
In this topic, remember to show that you can write in an impersonal, academic way, even if
you feel strongly about something. Remember that emotional words such as terrible, shocking,
disgusting or wonderful, fantastic, brilliant cannot be used in Academic English essays of this type.
You can use Academic English such as regrettable, worrying, inadvisable or admirable, helpful,
invaluable instead, which are more accepted in these situations.
This topic is often used for Ideas>Cause/effect type Tasks.
Topic 4 example Task
Pollution of rivers, lakes and seas is a major concern for people who seek to protect the
environment. What are the possible causes of water pollution, and what effects does this have on
animal life and human society?
Explanation of the Task
This is an Ideas>Causes/effects type Task. It does not ask for your opinion, but it wants you to
think of some possible ideas on the topic. You should introduce the topic, describe two or three
causes, then two or three effects, and then summarise briefly.
Band 9 model essay
Water contamination is a serious form of pollution, and one that can be challenging to rectify.
There seem to be two main causes involved, and a variety of damaging effects on people and the
biosphere, which we will discuss here.
Probably the main factor is the issue of emissions from cars, factories and other human
activities. These emissions contain damaging pollutant particles which can contaminate rainwater
run-off and thus enter the water cycle, by transferring through the water table into aquifers, streams
and rivers. Filtration and processing are not really viable options for such large volumes of water,
and so the water table remains tainted with these elements over long periods, as we see in Eastern
Europe today. In situations where soil erosion and logging have already damaged the local
environment, the accumulation can be very serious. The other major cause is accidental or deliberate
dumping of waste products in places outside of controlled landfills or waste processing centres.
Even small amounts of abandoned waste can enter water supplies through the ground, often
undetected.
The effects on animal life can be severe, especially for species which are already endangered
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by such threats as poaching, habitat loss and food chain disruption. Contaminated water can lead to
dwindling numbers or even potential extinction, as may indeed happen to the Asian tiger
populations. The impact on human society can also be distressing, including the poisoning of drinking
water, famine or drought due to lack of safe irrigation, and long-term loss of land as we see, for
example, after the Bhopal poisoning catastrophe in India. Such effects tend to have an especially
grave impact on the very poorest in society, with the least resources to counter the environmental
effects.
Overall, we see that emissions and dumping are the main origins of the problem, and that the
effects on both humans and animals are exacerbated by the existing environmental, criminal or social
problems.
(316 words)
Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking
contamination = pollution by poisons or dangerous elements
The atmosphere in large cities is often contaminated by smog, as we can see in China.
the biosphere = the relationship between all living things on the planet
Children should be educated on the biosphere through field trips and practical experiments.
emissions = gases entering the atmosphere
Scientists spend their whole careers studying the effect of emissions on the climate.
pollutant particles = microscopic elements of pollution
I remember going to a factory and seeing the snow covered with pollutant particles.
run-off = water that runs from the ground into rivers and lakes
We should try to collect and use more run-off water, to avoid having to recycle water so much.
the water cycle = the natural process of water moving from clouds to rain and seas
Scientists believe the water cycle is responsible for various natural events, especially in
coastal areas.
aquifers = underground, natural water stores
My family have a well which connects to an aquifer, giving very pure water.
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Topic 5: Culture, art and traditions
About Topic 5
The Culture, art and traditions topic includes human folklore, ceremonies and rituals, myths
and legends, social customs, traditional languages, dress and arts, the impact of modern life on
traditional lifestyles and differences in national habits.
Please remember that IELTS will not ask specifically about religion, politics or spiritual
beliefs, and you should not base your answers in the Writing or Speaking tests on your personal
beliefs in these areas. For example, if the Task asks whether you agree with a certain idea, you would
get a low mark if you say ‘Yes, because my religion agrees with it/ because my President has this
policy’ or similar.
You can certainly use religious or political situations as evidence or examples to support an
argument, but not as a starting point. For example, ‘We should give money to charity because it
benefits society, as we can see for example in countries where religious observance requires
people to do this regularly.’ This is a more logical and academic way to respond.
In many countries, traditional dress and costumes are considered effective ways of
maintaining links with the past. How effective can traditional costumes be, in this sense?
What other ways exist to help citizens connect with a country’s past?
This is an Ideas/Evaluate type essay.

It does not ask for your opinion about whether costumes are good or bad, but it asks for you to
decide whether these costumes are effective (or not effective) ways of maintaining links with the past,
and to suggest other ways of connecting to the past. You should say how effective costumes are, with
examples and evidence, and then compare their effectiveness to some other possible ways of
connecting to the past.
Remember that ‘Ideas/Evaluate’ means that you should compare things in the way that they are
used in society, but not decide on your personal preference about these things.
Band 9 model essay
Most people would agree that preserving connections with our past is an admirable
objective, especially as the world evolves so rapidly. I feel that traditional costumes are one part of
doing this, but they are by no means the most important, as we shall see.
Admittedly, historic dress plays a key role in social events such as religious rituals or
military parades, and these events are helpful in transmitting social memes such as public duty and
self-sacrifice. Traditional costumes also remind us of the origins of cultural traditions and
mythologies, for instance the historic Swiss national dress which evokes their medieval
independence.
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However, it must be said that costumes are an accessory in these situations, and do not appear
to constitute the central message. It is the ceremonies themselves which convey the cultural norms
that help to maintain the fabric of society. In this sense, the costumes are of secondary importance.
Furthermore, it seems that there are in fact much more powerful ways in which culture is conserved
and handed down between the generations. Most countries have a rich heritage of legends and
folklore about the birth and development of their nation, some of which are mythological and some
being grounded in truth (as we see in the English stories about Robin Hood or George and the
Dragon, for example.) These stories are a cultural inheritance which embodies important symbols
and concepts far more effectively than dress. Similarly, we must remember the significance of art and
music in passing on our traditions, in forms ranging from fine art to handicrafts, and from opera to
traditional shanties and dirges. The presence of visual or linguistic messages in these media make
them more effective than costumes, which convey no language.
Overall, we must recognise and welcome the use of traditional dress in helping to maintain
our cultures. However, the forms of story, art and music would appear to be the driving forces in this
invaluable process.
(321 words)
to preserve = to protect and keep something, usually because it is valuable for some reason
The state preserves ancient buildings because they are part of our heritage.
rituals = highly traditional ceremonies which have meaning for the participants
In some countries, wedding rituals continue for several days.
parades = organised processions in public by groups of people, usually to

commemorate an event
In my home town, we have a military parade each year to mark our Independence Day.
to transmit = to communicate a message, literal or symbolic
The monarchy transmit symbols of power through dress and ritual.
social memes = social habits or patterns which are transmitted between people
In Britain, punctuality is a social meme.
public duty = the willingness to serve the public or the state

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Topic 6: Healthcare, health and sport
About the topic
The Healthcare, health and sport topic includes health problems and disabilities (physical
and mental), ways of keeping fit and healthy, diet/nutrition and exercise, ways of providing (and
educating people about) healthcare and health services, medical innovations and treatments, the
benefits and management of common sports.
This is one topic especially where you need to remember not to give personal stories about
yourself or people that you know in the Task 2 Writing!
Many doctors are concerned about the high use of computer games by children and young
people. What mental and physical problems may arise from excessive use of these games? How
could these problems be reduced?
This is an Ideas>Problem/solution type Task.

It does not ask about whether computer games are good or not, but about your ideas regarding
possible mental and physical problems due to excessive use, and also any solutions that you can think
of.
You should introduce the topic, describe two or three problems, then two or three solutions,
and then summarise. Notice that the Task asks about mental and physical problems, so you should say
something on each type of problem.
Band 9 model essay
Children appear to enjoy playing video games, and while there are undoubted benefits,
various negative effects stem from this too. Let us consider the main issues, and then outline possible
remedies.
Perhaps the major physical problem is the sedentary lifestyle which these games encourage,
meaning that youngsters may incline to obesity or inadequate development. Added to this is the
strain on eyesight resulting from excessive use of screens and consoles, meaning that children may
suffer symptoms of poor vision. There are also concerns about impairment of reflexes due to the
repetitive nature of the hand muscles when playing these games, and about the poor diet of
convenience food which often accompanies this lifestyle.
The most alarming psychological impact of such activities is possibly the risk of addiction,
meaning that children become obsessed with the games and are unable to socialise with family or
peers. This undermines their interpersonal skills and makes them underperform both academically
and socially.
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Turning to possible solutions, perhaps the immediate step would be to promote a more active
lifestyle through exercise regimes or sports programmes which would help to detoxify the lifestyles
of children affected. This could be done through sponsorship of sports, or participation in
competitive events such as races or matches, hopefully ameliorating the physical effects of
excessive games use. Potential remedies for the danger of mental addiction may be, firstly, an
initiative to raise awareness of the risks of the situation, for example through health warnings on
games packaging or through high-profile spokespersons spreading such a message. For example, if
sports champions or figureheads speak out about these dangers, the message may well get through to
children.
To sum up, the risks posed by excessive gaming are connected to an unhealthy lifestyle and the
possibility of dependency on the activity. Possible answers might involve stronger education about
the dangers and the health benefits of more active pursuits.
(313 words)
to stem from = to come or derive from, often used for negative things
A lot of delinquency these days stems from the use of drugs or alcohol.
sedentary lifestyle = a lifestyle where people sit for long periods and are generally inactive
I used to keep fit, but since I started working as an architect my lifestyle had become mostly
sedentary.
obesity = the medical condition of being seriously overweight
In some countries, obesity is the major cause of death among young adults.
inadequate development = insufficient or obstructed growth of the body
If children smoke, this can cause inadequate development of their lungs and brains.
strain = stress or overwork, physical or mental
I had to take a vacation due to the strain of working such long hours.
symptoms = indications that a medical problem is present
A sore throat and headache are symptoms of a cold or flu.
impairment (verb = to impair = to hinder or damage an ability)

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C. Conclusion
a. Short counter-argument (in one sentence only) (essay type 1, 2)
b. (Re)stating own idea and summarizing the points given in body paragraphs
Chapter 3: Task 2 ingredients
c. Making prediction
d. Giving suggestion
D. Linkers
A. Introduction
An essay can be started by paraphrasing the question or using fact.
a. Paraphrasing
If the question presents fact or situation, paraphrase the fact/situation. Paraphrasing can be done
through simple steps. For example,
Developing countries require international organizations’ help.

Chapter: 5 Essay Ingredients
Step 1: Read the original sentence and locate all nouns or potential nouns.
Developing countries require international organizations’ help.
Step 2: Begin the new sentence with noun other than the one that begins the original sentence.
International organizations should help developing countries.
The help of international organizations is necessary for developing countries.
Help should be given to developing countries by international organizations.
34
34
Step 3: Try and replace the words taken from the original sentence with suitable synonyms.
Step 3: Global
Try andorganizations shouldtaken
replace the words aid third-world countries.
from the original sentence with suitable synonyms.
Global organizations should aid third-world countries.
More examples:
More examples:
In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicants for their age.
Step 1:
Step 1: In some countries, it is illegal for companies to reject job applicants for their age.
Step 2:
Step 2: Companies must not reject job applicants for their age according to the law in some countries.
Companies mustmust
Job applicants not reject
not bejob applicants
rejected for their age
by companies for according to the law to
their age according in the
some countries.
law in some
Job applicants must not be rejected by companies for their age according to the law in some
countries.
countries.
Age must not cause job applicants to be rejected by companies according to the law in some
Age must not cause job applicants to be rejected by companies according to the law in some
countries.
countries.
It is against the law for job applicants to be rejected by companies for the age in some
It is against the law for job applicants to be rejected by companies for the age in some
countries.
countries.
Step 3:
Step 3: Companies must not reject people who ask for job because of how old they are according to
Companies
the law in must not reject
number people who ask for job because of how old they are according to
of countries.
the
In law in number
number of countries.
of countries, companies must not reject people who ask for job because of how
In
old they are according to the law. must not reject people who ask for job because of how
number of countries, companies
old they are according to the law.
According to the law in number of countries, companies must not reject people who ask for
According to the law in number of countries, companies must not reject people who ask for
job because of how old they are.
job because of how old they are.
Assignment 2 Paraphrase the following statements.

Assignment 2 Paraphrase the following statements.
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age.
It is important for children to learn the difference between right and wrong at an early age.
Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.
Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction.
Countries are
Countries arebecoming
becomingmore
moreand
andmore
moresimilar
similarbecause
becausepeople
people are
are able
able toto buy
buy thethe same
same products
products
anywherein
anywhere inthe
theworld.
world.

b. Fact
b. Fact
If there
If there is
isan
anopinion,
opinion,and
andnonofact,
fact,ininthe
thequestion,
question,write
write factual
factual statement
statement about
about thethe current
current
situation or
situation orhistory
historyofofthe
thetopic.
topic.Even
Evenififthe
thequestion
questionpresents
presents fact
fact
oror situation,
situation, another
another factfact
cancan
be written.
be written.For
Forexample,
example,
353
35
Some people say that computer skills should be added to primary subjects in elementary school such as
reading, writing and math.
Current situation
Nowadays…
These days… ……………
Today…
Nowadays different skills are taught to children at primary school.
History
While… in the past ………….…………… today ………………..…….….

Whereas… before… used to/would/ , nowadays (present situation)
during… (past simple)
While in the past children used to focus on theoretical subjects at elementary school, today
many different skills are taught to them.
More examples:
Some people believe that it is good to share as much information as possible in scientific research,
business and the academic world. Others believe that some information is too important or too
valuable to be shared freely.
While in the past little information was obtained through scientific research, these days lot of
data is gained by scientists every day. (History)
In some countries young people are encouraged to work or travel for year between finishing high
school and starting university studies.
It is quite common these days for young people in many countries to have break from
studying after graduating from high school. (Current situation)
Assignment 3 Write factual statement for the following sentence, using both current situation
and history method.
In many countries today insufficient respect is shown to older people.
36
36
Some parents buy their children large number of toys to play with.
On the face of it the advantages seem most apparent, but could there be downside to this
phenomenon of devoted parenting as well? [Cambridge Test Book 10 Test B]
d. Stating own idea (Introduction, Body, Conclusion)
Use personal words, like “I or “my”, to state your opinion:
I think that…
My opinion is that…
Although some believe that…, I argue that…
Although some believe that…, others, including me argue that…
There are two main approaches in presenting your position.
Strong view: It happens when you want to take sides with one side (Agree or Disagree) or one of
the views (View or View 2). In this approach, it is highly recommended to describe the degree of
your preference:
strongly believe that… (Cambridge Test Book 10 Test 3)

have to disagree almost entirely with… (Cambridge Test Book 10 Test 1)
whole-hea r tedly believe that…
My fi r m conviction is that… (Cambridge Test Book 10 Test 1)
Middle view: When you are not sure whether you agree or disagree with one side or one of the
views in the statement and you want to stand right in between OR when you agree with only one
part of the statement and you disagree with the other. There are two ways to express your middle
view depending on the situation:
37
do not think that either nature or nurture is the major influence on person, but that both
have powerful effects. (Cambridge Test Book Test 4)
This cannot be the responsibility of the parents alone. (Cambridge Test Book Test 1)
Lean toward one side (Partially agree/disagree or lean toward View 1/2):
Tip the balance in favor of one side

agree that any child can be taught particular skills, but to be really good in areas such as
music, art or sport, then some natural talent is required. (Cambridge Test Book Test 1)
Limit your choice

Admittedly, travelling alone in certain areas can be little risky.
Conditional
do not believe that… unless…
think this is great idea to… provided that…
Contrast
believe even though…, it is still important to…
believe that… However, they should avoid…
think, although… are helpful, other measures should be taken.
agree that…, but to be really good in…, then…
On the face of it the advantages seem most apparent, but could there be downside to this
phenomenon of devoted parenting as well?
:2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
e. Scope sentence
As computers are being used more and more in education, there will
Scope sentence is sentence or an argument which is about to be proven throughout the essay. It is
soon be no role for the teacher in the classroom.
a controlling idea running throughout the essay and based on your knowledge or experience. Read
the following examples to find out.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
In thisintroduction:
Sample essay, am going to say agree with the opinion and give two reasons.
38
It is true that computers have become an essential tool for teachers and
students in all areas of education. However, while computers are
extremely useful, I do not agree with the idea that they could soon
replace teachers completely. (39 Words)
People visiting other countries should adapt to the customs and

behaviours expected there. They should not expect the host country to
welcome different customs and behaviours.
Sample introduction 38
To a certain extent I agree that visitors to other countries should respect

extremely useful, I do not agree with the idea that they could soon
replace teachers completely. (39 Words)
People visiting other countries should adapt to the customs and

behaviours expected there. They should not expect the host country to
welcome different customs and behaviours.

:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن‬
Sample introduction
People have different views about whether or not governments should
To a certain
help senior extent
citizens. I agree
Although that visitors
I accept that wetoallother
havecountries shouldto
a responsibility respect
the culture
save money of the hostI country.
for retirement, disagree However, I also
with the idea think
that that people
elderly host countries
shouldshould
receiveaccept visitors'
no support cultural
from differences. (31 Words)
the state.
‫ در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬I ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ ﻨ ﺎ‬.‫ در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎﺷﺪ‬I ‫از ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻤ ﺸ داوﻃﻠﺒ آزﻣﻮن در ﺎرە اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻠﻤﻪ‬
Some‫ﺪ‬people
‫ع ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ‬think
‫ﮏ ﻣﻀ‬the‫ﺎرە‬main purpose
‫ﺧﻮد را در‬ ‫ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ‬of schools
‫ﺷﺪە‬ ‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ‬is‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬
to turn
‫ﯿﻨﮓ از‬children into ‫ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻮال‬
‫ﺴﮏ دوم راﯾ‬
good citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals.
‫ ﺎ‬I believe ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻋ ﺎرا ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬،(To what extent do you agree or disagree? ‫)ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
I ‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬
To what ‫ﺮد‬ ‫ع و ﺎر‬do
extent ‫ﻣﻮﺿ‬
you‫اﯾﻦ‬agree
‫ک ﺑ‬or ‫ ﺑﺮای‬.‫ ﺎﻣﻼ ﻃﺒ و ﻣﻮرد ﻗﺒﻮل ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺑﻮد‬in my opinion
‫ در‬disagree?
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬،‫در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﮑﻄﺮﻓﻪ ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
People have different views about what the main purpose of schools
should be. Personally, I agree that a school's role is to prepare children
to be productive members of society.
:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﮑﻄﺮﻓﻪ ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
Many people argue that the main role of schools is to prepare children
IELTS JOURNAL @ieltsjournalchannel
29that the purpose
for their future jobs. However, I believe of education
should be to help children to grow as individuals.
:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن‬
To a certain extent I agree that the role of schools is to prepare children

to be productive members of society. However, I also believe that the
education process has a positive impact on us as individuals.
:‫از روش ﺎی ﻣﻌﻤﻮل ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺷ ﻞ اﺳﺖ‬

39
To a certain extent I agree that … . However, I also think that...
Now it’s your turn: :62 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
Some people believe the aim of university education is to help graduates get better jobs.
Others believe there are much wider benefits of university education for both individuals
and society.
1. Discuss both views and give your opinion.
These days, more and more people are making the choice to go to university. While some
people are of the opinion that the only purpose of a university education is to improve job
prospects, others think that society and the individual benefit in much broader ways.
It is certainly true that one of the main aims of university is to secure a better job. The
majority of people want to improve their future career prospects and attending university is
one of the best ways to do this as it increases a persons marketable skills and attractiveness
to potential employers. In addition, further education is very expensive for many people, so
…………………………………...…………………….
most would not consider it if it would not provide them with a more secure future and a
higher standard of living. Thus job prospects are very important.
However, there are other benefits for individuals and society. Firstly, the independence of
living away from home is a benefit because it helps the students develop better social skills
and improve as a person. A case in point is that many students will have to leave their
families, live in halls of residence and meet new friends. As a result, their maturity and
confidence will grow enabling them to live more fulfilling lives. Secondly, society will gain
2. from the contribution that the graduates can make to the economy. We are living in a very
competitive world, so countries need educated people in order to compete and prosper.
Therefore, I believe that although a main aim of university education is to get the best job,
there are clearly further benefits. If we continue to promote and encourage university
attendance, it will lead to a better future for individuals and society.
(279 words)
40

…………………………………………………………..
41
42
own ideas a nd views on the topic. Explain your ideas clearly, as though you are writing to someone
B. Body paragraph
who knows nothing about your field or someone stupid!
From the first body paragraph onwards, you should be presenting, extending, and supporting you r
a. own
Support body paragraph
Part 2: aWriting
ideas nd views Body
on the paragraphs.
topic. Explain your ideas clearly, as though you are writing to someone
who knows nothing about your field or someone stupid!
When you want to support your position, you should write paragraph by stating the main point
first,
a.and then trying
Support to explain
body why this point is valid. In other words, you should show the
paragraph
destination first, and then explain how you want to reach it. The support body paragraph includes
When you want to support your position, you should write paragraph by stating the main point
1. Topic
first, Sentence
and then trying (TS) Startwhy
to explain the paragraph
this point isby directly
valid. stating
In other the main
words, pointshow
you should in very
the clear
and simple
destination first,way,
andwithout any extra
then explain details.
how you want This can beit.done
to reach by usingbody
The support simple structure.
paragraph includes
2. 1.
Explanation and detail
Topic Sentence (TS) (E)
StartDevelop your point
the paragraph by adding
by directly one the
stating or two sentences
main point in asvery clear
explanations
and simpleand details.
way, without any extra details. This can be done by using simple structure.
YouExplanation
2. can also useand
‘because’
detailat(E)
theDevelop
end of the topic
your sentence
point to connect
by adding it with
one or two the explanations
sentences as
andexplanations
make complex structure.
and details.
3. Consequence
You can also(C)useWrite consequence
‘because’ at the end offor
thewhat
topicyou mentioned
sentence as explanation
to connect it with theinexplanations
step 2.
Then,
andwrite
makeanother
complexconsequence
structure. for the previous effect and repeat it until the main point in
the topic sentence is reached and everything sounds clear.
3. Consequence (C) Write consequence for what you mentioned as explanation in step 2.
YouThen,
should explain
write as many
another steps as for
consequence it requires to show
the previous how
effect the
and explanation
repeat given
it until the main inpoint
step in
canthe
reach to sentence
topic the mainispoint given
reached andineverything
the topic sentence (step 1). Make sure each
sounds clear.
consequence logically links to the previous one and the development is clear.
You should explain as many steps as it requires to show how the explanation given in step
There
canisreach
no need to main
to the repeatpoint
the main
givenpoint
in thegiven
topicinsentence
the topic sentence
(step at the
1). Make end
sure of the
each

consequence
paragraph again.logically
Just makelinks to the
sure the main
previous onecan
point andbethe development
inferred from theis clear.
final consequence.
There is
4. Example (E)noWrite
need to repeat the
examples main point
wherever givenand
needed in the
do ittopic sentence at
immediately thewhat
after end of thewant
you

paragraph
to use again.for.
the example JustThere
makeare
sure thepossible
two main point
wayscan
to be
useinferred from the final consequence.
examples:
4. Example
In line (E) Write examples wherever needed and do it immediately after what you
like’want
WRITING TASK II Examples given inside sentence, by using words
[iMan like
Heydari ‘such as’, ‘especially’,
| t.me/like_minded_people] etc.
to use the example for. There are two possible ways to use examples:
Many sports such as football are not suitable for young children because…
Case example Examples given as separate sentence, usually beginning with ‘for example’
In line Examples given inside sentence, by using words like ‘such as’, ‘especially’, like’ etc. 39
or ‘for instance’.
Many sports such as football are not suitable for young children because…
Many sports are not suitable for young children. For example if four year-old boy
plays football, it is possible that he fells or is injured when running after the ball. 39
In short, the steps to write support body paragraph are as follows:
Topic One or more One or more consequences until you reach

sentence Explanations the point which can be linked
TS E1 E2 ] C1 C2 main point in the TS ]

