PHRASES

CLAUSES
SENTENCES
GRADE: XI SCIOC
Phrases
Phrase
A group of words which has no subject or predicate

Examples:
 SHORT
• the man
• in the jungle
• an old man
• on time

 LONG
• a small piece of jewelry which was handed down by
my ancestors
• the room no one knows before
TYPES NOTES EXAMPLES
NOUN • Functions as a noun in a sentence • an important point
PHRASE • The long road
VERB • Contains both verbs and auxiliaries • The manager had averted the problem.
PHRASE (helping verbs) • Little Red Riding Hood was hopping and
• The main part of the predicate in skipping her way through the woods.
sentence
ADJECTIVE • Functions as the adjective in the • The tiny grey tabby kitten mewed for its
PHRASE sentence mother.
• It is placed before a noun • The sun is a bright golden fireball.
ADVERB • Functions as the adverb in the • They spoke very softly to avoid attracting
PHRASE sentence attention.
• It modifies either an adjective or • I can speak French quite fluently.
another verb or adverb
PREP. • It contains of preposition and a • A woman with a blue umbrella stepped out of
PHRASE noun the carriage.
• Marsha bought flowers for her mother.
Exercises Decide whether these statement is Noun Phrase, Verb Phrase, Adjective Phrase,
Adverb Phrase, or Prepositional Phrase.
1. beautiful lady  NP
2. Blue short and straight hair  Adj P
3. between you and me  Prep P
4. very interesting  Adj P
5. will go VP
6. into the woods  Prep P
7. has been interested VP
8. very quick  Adj V
9. very carefully  Adv V
10. brilliant perfect match  NP
11. can stop by  VP
Sam has big black bag in his house.
Clauses
Clause
A group of related words which contains a
subject and predicate
Main Clause
Contains a subject and verb which
can stand independently as a
There are two types of clauses: sentence
Main Clause
Subordinate Clause

Sub. Clause
Contains a subject and a verb, but it
cannot stand independently as a
sentence.
Examples:
Main Clause:
 One should take good care of one’s teeth

or one may end up with none.

 I admire his courage

 I just want to take this part alone.

Examples:
Subordinate Clause:
 The blue hat that belongs to John is on

top of the shelf.

 Jane is not coming because she is

undergoing the surgery.

 We all know that Barbara will continue

her study in Texas next academic year

TYPES SUBORDINATORS EXAMPLES
What, when, why, where, how, who, • James believes that he can get that achievement.
NOUN whom, which, whose, whether, that, if • That John was missing used to be a spectacular
CLAUSE news back then

Who, whom, which, whose, that, where, • The flower that has the unique markings is a tiger
ADJECTIVE when. lily.
CLAUSE • The man who wear the black leather jacket is my
friend

time when, before, after, since, until The lady left before the party ended.
place where, wherever She will go wherever he goes.
result so…that, such…that Property in Las Vegas is so expensive that the
common man finds it difficult to own a house.

ADVERB cause because, since Barbara travels by taxi since bus journeys make her
CLAUSE sick.
purpose in order to, so that I took leave so that I could tend to my sick friend.
concession although, even, though Although Rams is highly qualified, he settled for a low-
paying job
condition if, unless Unless you try, you will not know.
 Decide whether this statement is Adjective Clause, Noun
Exercises: Clause, or Adverb Clause.
1. If the manager is unable to help, try the assistant manager. Adv
2. The mayor is the person to whom you should write the letter. Adj
3. The man whose neck was broken has recovered completely. Adj
4. The scientist said that the ozone levels were dangerous. N
5. The city council objected when the mayor changed his mind. Adv
6. It is unfortunate that Mr. Jones will not return. N
7. Why you don’t do your work is ridiculous to me. N
8. This cemetery is where your Grandfather is buried. Adj
9. The report that the island is under water is very misleading. Adj
10.We offered whoever told the truth clemency. N
Sentences
 Sentence
A group of words that contain a subject,
There are three types of sentences: predicate and express the complete
thought.
Simple Sentences
Has one independent clause and no subordinate clauses.
Example:
Old-growth forests in the United States are disappearing.
The citizens must act.
Compound Sentences
Has two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions.
Example:
Old-growth forests in the United states are disappearing and the citizens must act.

Complex Sentences
Contains one independent clause and one or more subordinates.
Example:
Because old growth forests in the United States are fast disappearing, citizens must
act now
 Decide whether this statement is Simple Sentence, Compound
Exercises: Sentence, Complex Sentence.

1. I will be leaving On Monday at 7.00 a.m. Simple

2. I wasn’t feeling well, so I decided to go home earlier. Compound
3. If the weather is good, we will go to the beach. complex
4. Barbara and I will do the cooking and cleaning. simple
5. This sofa is very comfortable yet it is so pricy. compound
6. Do your work! simple
7. We order it from online for it is difficult to find here. compound
8. James is crying because he is starving to the death. complex
9. Can you pass the pepper, please? simple
10. Jane will go to the dentist and I will do the grocery. compound
THANK YOU
any questions?? 
Answers of PHRASES:
1. Noun phrase 6. Verb P
2. Prep P 7. Adj P
3. Adj P 8. Adv P
4. Verb P 9. N P
5. Prep P 10. Verb P
Answers of CLAUSES:
1. Adv 6. Noun
2. Adj 7. Noun
3. Adj 8. Adj
4. Noun 9. Adj
5. adv 10. noun
Answers of SENTENCES:
1. S 6. S
2. CD 7. CD
3. CX 8. CX
4. S 9. S
5. CD 10. CD