REVIEWER IN RAW
FREEWRITING – pre - writing technique in which
a person writes without stopping for a set period
of time
• it produces raw, often unusable material,
but helps writers overcome blocks; writers
block
• Writers Block - Writer's block is a
temporary or lasting failure to put words
on paper.
EXPRESSING IDEAS WITH CLARITY
Principles to remember:
A. Avoid the use of too many details in a
single sentence
- Expression becomes ineffective when a
writer expresses too much detail in one
long sentence.
Example:
Instead of…
It was already getting dark, and we had to hurry;
so Jean and I tried to get a taxi, but it was rush
hour and it was very difficult to get a ride
You can try…
It was already getting dark, and we had to hurry
up. Jean and I tried to get a taxi, but it was
already rush hour. It was very difficult to get a
ride.
Another example:
a. Someone wrote a book about cats who painted
with their paws people took it seriously.
b. Someone wrote a book about cats who painted
with their paws. People took it seriously
B. Avoid redundant expression
- Redundant expressions are phrases made
up of two or more words that repeat the
same idea.
- Example:
a. Her new shoes are blue in color
b. Her new shoes are blue
a. I think we have sufficient enough
information to start writing the report b. I
think we have enough information to start
writing the report
C. Avoid putting emphasis on
unimportant details
D. Avoid verbosity or using words when a
few words would do
Example:
Instead of … Regardless of the fact that
Gatsby had become a millionaire, it is obvious
that his sense of accomplishment was not
fulfilled until the day that he was able to win
Daisy's heart.
Just say… Although Gatsby had become a
millionaire, he did not feel accomplished until
he won Daisy's heart.
Another example …
a. I did not get to school on time due to the
fact that I missed the bus
b. I did not get to school on time because I
missed the bus
Avoid using mixed figure of speech
- Occurs when an author combines two
incompatible figure of speech, forming an
absurd or irrational comparison.
- Example:
The test is easy; its not rocket science
surgery.
Metaphor 1: it’s not rocket science
Metaphor 2: Its not brain surgery
You’re sailing close to thin ice
Metaphor 1: You’re sailing too close to the
winds
Metaphor 2: You’re on thin ice
SHOWING UNITY IN SENTENCES
• Sentence unity is when the parts of a
sentence come together grammatically
and make sense. The reason sentence
unity is important is because without it, a
sentence is incoherent.
• Example:
Analyze
Sarah is the President of the student
council, and she belongs to Section
Kindness. (The clauses are not related to
each other)
Improve
a. Sarah, who belongs to Section
Kindness, is the President of the Student
Council
b. Sarah is the President of the Student
Council. She belongs to Section Kindness
Creating Variety in Structure
• Your expressions will improve greatly if
you vary the structure of your sentences.
Ways to do it
1. Vary sentence beginnings.
Sentences often lack variety when each one
begins with the subject of the sentence. Try using
other parts of speech to begin your sentences
a. Begin with prepositional phrase
example:
Lolit went to the grocery after watching a
movie
Fifty people walk under the enormous
dragon
People drape silk over a bamboo dragon
 VARIED VERSION:
After watching a movie, Lolit went to the
grocery.
Under the enormous dragon, fifty people
walk.
Over a bamboo dragon, people drape silk.
b. Begin with single-word modifier
example:
Leah happily received her award.
He carried her carefully out of the bed.
Mary angrily slammed the door.
He quietly moved towards the door.
VARIED VERSION:
Happily, Leah received her award.
Carefully, he carried her out of the bed.
Quietly, he moved towards the door
c. Begin with dependent clause
example:
cleaned the porch after the rain had
stopped
As if he knew the subject quite well he
answered the questions
I like to say greetings to every person that
I meet whenever I go on scroll
VARIED:
After the rain had stopped, He cleaned
the porch
He answered the questions, As if he
knew the subject quite well.
Whenever I go on scroll, I like to say
greeting to every person