43
Example:
TS E1 E2 ] C1 C2 main point in the TS ]
Example:
Some people say that computer skills should be added to primary subjects in elementary school such as
reading, writing and math. To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?
Planning for the first body paragraph (Agree)

o TS: computer skills are fun to learn
o E1: students work with games, internet E2: computers are interesting (graphic interface,
animations, …)
o C: provide much-needed fun between serious subjects Ex1: math and geography
First support body paragraph in separate sentences:

o TS: Computer skills are usually very fun to learn for younger students.
o E1: During computer classes, students usually work with the Internet and learn to work
with different aspects of computer systems through number of specially designed
computer games.
o E2: The computer itself is very interesting for most students in primary school because of its
colorful interface, animations and so on.
o C: Studying computer skills would provide young students with some much-needed fun
between more serious subjects like math and geography.
There are some separate sentences which need to be linked together. To do so, you need to use
cohesive devices (linking words, sequencing words,…), and referencing and substitution
(pronouns, both, either, such,…). Now, look how sentences are changed to form logical paragraph.
First support body paragraph edited:

o One reason is that computer skills are usually very fun to learn for younger students. During
computer classes, students they usually work with the Internet and learn to work with
different aspects of computer systems through number of specially designed computer
RITING TASK II games. The computer itself is also very interesting
[iMan Heydarifor| most students in primary school
t.me/like_minded_people]
because of its colorful interface, animations and so on. Therefore, studying computer skills
40 would provide young students with some much-needed fun between more serious subjects
like math and geography.
o ‘One reason is that’ is linker to start the paragraph. However, it is not necessary to use
such beginnings all the time.
o When using sentences one after the other, remember to avoid repetition by substituting
the subject with proper pronoun in the second or third sentences in row.
o ‘Also’ is another linker to mention the second point in the paragraph.
o ‘Therefore’ shows the consequence of an action described in the previous sentence and
works as linker as well.
ow, let’s look at the second body paragraph
Planning for the second body paragraph (Agree)

44
o TS: children learn better at primary school
o E1 brains still fresh and empty E2: eager to learn; very curious
works as linker as well.
Now, let’s look at the second body paragraph
Planning for the second body paragraph (Agree)

o TS: children learn better at primary school
o E1 brains still fresh and empty E2: eager to learn; very curious
o C1: they will learn faster C2: can use the skills in their education and life sooner in
higher grades
o Ex1: type homework + Ex2: make presentations
Second support body paragraph in separate sentences:

o TS: Children tend to learn computer skills better at primary school
o E1: Children’s brains are still fresh and, like blank page, ready to receive new information
and skills.
o E2: children are very eager to learn new things since they are lot more curious at such
young age compared to teenagers and young people in universities.
o C1: children are highly likely to learn computer skills faster
o C2: children are able to benefit from using computer skills in their education and lives
sooner
o Ex: children can type their homework or even make PowerPoint presentations for their
classes in higher grades, especially when they reach high school
Second support body paragraph edited:

o Furthermore, children tend to learn computer skills better at primary school. Children’s
because their brains are still fresh and, like blank page, ready to receive new information
and skills. Children They are also very eager to learn new things since they are lot more

curious at such young age compared to teenagers and young people in universities. As
result, Children they are highly likely to learn computer skills faster and Children are be
able to benefit from using computer skills them in their education and lives sooner. For
example, Children they can type their homework or even make PowerPoint presentations
Counter-argument: Although some may argue that computer skills may be too complicated
for their classes in higher grades, especially when they reach high school.
for the young mind to grasp properly, it should be noted that primary schools can begin with
more simple and essential skills like typing or googling, and leave the more advanced ones,
o ‘Furthermore’ is linker to show that you are giving another point in this paragraph. The
especially programming, to higher grades.
list of linkers is delivered at the end of this chapter.
Assignment 5 Plan and write counter-argument in at least 60 words.

41
Some people argue that it is not wise for an industry to replace its experienced but old workers with
new and young yet inexperienced individuals. To what extent to you agree or disagree?
c. Causes (Why) body paragraph
You may be asked to write about the causes of problem. First, remember to include at least two
causes if the question is plural. Some sample questions are as follows:
Why do you think this is happening? (at least one cause) 45

Why is this the case? (at least one cause)
What do you think are the causes of these problems? (at least two causes)
Consequence linker Cause linker
Example:
Some people get into debt by buying things they do not need and cannot afford. What are the reasons
for this behavior?
Planning only for the first cause:
Sub-casue 3: Sub-cause 1:
Sub-casue 2:
Possibility of having no idea
buying goods in
Buy things using
on how much Debt
the credit card
leasing money left
Body paragraph: One reason for this unfortunate situation is that most people do not have
clear idea on how much money they possess or they owe. The reason for this is that people tend
to buy most of the goods they need using the credit card, thanks to the possibility of buying
goods in leasing. (54 words)
Or
Body paragraph: One reason for this unfortunate situation is the possibility of buying goods
in leasing. Hence, people buy most of the goods they need using the credit card without having
clear idea on how much money they possess or they owe. (41 words)
Sometimes you can go bit further and use more sub-causes to explain your point:
Sub-cause 4 Sub-cause 3 Sub-cause 2 Sub-cause 1 Issue
Sub-cause Issue Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause
Or
Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause Sub-cause
Sub-cause Issue
Issue
Example:
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are
decreasing. What do you think are the causes of these problems?
46
44
Chapter: 5 Essay Ingredi Example:
In some countries the average weight of people is increasing and their levels of health and fitness are
decreasing. What do you think are the causes of these problems?

44
Sub-cause 4: Sub-cause 3: Sub-cause 2: Sub-cause 1:
Technologica Machines Less physical Burning
progress and tools activity fewer
Sub-cause Obesity
Sub-cause 4: have 3: Sub-cause 2: Sub-cause
calories 1:
Technologica Machines
replaced Less physical Burning
progress and tools
people activity fewer Obesity
have calories
replaced
Body paragraph: peopleOne reason for this unfortunate development is that most individuals burn
far fewer calories every day because they have lot less activity now than they used to. The
reason
Body for this is that
paragraph: Onemachines and
reason for tools
this have replaced
unfortunate people inismost
development thatcases, like in
most individuals burn
transportation, thanks to the technological progress which has taken place over the past
far fewer calories every day because they have lot less activity now than they used to. The
decades. (59 words)
reason for this is that machines and tools have replaced people in most cases, like in
Or
transportation, thanks to the technological progress which has taken place over the past
Body paragraph: One reason for this unfortunate development is the technological progress
decades. (59 words)
which has taken place over the past decades, as result of which machines and tools have
Or
replaced people in most cases, like in transportation. Therefore, most individuals have lot less
Body paragraph: One reason for this unfortunate development is the technological progress
activity today than they used to and burn far fewer calories every day, which results in their
which has taken place over the past decades, as result of which machines and tools have
obesity. (60 words)
replaced people in most cases, like in transportation. Therefore, most individuals have lot less
activity today than they used to and burn far fewer calories every day, which results in their
Assignment 6 Plan and write body paragraph in at least 90 words including two causes.
obesity. (60 words)
Nowadays, we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening?
Assignment 6 Plan and write body paragraph in at least 90 words including two causes.
d. Effects
Nowadays, we (Consequence)
are producing morebody paragraph
and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening?
You may be asked to write about the effects of problem. Again, remember to include at least two
d.effects
Effects
if the(Consequence) bodysample
question is plural. Some paragraph
questions are as follows:
You mayWhatbe asked to think

do you writeare
about
the the effects of ofproblem.
consequences Again,
…? (at least tworemember
effects) to include at least two
effects ifWhat
the question is plural.
are the effects? (atSome sample
least two questions are as follows:
effects)
What effects does this have on society? (at least two effects)
What do you think are the consequences of …? (at least two effects)
Again,What are the
note that effects?
there (at least
are always twotwo effects)in this type of essay. Thus, we usually put all effects
questions
in oneWhat effectsand
paragraph, doesallthis have
other on society?
points, (at least
say, causes two effects)
or solutions, in another.
5 Essay Ingredients
In order
Again, tothat
note write the body
there paragraph,
are always think of in
two questions series
thisof effects,
type known
of essay. as sub-effect,
Thus, we usuallyresulting from
put all effects
inthe
onemain issue and all other points, say, causes or solutions, in another.
paragraph,
47
gredients
In orderIssue Sub-effect
to write the body paragraph, 1 of series of effects,
think Sub-effect 2 as sub-effect,
known Sub-effect
resulting3from
the main issue
r:
Example:
What do you think are the consequences of increased life expectancy?
Planning only for the first effect:
Sub-effect 1:
Increased Sub-effect 2:
smaller Sub-effect 3:
government
life proportion of
receive less
government
expectancy younger budget deficit
money
working adults
Body paragraph: This phenomenon can lead to the fact that governments in many countries
may receive less money in taxes in relation to the size of the population. This is usually caused
when there is more people of retirement age who will be eligible to receive pension, and the
proportion of younger, working adults are smaller. (56 words)
Or
Body paragraph: This phenomenon can lead to government budget deficit in many countries.
As people live longer and the populations grow older, there will obviously be more people of
retirement age who will be eligible to receive pension. The proportion of younger, working
adults will be smaller, and governments will therefore receive less money in taxes in relation to
the size of the population. (63 words)
Assignment 7 Plan and write body paragraph in at least 90 words including two effects.
What are the consequences of overpopulation?

e. Solutions body paragraph
You may be asked to write about the solutions to solve problem. Again, remember to include at
least two solutions if the question is plural. Some sample questions are as follows:
46
48
Might not be very easy to implement
Example:
Some people get into debt by buying things they do not need and cannot afford. What are the reasons
for this behavior? What actions can be taken to solve them?
Note! You should deliver at least two solutions to tackle the two reasons or so-called causes you
mentioned in the previous paragraph. Look at the causes written for this question in previous
pages.
Planning only for the first solution

o Solution: put limit on people budget spending
o Mechanism: people are unable to spend more than half of their balance there is always
some amount of money in their account
o Disadvantage: unpopular
o Advantage: Efficient and quick
Solution body paragraph: One way to solve the problem of getting into debt would probably
be to put limit on the amount of money people are able to spend on daily basis. This would
certainly restrict people to have access to specific proportion of their money, meaning that
there would always be an amount of money available in their account, and there would be no
shortage of money. Although this might not be very popular, especially for the rich, it would
definitely be quite efficient and quick solution. (89 words)
Assignment 8 Plan and write body paragraph in at least 90 words including two solutions.
Nowadays, we are producing more and more rubbish. Why do you think this is happening? What can
government do to help reduce the amount of rubbish produced?
f. Item body paragraph
You may be asked to write about an item or other ways of performing task. This question is
usually accompanied by an opinion-led question. Thus, write separate paragraph for each
48
49
Assignment 8 Plan
and teachers and write
be allowed body
to use paragraph
to teach in at least
good behavior to90 words including two solutions.
children?
Nowadays,
WRITING TASK we are
Item producing
IIbody more and
paragraph more rubbish.
(Purpose): thinkWhy do youwant
[iMan
if parents thinktothis
Heydari is happening?
punish Whatthey
their children, cancan
| t.me/like_minded_people]
governmentdeprive/take
do to help reduce
awaythe amount
some of facilities
of their rubbish produced?
such as their mobile device or bicycle so that they are
question. Remember to include at least two items if
persuaded to change and correct their behavior the question is plural.
to regain them. Some sample questions
f.are Item
as follows:
body paragraph
You can also use reasoning in developing your point:
You mayDescribe
be askedthe
toskills personan
write about needs
itemtoorbe good
other waysparent. (at least twotask.
of performing items)
This question is
What are
Item some
body of the job
paragraph skills that
(Reason):employers
think look
if for?
parents (at
wantleast
usually accompanied by an opinion-led question. Thus, write separate paragraph to two items)
punish their children,
for each they can
Howdeprive/take
do you thinkaway
children should
some spend
of their their free
facilities suchtime? (atmobile
as their least one item)
device or bicycle because they
8 What factors
will contribute
probably to job satisfaction?
be persuaded to change and (atcorrect
least two
theiritems)
behavior to regain them.
Which other types of job should be highly paid? (at least two items)

Example:
What sort of punishment should parents be allowed to use? (at least one item)
Here, you can also develop your point by stating purpose for your proposed item. To do so, you
can Some
use one of the
people following
think linkers
it would to describe
be good idea forit.schools to teach every young person how to be good
parent.
WRITING Describe
TASK IIthe skills person needs to be good parent. [iMan Heydari | t.me/like_minded_people]
Topic sentence so th a t clause
Item body paragraph (Purpose): believe that every good parent should be able to
Or communicate with his or her children so that they can be friends with each other and there are
no secrets between them.
49
Topic sentence to inThis would
order to allow parents
simple formto guide
of thetheir
verbchildren better and protect
(infinitive)
them from the dangers of society. Besides, parents ought to be able to teach different thing such
as the difference between good and bad, social skills and scientific knowledge to their children
Example: to help them become better people and develop better personalities.
Assignment
It is important for9children
Plan and
to write body
learn the paragraph
difference in at right
between least 90
andwords
wrongincluding two
at an early skills.
age.
Punishment is necessary to help them learn this distinction. What sort of punishment should parents
and Universities should provide
teachers be allowed students
to use to with behavior
teach good the skills they will require in order to succeed at their future
to children?
jobs. What are some of the jobs skills that employers look for in new employees?
Item body paragraph (Purpose): think if parents want to punish their children, they can
C. deprive/take
Conclusion away some of their facilities such as their mobile device or bicycle so that they are
persuaded to change and correct their behavior to regain them.
a. C1-C2 Short counter-argument
You can also use reasoning in developing your point:
If you are giving strong view you can use short counter-argument inside the conclusion instead
Item body
of writing paragraph
separate (Reason):
paragraph. think
Here, the if parents want towould
counter-argument punish
betheir
shortchildren, they in
and happen canonly
onedeprive/take away
sentence in the some of their
beginning of thefacilities suchLook
conclusion. as their mobile
at the deviceexample
following or bicycle
to because theyhow
understand
will probably
to include shortbecounter-argument
persuaded to change andthe
inside correct their behavior to regain them.
conclusion.
Example:
Countries are becoming more and more similar because people are able to buy the same products
anywhere in the world. Do you think this is positive or negative development?
Some people think it would be good idea for schools to teach every young person how to be good
Conclusion: Some may argue that all people are entitled to have access to the same products,
parent. Describe the skills person needs to be good parent.
but say that local objects suit local conditions best, and that faceless uniformity worldwide is
an unwelcome and dreary prospect. [Cambridge Test Book 10 Test 3] 50
Let’s look at some other examples for short counter-argument: 49

51
52
31
53
54
55
46
56
48
57
Master IELTS Essays | Ebrahim Tahassoni
Some think the best way to motivate and encourage people to work hard is to pay them based on
how much they produce and sell.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

Model Answer:
One of the responsibilities of a manager is to motivate their employees to increase their

How to write
performance. a good
However, conclusion
I strongly disagree that basing their salaries on their rates of
production and sales would be the most effective method. (37 words)
Tip 1: Refer back to your introductory paragraph.
The performance in many cases cannot simply be quantified in terms of sales or
Tip 2: Summarise your essay's main arguments.
production. A teacher’s job, for example, is to teach classes, assess homework, and
Tip 3: Avoid repetition.
provide students with feedback, none of which involves producing or selling any goods. In
Tip 4: Give
this case, it is the your ownof opinion.
performance her students and their levels of satisfaction with
Tip 5:ofDon't
aspects introduce
her performance such asarapport
new orargument.
punctuality that decide how successful he
has been. (72 words)
Master
Furthermore, the performance of many workers is greatly IELTS Essays
affected | Ebrahim
by external Tahassoni
factors
beyond their control. The state of the economy, unexpected political developments, and
Some think the best way to motivate and encourage people to work hard is to pay them based on
extreme
how muchweather conditions
they produce and sell.can all have significant impacts on how much a worker can
sell or produce. A hurricane, for example, can easily devastate a farm and all its produce
without its workers being responsible for any of the damages or the ensuing drop in
Model Answer:
production rates. Basing wages on sales or production rates would actually demotivate
workers in such
One of the cases. (85 words)
responsibilities of a manager is to motivate their employees to increase their
performance.
Some However,
may argue that itI isstrongly
difficultdisagree
to assessthat basingother
anything their than
salaries on their output,
a worker’s rates of
production
making anyand sales
other would
form be the most
of appraisal effective method.
less effective. However, managers these days have
(37 words)
Conclusion
tools such as questionnaires
The performance and Customer
in many cases Relations
cannot simply Management
be quantified platforms
in terms of salesthat
or allow
them to form
production. Aa relatively
teacher’s clear
job, for picture
example,of isa to
worker’s overall assess
teach classes, performance.
homework, and
(85 words)
provide
In students
conclusion, withdeciding
I think feedback, none
how of which
much involvesshould
an employee producing
earnor selling
based anyon
solely goods.
theirIn
this case,
sales it is the performance
or production ofbe
figures would her students
both and their
impossible levels of
and unfair in satisfaction
most, if notwith
all, cases.
aspects of her performance such as rapport or punctuality that decide how successful he
Instead, employers should look at a more diverse set of performance indicators, including
has been. (72 words)
customer satisfaction and punctuality. (48 words)
Furthermore,
Total: 293 wordsthe performance of many workers is greatly affected by external factors 58
beyond their control. The state of the economy, unexpected political developments, and
extreme weather conditions can all have significant impacts on how much a worker can
Model Answer:
Many underdeveloped countries nowadays face serious problems trying to provide their
citizens with decent education and health facilities, as well as in other areas like trade.
However, I disagree that developed nations ought to support these countries, and think
they should try to stand on their own feet instead. (49 words)
It is usually possible for poor countries to raise enough money to overcome their
predicaments since the source of their shortcomings is usually deep corruption and
domestic mismanagement, which have resulted in their funds being embezzled by
dishonest officials and their affairs in areas like education, health and trade run by
unqualified authorities. If they are in need of support in such areas, they should first
make an effort to eradicate the abovementioned issues before asking for aid from the
outside world. (82 words)
Improvements in health, education and trade are essential for the development of poorer nations.
Furthermore, the money that the governments of developed countries have belongs to
However, the governments of richer nations should take more responsibility for helping the poorer
their citizens
nations in suchbecause
areas. it originates from their taxes, customs duties, and national
resources. It should therefore be spent on providing better facilities like health centres and
universities,
To what extentand
do improving
you agree orbusiness
disagreeenvironments for their own citizens, not for people
with this opinion?
Modelelsewhere
living Answer: in the world. (55 words)
Many may
Some underdeveloped countries
argue that the declinenowadays face seriousinproblems
in living conditions developingtrying to provide
countries could their
result
citizens
in with decent
the migration education
of their and
citizens to health facilities,
developed as well
countries as in other
in search areas like
of a better life, trade.
which
However,
involves I disagree
serious that and
financial developed
culturalnations ought
concerns for to support
rich these
nations. countries,
However, and think
public
they should in
investment try to stand border
improving on theircontrol
own feet
andinstead.
defense(49
structures
words) can render these concerns
insignificant.
Conclusion
It is usually possible for poor countries to raise enough money to overcome their
(54 words)
predicaments
In conclusion, Isince
thinkthe source ofcountries
developed their shortcomings is usually
should not aid deep corruption
poor countries, as theirand
funds
domestic
should be mismanagement, which have
invested in the betterment of resulted in their
life for their ownfunds being
citizens. embezzled by
Undeveloped nations
dishonest
can officials and
often overcome their
their affairs in areas
shortcomings like education,
in commerce, health
health and tradeon
and education run by own
their
unqualified
through authorities.
eliminating If they
corrupt are in and
officials needimproving
of supporttheir
in such areas, they
management should first
practices. (50 words)
make an effort to eradicate the abovementioned issues before asking for aid from the
Total: 290 words
outside world. (82 words)
Now it’s your
Furthermore, turn:
the money that the governments of developed countries have belongs to
their citizens because it originates from their taxes, customs duties, and national
resources. It should therefore be spent on providing better facilities like health centres and
universities,
w w w . t a hand
a s simproving
oni.com business environments for their own citizens, not for
P a people
g e 12
living elsewhere in the world. (55 words)
Some may argue that the decline in living conditions in developing countries could result
in the migration of their citizens to developed countries in search of a better life, which
involves serious financial and cultural concerns for rich nations. However, public
59
investment in improving border control and defense structures can render these concerns
insignificant. (54 words)
Every year several languages die out. Some people think that this is not important because life will
be easier if there are fewer languages in the world.

Model Answer:
As the global trend toward globalism and the use of a lingua franca grows, local languages
continue to perish. I think although a smaller number of languages can make life easier, it
is important to try and preserve all languages. (40 words)
Conclusion:
On the one hand, when fewer languages are in use, communication tends to become easier
in most cases. It will be really convenient if one can talk with others from various parts of
the world without the need for a live translator or special software for assistance. This
means that different nations around the globe are likely to be able to cooperate more
closely if fewer languages are in use. For instance, a conference at the United Nations will
be more convenient and productive for politicians if they all can communicate using a
limited set of languages, or perhaps even one, instead of having to wait for translations to
come through. Consequently, better results are likely to be achieved more quickly, and
manypeople
Some issuesbelieve
could that
be resolved as aworkers
professional result of better
such mutual
as doctors andunderstanding.
teachers should(134 words)
be paid more
than sports and entertainment personalities.
On the other hand, every language represents the culture within which it has developed. It
reflects
To the lifestyle
what extent do you and
agreetraditions of the people who use it to communicate within the
or disagree?
context
Model of their daily lives, and it is the foundation of their folklore and literature.
Answer:
Although
Salary some
is an might
issue that argue
many that these
people could
have be translated
strong into more
opinions about, common
and the languages
pay gap between
like entertainers
top English or Chinese, it is stars
and sports quite on
unlikely that
the one the exact
hand, meaning of each
and professionals phrase,
in vital service
expression,
sectors suchidiom, proverb
as medicine or education
and poem can on
be the
translated. This
other, has means
been that
quite once a nations’
controversial for
some timehas
language now. However,
died I personally
out, a significant think of
portion that, except in
its culture certain
and cases,
history the
is lost latter
with it, leaving
group do not
them with necessarily
a weaker deserve
cultural andhigher pays
national than the
identity. (112former.
words) (68 words)
Conclusion:
One reason is that the cash flow of service sectors is significantly lower than that of sports
In conclusion, I believe even though the fall in the number of languages in use allows people
and entertainment industries. People willingly spend trillions of dollars every year buying
to communicate more conveniently, making their lives less complicated, it is still
tickets to sports matches, concerts and movies, while the revenue in service sectors like
important for every language to be saved from extinction so that the culture, history and
education or medicine originates mainly from households in need of their services. And
literature of all nations are protected. (50 words)
even then, those services have to be provided at a discount to guarantee proper access for
all citizens
Total: regardless of their financial status. This means that the funds available to
336 words
service providers like doctors or teachers is a fraction of what is available to sports stars,
actors and singers. (104 words)
60
Additionally, unlike in sports and entertainment where people with certain talents are
chosen or may accidentally be discovered and hurled into stardom, people in service
www.tahassoni.com P a g e 15
Many people think that every individual is responsible for their own healthy lifestyle. Others
believe that governments should take care of it.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
Model Answer:
There is little doubt about how vital it is for people to adopt a healthy lifestyle, but there
are conflicting views as to who should be responsible for its promotion and enforcement.
Although some believe that the government should shoulder this responsibility, others,
myself included, think it should be every individual’s duty.
Conclusion:
People themselves benefit primarily in their personal lives from eating healthily and taking
more exercise. It allows them to remain healthy, avoid different illnesses like heart disease
and arthritis, and enjoy increased longevity. Living healthily also allows them to be more
active in the society and at work because they are more likely to feel energised and
refreshed throughout the day. Consequently, they can focus more on their social and
professional efforts, which could significantly increase their social and work status.
Therefore, it seems logical to hold every individual responsible for adopting a healthy
lifestyle.
Some people think secondary school students should study international news as one of their
subjects. Other people say this is a waste of valuable school time.
Some argue that governments should enforce a healthy lifestyle because they have the
Discuss to
means both these
raise views and through
awareness give your the
owneducational
opinion. system and introduce relevant
Model Answer:
regulations obliging their citizens to make the necessary changes in their way of life.
Today, learning
However, about tend
most adults the news from and
to change different parts
adjust theiroflifestyle
the world is essential
according to many
to their
people. It has
experiences andbeen suggested
desires that theschool,
after leaving reviewforgetting
of such news should
most, if notbecome a highthey
all, of what school
have
subject
been although
taught. some thinkit this
Furthermore, would
would waste school
be unwise time. I think
for authorities this is in
to meddle a great idea
people’s private
provided
lives that them
and have inappropriate
conform news are
to any filtered out
regulation and
that there
affect is enough
their time
personal for other
lives.
important subjects. (63 words)
In conclusion, I believe that individuals ought to bear the responsibility of following and
Conclusion:
promoting
On the oneahand,
healthy way of life
reviewing since
global they
news can
can enjoy
help the
high benefits
school in their
students personal,
improve theirsocial
and work
general lives.
knowledge in areas like geography and cultures. This is because the news comes
from 273
Total: around the world and often present significant details about different regions and
words
their features, which means students would possibly gain a better understanding of the
world. It also seems that studying the news can develop the students’ ability to analyse
sophisticated situations because when they follow a story, say, about a political rift
between two countries, they can observe how it develops or escalates, how the parties
involved act and what its consequences are. (103 words) 61
Onwthe
w w . other
t a h ahand,
s s o nthere
i . c oare
m some issues with studying global news in high schools.
P a g eThe
20
Chapter 4: Brainstorming ideas
Exercise: Write a full four or five paragraph essay for the topic above using
the ideas and reasons given here. It is a good idea to keep track of time.
Homeschooling belongs to the past and is unacceptable in the modern

society.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement?
Brainstorming ideas:
For Against
Parents know their children Not specific approach e.g.
best associative learning
Learning is more enjoyable at Not every parent is capable
home Parents could forget
Children feel safe materials
Organizing the body paragraphs: 62

Introduction…………………………………
high quality state education leads to equal opportunities for all
a well-educated workforce is the key to a prosperous nation
companies need educated staff
we should all be happy to contribute to public services
:‫ﻣﻮﺿ ع‬
More and more students are choosing to study at colleges and
universities in a foreign country.
Do the benefits of studying abroad outweigh the drawbacks?
:‫ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﺎی اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪە‬
:‫ﻣﺰا ﺎی اداﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﺼ ﻼت در ﺧﺎرج از ﮐﺸﻮر‬
Many students travel abroad to study at a prestigious university.
The best universities employ lecturers who are experts in their
fields.
Qualifications gained abroad can open doors to better job
opportunities.
Living in a foreign country can broaden students' horizons.
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs.
They can immerse themselves in a language.
:‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ اداﻣﻪ ﺗﺤﺼ ﻼت در ﺧﺎرج از ﮐﺸﻮر‬
Living away from home can be challenging.
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications.
The language barrier can cause difficulties.
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills.
Many students feel homesick and miss their families.
Some students experience culture shock.
IELTS JOURNAL 12 @ieltsjournalchannel
63
‫از زوا ﺎ و د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑﺮای ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ از زوا ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻓﮑﺮ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﺑﺮای ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻧﮕﻬﺪاری ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت‬
‫در ﻃﺒ ﻌﺖ و ﺎ در ﺎغ وﺣﺶ ﻪ ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﺎی ز ﺮ ﮐﻪ از از د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎی ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪە ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
:‫ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
Some people believe that it is wrong to keep animals in zoos, while
others think that zoos are both entertaining and ecologically
important.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
:(‫ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﺎی اﻧﺠﺎم ﺷﺪە از د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ) ﻪ ﻟﻐﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﺪە دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
:‫ﻣﺰا ﺎی ﻧﮕﻬﺪاری ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در ﺎغ وﺣﺶ‬
: ‫ د ﺪ ﺎە ز ﺴﺖ ﻣﺤ‬.1
Environmental perspective: Zoos play an important role in wildlife
conservation. They help to protect endangered species. They allow
scientists to study animal behavior.
:‫ د ﺪ ﺎە اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی‬.2
Economic perspective: Zoos employ large numbers of people. They
provide job opportunities and income for the local area. The money
raised can be used for conservation projects.
: ‫ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺷﺨ‬.3
Personal perspective: Zoos are interesting, educational and fun.
They make a great day out for families. Children learn to appreciate
wildlife and nature.
:‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ ﻧﮕﻬﺪاری ﺣﯿﻮاﻧﺎت در ﺎغ وﺣﺶ‬
: ‫ د ﺪ ﺎە ز ﺴﺖ ﻣﺤ‬.1
Environmental perspective: Zoos are artificial environments.
Animals lose their instinct to hunt for food. It would be better to
save endangered species by protecting their natural habitats.
: ‫ د ﺪ ﺎە اﺧﻼ‬.2
Moral perspective: Keeping animals in cages is unethical. We have
no right to use animals for entertainment. Zoos exhibit animals with
the aim of making a profit.
‫اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺎ ﺪ‬ ‫ ﺗﮑﻨ ﮏ ﺴ ﺎر ﻣﻬ‬،‫ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی در ﺎرە ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬

.‫ آن را اﻧﺠﺎم د ﺪ‬، ‫ﻗ ﻞ از وع ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ‬
64
‘To what extent…’ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻت‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮات و ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺷﺨ ﺧﻮد را در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت‬
‫ ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺎ‬،‫ ﺑﺮای ﺎﺳﺦ ﮔﻮ ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬.‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ در ﻣﻮرد د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن ﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﺲ از ﺑ ﺎن ﺮ دو‬.‫د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن )ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ و ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ( داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ د ﺪ ﺎە‬.‫ ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﮐﻪ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺷﻤﺎ ﻪ ﮐﺪام ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﺰد ﮑ اﺳﺖ‬،‫د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ و ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
:‫ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
It is inevitable that as technology develops so traditional culture must

be lost. Technology and tradition are incompatible – you cannot have
both together.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this statement? And give
your own reasons.
:‫ﻧﻈﺮات د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
Having less social contact

Lack of warmth and affection e.g. SMS, email
The growth of mass media
Transferring various cultures and customs on a global scale
e.g. fashion, clothing, eating habits
:‫ﻧﻈﺮات د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
Technology and traditions are compatible

In many countries people live side by side e.g. Japan
Through history technology incorporated into traditional
cultures e.g. tractors
Technology can preserve traditional cultures e.g. ancient
manuscripts
.‫ﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎﻻ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ای ﺧﻮب از ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﺑﺮای د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن‬
65
Some businesses now say that no one can smoke cigarettes in any of
their offices. Some governments have banned smoking in all public
places. This is a good idea but it also takes away some of our freedom.
Do you agree or disagree? Give reasons for your answer.
:‫د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
Health dangers to smokers and non-smokers

Financial loss
Smokers can still smoke in special areas (smoking areas)
Banning smoking is good for public health
.‫ﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎﻻ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ای ﺧﻮب از ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﺑﺮای د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
School uniforms should be abolished in all schools.
Discuss to what extent you agree or disagree with this statement.
:‫د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬ :‫د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬

1. Uniforms are expensive so not 1. Uniforms reduce inequality,
having to buy them saves money feeling of jealousy
2. Children can be more individual 2. Uniforms teach discipline
66
The internet will bring about a new freedom of information and so

narrow the technology gap between developed and developing
countries.

World-wide Only the rich can afford to
communication possible access the internet
Greater access to Computing skills are
information necessary to operate the
Makes copyright laws internet, so a new
harder to enforce, so technology gap develops
harder to keep new
technology secret
Difficult to censor
As public safety is of the highest importance, it is often necessary to

test new products on animals. It is better for a few animals to suffer
than for human life to be placed at risk by untested products.

Realistic tests are necessary Not all animal tests are
Better than animals suffer important
than humans Animals have rights
Tests are necessary to find Often computer
cure, medical simulations are possible
breakthroughs
67
68
The quality of health care a person receives should not depend on the
size of their bank balance. The government is responsible for providing
a high level of health care for all its citizens.

Health is a fundamental right Health is the responsibility of
Good hospitals are the individual
governmental responsibility Ageing population makes
A healthy population is vital to health care impractical
national interest
:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﺼﻤ ﻢ‬،‫ ﺲ از ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ز ﺮ را ﺨﻮاﻧ ﺪ و ﺑﺮای ﺮ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺗﻤ ﻦ ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬

‫ ﮐﺪام د ﺪ ﺎە را ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﻨ ﺪ؟ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ‬،‫ﮕ ﺪ ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ا ﺪە ﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ا ﺪ‬
‫ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن؟‬،‫ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
1. If countries are serious about solving traffic problems, they should tax private
cars very heavily and use the money to provide free or very cheap rail travel.
2. Some people think the main purpose of schools is to turn children into good
citizens and workers, rather than to benefit them as individuals.
To what extent do you agree or disagree? Give your own reasons.
3. People visiting other countries should adapt to the customs and behaviours
expected there. They should not expect the host country to welcome different
customs and behaviours.
4. Governments should not have to provide care or financial support for elderly
people because it is the responsibility of each person to prepare for retirement
and support him or herself.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion? 69

‘Discuss both views ...’ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻت‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﺎ د ﺪ ﺎە ﻓﺎ ﻣﺘﻮازن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت را ﻣﻮرد ﺑﺮر ﻗﺮار د ﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮ ﺧﻼف ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت‬.‫و در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻢ از د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ و ﻢ از د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ در‬،‫ ﮐﻪ در آن ﺣﻖ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب د ﺪ ﺎە ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ ﺎ ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ را داﺷ ﺪ‬to what extent … ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻗ‬
‫اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺎ ﺪ از د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ و در ﺻﻮر ﮐﻪ ﺳﻮال در اداﻣﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎ‬
‫ ﺎ ﺪ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺷﺨ ﺧﻮد و ﺳﻤ ﮐﻪ ﻪ د ﺪ ﺎە ﺷﻤﺎ ﻧﺰد ﮑ اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺧﻮد را ﻧ ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﻌ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬.‫را ﻧ ﻄﻮر ﺷﻔﺎف در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺧﻮد ذﮐﺮ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
:‫ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
Some people believe that robots will play an important role in future
societies, while others argue that robots might have negative effects
on society.
Discuss both views and give your opinion.
:(‫د ﺪ ﺎە اول )ﺗﺎﺛ ات ﻣﺜ ﺖ‬

do manual jobs quickly e.g. factory, packing
cheap labour, more productive, no breaks (jobs that are boring,
difficult for people)
create free, extra time for people to spend doing what they
want
make life easier, improve our quality of life
:( ‫د ﺪ ﺎە دوم )ﺗﺎﺛ ات ﻣﻨ‬

become dependent on robots, we will lose skills e.g. cooking
less human interaction, lazy, health problems
unemployment will rise, people will be replaced by machines
e.g. self-service, check-outs in supermarkets e.g. factory
robots=fewer workers
can lead to bigger problems e.g. poverty, crime, etc.
70
Some people think that in the modern world we have become more
dependent on each other, while others think that people are now more
independent.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
:( ‫د ﺪ ﺎە اول )ﺣﺲ اﺳﺘﻘﻼل ﺑ ﺸ‬

Life is more difficult and expensive, and we are less self-
sufficient
Young people rely on their parents for longer
Unemployed people receive state benefits
Our jobs are much more specialised, and we need to work in
teams
:( ‫د ﺪ ﺎە دوم )ﺣﺲ وا ﺴﺘ ﺑ ﺸ‬
We rely on machines more than we depend on each other
The Internet allows us to solve problems without needing help
Families are more dispersed, and therefore provide less
support
Education gives us the freedom to make our own choices
‫ﮐﻨ ﻢ اﺑﺘﺪا ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﻌﺪ ﺑ ﯿ ﺪ د ﺪ ﺎە‬ ‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت )ﺑ ﺎن د ﺪ ﺎە ﻣﺘﻮازن( ﺗﻮﺻ ﻪ‬

.‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻪ ﮐﺪام ﺳﻤﺖ ﻧﺰد ﮑ اﺳﺖ‬
71

‘Advantages & Disadvantages’ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻت‬
‫ در ﻌ از‬.‫در اﯾﻦ ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﻪ ﺑﺮر ﻣﺰا ﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎ ﺖ ﮏ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺑ داز ﺪ‬
‫ ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﮐﻪ‬،‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺲ از ﺑﺮر ﻣﺰا ﺎ و ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ‬
‫ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل آ ﺎ ﻣﺰا ﺎی اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺑ ﺸ از ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ آن اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺧ ؟ ﮐﻪ در اﺳﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ از ﺷﻤﺎ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫ ﺑﺮای آﺷﻨﺎ ﺑ ﺸ ﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع‬.‫رود ﺗﺎ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺨ ﺧﻮد را ﻧ در ﻣﻮرد اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
:‫ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
It has been said that the world is becoming a global village in which
there are no boundaries to trade and communication.
Do the benefits of globalisation outweigh the drawbacks?
:‫ﻣﺰا ﺎی ﺟﻬﺎ ﺷﺪن‬
Business is becoming increasingly international.

A global economy means free trade between countries.
This can strengthen political relationships.
Globalisation can also create opportunities for employment.
It encourages investment in less developed countries.
It could reduce poverty in the developing world.
:‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ ﺟﻬﺎ ﺷﺪن‬
Globalisation can also lead to unemployment and

exploitation.
Companies move to countries where labour is cheap.
This creates redundancies, or job losses.
Some companies exploit their employees in developing
countries.
Salaries are low and working conditions are often poor.
Global trade also creates excessive waste and pollution.
There are more cars on the roads these days and more accidents. As a result, some
politicians have suggested that people should take regular driving tests throughout
their lives, rather than one single test.
72

What do you think the advantages of repeating driving tests are? Do these outweigh
the disadvantages? Give reasons for your answer.
: ‫ﻣﺰا ﺎی آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺠﺪد راﻧﻨﺪ‬
Useful in case of older drivers

Good for people who don’t drive regularly
Keep drivers up-to-date with road rules
Raises driving standards
May prevent young people from driving too fast
Reduce accidents
: ‫ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ آزﻣﻮن ﻣﺠﺪد راﻧﻨﺪ‬
Extra costs
Learner drivers might have to wait longer for a test
It may not be possible to include a written test every time
Difficult to organize
:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
.‫ﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ز ﺮ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﺑﺮای ﻣﻌﺎ ﺐ و ﻣﺰا ﺎی ﺮ ﮏ ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
1. More and more students are choosing to study at colleges and universities in a foreign
country.
Do the benefits of studying abroad outweigh the drawbacks?
2. Tourism has become an important industry. This can damage traditional culture.
Do the benefits of tourism outweigh the drawbacks?
3. In some countries, governments are encouraging industries and businesses to move to

regional areas outside the big cities.
Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages?
4. In many cities, security measures, such as the use of video cameras in public places, are
being increased in order to reduce crime, but some people believe that these measures
restrict our individual freedom.
Do the advantages of this trend outweigh the disadvantages? 73
‫ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﻪ‬ ‘Advantages and Disadvantages …’ ‫ﺎ ﺳﻮال ﺎی از ﻧ ع‬ ‫ﺑﺮای ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺑ ﺸ‬

‘Cause/Effect & Solutions’ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻت‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﻪ ﺑ ﺎن دﻻ ﻞ و ﺎ ﺗﺎﺛ ات ﻣﺸ ﻼ ﺎ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬

‫اﺟﺘﻤﺎ ﺑ داز ﺪ و ﻤﭽﻨ از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﺑﺮای ﻣﺸ ﻼت ﻣﻄ ح ﺷﺪە راە ﺣﻞ اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ ﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮای آﺷﻨﺎ ﺑ ﺸ ﺎ‬.‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ اﻧﺠﺎم د ﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮕ ﺪ ﺑﺮای ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸ ﻞ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل دوﻟﺖ ﺎ ﭼﻪ ﺎر ﺎ‬
.‫اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
Childhood obesity is becoming a serious problem in many countries.
Explain the main causes and effects of this problem, and suggest some
possible solutions.
:(‫دﻻ ﻞ ﭼﺎ )ﭼﺎ ﻌﻨﻮان ﮏ ﺑ ﻤﺎری‬

eat junk food e.g. hamburgers, chips, McDonald's / drink sugary soft
drinks
lack of exercise / sedentary life style/physical activity contributes to
the obesity problem
play computer games / chat on the net, rather than playing outside
or doing sport
:‫ﺗﺎﺛ ات ﭼﺎ ﺑﺮ زﻧﺪ روزﻣﺮە‬

these problems lead to obesity / children are overweight, unhealthy,
unfit
a higher risk of diseases e.g. diabetes, heart disease, cancer
put a strain on hospitals / they will be a burden on hospitals in the
future
:‫راە ﺣﻞ ﺎی ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی‬
it is the parents', schools', governments' responsibility to ...
give children healthy food, control what they eat, ensure that they
have a healthy diet, limit junk food advertising
restrict the time they spend playing computer games, encouraging
them to take regular exercise
74
Many criminals re-offend after they have been punished.
Why do some people continue to commit crimes after they have been
punished, and what measures can be taken to tackle this problem?
:‫دﻻ ﻞ ارﺗ ﺎب ﻪ ﺟﺮم‬

The main causes of crime are poverty, unemployment and lack of
education.
People who commit crimes often have no other way of making a living.
The prison system can make the situation worse.
Offenders mix with other criminals who can be a negative influence.
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult.
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released.
:‫را ﺎر ﺎی ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ﺑﺮای ﺟﻠﻮﮔ ی از وﻗ ع ﺟﺮم‬

Prisons should provide education or vocational training.
Rehabilitation programmes prepare prisoners for release into society.
Community service is another way to reform offenders.
It makes offenders useful in their local communities.
They might be required to talk to school groups or clean public areas
Offenders also need help when looking for accommodation and work.
:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
‫ ﺗﺎﺛ ات و ﺎ راە ﺣﻞ ﺎی ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ﺑﺮای ﺣﻞ ﻣﺸ ﻼت ﻣﻄ ح‬،‫ﻪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن دﻻ ﻞ‬

.‫ ﺗﻤ ﻦ ا ﺪە ﭘﺮدازی ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬،‫ﺷﺪە‬
1. Children’s behaviour in schools is getting worse than before.
Explain the causes and effects of this problem, and suggest some possible
solutions.
2. Despite improvements in vehicle technology, there are still large numbers of road
accidents.
Explain some of the causes of these accidents, and suggest some measures
that could be taken to address the problem.
‫ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﻪ‬ ‘Cause/Effect & Solutions …’ ‫ﺑﺮای ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎت ﺑ ﺸ ﺎ ﺳﻮال ﺎی از ﻧ ع‬

.‫ ﺟﻠﺪی( ی ﮐﺘﺎﺑﻬﺎی ﻤ ــﺞ آ ﻠ ﺲ ﻣﺮاﺟﻌﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ‬12 ‫)ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﻪ‬
75
‘Multiple/Two-part Questions’ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻت‬
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﻪ دو ﺎ ﻌﻀﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺳﻮال ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﻣﻮرد ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻣﻄ ح‬
‫ ﺗﺮﮐﯿ از اﻧﻮاع‬،‫ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻ ﮐﻪ در ﺳﻮاﻻت ﭼﻨﺪ ﺨ از ﺷﻤﺎ ﭘﺮﺳ ﺪە ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﺷﺪە ﺎﺳﺦ ﺪ ﺪ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮاﻻ اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎ ﺣﺎل ﻪ آن ﭘﺮداﺧﺘﻪ ا ﻢ در ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﺎ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺎﻣﻞ ﻪ ﭼﻬﺎر ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻗ‬
‫ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی‬ ‫ ﺑﺮای آﺷﻨﺎ ﺎ ﺳﻮاﻻت دو ﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﺨ‬.‫ﺗﻮان ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺎﺳﺦ داد‬ ‫راﺣ‬
.‫ز ﺮ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
Many childhood diseases can now be prevented through the use of

vaccines.
Should parents be made by law to immunize their children against

common diseases or should individuals have the right to choose not to
immunize their children?
:‫دﻟ ﻞ اول‬
1. Preventive medicine is most effective, lives saved, diseases

such as … reduced
:‫دﻟ ﻞ دوم‬
2. Immunization is part of human progress, have better

hygiene and better medical program, we don’t want to go
backwards
:‫دﻟ ﻞ ﺳﻮم‬
3. No vaccines; therefore diseases return, law needed
76
In many countries, buying and selling guns for the public is legal.
Should the ownership of guns be limited or controlled or should everyone

be allowed to trade guns easily?
:‫دﻟ ﻞ اول‬
Risk of accidents, danger to children, more violent crimes,

criminals will use guns, police will need guns
:‫دﻟ ﻞ دوم‬
Higher suicide rates, guns create violent societies
Many people prefer to watch foreign films rather than locally produced
films.
Why could this be?
Should governments give more financial support to local film industries?
:‫ا ﺪە ﺎی ﺎرا ﺮاف اول ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن دﻻ ﻞ ﻣﺸ ﻞ ﻣﻄ ح ﺷﺪە‬

1. Topic sentence - several reasons
2. First reason - budgets for action, special effects, spectacular
locations
3. Example - Hollywood blockbusters like Avatar or James Bond
films
4. Second reason - the most famous actors, actresses and directors
5. Final reason - poor quality local filmmaking in many countries
:‫ا ﺪە ﺎی ﺎرا ﺮاف دوم ﺑﺮای اراﺋﻪ راە ﺣﻞ‬
1. Topic sentence - governments should support local film
industries
2. Explain why - talented local film-makers need opportunities
3. Explain more - they need money to pay film crews, actors etc.
4. Explain consequences - would lead to employment, income,
tourism
5. Example - you can invent an example about your country. 77
plan for the essay:
_____________________________________
Essay Plan
Why has teenage crime increased?
1) Breakdown in the nuclear family
- high divorce rates = no father as ‘role model’
– boys go astray, drugs & crime
2) Lack of things to do
- e.g. TV has shown nothing to do
– children see crime as entertainment
What can be done about it?
1) Govt - Provide better support for families
- e.g. more youth centres
– guidance and activities, sport
2) Parents – take responsibility
- provide loving environment, relative as role model
_____________________________________
78
www.ieltsbuddy.com - Free online IELTS Advice

The essay can now be written. Here is an example essay written from the plan, with the main
supporting ideas highlighted in bold:
Over the last decade there has been a massive rise in the level of crime committed by
teenagers in a numbers of countries. It is important to establish why this has happened and to
look at ways to solve the problem.
One reason is the break down in the nuclear family. The high divorce rates have meant
many children have been brought up in one-parent families with no father to act as a role model
which is detrimental to their development. This is particularly important for boys, who without
this guidance are easily led astray by bad influences such as drugs and crime. Another factor is
the lack of things to do for the young. For example, in the UK, many television programs about
this issue have shown that teenagers hang around in the evenings with little to do. When this
happens, the boredom means they will find there own entertainment, which is often crime.
There are, however, ways to tackle these problems. Firstly, the government should
provide more support for families. They could, for instance, invest more into building and
staffing youth centers which would provide guidance through the youth workers and also enable
teenagers to focus their attention on sport and other activities. Parents should also be
encouraged to take more responsibility for their children. Ultimately, the onus is on them to
ensure their children are brought up in a loving environment which would make them less likely
to turn to crime. They could, for example, find a male relative to act as a role model.
Therefore, it is clear that there are various reasons for this rise in crime, but solutions
are available. If we begin to tackle the issue now, we may be able to prevent the situation
declining further.
Words 294
_____________________________________
A common mistake is to have lots of ideas that are not explained properly.
However, you can see that as a result of brainstorming some key ideas and making sure you have
explained each of them, you have a fully supported and well organized essay.
www.ieltsbuddy.com - Free online IELTS Advice 79