d. Begin the sentence with verbal phrase
example:
Dorina suddenly remembered her
mother’s advice as she was mulling her
problem.
Anna vividly recall her accident as she
was driving her new car.
VARIED:
Mulling over her problem, Dorina
suddenly remembered her mother’s
advice.
Driving her new car, Anna vividly recall
her accident.
e. Begin with a transposed appositive
example:
“I walked with heroes,” Gen. Carlos P.
Romulo’s autobiography, talks about how
he had served several presidents of the
Philippines.
VARIED:
General Carlos P. Romulo’s
autobiography, “ I walked with Heroes,”
talks about how he had served several
presidents of the Philippines.
2. Vary the lengths of the sentences
*use variety of short, long, and average
sentences to keep your readers interested. Use
compound, complex, or compound-complex
sentences to vary your expression.
3. Do not overuse the words and and so. Use a
variety of sentence structures.
4. Vary the types of sentences. Using inverted
sentences once in while could add variety to a
group of sentences in natural order. *Inverted
sentence is one in which all or part of the verb in
sentence precedes the subject
5. Use balanced sentences
* Several parts of the sentence are similar in
length and in structure. This type of sentence is
often used to express a contrast.
6. Use Elliptical sentences, especially when
writing about dialogues
* One in which the complete thought is implied
rather than specifically started
7. Use the position of words in a sentence to
gain emphasis and variety
*Notice emphasis gained in the second sentence
after a shift in the position of a word
8. Use principle of climax sentence
*Save the best or the most important element at
the end of the sentence
NARRATIVE, DESCRIPTIVE, AND DEFINITON
ESSAYS
NARRATIVE ESSAY
 A narrative essay tells a story.
 It allows the writer to be more creative
than academic essays
 May use the same procedure of
storytelling.
PARTS OF A STORY
 SETTING – where the action in a story
happens
 CHARACTERS - the people in the
story
 PLOT – the sequence of events.
Includes a climax or turning point at
which characters or events change
 MOOD – feeling or atmosphere that
the writer creates for the story
 THEME – the basic idea of the story,
topic that is common in life or human
nature
• The essay should include all the parts of a
story
• When would a narrative essay not be
written as a story?
• The essay should have purpose.
 • The essay should be written from a clear
point of view
• REMEMBER:
o Use clear and concise language
throughout the essay
o The use of the first person pronoun
‘ I’ is welcomed.
o Always be organized!
DESCRIPTIVE ESSAY
 Genre of essay that asks the student to
describe something – object, person,
place, experience, emotion, and situation
etc.
 Encourage the student’s ability to create a
written account of a particular experience.
 This genre allows for a great deal of
artistic freedom
FEATURES
 Generally, includes introduction, body, and
conclusion centered on chosen theme
 The writing style is impressive.
 Use your senses
 Use clear and vivid language
DEFINITION ESSAY
 It is an essay that explain the meaning of
a term/ terms or concept in depth. It
goes beyond the dictionary definition
by using the writer’s perspective.
Abstract ideas
 Terms or concepts that are:
o More difficult to define
o Have different meanings
 People may have different ideas or
definitions of these kinds of terms. friends:
love, honesty, courage, integrity, freedom
of speech, success, happiness. Equality.
Generating Ideas
 What is it? What is it not? What are its
distinguishing characteristics?
 Example: how do we define love?
o List what tells us most what it is
o List what it is not – It is not hate
Classify and determine what you’re defining
You can compare it to something most readers
will know.
For example: Success is riding a bike for the first
time as a young child.
Another Example: By definition, a farmer is
someone who trills soil for a living, but I define a
true farmer by his relationship with the land.
OUTLINE
Developing an Outline
• General plan of what you are going to
write
• Helps you see if your ideas connect
• Helps you see if you have sufficient
evidence to support your claim
THE BENEFITS OF OUTLINING
 An outline helps writers do the following:
o Organize information / ideas
o Clarify the writer’s purpose
Clarifying one’s purpose in writing
a story- list down first the essential
data that you want to include in
your story.
▪ examples: Characters,
Setting/s, Mood, Theme,
Climax, and Type of ending
you would want to write
about
o write down arguments or points
you want to tackle.
CONCEPTS WE SHOULD NOT FORGET
a. Outlining to Test Organization
- Outlining will help construct and organize ideas
in a sequential manner and thoughtful flow.
b. Outlining as complete Communication
- Your outline communicates your thoughts
c. Outlining as a Reading Aid
- Gets a clearer view of what other author is trying
to day.
TOPIC OUTLINE AND SENTENCE OUTLINE
Topic Outline
 Systematic arrangements that consist of
words and short phrases
 Arrange your idea hierarchically: Main
points and sub points.
Arrange ideas in sequence
I. Main Idea
A. Major Supporting Detail
i. Minor Supporting Detail
ii. Minor Supporting Detail
B. Major Supporting Detail
i. Minor Supporting Detail
ii. Minor Supporting Detail
C. Major Supporting Detail
i. Minor Supporting Detail
ii. Minor Supporting Detail
example:
 I. Supporting online small businesses Thesis statement: Human activities
in the midst of pandemic. contributing to global warming
a. Home based business
I. Global warming is a gradual warming of
i. food selling
the earth from human activities
ii. selling of pre-loved items
a. Each year five-ton 0f CO2 are
offer services.
pumped into the atmosphere
b. Online b. The carbon dioxide traps the eat
i. Facebook c. Death Valley holds the record for
ii. Instagram the highest air temperature on the
iii. TikTok planet; July 10 1913
iv. Lazada II. Human activities that contribute to
v. Shopee global warming.
vi. Amazon a. Rapid population growth worsens
vii. Alibaba the impacts of climate change by
viii. eBay straining resources and exposing
more people to climate-related
risks—especially in low-resource
regions.
Sentence Outline
b. The recent increase in greenhouse
 In the same way as a topic outline, but the
ideas are more fully stated. Each heading gas pollution is trapping excess
is expressed as a complete sentence, heat and causing the climate to
usually, but not always, consisting of just warm.
one main clause. III. Carbon pollutants also eat a hole in the
ozone layer.
Create an Outline a. National Oceanic and Atmospheric
1. Identify the topic – write what you really want Administration reported that the
to discuss or talk about hole in the ozone layer is continuing
2. Identify the main categories– main points you to shrink.
want to emphasize. b. Increased exposure to ultraviolet
radiation can cause skin cancer
3. Create the sub-categories- think of sub- and eye cataracts, and damage
categories that will support each main point or crops, plants and micro-organisms,
ideas affecting ecosystems and food
chains
Construction of the Thesis Statement.
Thesis assertation of the writer or the speaker
about a certain topic. 4 Uses of Formal Outline
1. Clarity of writer’s purpose and
• Thesis statement states what you will organizing of materials to achieve the
discuss in your essay. It tells your reader specific purpose.
what to expect from the essay. 2. Convenient way of testing the proposed
• It functions as your roadmap. organization of an essay
3. Serves as means of communication
Characteristics Of a Good Thesis: itself.
1. It must be brief 4. Aid to efficient reading.
2. It must be specific and precise
3. It must be restricted A. Outlining to clarify One’s Purpose
4. It must be unified • PLAN
5. It must be argumentative o First, List down the things that you
6. It must be relevant want to do,
7. It must be interesting o Then, Execute or plan
8. It must be visible • STORY
o Listing down essential data you
example: want to include in your story
o (PLOT, CHARACTERS, SETTING,
etc.)
• ESSAY
 o First, Argument or point to be
discussed
- writing down your outline at
any order / putting down
thoughts that comes into
your mind
o Then, reviewing notes and
organizing your final outline
example:
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