Topic 1: International tourism has brought enormous benefits to many places. At the same time, there is
concern about its impact on local inhabitants and the environment.
Do the disadvantages of international tourism outweigh the advantages?
In my opinion, tourists can bring more advantages to society, notably economic benefits than problems.
‫ﺗﻮرﯾﺴﺖ ھﺎ ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺰاﯾﺎی ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی داﺷﺘﮫ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻﺎ از ﻟﺤﺎظ اﻗﺘﺼﺎدی‬:‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻮاﻓﻖ‬
+ _
boost the local economy problems for the environment
tourism is a most popular leisure activity puts more pressure on natural resources like
oil and water
creates many jobs opportunities causes more pollution and wastage
attracts investors in building resorts and bring some negative cultures to the local
hotels people
Increasing the price of petrol is the best way to solve the growing traffic and pollution problems.
To what extent do you agree or disagree with the statement?
What other measures do you think might be effective?
Agreement: I firmly believe that there is a defensible basis for this argument. In this essay, some other
possible solutions will be elaborated.
:‫دﻟﯿﻞ‬
1) the user of this energy has dramatically decreased
the wide demand for petrol has slumped
: ‫راھﮑﺎر ھﺎی دﯾﮕﺮ‬

Alternatively, there are other possible solutions to address this issue. First and foremost, governments
should give special care to renewable energy such as water, wind, solar energy
:‫راھﮑﺎر دوم‬
encourage people to use public transportation such as electric tram, metro, bus
Disagreement
:‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻒ‬
:‫د ﻟ ﯿ ﻞ اول‬
in spite of increased petrol price people will continue to use it as there are no other viable options available
to run vehicles
Topic 3: In many countries today, crime novels and TV crimes drams are becoming more and more
popular. Why do you think these books and TV show are popular? What is your opinion of crime fiction
and TV crime dramas?
Reasons
human’s natural attraction to disasters or shocking events
those styles are known to be unpredictable
they provide long-lasting enjoyment
can be a topic for discussions with friends
many crime genres are based on true stories
80
Topic 4: In the future, more people will choose to go on holidays in their own country and not travel
abroad on holiday. Do you agree or disagree?
I completely disagree with this notion and believe that international tourism will flourish due to
numerous reasons which will be discussed further in this essay.
:‫د ﻟ ﯿﻞ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺖ‬
people with disposable income do not mind spending money on a foreign location
:‫دﻟﯿﻞ دوم‬
many people travel to explore and discover the cultural heritage of other countries
people travel to gain awareness of new customs, cultures, cuisines, people and places
Topic 5:
Some people say that the only reason for learning a foreign language is in order to travel to or work in a
foreign country. Others say that these are not the only reasons why someone should learn a foreign
language.
Discuss both these views and give your own opinion.
View 1 View 2
having better job prospects augmenting knowledge about diverse
cultures,
developing effective communication skills fostering better cognitive development
Topic 6:
In their advertising, businesses nowadays usually emphasise that their products are new in some way.
Why is this? Do you think it is a positive or negative development?
:‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﺜﺒﺖ‬
brands can increase their chances of staying ahead of their competitors
consumers have new requirements that need new products to satisfy them
:‫ﻧﻈﺮ ﻣﻨﻔﯽ‬
trend generally leads to disingenuous ads and consumer fatigue
These tactics are recognizably dishonest and audiences are rarely convince
81
Chapter 5: Improving cohesion and coherence
82
83
84
85
Emphasizing Information
You can use cohesive devices to emphasize a point you have made or to show its importance or significance.
Some examples of cohesive devices for emphasizing information are:
• Above all / Most importantly: These can be used to introduce the most important point or argument in
your writing. They are usually used at the beginning of a sentence or paragraph. For example: Above all,
you should practice your writing skills regularly. Most importantly, you should follow the instructions of
the task carefully.
• Especially / Particularly / Specifically: These can be used to emphasize a specific point, example, or
detail that is relevant or important. They are usually used after a noun or a verb. For example: She enjoys
reading books, especially novels. He is particularly good at solving problems. They specifically asked for
your opinion.
• Indeed / In fact / Actually: These can be used to emphasize a point that is true or surprising. They are
usually used at the beginning or in the middle of a sentence. For example: Indeed, he is one of the best
writers in the world. She is very smart, in fact, she has a PhD in physics. He actually likes broccoli.
86
• Although / Even though / Though / Despite / In spite of: These can be used to introduce a point that is
different from or opposite to the previous one, but does not change the main idea or argument. They are
usually followed by a noun or a clause. For example: Although he was sick, he went to school. Even
though she studied hard, she failed the exam. Though it was raining, they decided to go out. Despite his
age, he is very active. In spite of the traffic, they arrived on time.
Giving Examples or Evidence

You can use cohesive devices to give examples or evidence to support your points or arguments.
This can help to make your writing more convincing and credible. Some examples of cohesive
devices for giving examples or evidence are:
• For example / For instance / To illustrate: These can be used to introduce a specific
example or instance that illustrates your point or argument. They are usually followed by
a noun or a clause. For example: There are many benefits of exercise. For example, it can
improve your mood and health. Some animals are endangered due to human activities. For
instance, poaching and deforestation threaten the survival of elephants and tigers. He is
very talented in music. To illustrate, he can play several instruments and sing.
• Such as / Like / Including: These can be used to introduce one or more examples that
belong to a category or group that you have mentioned. They are usually followed by a
noun or a noun phrase. For example: There are many types of fruits, such as apples,
bananas, and oranges. Some sports, like soccer and basketball, require teamwork and
coordination. He has visited many countries, including France, Germany, and Italy.
• According to / Based on / In terms of: These can be used to introduce evidence or
information that comes from a source or a criterion that you have mentioned. They are
usually followed by a noun or a noun phrase. For example: According to a recent survey,
most people prefer online shopping over traditional shopping. Based on his performance,
he deserves a promotion. In terms of quality, this product is superior to others.
Providing Explanations or Reasons

You can use cohesive devices to provide explanations or reasons for something that
you have mentioned. This can help to show your understanding and analysis of the
topic or issue. Some examples of cohesive devices for providing explanations or
reasons are:
87
• Because / Since / As: These can be used to introduce a cause or reason for
something that you have mentioned. They are usually followed by a clause. For
example: He quit his job because he was unhappy. Since it was raining, they
decided to stay home. As he was sick, he could not attend the class.
• Owing to / Due to / Because of: These can be used to introduce a cause or
reason for something that you have mentioned. They are usually followed by a
noun or a noun phrase. For example: Owing to his hard work, he achieved his
goals. Due to the bad weather, the flight was canceled. Because of her kindness,
everyone loved her.
• In order to / So as to / So that: These can be used to introduce a purpose or
intention for something that you have mentioned. They are usually followed by
a verb or a clause. For example: In order to pass the exam, he studied hard. She
left early so as to avoid the traffic. He turned off the lights so that he could
sleep.
88
IELTS General Writing Task 1
In this task you will be presented with a situation and asked to write a letter requesting
information or explaining the situation. You can write the letter in a personal, semi-formal or
Task 1 General
formal style.
How to answer IELTS General Task 1?
Think about the given situation. The situation is imaginary and you often have to make up
explanations and inquiries for your letter.
Once you have thought out your answer, you should write a letter with the following structure:
Briefly give reasons for

First paragraph
writing a letter.
Issue 1
Write about each issue you
Middle Issue 2
were given in a task.
Issue 3
Last paragraph Write a polite letter closing.
Vocabulary to write letters

Letter structure
How to start and end the letter?
A. Formal letter
When you don't know the recipient’s name:
o Dear Sir … Yours faithfully

o Dear Madam … Yours faithfully
o Dear Sir or Madam … Yours faithfully
When the recipient’s name is known:
o Dear Mr Green … Yours sincerely

o Dear Mrs Green … Yours sincerely
o Dear Miss Green … Yours sincerely
89
IELTS General Writing Task 1
VIP Talk Language Academy
By: Ali Mikaeli
o Dear Ms Green … Yours sincerely
B. Semi-formal letter
When you are writing to a good friend or colleague:
o Dear Jonh … Best wishes/ Best regards

o Dear Jonh ... Many thanks
C. Informal letter
When you are writing to a good friend or colleague:
o Hello Jonh … Best wishes/ Best

o Hi Jonh … See you/ Missing you/ Love
When you are writing to someone you love:
o Dear Mary … Yours always/ Lots of love
Letter openings
The letter's first paragraph is letter opening. In your first paragraph you should:
1. introduce yourself
2. state the purpose of the letter.
Examples of formal letter openings:
 I am writing to enquire about … .

 I am writing to request ... .
 I am writing to explain why ... .
 I am writing to express interest in ... .
 I am writing to inform you that/about… .
 I am writing to complain about (the fact that I)… .
 After having seen your advertisement in … , I would like to… .
 After having received your address from … , I … .
 Thank you for your letter regarding/about … .
 In reply to your letter of 18 June, … .
90
Planning an
IELTS General Writing Informal
Task
VIP Talk Language Academy
1 IELTS Letter
By: Ali Mikaeli
It might seem like
Examples of ainformal
waste of letter
valuable time, but planning is an essential part of the IELTS
openings:
writing paper. Most people don’t plan and they normally get lost in the middle of their writing
and waste lotsHi!ofMy
time trying to make their writing clear and organised. Remember that your
name is Noah and I've been assigned your drama coach… .
letter must be well organised and easy to read and a plan will really help you with this and
 Hello, My name is Julia and I'm volunteer conducting student excursions… .
actually save you time.
 Hi there, I hope you're enjoying your holidays/ trip/ college year/ honeymoon… .
 Hello, thanks very much for asking me to visit you ... .
Below is the structure I advise all of my General Training IELTS students to follow when doing
task 1.
Dear [First name only of friend]

Letter closings
Paragraph 1- Say why you are writing to them (I’m just writing to let you know that….)
You may need a letter closing to express gratitude, to repeat an apology, to offer help etc.
Paragraph 2- Bullet point 1 and supporting details
Examples of formal letter closings:
 If you require any further information, feel free to contact me.
 I look forward to your reply.
 I look forward to hearing from you.
Looking forward to hearing
Once again, fromfor
I apologise youanysoon.
inconvenience.
 I would appreciate your immediate attention to this matter.
All the best
 I would deeply appreciate it if you could ... .
 Thank you in advance!
[Your first
 name only]
Thanking you for your assistance in advance, I look forward to hearing from you.
You shouldn’t
Examplesneed to changeletter
of informal this structure
closings:and you can use it again and again for any informal
task 1 answer. Try making a plan before you start writing and use it to plan your answers. All
you haveto do then isI‛ve
Anyway, think
gotof
to the supporting
go now. details
Write again for paragraphs
if you 2, 3information.
need any more and 4 and write your
answer.  Well, let me finish here. I am eagerly waiting for your reply to this letter.
Informal
LinkingLanguage
structures
Informal language
Using a wide does
rangenot
of mean you can
vocabulary relax
will helpand
youwrite likehigher
to gain you would
scoreinataIELTS.
text message to a
friend. Remember that this is an English test and your grammar and spelling will have to be
correct.
Don't fear: you don't have to learn all of these phrases. Just choose a few that you like and
practice using them in your writing.
Avoid using abbreviations like ‘luv’ or ‘bcuz’. Also, don’t use acronyms like ‘LOL’ or ‘OMG’
and never use emoticons
Listingidea to use contractions likeGiving

It is a good ‘I’ve’,examples Generalising
‘I’d’ and ‘I’m’. This is one of the ways that you
can show the examiner that you know how to write an informal letter.
firstly, secondly, thirdly for example in general
first, furthermore, finally for instance generally
91
By: Ali Mikaeli
Below is a range of informal language that you can use in your informal letters. Which ones you
use will depend on the context.
Stating Purpose
I’m just writing to let you know that….
I’m writing to tell you about….
Apologising
I’m very sorry about…..
I’d like to apologise for….
Asking for help
I’d be really grateful if you could…..
I was wondering if you would give me a hand with…..
I was wondering if you would do me a favour.
Expressing Satisfaction
I was over the moon to hear about….
I was thrilled to find out that/about……
Giving bad news
I’m afraid I’ve a bit of bad news for you.
Ending
All the best.
Keep in touch.
Informal Letter Writing Checklist

Here are some questions you should ask yourself when trying to write an informal IELTS letter.
1. Have I read and thought about the instructions carefully?
92
Task 1
You have lost something on a bus and called the customer service to get help. You weren’t happy with their
response. Write a letter to the bus company manager. In your letter
– describe the item you lost

– explain why you weren’t happy with the customer service
– say what action you would like the company to take.
Dear Sir or Madam,

I am writing to register a complaint about your customer service.
Three days ago, when I left a bus on route 3, I left my handbag on the seat next to me. The handbag contained my
ID card as well as 300$ in cash.
I contacted customer service immediately, and I was told that the bus driver would be informed of the incident. I
was also reassured that someone would call me back to let me know if my handbag had been found. However, I
had to call them back after three hours of waiting for their callback. To my astonishment, the person who picked
up the phone the second time had no idea what I was talking about, ( No comma) and said that he would call
the driver immediately. By that time, someone must have spotted and taken the handbag because the driver could
not find anything on my seat.
I hold your company directly responsible for my loss, ( No comma) since it was the lack of coordination between
your customer service and your driver that resulted in the loss of the handbag. As such, I expect to be compensated
for my inconvenience as well as the item I have lost.
Sincerely yours,
Karen McEntitled
Band score 7.5
93
Task 1
You recently went on a holiday tour for a week. Your friend lent you a guidebook. Write a letter to thank your
friend. In your letter
– Tell your friend about the holiday

– Explain how the guidebook was helpful
– Tell him/her when and how you will return the guidebook.
Dear Armin,
I hope you’re doing great. I just wanted to thank you for the great guidebook. It helped me a lot!
On the first day of the trip, I went to Shirkooh. I had no idea the place would be so huge. If it weren’t for your
guidebook, I would have been completely lost. The place was amazing. I particularly liked the statue of the
wrestlers on the peak.
On the second day, I visited Zooeram dam. Again, the side road that reached the top of the dam would have been
impossible to find if I didn’t have your guidebook with me. I had lunch there and enjoyed myself to the fullest.
On the third and fourth days, I went to a place called Garazo. As you know, it is heavenly. The way the river cuts
through the forest, the sound of the water splashing against stone, it was just wonderful.
I just got back home and I need to take care of some things. If it’s ok with you, we can meet up tomorrow night
at Playhouse café so that I can tell you more about my trip and return this treasure that you so kindly lent me.
Stay safe,
Mahshid
Band score 8
94
A letter of complaint
Dear Sir/Madam,
I am writing to express my dismay at the service at your Eden Hill branch on Saturday 14 January.
I often collect prescriptions from the pharmacy on behalf of my grandmother, Mrs Elaine
Bingham. On this occasion there were two prescriptions: one for 10 x 50 mg Kendomol and one
for 50 x 100 mg Leoprone. I was served quickly even though there appeared to be only one
pharmacist on duty. However, as I was leaving I saw that I had been given 500 mg tablets of
Kendomol. This is ten times stronger than the prescription called for.
If I hadn't noticed the difference between the prescription and the actual tablets, my grandmother
could have taken a dangerous overdose of Kendomol. I would be worried about getting any future
prescriptions at Eden Hill.
The pharmacist apologised and corrected the mistake but I wanted to bring it to your attention. I
think it happened because there were not enough staff on duty. I understand that mistakes happen
but there needs to be a minimum of two pharmacists at all times so all prescriptions can be
checked.
I hope you can take steps to make sure this mistake does not happen again.
Yours faithfully,
Roger Bingham
Tips
1. Focus on the most important facts. Don't give unnecessary background information.
2. Make sure you include:
o the reason for writing (e.g. I am writing to ...)
o what went wrong
o what you would like to happen now.
3. Complaint letters are usually written in a formal style.
4. Use passives to be less direct and more formal, e.g. I was served quickly.
5. Use Yours faithfully to sign off if you don't know the name of the person you're writing to.
95
5. Use Yours faithfully to sign off if you don’t know the name of the person you’re writing to.
Tasks
Task 1
Match the sentences (1–6) with the parts of the email (a–f).
Sentences Parts of the email

1. …… Yours faithfully, a. greeting
2. …… I have been a regular customer of your b. introducing your reason for writing
shop for many years. c. background information
3. …… I would like a refund of the difference as d. what went wrong
soon as possible.
e. what you’d like to happen
4. …… Dear Sir/Madam, f. closing
5. …… I am writing to express my dissatisfaction
at the service I received.
6. …… After leaving your shop today, I realised I
had been charged £100 instead of £10.
© 2019 British Council www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish
96
Task 2
Write the sentences in the correct group.
I trust that you will replace I would be grateful if you

There is an error in the bill.
the item. could look into the matter.
There seems to be a problem with the

The delay was unacceptable.
battery.
When I checked the item, I I hope you can take steps to

found that it had been I must insist on a full refund. make sure this does not
damaged. happen again.
What went wrong What you’d like to happen
Task 3
Rewrite these sentences using the passive to avoid saying the pharmacist.
1. The pharmacist served me within ten minutes.

I ……………………………… within ten minutes.
2. I realised the pharmacist had given me the wrong medicine.
I realised I ……………………………… the wrong medicine.
3. The pharmacist should have checked the prescription more carefully.
The prescription should ……………………………… more carefully.
4. The pharmacist corrected the mistake.
The mistake ……………………………… .
5. The pharmacist must not make this mistake again.
This mistake must ……………………………… again.
Discussion
Have you ever made a complaint? What happened?
© 2019 British Council www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish 97

Writing:
Writing:B2
B2
An email
An email to
to request
request time
time off
off
Learnhow
Learn howtotowrite
writean
anemail
emailto
torequest
request time
time off.
off.
Beforereading
Before reading
Do the preparation task first. Then read the text and tips and do the exercises.
Preparation task
Preparation task
Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).
Match the definitions (a–h) with the vocabulary (1–8).
Vocabulary Definitions
Vocabulary Definitions
1. …… to cover for somebody a. To be expected or owed at a certain time
1. …… to cover for somebody a. To be expected or owed at a certain time
2. …… annual leave b. To be greater in number or size than (something)
2. …… annual leave b. To be greater in number or size than (something)
3. …… to be due c. A number of paid days off work which employees may
3. …… to be due c. Atake
number
everyofyear
paid days off work which employees may
4. …… expertise
4. …… expertise take every year
5. …… to exceed (something) d. The time that an employee who has worked extra
5. …… to exceed (something) d. The time
hours maythat anas
take employee
leave who has worked extra
6. …… time off in lieu hours may take as leave
6. …… time off in lieu e. A reference document with information about a
7. …… a playbook e. Acompany’s
referencetasks
document with
7. …… a playbook and how toinformation
carry them about a
out, including
8. …… an MBA company’s
the roles andtasks and how to carry
responsibilities them
of team out, including
members
8. …… an MBA
f. the roles
To do and responsibilities
someone’s work because of team members
they are ill or away
f.g. To do someone’s work because they are ill or away
A high level of skill or knowledge in a particular field
g.h. AMaster
high level of skill or
of Business knowledge inaahigher
Administration; particular field
university
h. Master
degreeof inBusiness
business Administration; a higher university
degree in business
An email to request time off

An email to request time off
From: Stefan Bauer
To: Emma
From: Louise
Stefan BauerJensen
Subject:
To: Emma Request for time off
Louise Jensen
Subject:
Dear MsRequest
Jensen, for time off
Dear Ms Jensen,
I’m writing to request some time off between Monday 18 February and Friday 8 March in
order to work on my some
I’m writing to request MBA dissertation, which Monday
time off between is due for
18submission
February andon 30 March.
Friday 8 March in
order to work on
I understand thatmy
theMBA
three dissertation,
weeks I amwhich is dueexceeds
requesting for submission on 30 annual
my remaining March. leave by four
days. I wouldthat
I understand likethe
to ask
threeif those
weeksfour
I amdays may be taken
requesting in lieu
exceeds myof the extraannual
remaining working hours
leave byI four
put
in during
days. thelike
I would twotoweekends
ask if thoseof the
fourChicago
days mayInternational
be taken inManagement Conference
lieu of the extra workinglast
hours I put
November.
in during the two weekends of the Chicago International Management Conference last
November.
I have spoken to Kristian Sander and Jasmine Riber, who have both agreed to cover for me
during
I have my absence.
spoken I would
to Kristian also and
Sander distribute
Jasminea playbook forhave
Riber, who my team
bothmembers
agreed tosocover
that everyone
for me
during my absence. I would also distribute a playbook for my team members so that everyone
98
is clear on the tasks they are in charge of and the deadlines they have to meet. During my
leave, I would be fully reachable by phone and email to answer any questions or provide any
assistance needed. I would also be happy to discuss any further plans to ensure my workload
is covered.
I believe that the research I am doing and the resulting MBA will contribute greatly to my
professional development, and my improved expertise and qualifications will in turn benefit
the company.
Please let me know if you need any additional information. Thank you for your consideration
of my request.
Best regards,
Stefan Bauer
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Tips
1. This is a formal request for time off, so unless you know the recipient very well, start your
email with Dear ... ,
2. State the dates of your absence clearly.
3. Be clear right from the beginning what it is you are asking for. In some cultures, it might be
more common to start by providing full background information about why time off is
needed. However, when communicating across cultures, it is better to be direct (but polite)
and clear about what you are requesting, so as to avoid possible miscommunication.
4. Give clear reasons why you need the time off, but don’t go into too much unnecessary
detail.
5. Assure your manager that your work can be covered and that any problems during your
absence can be dealt with.
6. If possible, show how your company or team can benefit from your request being
approved.
7. End by thanking your manager for considering your request.

99
6. Stefan thinks that the studying he is doing will be good for both himself True False
and his company.
Task 2
Complete the sentences.
cover advance leave approval considering
ask taken ensure reachable receiving
Dear Mr Pennant,
I am writing to (1)……………………………… for some time off from Monday 22 July through to Friday
26 July. It has been a while since I have (2)……………………………… time off work and I wish to use
some of my annual (3)……………………………… to spend some much needed time with my family.
Upon your (4)……………………………… , I will make plans to arrange for (5)……………………………… of my
responsibilities and I will also (6)……………………………… that all pending work will be completed in
(7)……………………………… before I leave. I will be checking my email every day when I’m off and will
be (8)……………………………… if urgently needed. Thank you for (9)……………………………… my request and I
look forward to (10)……………………………… your response.
Best regards,
Jingmei Yuan
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Task 3
Choose the correct answer.
1. Which is the best greeting?

a. Hi Jennifer,
b. Dear Ms Smith,
c. Dear Sir/Madam,
2. Which is the best first line?
a. I’m writing to request annual leave soon because of an important event.
b. I’m writing to request a day of annual leave on Friday 2 May to attend my son’s
graduation ceremony.
c. As my youngest son has recently graduated from university and the graduation
ceremony will be held on Friday 2 May, I would like to take a day of annual leave.
3. Which is the best request?
a. I would like to take five days of annual leave.
b. I want to take five days of annual leave.
c. I need to take five days of annual leave.
4. Which is the best justification?
a. Attending this training course will be a great experience for me.
b. Attending this training course is more important than my daily work.
c. Attending this training course will benefit both myself and the company, as I will
share what I learn with my team.
5. Which is the best way to assure the manager that your work will be covered while you’re
away?
a. If I have time, I will leave detailed instructions for the team to cover my work.
b. Upon your approval, I will leave detailed instructions for the team to cover my
work.
c. It will be difficult for the team to cover my work while I’m away, but I hope they will
be able to manage.
6. Which is the best ending?
a. Please approve my request.
b. Please let me know when you give your approval. Thank you.
c. Please let me know if you need any additional information. Thank you for your
consideration of my request.
Discussion
How much annual leave do people normally get in your country? In your workplace, what is
the general attitude to taking time off work?
© 2019 British Council www.britishcouncil.org/learnenglish 101

Writing: B2
An informal email to a friend
Learn how to write an informal email to a friend.
Before
Hi Helga, reading
I’ve been
Do the meaning totask
preparation write to you
first. forread
Then agesthe
now soand
text don’t worry!
tips How
and do didexercises.
the your exams go? When
will you know your results? I’m sure you did brilliantly as always!
As for me, I’ll have
Preparation been in the new job three months by the end of next week so I’m feeling
task
more settled in. At first I felt like I had no idea what I was doing but now I realise it’s normal to
Write the phrases in the correct group.
feel like that. There was a lot to learn – there still is actually – and I soon had to get used to
the idea that I can’t know everything. I used to work late a lot and at weekends but I’m slowly
getting Hope to hear from
Hiinto a normal routine.
Pradeep! Dear Sir/Madam, How’s it going?
you soon,
Which means I’d love to come and visit! We really need a good catch up! I can’t believe we
haven’t
I look seen each
forward toother
a since Carl’s wedding. How does next month sound? I am writing to
Yours sincerely, Take care,
prompt
Anyway, reply.get back to work.
I’d better request …
Congratulations on the new flat! Can’t wait to see you!
Love, Informal Formal
Linda
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Tips
1. You can start an informal email with Hi ...
2. Make sure you answer any questions that were asked.
3. Use informal vocabulary like phrasal verbs (e.g. to get together, to catch up) to create a
friendly tone.
4. Before you sign off, close the email with a phrase like Looking forward to seeing
you! Or Good luck with your exams!
Reading text: An informal email to a friend
5. End with Love, (for close friends and family) or Take care, before signing your name on the
Hi Linda,
next line.
How’s it going?
Sorry I haven’t been in touch for such a long time but I’ve had exams so I’ve been studying
every free minute. Anyway, I’d love to hear all your news and I’m hoping we can get together
soon to catch up. We just moved to a bigger flat so maybe you can come and visit one
weekend?
How’s the new job?
Looking forward to hearing from you!
Helga
……………………………………………………………………………………………
102
5. How does ... sound? is an informal way of suggesting something. True False
6. People don’t write in paragraphs in informal emails. True False
Task 2
Match the sentences (1–6) with the replies (a–f).
Sentences Replies
1. …… I was wondering if you want to go for dinner. a. Things have been good and …
2. …… I’m really sorry I’ve not been in touch. b. Sorry to hear that!
3. …… How are you doing? c. Don’t worry! I’ve been super busy
4. …… Just to let you know I passed my exams! too.
5. …… I’ve been ill for most of the month so I d. I’d love to. How about Tuesday?
couldn’t come to your party. e. Happy to help any way I can.
6. …… I was hoping you could do me a favour. f. So good to hear your news.
Task 3
Write one word to fill each gap.
1. Sorry I haven’t been ……………………………… touch for such a long time.

2. I’ve been meaning to write to you ……………………………… ages.
3. How did your exams ……………………………… ?
4. I felt like I didn’t know what I was doing ……………………………… first!
5. Anyway, I’d better ……………………………… back to work.
6. Can’t wait ……………………………… see you!
7. We really need a good catch ……………………………… !
8. I can’t believe we haven’t seen each other ……………………………… Carl’s wedding.
Discussion
What’s the best way to stay in touch with friends you don’t see often?
103
Writing: C1
An email request
Learn how to write a formal email to make a request.
Before reading
Preparation task
Match the definitions (a–f) with the vocabulary (1–6).
Vocabulary Definition
1. …… an inconvenience a. unexpected
2. …… due to b. a repayment of money you have paid for something
3. …… enrolled on c. to delay
4. …… a refund d. a small and perhaps annoying problem
5. …… unforeseen e. registered for a course
6. …… to postpone f. because of
Reading text: An email request

Dear Ms Leitman,
I am writing to request your help following a change in my circumstances.
As you know, I am enrolled on the Basic Spanish course at your college, which starts in
September. However, due to unforeseen family events, I have had to leave the country for a
while to assist my parents in Hong Kong.
At present it is not clear when I will be able to return and unfortunately I will not be able to
start the course as planned.
I would like to request a refund for the course fees already paid. I apologise for the short
notice and for any inconvenience caused. In the event that a refund is not possible, I would be
grateful if you could postpone my enrolment until my return.
Thank you in advance for your help and I hope to be able to update you on the situation soon.
Yours sincerely,
Honor Singh

104
……………………………………………………………………………………………
Tips
1. Organise the letter clearly into:
• The reason for writing
• The nature of the problem
• The outcome you’d like
• An apology for the inconvenience
2. Don’t go into too much personal detail when explaining the problem, as this is a formal
situation with a person you don’t know well.
3. To make polite requests use the phrase I would be grateful if you could …
4. Using nouns instead of verbs can make your writing sound more formal. (For example,
instead of My circumstances have changed, say There has been a change in my
circumstances.)
5. Sign off Yours sincerely, if you know the person’s name and Yours faithfully, if you don’t.
Tasks
Task 1
Choose the best answer.
1. Which sentence is appropriate for a formal letter?

a. Unfortunately, due to unforeseen circumstances regarding my accommodation I
have had to return to my own country.
b. Unfortunately, my mother and I have argued and I have had to move out of her
house. I’m staying with friends but don’t feel comfortable staying too long so I
have had to return to my own country.
a. I might be able to come back in September or March. It depends on my visa
request, so who knows?
b. At present it is not clear when I will be able to return.
a. I am afraid I will not be able to attend.
b. I don’t feel like attending.
a. I am expecting a full refund.
b. I’m hoping that you will consider issuing a refund.
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a. I would be grateful if I could start the course at a later date.
b. I want to start the course at a later date.
a. I apologise for any inconvenience caused and hope the situation will be resolved
as soon as possible.
b. I apologise for any inconvenience caused and I look forward to your immediate
reply on the matter.
Task 2
Complete the sentences with words from the box.
planned longer due
event present caused
1. As you know, I was ……………………………… to start in September.

2. At ……………………………… it is not clear when I can return.
3. I will not be able to start the course as ……………………………… .
4. I will no ……………………………… be able to take my place on the course.
5. In the ……………………………… that a refund is not possible, please could you …?
6. I apologise for any inconvenience ……………………………… .
Task 3
Write one word to complete the more formal sentences.
1. My circumstances have changed. ➔ There has been a ……………………………… in my

circumstances.
2. I am sorry I didn’t tell you earlier. ➔ I apologise for the short ……………………………… .
3. Please could you give me back the money? ➔ I would like to request a ……………………………… .
4. Can I enrol on the course later? ➔ I would be grateful if you could postpone my
……………………………… .
5. I would like to start the course when I come back. ➔ I would like to start the course on my
……………………………… .
6. I am sorry if this is inconvenient. ➔ I apologise for any ……………………………… caused.
Discussion
When was the last time you had to cancel something because of an unforeseen situation?
106
‫ﮔﺮاف ﺎ(‬ ‫راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ )ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ای ﺑﺮ ﺴﮏ اول‬
‫ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن در ﺨﺶ آ ﻠ ﺲ راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ‪ 60‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ‪ 2‬ﺴﮏ در ﻧﻈﺮ ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻃﺒﻖ‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧ ﻨﺪی ﭘ ﺸﻨ ﺎد ﺷﺪە ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﻃﺮاﺣﺎن ﺳﻮال ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺴﮏ اول )ﻧﻮﺷ ﮏ ﮔﺰارش ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﺼ ﺮی دادە ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ( و ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ‪ 40‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺴﮏ دوم )ﻧﻮﺷ ﮏ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ( اﺧﺘﺼﺎص دادە‬
‫ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻣﻠﺰم ﻪ رﻋﺎ ﺖ ﻣﺤﺪود ﺖ ﺎی زﻣﺎ ‪ 20‬و ‪ 40‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﻧ ﺴ ﺪ و ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﺑﺮ‬
‫اﺳﺎس ﺗﻮاﻧﻤﻨﺪی ﺎی ﺧﻮد‪ ،‬ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ‪ 60‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ آزﻣﻮن راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ را ﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺧﻮد ﻣﺪﯾ ﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﺴﮏ اول را در ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ‪ 15‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﻪ اﺗﻤﺎم ﺑﺮﺳﺎﻧ ﺪ در ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﺴﮏ دوم ‪45‬‬
‫دﻗ ﻘﻪ وﻗﺖ ﺧﻮا ﺪ داﺷﺖ ﺎ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺠﺎی ‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ )زﻣﺎن ﭘ ﺸﻨ ﺎدی( راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول را در ‪ 25‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ‬
‫ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ ﮐﻪ در ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﺴﮏ دوم ‪ 35‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ وﻗﺖ ﺎ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫رود‪:‬‬ ‫در ﺴﮏ اول راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ از ﺷﻤﺎ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر‬
‫در ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﭘ ﺸﻨ ﺎدی ‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ‪ ،‬ﮏ ﮔﺰارش )ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﮔﺮاف ﺗﺼ ﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە( ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دارای ‪ 150‬ﻠﻤﻪ ﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮآﯾﻨﺪ ﮔﺮاف ﺗﺼ ﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە )‪ (overall view‬و ﺑ ﺎن ﻣ ﻤ ﻦ ﺗﻐﯿ ات روﻧﺪ ﺎ‪ ،‬اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم ﺎ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ای آﻧ ﺎ ﻪ اﺧﺘﺼﺎر ﺑ ﺎن ﺷﻮد و در ﺮﮔ ﻧﺪە ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺷﺨ ﻧ ﺴﻨﺪە ﻧ ﺎﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﮔﺰارش ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺎ ﺪ ﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪە )ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻦ( ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ ﺪون ﻧ ﺎە ﮐﺮدن ﻪ ﺗﺼ ﺮ دادە‬
‫ﺷﺪە‪ ،‬ﺎﻣﻼ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ ﻧ ﺎت اﺻ و ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺷﺪە و ﺑﺘﻮاﻧﺪ آن را در ذ ﻦ ﺧﻮد ﺗﺮﺳ ﻢ ﮐﻨﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻪ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ آ ﻠ ﺲ راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ‬ ‫اﺟﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺎ‬
‫اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات ﺴﮏ ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﭘ ﺸﻨ ﺎدی‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻠﻤﺎت ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﻧ ع راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ‬

‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬
‫ﻧ ﺎرش ﮏ ﮔﺰارش‬ ‫‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 150‬ﻠﻤﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷ ﮏ ﻣﻘﺎﻟﻪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎە‬ ‫‪ 40‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ‬ ‫ﺴﮏ دوم آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ و ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 250‬ﻠﻤﻪ‬
‫ﺟ ال‬
‫زﻣﺎﻧ ﻨﺪی ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ﺑﺮای راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‬
‫ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ﺑﺮای اﻧﺠﺎم اﯾﻦ ﺴﮏ ‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬زﻣﺎﻧ ﻨﺪی ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ز ﺮ ﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻤﮏ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﮐﺮد ﺗﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ ــﻊ ﺗﺮ ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ و ﻣﺪﯾ ﺖ زﻣﺎن ﺑﻬ ی داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ ﻤﮏ ﺎراﻓ ﻨﮓ‬ ‫‪ 5‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ اول‪ :‬ﺧﻮاﻧﺪن ﺳﻮال و ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ ﮔﺮاف دادە ﺷﺪە و ﻧﻮﺷ‬
‫ﮔﺮاف ﮐﻪ در ﻧ ﺎە اول ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﻣﺸﺎ ﺪە ﻧ ﺎﺷﺪ و‬ ‫‪ 5‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ دوم‪ :‬ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ در ﺑﺮآﯾﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺎ ‪ overall view‬در ‪ 2‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫‪ 10‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ آﺧﺮ‪ :‬ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣ ﻤ ﻦ ﺟ ﺎت ﮔﺮاف ﺎ ﺑ ﻤﺮاە اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم دادە ﺷﺪە و ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﺎ ﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ در‬
‫ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ ‪ 5‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ وﻗﺖ اﺧﺘﺼﺎص د ﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫دو ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺻ ﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ‬
‫‪107‬‬
‫‪IELTS JOURNAL‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪@ieltsjournalchannel‬‬

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‫ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ رﻋﺎ ﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻧ ﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺎ ﺪ در ﻨ ﺎم ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﺴﮏ اول راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‪ ،‬ﺴﮏ ﺗ ﺪ ﻞ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺗﺼ ﺮی ﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻧﻮﺷﺘﺎری ﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ در آن از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺎ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﮏ ﺗﺼ ﺮ )ﮔﺮاف( ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ ﻧ ﺎت ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ آن را ﻪ دﻗﺖ ﻪ رﺷﺘﻪ ی ﺗﺤ ﺮ درآور ﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮای اﻧﺠﺎم ﺻﺤﯿﺢ اﯾﻦ ﺴﮏ‬
‫رﻋﺎ ﺖ ﻧ ﺎت ز ﺮ ﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻪ ﮔﺮدد‪.‬‬
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ ﺪ ﮐﻮﺗﺎە و ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻪ ﻋ ﺎرت د ﮕﺮ ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن )ﺑ ﺎن ﮏ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻪ روش د ﮕﺮی(‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎﻓ ﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺑﺮ از ﻧ ﺴﻨﺪ ﺎن ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ د ﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە ﺳ‬
‫)‪ (overall view‬را ﻪ اﻧﺘ ﺎی ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﻨﻨﺪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺮ د ﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ د ﻨﺪ ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە را ﻄﻮر‬
‫ﻣﺠﺰا و ﻌﺪ از ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺑﻨ ﺴﻨﺪ و ﺑﺮ د ﮕﺮ ﺗﺮﺟﯿﺢ د ﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە را در اﻧﺘ ﺎی ﻣ ﮔﺰارش‬
‫ﻌﻨﻮان آﺧ ﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺑﻨ ﺴﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺟﺎی ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە ‪ ،‬ﻗﺎﻧﻮن ﺧﺎ ﻧﺪارد و‬
‫ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﻪ دﻟﺨﻮاە ﺧﻮد ﺟﺎی آن را در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺧﻮد اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﻨ ﺪ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف اﻟﺰاﻣ ﺴﺖ‬
‫ﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣ ﻢ در ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺗﺼﺎو ﺮ دادە‬ ‫در ﻧﻤﺮە ﺷﻤﺎ ا ﻔﺎ ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬در ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە‬ ‫و ﻧﻘﺶ ﻣ‬
‫ﮔﺮاف را )ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ در ﻧ ﺎە اول ﻪ راﺣ ﻗﺎ ﻞ د ﺪن ﻧ ﺎﺷﺪ( ﺗﻮﺿﯿﺢ د ﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺪە را ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدە و در ‪ 2‬ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺳ‬
‫در ﻨ ﺎم ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺟﻤﻼت اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﺪە در ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال را در ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺎﺳﺨﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﺧﻮد ﮐ ﻧﮑﻨ ﺪ و ﺠﺎی‬
‫اﯾﻨ ﺎر ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال را ﻪ ز ﺎن ﺧﻮد ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن ﻌ ﺗﮑﻨ ﮏ ﺑ ﺎن ﮏ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از‬
‫ﻟﻐﺎت و ﺎ ﮔﺮاﻣﺮ ﺎی د ﮕﺮ ﻪ رو ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻄﻮر ﮑﻪ ﻣﻌﻨﺎی اوﻟ ﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ دادە ﺷﺪە ﺣﻔﻆ ﺷﻮد‪) .‬در اداﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺿ ﺤﺎت و‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺑ ﺸ اراﺋﻪ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺷﺪ( در ﺻﻮرت ﮐ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال ﻪ ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺎﺳﺨﻨﺎﻣﻪ ﻧﻪ ﺗﻨ ﺎ ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻠﻤﺎت ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ی‬
‫ﮐ ﺷﺪە از ﺗﻌﺪاد ﻞ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ )ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 150‬ﻠﻤﻪ( ﮐ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﻠ ﻪ ﺑﺮای ﮐ ﮐﺮدن ﻢ ﻧﻤﺮە از دﺳﺖ ﺧﻮا ﺪ‬
‫داد ز ﺮا ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪە )ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻦ( ﻌﺎ ﻣﺘﻮﺟﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺷﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ ‪ overall view‬ﺎ ﺪ در ﺮﮔ ﻧﺪە ﻠ ﺎت ﻧ ﺎت اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪە در ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺎ اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە‬
‫ﻧ ﺎ ﺪ ﺑﺮداﺷﺖ ﺎ و ﻧﻈﺮات ﺷﺨ ﻧ ﺴﻨﺪە ﻟﺤﺎظ ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺎﺷﻨﺪ‪ .‬در ﯿﭻ ﺟﺎی اﯾﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫و ﻓﻘﻂ ﺎ ﺪ ﻪ ﻤﮏ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە در ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺗﺼﺎو ﺮ‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‪.‬‬
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ )ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ‪ 2‬ﺎرا ﺮاف( ﺎ ﺪ درﺮﮔ ﻧﺪە ی ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‪ ،‬اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم و ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﮔﺮاف دادە ﺷﺪە‬
‫ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬اﯾﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺎ ﺪ ﻪ ﻤﮏ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی )ﮔﺮوە ﺑﻨﺪی( و ﻄﻮر ﺧﻼﺻﻪ وار ﺑ ﺎن ﺷﻮد ز ﺮا درﺻﻮرت ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺮ‬
‫آﻧﭽﻪ ﮐﻪ در ﺗﺼ ﺮ آﻣﺪە اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻃﻮل ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺑ ﺶ از ‪ 150‬ﻠﻤﻪ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺗﺎﺛ ﻣﺴﺘﻘ ﺑﺮ ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن‬
‫ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎدی ‪ 20‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ای ﺧﻮا ﺪ داﺷﺖ ﻄﻮر ﮑﻪ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ وﻗﺖ ﺎ ﺑﺮای ﻪ اﺗﻤﺎم رﺳﺎﻧﺪن و ﻧﻮﺷ ﮔﺰارش ﺧﻮد‬
‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻨﺠﺮ ﻪ از دﺳﺖ دادن ﻧﻤﺮە ی ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﺗﻮﺟ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﮔﺮاف ﺎی ﭼﻨﺪ ﺧ ‪،‬‬
‫ﺠﺎی ﺑ ﺎن ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﺮ ﮏ از روﻧﺪ ﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺎری وﻗﺖ ﮔ و ﻧ ﺠﻪ اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺪ ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت و‬
‫ﺗﻀﺎد ﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪ ،‬اﻃﻼﻋﺎت را دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی و ﺳ ﺲ در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺧﻮد اراﺋﻪ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻗ ﻞ از وع ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ‪ ،‬ﮔﺮاف ﺎی )ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺗﺼﺎو ﺮ( دادە ﺷﺪە را ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ف ﻣﺪت زﻣﺎن ‪ 5‬دﻗ ﻘﻪ ﺑﺮای اﻧﺠﺎم‬
‫ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ و ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ر ﺰی ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﭘ ﺸﻨﻬﺎد ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﮋ ﺎ و ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﺎرز در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ را ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدە و آﻧﻬﺎ را‬
‫ﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﻗ ﻞ از وع ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف را ﻪ ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐ ﻣﻨﻄ و ارزش ﻣﺤﺘﻮا آﻧﻬﺎ‪،‬‬
‫اوﻟ ﺖ ﺑﻨﺪی ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺎ اﯾﻨ ﺎر ﺧﻮا ﺪ دا ﺴﺖ ﻣﺤﺘ ﺎت ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﭼﻪ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﺑﻮد‪.‬‬
‫در ﺻﻮر ﮐﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ در ﻃﻮل ﮏ ﺎزە زﻣﺎ ﺗﺎر ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺎﺷﺪ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﺗﻐﯿ ات‬
‫‪ 4‬ﺳﺎل ﻣﺘﻮا از ‪ 1992‬ﺗﺎ ‪ ،1996‬ﺎ ﺪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺮ ﺎزە زﻣﺎ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮏ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ذﮐﺮ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ا ﺮ‬ ‫ﻗ ﻤﺖ ﺑ ﻦ در‬
‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە در ﻣﻮرد ﮔﺮوە ﺎی ﺳ ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮐﻮد ﺎن‪ ،‬ﻧﻮﺟﻮاﻧﺎن‪ ،‬ﺟﻮاﻧﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣ ﺎن ﺳﺎل ﺎ و اﻓﺮاد ﻣﺴﻦ‬
‫ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬ﺎ ﺪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺮ ﮔﺮوە ﺳ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮏ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ و ﺎ ﮏ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﺑ دو ﺮﮔﺮوە ﺳ ذﮐﺮ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ی دو ﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﻣﻮرد از اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە در ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‪ ،‬از اﺑﺘﺪا ﺗ ﻦ و در ﻋ ﺣﺎل‬
‫ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ اﻧﺘﻈﺎرات اﯾﻦ ﺴﮏ ﺸﻤﺎر رود‪ .‬ﻤﻮارە ﺎ ﺪ ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت و ﺗﻀﺎد ﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‪،‬‬
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‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە را ﺎ ﻢ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮای ﺗﺎ ﺪ ﺑ ﺸ ﺑﺮ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ را ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻪ در ﺎ ﺎن ا‬
‫ﺳﻮاﻻت راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ آﻣﺪە اﺳﺖ ﺟﻠﺐ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﻢ ‪ make comparisons where relevant‬اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺑ ﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﻧﺘﻈﺎر ﺴﮏ ﻣﺒ ﺑﺮ اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ در ﺮ ﺟﺎی ﮔﺮاف ﮐﻪ ﻣﺮﺗ ﻂ ﺎﺷﺪ اﺳﺖ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺮای ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ ﮔﺮاف ﺎ و ﺎ ﺟﺪاول دادە ﺷﺪە در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‪ ،‬ﻤﻮارە ﮏ ﻗﻠﻢ در دﺳﺖ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ و‬
‫روی ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ و دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ﻤﭽﻨ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ را ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺮ آﻧﭽﻪ در ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺳﻮاﻻت ﻌﻨﻮان ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ ﺎ اوﻟ ﺖ ﺑﻨﺪی ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ ﻧ ﺴ ﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮرد ارزﺎ ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬
‫ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻦ ﻗﺮار ﻧ ﮔ د‪ .‬ﻤﭽﻨ ﻓﺮاﻣﻮش ﻧﮑﻨ ﺪ ﮐﻪ وﻗﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ای ﺑﺮای ﺎ ﻨ ﺲ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد و اﯾﻨ ﺎر‬
‫) ﺎ ﻨ ﺲ ﮐﺮدن( ﻪ ﯿﭻ وﺟﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻪ ﻧ ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﺎ ﺗﺤﻠ ﻞ اﺻﻮ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ و اوﻟ ﺖ ﺑﻨﺪی آﻧ ﺎ و ﻤﭽﻨ‬
‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﻣﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﻣ ﺎرت راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺧﻮد را ﻪ ﻧﺤﻮی ﺗﻘ ﺖ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺎ ﮑ ﺎر ﻧﻮﺷ روی ﺑﺮﮔﻪ ﺎی‬
‫ﺎﺳﺨﻨﺎﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ آﻧﭽﻪ از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ را ﻪ ﺑ ﻦ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﻧﺠﺎم د ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﺎ دارد؟‬ ‫ﺧﻮب در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﭼﻪ و ﮋ‬ ‫ﮏ ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﺧﻮاﻧﺪ‪ ،‬ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ﺎت ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﮐﺮد‪:‬‬ ‫ﻨ ﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻦ ﮔﺰارش ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﻮﺳﻂ ﺷﻤﺎ را‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ) ﮏ ﺎ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ( و ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال‬