OF HYBRID CLASSES IN THE LIVES OF
STEM STUDENTS IN CENTRO
ESCOLAR INTEGRATED SCHOOL
*LIST DOWN YOUR THOUGHTS*
*SEPARATE ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES*
*YOU CAN EXPAND YOUR OUTLINE IF
YOU HAVE FURTHER QUESTIONS YOU
WANT TO CLARIFY*
B. Outlining to Test Organization
• It serves as your skeletal view of your
paper.
• Quick glance at your paper may
determine if your outline fall into
proper places
• It leads you to the beginning strategy;
then, to development of your topic; and
lastly, to your conclusion
C. Outlining as Complete Communication
Essay Questions may:
• Enumerate facts
• List down processes
• Summarize a story
• Your outline will communicate your
thoughts
D. Outlining as a Reading Aid
• Making an outline of an article that you’ve
read gives you the chance to break
down the thoughts of the author; and
hence, get a clearer view of what he or
she is trying to say.
The Conventions of Outlining
• Complete outline consists of three parts:
title, the purpose statement, and the
body of the outline
• Main divisions of the body are represented
by Roman Numerals (i, v, x, l, c, d)
• Their division in turn, are mark with
capital letter (a,b,c,d,e. Etc)
• Successive divisions are indicated by
small letters or small letters in parenthesis.
((a), (b))
• Symbols follow a progressive system of
indention so that the relationship and
relative importance of topics.
*The space at the beginning of a line of writing when it starts further
away from the edge of the paper than all the other lines
THE RHETORICAL APPEALS
• Aristotle
• Three Techniques
• Used by politicians, in advertisements,
and in speaking
Rhetorical (noun)
- a technique in language used to convey
information or convince an audience.
a. ETHOS
- The source’s credibility, the speaker’s/author’s
authority on the subject they are speaking about
- example: An eye doctor has the credibility to
give you guidance on the medicine you should
take; however, they would not have the authority
to operate on your amputated legs.
b. PATHOS
- appeal to emotion
- Authors make deliberate word choices, use
meaningful language, and use examples and
stories that evoke emotion. Authors can desire a
range of emotional responses, including
sympathy, anger, frustration, or even amusement.
c. LOGOS
- the appeal to logic, means to appeal to the
audiences’ sense of reason or logic.
- to use logos, the author makes clear, logical
connections between ideas, and includes the use
of facts and statistics.
HOW TO STRUCTURE THE OUTLINE
4 PRINCIPLES OF STRUCTURING THE
OUTLINE
1. Parallelism
- Similarity of structure in a series of related
phrases, words, and clauses.
- Writing in parallel form means using the same
pattern of words when two or more have the
same level of importance
Example:
Set A WRONG
A. Ask a question
B. Formulating a hypothesis
C. Test the hypothesis
D. Analyzing the results
Set B CORRECT
A. Ask a question
B. Formulate a hypothesis
C. Test the hypothesis
D. Analyze the result
 o Nissan Navarra
2. Coordination o Isuzu D-Max
- Enables the writer or speaker to maintain a o Chevrolet Colorado
consistent and coherent document.
You must arrange ideas according to their • Sports car
importance or significance o Lamborghini
* items with equal value should have comparable o Porsche
letter or number designation o Corvette
o Mustang
Poor Coordination o McLaren
A. Winter sports o Bentley
B. Skiing o Mercedes ben
C. Summer sports
D. Surfing

Good Coordination
A. Winter Sports
1. Skiing
2. Skating
B. Summer Sports
1. Swimming
2. Surfing

3. Subordination
- Principles in which ideas are arranged according
to their level of significance.
- Uses major and minor heading.

A. Summer sports - (Major heading)

1. Swimming – (Minor Headings)
a. Procedure (sub topics)
b. Benefits
c. Risks
2. Surfing
a. Procedure
b. Benefits
c. Risks

4. Division
- Separating or partitioning ideas into groups
- Must be consistent in using just one basis on
how you will divide ideas
Types of cars
• SUV
o Ford Everest
o Toyota Fortuner
o Mitsubishi Montero sport
o Toyota Land cruiser

• Sedan
o Honda Civic
o Hyundai Accent
o Toyota Vios
o Toyota Camry
o Audi
o BMW

• Pick up (Truck)
o Ford Ranger
o Toyota Hillux