‫ﺎ ‪) overall view‬دو ﺎ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ( و ﺑ ﺎن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ‪ 2‬ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ﻣ ﻢ در روﻧﺪ ﮔﺮاف ﮐﻪ در‬ ‫وﺟﻮد ﺎرا ﺮاف د ﺪ ﺎە ﺳ‬
‫ﻧ ﺎە اول ﺑﺮای ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪە ﻣﺸ ﻮد ﻧ ﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫وﺟﻮد ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ ﺑ ﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺟ ﺎت )ﺷﺶ ﺎ ﻔﺖ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف( و ﺑ ﺎن اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺷﺎﻣﻞ اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم‬
‫و اﻧﺠﺎم ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﺑ آﻧ ﺎ‬
‫ا ﻤ ﺖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از زﻣﺎن ﺎ ‪ tense‬ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬
‫‪ 4‬د ﻪ ﻃﺮا ﺷﺪە اﻧﺪ‪ ،‬از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺗﺎ ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﺎزە ﺎی‬ ‫در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ ﮐﻪ در ﻃﻮل ﮏ ﺎزە زﻣﺎ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل‬
‫زﻣﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﺧﻮد را ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﮔﺮاف ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از زﻣﺎﻧ ﺎی ﺻﺤﯿﺢ ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﺮ ﺎزە زﻣﺎ از ا ﻤ ﺖ ﺎﻻ ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار‬
‫اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﮔﺮا ﮐﻪ در آن ﺗﻐﯿ ات از ‪ 1‬د ﻪ ﻗ ﻞ وع ﺷﺪە و ﺗﺎ زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل اداﻣﻪ ﺎﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ و ﭘ ﺶ ﺑﯿ ﺗﻐﯿ ات‬
‫در ﮏ د ﻪ ﻌﺪ از زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﻧ ﺑ ﺎن ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺪ از زﻣﺎﻧ ﺎی ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ‪ ،‬ﺣﺎل و آﯾﻨﺪە اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﻮد‪ .‬ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪The rate of unemployment increased significantly between 2010 and 2012. (It happened in‬‬
‫)‪the past‬‬
‫‪The figures for the electricity consumption show a rapid growth during the day time. (It‬‬
‫)‪happens in the present, generally‬‬
‫‪It is predicted that the amount of air pollution will decrease by 5% within the next two years.‬‬
‫)‪(It will happen in the future‬‬
‫ﻪ زﻣﺎن ﺧﺎص ﺎ ﺎزە ﺎی زﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺸﺪە اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺪ از‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ ﮐﻪ در آن ﯿﭻ اﺷﺎرە ا‬
‫زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎدە در ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺎی ﺧﻮد اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪110‬‬

‫اﻧﻮاع ﮔﺮاف ﺎی ﺗﺼ ﺮی‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬
‫‪5‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪7‬‬
‫ﺟﺪول ﺎ ‪Table‬‬ ‫‪.1‬‬

‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻣ ﻠﻪ ای ﺎ ‪Bar Chart‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫ﺎ ‪Line graph‬‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺧ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮدار ﻠﻮﭼﻪ ای ﺎ ‪Pie chart‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ ﺎ ‪Process‬‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ ﺎ ‪Map‬‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫ﺗﺮﮐ ﺐ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎی ﺎﻻ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ & ‪Line graph‬‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫)‪pie chart (more than one graph‬‬ ‫‪111‬‬
‫( ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿ ات‬language of change) ‫( و ادﺑ ﺎت ز ﺎ ﻣﻮرد ﻧ ﺎز‬trends) ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات روﻧﺪ ﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮ از راﯾﺞ ﺗ ﻦ ﻠﻤﺎت در ﺟﺪاول ز ﺮ اراﺋﻪ‬.‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺗﻐﯿ ات در روﻧﺪ ﺎ از ادﺑ ﺎت ز ﺎ ﺧﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﻮد‬،‫ﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﮐﻪ در ﺟﺪاول ز ﺮ ﺑ ﻨ ﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات و ﺑ ﺎن ﺷﺪت و درﺟﻪ ی اﯾﻦ ﺗﻐﯿ ات از ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺎت اﻓﻌﺎل و ﻗﯿﻮد ﺎ اﺳﻢ ﺎ و ﺻﻔﺎت اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬.‫ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‬
Trends ‫روﻧﺪ ﺎ‬ Degree & speed ‫ﺷﺪت و درﺟﻪ‬

Verb ‫ﻓﻌﻞ‬ Noun ‫اﺳﻢ‬ Adverb Adjective Strong
‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬
rise a rise dramatically dramatic
increase an increase sharply sharp
grow a growth enormously enormous
climb a climb steeply steep
boom a boom substantially substantial
peak a peak considerably considerable
go up N/A significantly significant
rapidly rapid
fall a fall moderately moderate
decrease a decrease gradually gradual
reduce a reduction slightly slight
decline a decline minimally minimal
dip a dip
Weak
go down N/A
level out a leveling out :1 ‫ﺷ ﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬

not change no change GM car sales
remain stable (a period of)
stability 105
remain steady N/A
stay constant N/A 85
maintain the N/A
'000 dollars
65
same level
stand steady N/A 45
fluctuate a fluctuation 25
oscillate an oscillation
5
be volatile a period of
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
volatility
:‫ﺻﻔﺖ‬+‫ﻗ ﺪ و اﺳﻢ‬+‫ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺎت ﻓﻌﻞ‬1 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات در ﺷ ﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
GM car sales increased significantly from $5,000 to $105,000 between 1960 and 2010.
There was a significant increase of $100,000 in GM car sales, from $5,000 to $105,000, between
1960 and 2010.
GM car sales saw a significant growth in GM car sales, from $5,000 to $105,000, between 1960 and
2010.
GM car sales registered a significant rise between 1960 and 2010.
GM car sales reached a peak at $105,000 in 2010.
GM car sales had an enormous climb of $100,000 between 1960 and 2010.
.‫ﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از زﻣﺎن ﮔﺬﺷﺘﻪ در ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺎﻻ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬

112
.‫ﺻﻔﺖ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬+‫ﻗ ﺪ و اﺳﻢ‬+‫ ﻪ ﮔﺮاف ﺎی زﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﺮ ﮔﺮاف را ﺎ ﺗﺮﮐﯿ ﺎت ﻓﻌﻞ‬:1 ‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
A (Car sales in ‘000) B (Car sales) C (Car sales)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
D (Net users in ‘000) E (Net users) F (Net users)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
G (Cases of polio in ‘000) H (Cases of polio) I (Cases of polio)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
J (Radio listeners in ‘000) K (Radio listeners) L (Radio listeners)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
.‫ از زﻣﺎن آﯾﻨﺪە اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬L ‫ و‬J,K ‫ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﮔﺮاف ﺎی‬

113
It is predicted that the number of radio listeners will fall to 45,000 people in 2030. :‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
(‫ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮐﺮدن روﻧﺪ ﺎی ﻣﺸﺎ ﻪ و ﻣﺘﻀﺎد )ﺑ ﺎن ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت و ﺗﻔﺎوت ﺎ‬
Similar or different trends
(‫ )ﺗﺷﺎﺑﮭﺎت‬1 ‫( ﺷﮑل ﺷﻣﺎره‬Addition) (‫ )ﺗﺿﺎدھﺎ‬2 ‫( ﺷﮑل ﺷﻣﺎره‬Contrast)
GM car sales GM car sales

105 105
85 85
'000 Dollars
'000 Dollars
65 65
45 45
25 25
5 5
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
:‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت‬1 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻔﺎت ﺷﻤﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
GM car sales increased gradually to $24,000 in 1980, and then it continued its upward trend in the
next four years to reach a peak at $105,000 in 2010.
:‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺗﻀﺎد ﺎ‬1 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻔﺎت ﺷﻤﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
There was a sharp increase in GM car sales between 1960 and 1990 until it reached a high of almost
$95,000; however, sales began to decrease swiftly to under $65,000 in 2010.
.‫ ﻪ ﮔﺮاﻓﻬﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت ﺎ ﺗﻀﺎد ﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﺮ ﮔﺮاف را ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺎﻻ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬:2 ‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
A (Net users in ‘000) B (Net users) C (Net users)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
D (Birds population in ‘000) E (Birds population) F (Birds population)
105 105 105

85 85 85
65 65 65
45 45 45
25 25 25
5 5 5
114
‫( ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف ز ﺮ را ﻋﻼﻣﺖ ﮔﺬاری ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﺳ ﺲ ﺎ ﺑ ﺎن ﺸﺎﺑﻬﺎت و‬14 ‫ ﺗﺎ‬1 ‫ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﻟ ﺴﺖ ز ﺮ )از ﺷﻤﺎرە‬:3 ‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
.‫ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬،(2030 ‫ ﺗﺎ ﺳﺎل‬1940 ‫ﺗﻀﺎد ﺎ در ﺎزە ﺎی زﻣﺎ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﺪە روی ﮔﺮاف )از ﺳﺎل‬
1. mild fluctuations 8. a marked rise

2. a peak 9. a dramatic decrease
3. a period of instability 10. a period of slight volatility
4. a significant increase 11. a leveling out
5. a partial growth 12. a sharp decline
6. a record high 13. a plateau
7. figures climbing back 14. figures remaining constant
The number of XYZ radio station listeners since 1940 with projections until 2030
105
85
Thousand s
65
45
25
5
1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
:(‫ در ﻟ ﺴﺖ ﺎﻻ‬5 ‫ و‬1 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻤﻼت ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﮔﺮاف ﺎﻻ )ﺑﺮ اﺳﺎس ﺷﻤﺎرە ﺎی‬
There were mild fluctuations in the number of the XYZ radio station from 1980 to 2000, ranging
between 11 and 35 listeners; however, the figures saw a partial growth over the next two years,
reaching almost 25 thousand people.
115
‫ ﺎی ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‬preposition ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺎ‬
‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﺻﺤﯿﺢ در ﻨ ﺎم ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ روﻧﺪ ﺎ و ﺗﻐﯿ ات در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ از ﻧ ﺎت ر ﺰ اﻣﺎ‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺿ ﺤﺎت و ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ‬.‫ﺴ ﺎر ﺎ ا ﻤ ﺖ در ﻧ ع ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺎ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ ا داوﻃﻠﺒ ﺎ آن ﻣﺸ ﻞ دارﻧﺪ‬
.‫ ﻪ درﺳ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ‬،‫ﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻤﮏ ﺧﻮا ﻨﺪ ﮐﺮد ﺗﺎ از ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ی ﻣﻮرد ﻧ ﺎز در اﯾﻦ ﺴﮏ‬
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺗﻐﯿ ات رخ دادە در اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم‬to ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬.1
In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose to 10%.
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫دو ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻔﺎوت ﻋﺪدی ﺑ‬by ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬.2
In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell by 2% (from 10% to 8%).
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫اﯾﻦ ﻋﺪد‬ ‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﮏ ﻋﺪد در ﺟﺎ ﺎە داﺷ‬with ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬.3
He won the election with 52% of the vote.
:‫ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﻣﻘﺪار دﻗﯿﻖ اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم‬at ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ‬.4
Unemployment reached its highest level in 2008, at 10%.
.‫ ﺟﻤﻼت ز ﺮ را ﺗ ﻤ ﻞ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬،‫ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺣﺮوف اﺿﺎﻓﻪ دادە ﺷﺪە در اﯾﻦ ﺟﺪول‬:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
for at on to in by from between

of up down with and during
1. ……… 1990 ……… 2000, there was a drop ……… 15%.

2. GM car sales peaked ……… 2,000 in 1999.
3. The chart shows a decline ……… 35% ……… the bird population.
4. There has been a significant increase ……… the number of people aged over eighty.
5. There have been dramatic cuts ……… the level of spending on the elderly, reaching a
low …… 11%.
6. Profits rose ……… a low of 4.5 million to a high of 8 million in 2008.
7. Canada and Australia’s wheat exports fluctuated ……… 5 million and 6 million
respectively.
8. There were significant improvements ……… healthcare ……… 1980.
9. The statistics show a reduction ……… 20% ……… energy costs as a result ……… the
measures.
10.Profits fell ……… 10%, from 2,000 to 1,800 in 1970s.
11.The radio station experienced a fall ……… 36,000 listeners to a total audience ………
2.1 million. 116
117
12.The number of students fell ……… a low of 1,500 in the second half of the year.
13.Cases of AIDS shot ……… from 2,400 in 1996 to 4,000 in 2004.
14.Demand reached a peak ……… 45,000 in early March.
15.The number of cars sold remained unchanged in 1999 ……… three million.
16.Students do between three ……… four hours homework a night.
17.The number of accidents ……… 1999 was slightly higher than that of 2000.
18.The figure rose steadily ……… the four years between 1997 ……… 2001.
19.Oil production rose dramatically at first but then leveled out ……… $70 a barrel.
20.There was an increase ……… 50,000 between 1990 and 1992.
21.……… 1994 ……… 1997, sales rose steadily ……… over 20,000.
22.DVD sales peaked ……… 60,000 ……… 1992 but then decreased ……… about 10,000
over the next two years.
23.In the year 2000, sales started ……… 10,000. In the first month, there was a rise ………
around 2,000.
24.After some fluctuations, sales in 2000 reached their peak ……… just over 15,000, a
rise ……… 5,000 since the beginning of the year. Sales increased ……… over 10,000
between 1994 and 1997, but then dropped ……… more than 10,000 …………… 1997
and 1999.
25.In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose …… 10%.
26.In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose …… 10%, from 2,000 to 2,200 cases.
27.There was a slight rise …… the number of men employed.
28.Experts expect there to be a fall …… approximately 30% over the next decade.
29.The introduction ……… DVDs led to a decline ……… 20% ……… video sales.
30.The figures show a drop ……… 5% ……… student numbers.
31.The health service program spent a total ……… $2.5 billion on staffing …… April 2002.
32.The survey hopes to track trends ……… consumer spending.
33.In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell ……… 2% (from 10% to 8%).
34.He won the election ……… 52% of the vote.
35.Unemployment reached its highest level ……… the year 2008 ……… 10%.
36.……… 2002, the cost of an average house in the UK was around £130,000. ……… 2007,
the average house price had risen ……… almost £190,000, but it fell back ……… just
under £150,000 ……… 2008.
37.Japan ……… two gold medals and a silver one stood ahead of the US ……… one gold
and one bronze medal ……… 1968.
118
:‫ﺟﻮاﺑﻬﺎی ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﻗ ﻞ‬
1. From 1990 to 2000, there was a drop of 15%.

2. GM car sales peaked at 2,000 in 1999.
3. The chart shows a decline of 35% in the bird population.
4. There has been a significant increase in the number of people aged over eighty.
5. There have been dramatic cuts in the level of spending on the elderly, reaching a low
of 11%.
6. Profits rose from a low of 4.5 million to a high of 8 million in 2008.
7. Canada and Australia’s wheat exports fluctuated between 5 million and 6 million
respectively.
8. There were significant improvements in healthcare in 1980.
9. The statistics show a reduction of 20% in energy costs as a result of the measures.
10.Profits fell by 10%, from 2,000 to 1,800 in 1970s.
11.The radio station experienced a fall of 36,000 listeners to a total audience of 2.1
million.
12.The number of students fell to a low of 1,500 in the second half of the year.
13.Cases of AIDS shot up from 2,400 in 1996 to 4,000 in 2004.
14.Demand reached a peak of 45,000 in early March.
15.The number of cars sold remained unchanged in 1999 at three million.
16.Students do between three and four hours homework a night.
17.The number of accidents in 1999 was slightly higher than that of 2000.
18.The figure rose steadily in the four years between 1997 and 2001.
19.Oil production rose dramatically at first but then leveled out at $70 a barrel.
20.There was an increase of 50,000 between 1990 and 1992.
21.Between 1994 and 1997, sales rose steadily to over 20,000.
22.DVD sales peaked at 60,000 in 1992 but then decreased to about 10,000 over the
next two years.
23.In the year 2000, sales started at 10,000. In the first month, there was a rise of
around 2,000.
24.After some fluctuations, sales in 2000 reached their peak of just over 15,000, a rise of
5,000 since the beginning of the year. Sales increased to over 10,000 between 1994
and 1997, but then dropped to more than 10,000 between 1997 and 1999.
25.In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose to 10%.
26.In 2008, the rate of unemployment rose by 10%, from 2,000 to 2,200 cases.
27.There was a slight rise in the number of men employed.
28.Experts expect there to be a fall of approximately 30% over the next decade. 119
29.The introduction of DVDs led to a decline of 20% in video sales.
30.The figures show a drop of 5% in student numbers.
31.The health service program spent a total of $2.5 billion on staffing in April 2002.
32.The survey hopes to track trends in consumer spending.
33.In 2009, the rate of unemployment fell by 2% (from 10% to 8%).
34.He won the election with 52% of the vote.
35.Unemployment reached its highest level in the year 2008 at 10%.
36.In 2002, the cost of an average house in the UK was around £130,000. In 2007, the
average house price had risen to almost £190,000, but it fell back to just under
£150,000 in 2008.
37.Japan with two gold medals and a silver one stood ahead of the US with one gold and
one bronze medal in 1968.
120
‫ درﺻﺪ ﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻋﺸﺎری‬،‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ اﻋﺪاد‬
‫ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ‬،‫ درﺻﺪ ﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻋﺸﺎری و ﮐ ی ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﮏ ﺳﻮم از ارزش ﭼ ی‬،‫ اﻋﺪاد‬،‫در ﻌ از اﻧﻮاع ﮔﺮاف ﺎ ﻪ و ﮋە در ﺟﺪاول‬
.‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﻧ ﺎزﻣﻨﺪ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺷﻤﺎ ﺎ اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎ ﺎﺷﺪ‬
A. ‫ درﺻﺪ ﺎ و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ اﻋﺸﺎری‬،‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە در ﺟﺪول ز ﺮ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از اﻋﺪاد‬

:‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
1990 1995 Look how we write
1,200 1,800 fractions in task 1
½ = a half
1. The number went up by 600 from 1,200 to 1,800. (‫)اﻋﺪاد‬ ¼ = a quarter
2. The number went up by one third from 1,200 to 1,800. (‫)اﻋﺸﺎر‬ BUT:
1/3 = one third
3. The number went up by 50% from 1,200 to 1,800. (‫)درﺻﺪ‬
2/5 = two fifth
B. double, treble, quadruple, -fold and times ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎ ﻠﻤﺎ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
1992 1994 1996 1998

500 1,000 3,000 12,000
:‫ﻧﮑﺘﻪ‬
See how –fold & times are
1. The number doubled between 1992 and 1994. used in examples below:
2. The number trebled between 1994 and 1996.
3. The number quadrupled from 1996 to 1998. “In the last 50 years,
there has been a 35-fold
4. There was a two-fold increase between 1992 and 1994.
increase in the amount of
5. The number went up six times between 1992 and 1996. pesticide in farming.”
6. The figure in 1996 was six fold the 1992 figure.
7. The figure for 1996 was six times higher than that of 1992. “She earns five times
8. The figure for 1998 was four times greater than that of 1996. more than I do.”
C. ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از اﻋﺸﺎر‬
1992 1994 1996 1998

1,000 800 400 100
1. Between 1992 and 1994, the figure fell by one fifth.

2. Between 1994 and 1996, the figure dropped by half.
3. The figure in 1998 was one tenth the 1992 total.
D. ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از درﺻﺪ ﺎ‬:
Family Type Proportion of people living in poverty

Single aged person 6%
Aged couple 4%
1. 6% of single aged people were living in poverty.

2. The level of poverty among single aged people stood at 6% .
E. You could also add a comparison:
1. 6% of single aged people were living in poverty, compared to only 4% of aged couples.
121
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺑ ﺸ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات در ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻋﺪدی‬
1. 'double' (verb)
The number of unemployed people doubled between 2005 and 2009.
2. 'twice as...as/compared to', 'three times as...as/compared to'
There were twice as many unemployed people in 2009 as in 2005.

Twice as many people were unemployed in 2009 compared to 2005.
3. 'twofold', 'threefold' (adjective or adverb)
There was a twofold increase in the number of unemployed people between

2005 and 2009. (adjective with the noun 'increase')
The number of unemployed people increased twofold between 2005 and
2009. (adverb with the verb 'increase')
‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻋ ﺎرات ﺧﺎص‬

‫ﺷﻮد ﮐﻪ در ز ﺮ ﻪ ﺑﺮر‬ ‫ از ﻋ ﺎرات ﺧﺎص ﻧ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە‬،‫ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﮐﻨﺎر اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻟﻐﺎت ﺧﺎص‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫آﻧﻬﺎ ﺧﻮا ﻢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‬
The number of + Plural Countable Noun + Singular Verb Form
The number of people out of work fell by 99,000 to 2.39 million in the three months to
October.
The amount of + Singular Uncountable Noun + Singular Verb Form
The amount of rainfall doubles between May and June.
The proportion of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The proportion of spending on furniture and equipment reached its peak in 2001, at 23%.
The percentage of + Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Singular Verb Form
The percentage of people using their phones to access the Internet jumped to 41% in 2008.
The figures for Countable or Uncountable Nouns + Plural Verb Form
The figures for imprisonment fluctuated sharply over the period shown.
122
‫ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺗﻐﯿ ات از داﻣﻨﻪ ای ﻣﺘﻨ ع از ﻠﻤﺎت و ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از داﻣﻨﻪ ﻣﺘﻨﻮ از ﻠﻤﺎت‬،‫از ﻧ ﺎ ﮐﻪ در ﻤﻪ ی راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺎی ا ﻠ ﺲ ﻤﻮارە ﻣﻮرد ارز ﺎ ﻗﺮار ﮔ د‬
‫ ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ‬.‫اﺳﺖ ﻄﻮر ﮑﻪ ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺎ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮏ ﻣﻮﺿ ع از ﮏ ﻠﻤﻪ ﺗﮑﺮاری ﺎر ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺸﻮد‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ از ﻋ ﺎرات ز ﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
A large number of people 60% three-fifths

over a quarter of people 55% more than half
a small minority 50% half
A significant number of people 45% more than two fifths
less than a fifth 40% two-fifths
This table presents some examples 35% more than a third
of how you can change percentages 30% less than a third
to fractions or ratios: 25% a quarter
Percentage Fraction 20% a fifth
80% four-fifths 15% less than a fifth
75% three-quarters 10% one in ten
70% seven in ten 5% one in twenty
65% two-thirds
‫ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻏ ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮی ﮐﻪ ارزش ﻋﺪدی ﻣﺸﺨﺺ آن ﻣﻼ ﻧ ﺎﺷﺪ از ﻋ ﺎرات ز ﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
77% just over three quarters Percentage proportion / number /

77% approximately three quarters amount / majority / minority
49% just under a half 75% - 85% a very large majority
49% nearly a half 65% - 75% a significant proportion
32% almost a third 10% - 15% a minority
5% a very small number
‫ﺗﻮاﻧ ﻢ ﻠ ﻪ ﻟﻐﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە در ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺎﻻ را ﺠﺎی ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ اﻣﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ از ﻠﻤﻪ ی‬
‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل‬.‫ ﺑﺮای اﺳﺎ ﻏ ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬amount ‫ ﺑﺮای اﺳﺎ ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﺷﻤﺎرش و از ﻠﻤﻪ ی‬number
.‫ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
In 1999, 35% of British people went abroad for their holidays, while only 28% of
Australians spent their holidays in a different country. The figure for the USA stood at
31%.
Around 40% of women in the UK had an undergraduate qualification in 1999,
compared to 37% of men. The figures for the year 2000 rose slightly to 42% and 38%
respectively.
123

‫اﻓﺰودن ﺗﻮﺿ ﺤﺎت ﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺎی روﻧﺪ ﺎ‬
،‫ﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻪ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻣﻄﺎﻟﺐ دادە ﺷﺪە در ﺴﮏ اول و ﻤﭽﻨ ا ﻤ ﺖ اﺿﺎﻓﻪ ﮐﺮدن ﺗﻮﺿ ﺤﺎت ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺎی ﺧﻮد‬
‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘ‬،‫ ﺑﺮای ﺣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻣﺸ ﻞ‬.‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﻣﺸ ﻞ ز ﺎد ﻧﻮﺷ و ﻤﺒﻮد وﻗﺖ ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺷ ﺪ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﺷﺪە ﺗﻮﺻ ﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
1. Both cities experienced a rise in the number of tourists coming in through their
airports, which reached a common level of 255,000 in July.
Reduced Form: Both cities experienced a rise in the number of tourists coming in
through their airports, reaching a common level of 255,000 in July.
2. Gold bar prices experienced a spectacular rise in November, which climbed to a new
peak of $625.
Reduced Form: Gold bar prices experienced a spectacular rise in November, climbing
to a new peak of $625.
3. In the first half of 2009, the attendance at the museum went into free fall, which
nose-dived to approximately 300,000 visitors.
Reduced Form: In the first half of 2009, the attendance at the museum went into free
fall, nose-diving to approximately 300,000 visitors.
4. Females also spend less time socializing and much less time than men on sport, which
allows them more time for studying.
Reduced Form: Females also spend less time socializing and much less time than men
on sport, allowing them more time for studying.
.‫ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﺗﻮﺿ ﺤﺎت در ﺟﻤﻼت ز ﺮ را ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ﺎﻻ ﻣﺨﺘ‬:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
1. The figures then dropped sharply to well below 5000, which was the lowest in record for more than
40 years.
2. The largest number of visitors in total came from the United States, which rose from 345 to 609
thousand.
3. Rents shot up from 11% in 1993 to 21% in 2003, which doubled over the ten-year period.
4. From the end of 2001, consumption remained unchanged with two minor peaks at the end of 2001
and 2002, which corresponded with two dips in the use of nuclear and fossil energies.
5. Email and instant messenger are close thirds and fourths in popularity, which scored 17% and 16%
respectively for men, 21% and 18% for their counterparts.
6. The amount of money saved also dropped dramatically, which stepped down from 6% in 2003 to
just 2% ten years later.
7. In the first two months of the year, the number of internet users reached nearly 1.5 million, which
was double the estimate for the period.
8. The number of internet users soared once more during March and April, which outstripped forecasts
124
by a wide margin.
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﯿﻮە ﻧﻮﺷ‬
‫ ﻣ ﺎن ﺟﻐﺮاﻓ ﺎ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺪﺳﺖ‬،‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺎ ﺪ ﺑ ﺎﻧﮕﺮ اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﮔﺮاف در ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮردی ﺴﺖ ﺎﺷﺪ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺗﺎر ــﺦ ﺎ‬
.‫ ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن ﻣﻮﺿ ع دادە ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‬،‫ ﺑﻬ ﻦ راە ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف‬.‫آﻣﺪە و ﻣﻮاردی ﮐﻪ در آن ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﺷﺪە‬
. ‫ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
Writing Task 1
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.
The table below shows the proportion of different categories of families living in
poverty in Australia in 1999.
Summerise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.
Write at least 150 words.
Proportion of people from each

Family type
household type living in poverty
Single aged person 6% (54,000)
Aged couple 4% (48,000)
Single, no children 19% (359,000)
Couple, no children 7% (211,000)
Sole parent 21% (232,000)
Couple with children 12% (933,000)
All households 11% (1,837,000)
:‫ﺳﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە ﺑﺮای ﺟﺪول ﺎﻻ‬
Here are 3 introductions which paraphrase the question in different ways. Notice
that sometimes using the words from the table or the table can help you write
better.
1. The chart compares percentages of Australians from six different family

types who were classed as poor in 1999. (18 words)
2. The table gives information about poverty rates among six types of
households in Australia in the year 1999. (18 words)
3. The table compares different categories of Australian families in terms of the

proportion of people living below the poverty line in each one. (23 words)
125
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻨﮓ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ‬ ‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ ﺎراﻓ‬
(‫ ﺎرﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن )ﺑ ﺎن ﮏ ﻣﻄﻠﺐ ﻪ ﺷﯿﻮە د ﮕﺮ‬.‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ در ﺴﮏ اول را ﺎ ﺪ ﻄﻮر ﻣﺨﺘ و ــﻊ ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ‬
‫ ﻋ ﺎرات ز ﺮ از راﯾﺞ ﺗ ﻦ‬.‫ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺳﻮال ﻪ ﺷﻤﺎ ﻤﮏ ﮐﻨﺪ ﺗﺎ راﺣﺖ ﺗﺮ ﺑﺘﻮاﻧ ﺪ اﯾﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ از ﺎر را اﻧﺠﺎم د ﺪ‬
‫ ﻪ‬.‫ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎی ﺎراﻓ ﻨﮓ ﺎﺷﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺎ اﻋﻤﺎل ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﺳﺎدە در آﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﻮاﻧ ﺪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ را ﻪ ﻋﺖ ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﺪ‬
.‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
‫وع ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬ ‫ﻋ ﺎرات ﺎر ﺮدی ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﺎﻓﺘﻪ ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﻓﺮم ﺎی ﺗﻐﯿ‬
The table shows changes in … Graph/line graph/chart/bar chart
The table gives information about … Diagram/figure
The bar chart compares … Shows/illustrates/compares
The graph illustrates … proportion = percentage
The chart shows data about … information = data
The pie charts compare … the number of/the figure for/the
The diagram shows the process of … proportion of
The figure shows how … is produced people in the UK/ the British
The line graph shows changes in … from 1999 to 2009/between 1999 and
2009/over a period of 10 years
The line graph compares …
in three countries = in the UK, France
and Spain (i.e. name the countries)
:‫ﻣﺜﺎل‬
The graph below shows the figures for imprisonment in five countries
between 1930 and 1980.
in thousands
:‫ ﻗﺴﻤﺖ را ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﮐﺮد‬3 ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ،‫در ﻣﻮﺿ ع دادە ﺷﺪە در ﺗﺼ ﺮ ﺎﻻ‬
1. graph shows = bar chart compares

2. figures for imprisonment = number of people in prison/prisoners
3. between ... and ... = over a period of … years
:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
The bar chart compares the number of people in prison in five different countries over a 126
period of 50 years, from 1930 to 1980. (24 words)
overall view ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷ‬
overall view ‫ﺎ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬ ‫ از ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻬﺎی ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬،‫در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ‬
.‫ ﺗﻮان اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف را ﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻌﺪ از ﺎرا ﺮا ف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺎ آن را در ﺎ ﺎن ﮔﺰارش ﻌﻨﻮان آﺧ ﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻗﺮار داد‬.‫ﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺮار دادن اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف در آﺧﺮ ﮔﺰارش ﻪ ﻣﻌ ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﮔ ی ﻧ ﺴﺖ در واﻗﻊ راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ‬
‫ از روش ﺎی ﻧﻮﺷ اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ دو ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ی‬.‫ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﻧ ﺎز ﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﮔ ی ﻧﺪارد‬
.‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫از روﻧﺪ ﺎی دادە ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ ﺎﺷﺪ‬
As can be seen from the chart the biggest area of the total health spending, which is 31%, went
into hospital care, while a sum of 23% belong to 'other spending'. Surprisingly, nearly the same
amount, which is 22%, is spent on doctors and clinical services. (47 words)
Total health spending

Nursing home
Prescription
7%
10% drugs
23% 7% Administartion
31% 22%
Doctors and
clinical services
Hospital care
Other spending
It is clear that the total number of marriages per year fell between 1951 and 2009 in
the UK. While the number of first marriages fell dramatically from the end of the
1960s, the figure for remarriages remained stable. (36 words)
127
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﻧ ﺎت اﺻ‬
‫ ﺎ ﺪ ﻪ ﺳ‬،‫ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ی ﻗﺎ ﻞ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻪ در ﻧ ﺎە اول ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺧﻮاﻧﻨﺪە )ﻣﻤﺘﺤﻦ( ﻪ آن ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻧﮑﻨﺪ‬2 ‫ﺑﺮای ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮدن ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬
‫ ﻪ اﻓﺰا ﺶ ﺎ ﺎ ﺶ ﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ د ﮕﺮ ﺴﺘ‬،‫ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل آ ﺎ اﻓﺰا ﺶ ﮏ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬.‫ﺗﻐﯿ ات ﻧ ﺎە ﮐﺮد و روا ﻂ ﺑ آﻧﻬﺎ را ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﺮد‬
‫ﺗﻐﯿ ات‬ ‫ ﺎ ﺪ ﺳ‬،‫ﺑ ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ دادە ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫و ﺎ اﻓﺰا‬ ‫ در ﺣﺎﻟ ﮐﻪ را ﻄﻪ ی ﺎ‬. ‫داﺷﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺧ‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ ذﮐﺮ ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬overall view ‫و ﻧﻮﺳﺎﻧﺎت ﻋﻮاﻣﻞ را در ﺎرا ﺮاف‬
The table below shows the figures for imprisonment in thousands

in five countries between 1930 and 1980
: ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
While the figures for imprisonment fluctuated over the period shown, it is clear that the
United States had the highest number of prisoners overall. Great Britain, on the other hand,
had the lowest number of prisoners for the majority of the period.
: ‫ﻣﺜﺎ د ﮕﺮ ﺑﻬﻤﺮاە ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
It is clear from the graph that the proportion of people who use the Internet increased in each
country over the period shown. Overall, Mexico had the lowest percentage of Internet users,
while Canada experienced the fastest growth in Internet usage. 128
‫را ﭘ ﺪا ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﺳ ﺲ‬ ‫ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ از ﺗﻐﯿ ات‬2 ‫ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺳ ﮐﻨ ﺪ در ﺮ ﮔﺮاف ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.‫ ﻪ ﮔﺮاف ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬:‫ﺗﻤ ﻦ‬
.‫ﮐﻪ ز ﺮ ﺮ ﮔﺮاف ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ را ﻪ دﻗﺖ ﺨﻮاﻧ ﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺳ‬
Wheat exports 1985-1990 in millions of tones (MT)
It is clear that Canada exported more wheat than Australia and the European Community for
most of the period shown. However, while Canada's wheat exports fluctuated and Australia's
fell, wheat exports from the European Community rose steadily. (37 words)
The number of computer terminals available to students in different faculties of a university
Average number of
Computer Number of
Faculty students using one
terminals students
computer terminal
Agriculture 17 240 14
Arts 35 730 21
Education 25 890 36
Engineering 41 317 8
Law 43 473 11
Science 74 241 3
Total 235 2,891 12
It can be concluded from the given information that there are not enough computer terminals
in comparison to the number of students in different faculties. It is clear that some faculties
with a higher number of students have fewer computer terminals compared to some less
populated faculties. (47 words)
129
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﺷ‬
‫ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺑﻨﺪی ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬.‫ ﻧ ﺖ ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ رﺳﺪ‬، ‫ﺲ از ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ و ﺳ‬
‫ ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ ﻻزم اﺳﺖ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ‬.‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ای ﺗﺮ ﻪ ﻧﻈﺮ ﺑﺮﺳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﺐ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ر ﺰی اوﻟ ﻪ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ و ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ روﻧﺪ ﺎی دادە ﺷﺪە در ﮔﺮاف ﺎ را ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ و ﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬
‫ ﺎ ﺪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺮ ﮏ از روﻧﺪ ﺎی‬.‫ در واﻗﻊ ﻣﺤﺘﻮای ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ در ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﻪ ر ﺰی ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﺷﻮد‬.‫ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
‫ﮔﺮاف ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ای ﺎ ذﮐﺮ اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم دادە ﺷﺪە ﺑﻨ ﺴ ﻢ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ذﮐﺮ ﺎﻻﺗ ﻦ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ و ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ آﻧﻬﺎ ﺎ ﺎﯾ ﺗ ﻦ‬
‫ در ﺻﻮرت وﺟﻮد اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ز ﺎد ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ز ﺎدی ﮐﻪ در ﺟﺪاول در اﺧﺘ ﺎر ﻣﺎ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ از اﯾﻦ روش ﺎ ﺎﺷﺪ‬
‫ ﺎ ﺪ از ﺗﮑﻨ ﮏ دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺸﺎ ﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎﻻﺗ ﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺎی دادە ﺷﺪە را‬،‫ﮔﺬاﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد‬
‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ‬.‫ﺎ ﺎﯾ ﺗ ﻦ درﺻﺪ ﺎ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﮐﻨ ﻢ و ﺎ ﺎﯾ ﺗ ﻦ درﺻﺪ در ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ﺎ ﺳﺎﯾﺮ درﺻﺪ ﺎ را ذﮐﺮ ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﮐﻪ در ﺎرا ﺮاﻓﻬﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻤﺎ ﺎ ﺪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻋﺪدی و ﺟ ﺎت ﻣ ﻮط ﻪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ و ﺎ درﺻﺪ ﺎ را در ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
.‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﻟﺤﺎظ ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
The table below gives information on consumer spending on different items in five different
countries in 2002. Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown
below. Make comparisons where relevant.
Percentage of national consumer expenditure by category – 2002
The table shows percentages of consumer expenditure for three categories of products and
services in five countries in 2002.
It is clear that the largest proportion of consumer spending in each country went on food,
drinks and tobacco. On the other hand, the leisure/education category has the lowest
percentages in the table.
Out of the five countries, consumer spending on food, drinks and tobacco was noticeably
higher in Turkey, at 32.14%, and Ireland, at nearly 29%. The proportion of spending on
leisure and education was also highest in Turkey, at 4.35%, while expenditure on clothing
and footwear was significantly higher in Italy, at 9%, than in any of the other countries.
It can be seen that Sweden had the lowest percentages of national consumer expenditure
for food/drinks/tobacco and for clothing/footwear, at nearly 16% and just over 5%
respectively. Spain had slightly higher figures for these categories, but the lowest figure for
130
leisure/education, at almost 2%. 155 Words
‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ در ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ ﺎﻓ ﺴﺖ‬8 ‫ ا‬6 ‫ﻧﻮﺷ‬
‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ‬4 ‫ ا‬3 ‫ ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ‬،‫ ﺲ از اﻧﺘﺨﺎب اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﭼﻪ ﻣﻮارد ﻣﻬ در ﮔﺮاف ارزش ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪن دارﻧﺪ‬،‫ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ‬
‫ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﻪ اﺗﻤﺎم‬ ‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬8 ‫ ا‬6 ‫در ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺪﻧﻪ ا ﺘﻔﺎ ﮐﻨ ﺪ در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ در ﻣﺠﻤ ع ﺎ ﻧﻮﺷ‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫رﺳﺪ‬
The pie charts below show how dangerous waste products are dealt with in three countries
:‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‬6 ‫ﺑﺮای ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ روﻧﺪ ﺎی ﻣﻮﺟﻮد در ﮔﺮاف ﺎﻻ از اﯾﻦ‬
The latter country recycles 69% of hazardous materials, which is far more than the other two
nations.
These two methods are not employed in Korea or Sweden, which favour incineration for 9% and
20% of dangerous waste respectively.
Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that 82% of the UK’s dangerous waste is
put into landfill sites.
While 25% of Sweden's dangerous waste is recycled, the UK does not recycle at all.
This disposal technique is used for 55% of the harmful waste in Sweden and only 22% of similar
waste in Korea.
Instead, it dumps waste at sea or treats it chemically.
131

‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ز ﺮ ﮏ ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬.‫ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﺎﻻ ﻪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب ز ﺮ دﻗﺖ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬6 ‫ﺣﺎل ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از‬
.‫ﺎﻣﻞ از ﮔﺮاف دادە ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ و از ﺟﻤﻼت ﺎﻻ ﻓﻘﻂ در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‬
:‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب‬
The charts compare Korea, Sweden and the UK in terms of the methods used in each
country to dispose of harmful waste.
It is clear that in both the UK and Sweden, the majority of dangerous waste products
are buried underground. By contrast, most hazardous materials in the Republic of
Korea are recycled.
Looking at the information in more detail, we can see that 82% of the UK’s dangerous
waste is put into landfill sites. This disposal technique is used for 55% of the harmful
waste in Sweden and only 22% of similar waste in Korea. The latter country recycles
69% of hazardous materials, which is far more than the other two nations.
While 25% of Sweden's dangerous waste is recycled, the UK does not recycle at all.
Instead, it dumps waste at sea or treats it chemically. These two methods are not
employed in Korea or Sweden, which favour incineration for 9% and 20% of
dangerous waste respectively.
(159 words)
132
‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺟ ﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ و دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی آﻧﻬﺎ‬
‫ ﺑﺮای‬.‫ﻤﺎﻧﻄﻮر ﮐﻪ ﻗ ﻞ ﺗﺮ ﮔﻔﺘﻪ ﺷﺪ ﻌ از ﮔﺮاف ﺎ و ﺟﺪاول در ﺮﮔ ﻧﺪە ﺣﺠﻢ ز ﺎدی از اﻃﻼﻋﺎت و ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺴ ﻨﺪ‬
.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ اﻃﻼﻋﺎت دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎ ﺪ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﻣﺸﺎ ﻪ را دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی ﮐﺮد‬
The number of prisoner in thousands in five different countries from 1930 to 1980
‫در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎ ﺪ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮏ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ راﺟﻊ ﻪ ﺮ ﮐﺸﻮر را ﺎ اﻋﺪاد و ارﻗﺎم ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﻢ و ﻣﻬﻤ ﻦ ﺎ ﻣﺮﺗ ﻂ ﺗ ﻦ ﻧ ع‬
.‫ ﺟﻤﻼت ز ﺮ ﺑ ﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ ﮏ ﻧﮑﺘﻪ در ﻣﻮرد ﺮ ﮐﺸﻮر اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ را اﻧﺠﺎم د ﻢ‬
United States
The United States had the highest number of prisoners in four out of the six years
shown on the chart, and in 1980 the figure for this country peaked at nearly 140,000
prisoners. (33 words)
Canada
Canada had the highest figures for imprisonment in 1930 and 1950, with about
120,000 prisoners in both years. (18 words)
New Zealand and Australia
The figures for New Zealand and Australia fluctuated between 40,000 and 100,000
prisoners, although New Zealand's prison population tended to be the higher of the
two. (26 words)
133
Great Britain
In contrast to the figures for the other countries, the number of prisoners in Great
Britain rose steadily between 1930 and 1980, reaching a peak of about 80,000 at the
end of the period. (34 words)
‫ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب ز ﺮ‬.‫ﺗﻮان ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ را ﺷ ﻞ داد‬ ‫ﺣﺎل ﺎ ﻣﺘﺼﻞ ﮐﺮدن ﺟﻤﻼت ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ ﺷﺪە در ﻣﻮرد ﺮ ﮐﺸﻮر‬
.‫را ﺨﻮاﻧ ﺪ‬
The information given in the chart makes comparisons in the number of prisoners in
five different countries from 1930 to 1980.
While the figures for imprisonment fluctuated over the period shown, it is clear that
the United States had the highest number of prisoners overall. Great Britain, on the
other hand, had the lowest number of prisoners for the majority of the period.
As can be seen from the graph, the United States had the highest number of
prisoners in four out of the six years shown on the chart, and in 1980 the figure for
this country peaked at nearly 140,000 prisoners. Canada had the highest figures for
imprisonment in 1930 and 1950, with about 120,000 prisoners in both years.
The figures for New Zealand and Australia fluctuated between 40,000 and 100,000
prisoners, although New Zealand's prison population tended to be the higher of the
two.
In contrast to the figures for the other countries, the number of prisoners in Great
Britain rose steadily between 1930 and 1980, reaching a peak of about 80,000 at the
end of the period.
(181 words)
134
approximation ‫ﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺗﻘ‬
‫ﺠﺎی ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دﻗﯿﻖ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﺮد ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﺠﺎی ذﮐﺮ ﺗﻌﺪاد دﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫در راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﺗﻮان از ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺗﻘ‬
‫ ﺴﺨﻪ اﺷﺎرە ﮐﺮد در ﻧ ﺠﻪ ﻻزم ﻧ ﺴﺖ ﺑﺮای ذﮐﺮ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺧﺎص )ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬10000 ‫ﺑ ﺶ از‬ ‫ ﺴﺨﻪ ﮐﺘﺎب ﻪ ﻣﻘﺪار ﺗﻘ‬10393
‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ ﺎزە ﺎی زﻣﺎ ﻧ‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ ﺗﻘ‬.‫ ﻧﮕﺮان ﺷ ﺪ‬،‫ ﻣﻘﺪار ﻤﯿﻨﻪ و ﺑ ﺸ ﻨﻪ ﻗﺮار ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻪ اﺳﺖ‬2 ‫ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ( ﮐﻪ ﺑ‬
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ادﺑ ﺎت ﺗﻘ‬.‫ﺷﻮد ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﺠﺎی ذﮐﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻣﺎە ﺎی ﺳﺎل ﺗﻮاﻧ ﻢ از ﺎزە ﺎی زﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎدل اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﻢ‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻤﮏ ﺷﺎ ﺎن ﺗﻮﺟ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﮐﺮد اﻣﺎ ﻓﺮاﻣﻮش ﻧﮑﻨ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻧ ﺎ ﺪ از اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﻠﻤﺎت ﺑ ﺶ از ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻓﻪ ای ﺗﺮ ﺷﺪن ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
،‫ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﻪ ﺪف آﻣﻮزش اﯾﻦ ﻠﻤﺎت‬.‫ ﺑﺮای درک ﺑﻬ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮﺿ ع ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ز ﺮ را ﺨﻮاﻧ ﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬
.‫در اﯾﻦ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﺪە اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻄﻮر ﻏ ﻃﺒ و ﺑ ﺶ از ﺣﺪ از ادﺑ ﺎت ﺗﻘ‬
Book sales 1990-1999
Just over 10,000 copies of the book were sold in 1990. Sales increased dramatically over the next
two years, to peak at almost 60,000 in 1992. However, sales then fell sharply to well under 30,000
in the following year, and they went down by a further 12,000 or so between 1993 and 1994. There
was a steady increase in sales over the next/following three years, and by 1997 there had been a
rise of slightly more than 10,000. However, after this sales began to drop once more to
approximately 10,000 in 1999.
Book sales Jan-Dec 2000
In the first six months/half of the year 2000, sales fluctuated remarkably, although there was a
moderate increase in July-August, reaching a peak at well over 15,000. A sharp decrease followed,
with sales falling to around 15,000 in September. They remained steady at almost 15,000 until
November, when there was a slight increase. 135
‫ﺑﺮای ‪ 2‬ﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﮔﺮاف در ﮏ ﺳﻮال‬ ‫ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫در ﻌ از ﺳﻮاﻻت ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ﺑ ﺶ از ﮏ ﮔﺮاف وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷﺪ ﺑﻬﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ ‪ 2‬ﻧﻤﻮدار‬
‫ﺎ ﭼﻨﺪ ﭼﺎرت ﻠﻮﭼﻪ ای وﺟﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬در اﯾﻦ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺮ ﮔﺮاف و اﯾﻨﮑﻪ درﺎرە ﭼﻪ‬ ‫ﻣ ﻠﻪ ای ﺎ ﮏ ﺟﺪول و ﮏ ﻧﻤﻮدار ﺧ‬
‫ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮارد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ا ﺮ را ﻄﻪ ی‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮ اﺳﺖ را در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻧﻤﺎﯾ ﺪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮای ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫ﺑ ﮔﺮاﻓﻬﺎی دادە ﺷﺪە وﺟﻮد دارد‪ ،‬اﯾﻦ را ﻄﻪ را ذﮐﺮ ﮐﻨ ﺪ اﻣﺎ در ﺻﻮر ﮐﻪ را ﻄﻪ ی ﻣﻌﻨﺎداری ﺑ ﮔﺮاف ﺎ‬ ‫ﺎ ﺎ‬ ‫اﻓﺰا‬
‫ذﮐﺮ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد ﻧﺪارد و ﺮ ﮔﺮاف ﺑ ﺎن ﮐﻨﻨﺪە ﻧﮑﺘﻪ ای ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت اﺳﺖ‪ ،‬ﻧ ﺎت ﻣﻬﻢ ﺮ ﮔﺮاف را ﻄﻮر ﺟﺪا ﺎﻧﻪ در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫در ﮔﺰارش ﺧﻮد داﺷﺘﻪ ﺎﺷ ﺪ اﻟﺒﺘﻪ ﻄﻮر ﻣﺨﺘ ﺗﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻪ ﻋ ﺎرت د ﮕﺮ اﻧ ﺎر ﻗﺮار اﺳﺖ ‪ 2‬ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫‪The charts below give information about USA marriage and divorce rates between 1970 and 2000, and‬‬
‫‪the marital status of adult Americans in two of the years‬‬
‫‪136‬‬

The first bar chart shows changes in the number of marriages and divorces in the
USA, and the second chart shows figures for the marital status of American adults in
1970 and 2000.
It is clear that there was a fall in the number of marriages in the USA between 1970
and 2000. The majority of adult Americans were married in both years, but the
proportion of single adults was higher in 2000.
In 1970, there were 2.5 million marriages in the USA and 1 million divorces. The
marriage rate remained stable in 1980, but fell to 2 million by the year 2000. In
contrast, the divorce rate peaked in 1980, at nearly 1.5 million divorces, before
falling back to 1 million at the end of the period.
Around 70% of American adults were married in 1970, but this figure dropped to just
under 60% by 2000. At the same time, the proportion of unmarried people and
divorcees rose by about 10% in total. The proportion of widowed Americans was
slightly lower in 2000.
(174 Words)
137
‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ ﺎ ‪Processes‬‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺴﮏ اول راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﺠﺎی ﮔﺮاف ﺎ‪ ،‬ﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺳﺎﺧﺖ ﮏ دﺳﺘ ﺎە ﺎ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺴ ﻪ ی آب دادە ﺷﻮد و از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﯾﻦ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ را ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ﻋ رﻏﻢ ﻤ د ﺪە ﺷﺪن اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع‬
‫ﺳﻮال ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺷﯿﻮە ﻧ ﺎرش ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﺗﺎ درﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮال در ازﻣﻮن از آﻣﺎد ﺎ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺎﺷ ﺪ‪.‬‬
‫ﻪ اﯾﻦ ﺻﻮرت اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ در ﮏ ﺎ دو ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﮐﻪ ﻤﺎن‬ ‫در ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﺎ ‪ overall view‬ﻧ ﺎزی ﻧ ﺴﺖ و ﻼﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ ﻌﺪ از‬ ‫ﺎراﻓ ﺰ ﻣﻮﺿ ع دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎﺷﺪ‪ .‬ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪ ،‬ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ ﺧﻮا ﻢ ﭘﺮداﺧﺖ‪ .‬در ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ ﺎ ﺪ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ذﮐﺮ ﺷﺪە در‬
‫ﺗﺼﺎو ﺮ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪە را ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﻪ ﻣﺮﺣﻠﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﻢ و در ﺻﻮرت اﻣ ﺎن ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﺎ ﻣﻘﺎدﯾﺮ دادە ﺷﺪە را ﺎ ﮑﺪ ﮕﺮ ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ‬
‫ﮐﻨ ﻢ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﻗﯿﻮد ﺗﺮﺗ ﺐ و ﺗﻮا ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ‪ firstly, secondly, thirdly, then, next, after that‬و ‪ finally‬در‬
‫ﺷﻤﺎ ﻤﮏ ﺧﻮا ﺪ ﮐﺮد‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ اﻟﺰاﻣ ﺴﺖ‪ .‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از اﯾﻦ ﻟﻐﺎت ﻪ روﻧﺪ ﻃﺒ و ﻣﻨﻄ در ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫ﺑﺮای ﺑ ﺎن ﺣﺎﻟﺘ ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ در ﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﻧ از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی … ‪ either … or‬و ﺟﻤﻼت‬
‫ﻣ ﻢ ﻣﺤﺴﻮب ﺷﻮد‪ .‬د ﮕﺮ از ﻣ ﻤ ﻦ و ﭘﺮﺎر ﺮد ﺗ ﻦ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎ در ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ‪ ،‬اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی‬
‫ﻣﺠ ﻮل اﺳﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ در زﻣﺎن ﺣﺎل ﺳﺎدە اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‪ .‬در واﻗﻊ ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ا ﺟﻤﻼت در ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ‬
‫ﺼﻮرت ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی ﻣﺠ ﻮل اﺳﺖ ز ﺮا ﮐﻨﻨﺪە ی ﺎر در اوﻟ ﺖ ﻗﺮار ﻧﺪارد ﻠ ﻪ ﺧﻮد ﻋﻤﻞ ) ﺎ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ( ﻣﻮرد ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﻗﺮار‬
‫ﮔ د‪ .‬ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﻨ ﺎم ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ درﺎﻓﺖ وﺟﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ از دﺳﺘ ﺎە ﺧﻮدﭘﺮداز ﺠﺎی ذﮐﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎﻋﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻤﺮﮐﺰ ﻪ روی‬
‫ﺷﯿﻮە ﻋﻤﻠ ﺮد ﺑﻮدە و از ﺟﻤﻼ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ اﯾﻦ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە ﺷﻮد‪ .‬اﺑﺘﺪا ﺎرت در دﺳﺘ ﺎە ﻗﺮار دادە ﺷﻮد و ﻠﻤﻪ ﻋﺒﻮر وارد‬
‫ﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﺳ ﺲ ﻟ ﺴ از ﺧﺪﻣﺎت ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اراﺋﻪ ﺷﺪە و ﺎر ﺮ ﺎ ﺪ از ﺧﺪﻣﺎت را اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﮐﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻌﻨﻮان ﻣﺜﺎل در ﺻﻮرت‬
‫اﯾﻨﮑﻪ ﮔ ﻨﻪ ی درﺎﻓﺖ وﺟﻪ ﻧﻘﺪ اﻧﺘﺨﺎب ﺷﺪە ﺎﺷﺪ‪ ،‬اﺑﺘﺪا اﻃﻼﻋﺎت ﺣﺴﺎب ﺑﺮر ﺷﺪە و ﺳ ﺲ ﻣ ان درﺧﻮاﺳ وﺟﻪ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺪ اﺑﺘﺪا ﺷﻤﺎرش و ﺳ ﺲ ﺗﺤ ﻞ ﺎر ﺮ ﮔﺮدد‪ .‬ﻤﺎﻧﻈﻮر ﮐﻪ در اﯾﻦ ﻣﺜﺎل د ﺪ ﺪ اﺳﺘﻔﺎدە از ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر ﺎی ﻣﺠ ﻮل ) ﺪون‬
‫ﺎ راﯾﺞ ﺗﺮ اﺳﺖ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﺎل‪:‬‬ ‫ذﮐﺮ ﻧﺎم ﻓﺎﻋﻞ( در اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
‫‪138‬‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮏ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ‬
‫ﻗ ﻞ از وع ﻪ ﻧﻮﺷ ﻣﺮاﺣﻞ ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ ﺎ را دﺳﺘﻪ ﺑﻨﺪی ﮐﻨ ﺪ و ﻣﺸﺨﺺ ﮐﻨ ﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺮ ﺎرا ﺮاف در ﺮﮔ ﻧﺪە ﮐﺪام ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬
:1 ‫ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺷﻤﺎرە‬.‫ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‬.‫ﺎی ﻓﺮاﯾﻨﺪ دادە ﺷﺪە ﺎﺷﺪ‬
The diagram below shows the process by which bricks are manufactured for the building industry.
Brick Manufacturing
The diagram illustrates different stages in the process of manufacturing bricks from
the digging step to delivery.
At the beginning of the process, clay is dug from the ground. Then, the clay is put
through a metal grid, and it passes onto a roller where it is mixed with sand and
water. After that, the clay can be shaped into bricks in two ways: either it is put in a
mould, or a wire cutter is used.
At the fourth stage in the process, the clay bricks are placed in a drying oven for one
to two days. Next, the bricks are heated in a kiln at a moderate temperature (200 -
900 degrees Celsius) and then at a high temperature (up to 1300 degrees Celsius),
before spending two to three days in a cooling chamber. Finally, the finished bricks
are packaged and delivered to be sold in the market.
139
(150 Words)
The diagram below shows the water cycle, which is the continuous movement of water on, above
and below the surface of the Earth.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.
Cloud Formation
Condensing water vapour

Snow Precipitation
Evaporation
Surface runoff Ocean contributes
about 80% of total
Lakes water vapour in air
Groundwater
Ocean
Impervious layer Salt water

intrusion
The picture illustrates the way in which water passes from ocean to air to land during the
natural process known as the water cycle.
Three main stages are shown on the diagram. Ocean water evaporates, falls as rain, and
eventually runs back into the oceans again.
Beginning at the evaporation stage, we can see that 80% of water vapour in the air comes
from the oceans. Heat from the sun causes water to evaporate, and water vapour
condenses to form clouds. At the second stage, labelled ‘precipitation’ on the diagram,
water falls as rain or snow.
At the third stage in the cycle, rainwater may take various paths. Some of it may fall into
lakes or return to the oceans via ‘surface runoff’. Otherwise, rainwater may filter through
the ground, reaching the impervious layer of the earth. Salt water intrusion is shown to take
place just before groundwater passes into the oceans to complete the cycle. (156 Words) 140
‫ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ‬
‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ اﺳﺖ در ﺴﮏ اول راﯾ ﯿﻨﮓ آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﺠﺎی ﮔﺮاف ﺎ‪ ،‬ﮏ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ی ﺎزﺳﺎزی ﮏ ﻣﻮزە در دو ﺎزە‬
‫زﻣﺎ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ دادە ﺷﻮد و از ﺷﻤﺎ ﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻪ ﺷﻮد ﺗﺎ ﺗﻐﯿ ات اﯾﻦ ﻣﻮزە را ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪ .‬ﻋ رﻏﻢ ﻤ د ﺪە ﺷﺪن اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع‬
‫ﺳﻮال ﻻزم اﺳﺖ ﺎ ﺷﯿﻮە ﻧ ﺎرش ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ آﺷﻨﺎ ﺎﺷ ﺪ ﺗﺎ درﺻﻮرت ﻣﻮاﺟﻪ ﺎ اﯾﻦ ﻧ ع ﺳﻮال در ازﻣﻮن از آﻣﺎد ﺎ‬
‫ﺴ ﻨﺪ‪ .‬ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎی ﻣﻘﺎ ﺴﻪ ای ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﻣﻮزە و ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮردار ﺎﺷ ﺪ‪ .‬ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ دارای دو ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬
‫ﺑ ﺎﻧﮕﺮ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺎﻓ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺗﻮﺳﻌﻪ ﺎﻓ ﮏ روﺳﺘﺎ‪ .‬در ﻨ ﺎم ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ‪ ،‬ﺗﻮﺻ ﻒ از ﻣﻮﻗﻌ ﺖ ﻣ ﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ ﻋ ﺎرت اﺳﺖ از ﺎرا ﺮاف ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺑﻨﺪی ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ ﺎی ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ اﻟﺰاﻣ ﺴﺖ‪ .‬ﺳﺎﺧﺘﺎر‬
‫و ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺎی ﺪﻧﻪ‪ .‬ﺑﺮای آﺷﻨﺎ ﺎ اﻧﻮاع ﻧﻘﺸﻪ ﺎ ﻪ ﻣﺜﺎل ﺎی ز ﺮ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﮐﻨ ﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺎرا ﺮاف ﺳ‬
‫ﻣﺜﺎل ﺷﻤﺎرە ‪:1‬‬
‫‪Chorleywood is a village near London whose population has increased steadily since the middle of‬‬
‫‪the nineteenth century. The map below shows the development of the village.‬‬
‫‪Write a report for a university lecturer describing the development of the village.‬‬
‫‪Village of Chorleywood showing development between 1868 and 1994‬‬
‫‪141‬‬
:‫ﺟﻮاب ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
The map shows the growth of a village called Chorleywood between 1868 and
1994.
It is clear that the village grew as the transport infrastructure was improved.
Four periods of development are shown on the map, and each of the
populated areas is near to the main roads, the railway or the motorway.
From 1868 to 1883, Chorleywood covered a small area next to one of the main
roads. Chorleywood Park and Golf Course is now located next to this original
village area. The village grew along the main road to the south between 1883
and 1922, and in 1909 a railway line was built crossing this area from west to
east. Chorleywood station is in this part of the village.
The expansion of Chorleywood continued to the east and west alongside the
railway line until 1970. At that time, a motorway was built to the east of the
village, and from 1970 to 1994, further development of the village took place
around motorway intersections with the railway and one of the main roads.
174 Words
142
The map below is of the town of Garlsdon. A new supermarket (S) is planned for the town. The map shows
two possible sites for the supermarket.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons where
relevant.
:‫ﺟﻮاب ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ‬
The map shows two potential locations (S1 and S2) for a new supermarket in a town called
Garlsdon.
The main difference between the two sites is that S1 is outside the town, whereas S2 is in the town
centre. The sites can also be compared in terms of access by road or rail, and their positions relative
to three smaller towns.
Looking at the information in more detail, S1 is in the countryside to the north west of Garlsdon,
but it is close to the residential area of the town. S2 is also close to the housing area, which
surrounds the town centre.
There are main roads from Hindon, Bransdon and Cransdon to Garlsdon town centre, but this is a
no traffic zone, so there would be no access to S2 by car. By contrast, S1 lies on the main road to
Hindon, but it would be more difficult to reach from Bransdon and Cransdon. Both supermarket
sites are close to the railway that runs through Garlsdon from Hindon to Cransdon. (171 Words) 143
Below is a map of the city of Brandfield. City planners have decided to build a new
shopping mall for the area, and two sites, S1 and S2 have been proposed.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make
Map of Brandfield with two proposed sites for a shopping mall
The map illustrates plans for two possible sites for a shopping mall in the city of
Brandfield. It can be seen that the two sites under consideration are in the north and
the south east of the town.
The first possible site for the shopping mall, S1, is just north of the city centre, above
the railway line, which runs from the south east of the city to the north west. If it is
built here, it will be next to a large housing estate, thus providing easy access for
those living on the estate and in the city centre. It will also be next to the river, which
runs through the town.
The site in the south east, S2, is again just by the railway line and fairly close to the
city centre, but it is near to an industrial estate rather than housing.
There is a main road that runs through the city and is close to both sites, thus
providing good road access to either location. A large golf course and park in the
144
west of the town prevents this area from being available as a site. (190 words)
‫ ﻪ ﺎﻻ‬7.0 ‫ﺴﮏ اول آ ﺎدﻣ ﮏ ﺎ ﻧﻤﺮە‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺎی ﺧﻮب از ﮔﺰارش ﻧ‬
:1 ‫ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺟﻮاب ﺷﻤﺎرە‬
The table below gives information on average hours and minutes spent by UK males and females
on different daily activities.
Average hours and minutes spent by UK males and females on different daily activities
The table compares the average amount of time per day that men and women in the
UK spend doing different activities.
It is clear that people in the UK spend more time sleeping than doing any other daily
activity. Also, there are significant differences between the time spent by men and
women on employment/study and housework.
On average, men and women in the UK sleep for about 8 hours per day. Leisure takes
up the second largest proportion of their time. Men spend 5 hours and 25 minutes
doing various leisure activities, such as watching TV or doing sport, while women
have 4 hours and 53 minutes of leisure time.
It is noticeable that men work or study for an average of 79 minutes more than
women every day. By contrast, women spend 79 minutes more than men doing
housework, and they spend over twice as much time looking after children.
(151 words)
145
The table below gives information on UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from
four different sectors between 1990 and 2007.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below. Make
UK acid rain emissions, measured in millions of tonnes, from four different sectors
between 1990 and 2007
The line graph compares four sectors in terms of the amount of acid rain emissions that
they produced over a period of 17 years in the UK.
It is clear that the total amount of acid rain emissions in the UK fell considerably between
1990 and 2007. The most dramatic decrease was seen in the electricity, gas and water
supply sector.
In 1990, around 3.3 million tonnes of acid rain emissions came from the electricity, gas and
water sector. The transport and communication sector was responsible for about 0.7 million
tonnes of emissions, while the domestic sector produced around 0.6 million tonnes. Just
over 2 million tonnes of acid rain gases came from other industries.
Emissions from electricity, gas and water supply fell dramatically to only 0.5 million tonnes
in 2007, a drop of almost 3 million tonnes. While acid rain gases from the domestic sector
and other industries fell gradually, the transport sector saw a small increase in emissions,
reaching a peak of 1 million tonnes in 2005. (169 words)
146

The table below gives information on the proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three
different diets.
You should write at least 150 words.
The proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three different diets
The pie charts compare the proportion of carbohydrates, protein and fat in three different
diets, namely an average diet, a healthy diet, and a healthy diet for sport.
It is noticeable that sportspeople require a diet comprising a significantly higher proportion

of carbohydrates than an average diet or a healthy diet. The average diet contains the
lowest percentage of carbohydrates but the highest proportion of protein.
Carbohydrates make up 60% of the healthy diet for sport. This is 10% higher than the
proportion of carbohydrates in a normal healthy diet, and 20% more than the proportion in
an average diet. On the other hand, people who eat an average diet consume a greater
relative amount of protein (40%) than those who eat a healthy diet (30%) and sportspeople
(25%).
The third compound shown in the charts is fat. Fat constitutes exactly one fifth of both the
average diet and the healthy diet, but the figure drops to only 15% for the healthy sports
diet. (164 words) 147
The table below gives information on households with a regular use of a car in Great Britain from
1971 to 2007.
Households with a regular use of a car, Great Britain
The graph shows changes in the number of cars per household in Great Britain over a period
of 36 years.
Overall, car ownership in Britain increased between 1971 and 2007. In particular, the
number of households with two cars rose, while the number of households without a car
fell.
In 1971, almost half of all British households did not have regular use of a car. Around 44%
of households had one car, but only about 7% had two cars. It was uncommon for families
to own three or more cars, with around 2% of households falling into this category.
The one-car household was the most common type from the late 1970’s onwards, although
there was little change in the figures for this category. The biggest change was seen in the
proportion of households without a car, which fell steadily over the 36-year period to
around 25% in 2007. In contrast, the proportion of two-car families rose steadily, reaching
about 26% in 2007, and the proportion of households with more than two cars rose by
around 5%. (176 Words)
IELTS JOURNAL 49 @ieltsjournalchannel 148

The pie charts below show units of electricity production by fuel source in Australia and France in
1980 and 2000.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below, and make
The pie charts compare the amount of electricity produced using five different sources of fuel in
two countries over two separate years.
Total electricity production increased dramatically from 1980 to 2000 in both Australia and France.
While the totals for both countries were similar, there were big differences in the fuel sources used.
Coal was used to produce 50 of the total 100 units of electricity in Australia in 1980, rising to 130
out of 170 units in 2000. By contrast, nuclear power became the most important fuel source in
France in 2000, producing almost 75% of the country’s electricity.
Australia depended on hydro power for just well under 25% of its electricity in both years, but the
amount of electricity produced using this type of power fell from 5 to only 2 units in France. Oil, on
the other hand, remained a relatively important fuel source in France, but its use declined in
Australia. Both countries relied on natural gas for electricity production significantly more in 1980
than in 2000.
170 Words
149

The graph and table below give information about water use worldwide and water consumption in two
different countries.
Write a report for a university lecturer describing the information shown below.
The charts compare the amount of water used for agriculture, industry and homes around the
world, and water use in Brazil and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
It is clear that global water needs rose significantly between 1900 and 2000, and that agriculture
accounted for the largest proportion of water used. We can also see that water consumption was
considerably higher in Brazil than in the Congo.
In 1900, around 500km³ of water was used by the agriculture sector worldwide. The figures for
industrial and domestic water consumption stood at around one fifth of that amount. By 2000,
global water use for agriculture had increased to around 3000km³, industrial water use had risen to
just under half that amount, and domestic consumption had reached approximately 500km³.
In the year 2000, the populations of Brazil and the Congo were 176 million and 5.2 million
respectively. Water consumption per person in Brazil, at 359m³, was much higher than that in the
Congo, at only 8m³, and this could be explained by the fact that Brazil had 265 times more irrigated
land.
184 Words
150

The diagrams below show some principles of house design for cool and for warm climates
The diagrams show how house designs differ according to climate.
The most noticeable difference between houses designed for cool and warm climates
is in the shape of the roof. The designs also differ with regard to the windows and the
use of insulation.
We can see that the cool climate house has a high-angled roof, which allows sunlight
to enter through the window. By contrast, the roof of the warm climate house has a
peak in the middle and roof overhangs to shade the windows. Insulation and thermal
building materials are used in cool climates to reduce heat loss, whereas insulation
and reflective materials are used to keep the heat out in warm climates.
Finally, the cool climate house has one window which faces the direction of the sun,
while the warm climate house has windows on two sides which are shaded from the
sun. By opening the two windows at night, the house designed for warm climates can
be ventilated.
(162 words)

151
The diagram shows the life cycle of the honey bee
nymph = immature form of an insect

moult = shed or lose old feathers, hair or skin to allow for new growth
The diagram illustrates the various stages in the life of a honey bee. We can see that
the complete life cycle lasts between 34 and 36 days. It is also noticeable that there
are five main stages in the development of the honey bee, from egg to mature adult
insect.
The life cycle of the honey bee begins when the female adult lays an egg; the female
typically lays one or two eggs every 3 days. Between 9 and 10 days later, each egg
hatches and the immature insect, or nymph, appears.
During the third stage of the life cycle, the nymph grows in size and sheds its skin
three times. This moulting first takes place 5 days after the egg hatches, then 7 days
later, and again another 9 days later. After a total of 30 to 31 days from the start of
the cycle, the young adult honey bee emerges from its final moulting stage, and in
the space of only 4 days it reaches full maturity.
(169 words) 152

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Ielts Writing Task 1 and 2 Mahshid Emadi

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IELTS WRITING TASK 1 AND 2

Smoking � bad for your health.

Zoos provide many opportunities for research.

We can take a bus to the museum, or we can walk there.

but shows a contradiction or Cars are expensive, but many people

yet shows a contradiction or Sam is a vocal supporter of public

so shows a result Cars are expensive, so I don't own one.

for shows a cause We decided not to sell the car, for no

Just as Just as we left the house, it started to rain.

Contrast While My brother likes classical music, while prefer hard

Types Subordinators Example

No. Sentence Name

5 Many of the teachers currently working in the educational system are

4 I will move to a new apartment.

5 This neighborhood was quiet and peaceful.

6 I usually eat at restaurants.

7 People like living in this city.

2 The importance of physical education

2 The importance of physical education

3 Life in a city/life in a small town

3 Life in a city/life in a small town

Add ' only to the end of regular plural nouns.

Eating at restaurants is more expensive than eating at home.

218 WRITING FOR THE IELTS 15

3. safe hygiene standards

4. to keep their teeth healthy

5. to launch a full-scale investigation into sth

6. the outbreak of an epidemic

Example: A sedentary lifestyle is a major factor in health problems such as

8. healthy eating habits

9. to take regular exercise

10.a fitness regime

11.health awareness campaigns

15.to take out private health insurance

16.primary health care

18.to build up one’s immune system/ immunity

19.mental health problems

20.to offer emotional support

IELTS sample essay answer (1)

This topic is often used for Ideas>Cause/effect type Tasks.

Topic 4 example Task

Explanation of the Task

Band 9 model essay

Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking

contamination = pollution by poisons or dangerous elements

emissions = gases entering the atmosphere

pollutant particles = microscopic elements of pollution

aquifers = underground, natural water stores

Topic 5 example Task

Explanation of the Task

This is an Ideas/Evaluate type essay.

Band 9 model essay

Explanation of the topic vocabulary and examples in Speaking

In some countries, wedding rituals continue for several days.

parades = organised processions in public by groups of people, usually to

to transmit = to communicate a message, literal or symbolic

The monarchy transmit symbols of power through dress and ritual.

In Britain, punctuality is a social meme.

public duty = the willingness to serve the public or the state

About the topic

Topic 3 example Task

Explanation of the Task

This is an Ideas>Problem/solution type Task.