Japanese grammar list for all JLPT levels

# English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level

1 aete 敢えて（あえて） dare to; daringly; deliberately; N1
purposely ~
2 ageku あげく to end up; in the end; finally; after all ~ N2
3 ageru 上げる（あげる） to finish doing ~ N3
4 aida 間（あいだ） while; during; between ~ N4
5 aida ni 間に（あいだに） while; during~ something happened N4
6 akumade mo あくまでも to the end; persistently; absolutely; is N1
still very ~
7 amari あまり so much… that N3
8 amari ni mo あまりにも too much; so much… that; excessively N3
~
9 amari~nai あまり～ない not very, not much ~ N4
10 an no jou 案の定（あんのじょう） just as one thought; as usual; sure N1
enough
11 arakajime あらかじめ beforehand; in advance; previously N1
12 aruiwa あるいは or; either; maybe; perhaps; possibly ~ N2
13 ato de 後で（あとで） after~; later N4
14 atte no あっての which can exist solely due to the N1
presence of; which owes everything to
15 au 合う（あう） do something together N3
16 ba ば conditional form; If [A] then [B] N4
17 ba ii ばいい should; can; it’d be good if ~ N3
18 ba koso ばこそ only because ~ N1
19 ba sore made da / tara sore ばそれまでだ / たらそれ if… then it’s over N1
made da までだ
20 ba yokatta ばよかった should have; would have been better if N3
~
21 ba~hodo ば～ほど the more… the more ~ N3
22 ba~noni ば～のに would have; should have; if only ~ N3
23 baai wa 場合は（ばあいは） in the event of; in the case that ~ N4
24 bakari ばかり about, approximately ~ N2
25 bakari ばかり only; nothing but ~ N4
26 bakari da ばかりだ continue to (go in negative direction) N2
27 bakari de ばかりで only; just ~ (negative description) N3
28 bakari denaku ばかりでなく not only.. but also; as well as ~ N3
29 bakari ka ばかりか not only... but also; as well as ~ N2
30 bakari ni ばかりに simply because; on account of~ N2
(negative result)
31 bekarazu / bekarazaru べからず / べからざる must not; should not; do not ~ N1
32 beki da べきだ should do; must do ~ N3
33 beki dewa nai べきではない should not do; must not do ~ N3
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
34 beku べく in order to; for the purpose of ~ N1
35 beku mo nai べくもない cannot possibly be ~ N1
36 beku shite べくして as it is bound to (happen); following the N1
natural course
37 betsu ni~nai 別に～ない（べつに～な not really, not particularly N3
い）
38 biru / bite / bita びる / びて / びた to seem to be; to appear; to behave as ~ N1
39 buri / ppuri ぶり / っぷり style; manner; way N1
40 buri ni ぶりに for the first time in (period of time) N3
41 buru / butte / butta ぶる / ぶって / ぶった assuming the air of; behaving like; to N1
pretend / act like ~
42 cha ikenai / ja ikenai ちゃいけない・じゃいけ must not do (spoken Japanese) N5
ない
43 chinamini ちなみに by the way; in this connection; N2
incidentally; (conjunction)
44 chitto mo~nai ちっとも～ない (not) at all; (not) in the least ~ N2
45 chuu / juu 中（ちゅう） currently; during; at some point; N3
throughout; before the end of ~
46 da / desu だ / です to be (am, is, are, were, used to) N5
47 dake だけ only; just; as much as ~ N5
48 dake だけ as much as ~ N3
49 dake atte だけあって being the case; precisely because; as N2
expected from ~
50 dake de だけで just by; just by doing N4
51 dake de naku だけでなく not only… but also ~ N3
52 dake mashi da だけましだ it’s better than; one should feel grateful N2
for ~
53 dake ni だけに being the case; precisely because; as N2
one would expect
54 dake no koto wa aru だけのことはある no wonder; as expected of; not ... for N2
nothing; not ... with nothing to show for
it
55 dake wa だけは to do all that one can N2
56 dakedo だけど but; however; although; regarding ~ N3
57 dani / dani shinai だに / だにしない even; not even ~ N1
58 dano~dano だの～だの and; and the like; and so forth ~ N1
59 darake だらけ full of; covered with; a lot of N3
(something undesirable)
60 darou だろう I think; it seems; probably; right? N5
61 darou ni だろうに (1) surely..., but ~; although... is likely, N1
~ (2) should have (regret); might / must
have been ~
62 dasu 出す（だす） to begin to; to start to; to burst into; ... N4
out (e.g. to jump out, to carry out)
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
63 datte だって because; but; after all; even; too N2
64 de で in; at; on; by; with; via ~ N5
65 de are / de arou to であれ / であろうと whoever; whatever; however; even ~ N1
66 de are~de are であれ～であれ whether [A] or [B] N1
67 de gozaimasu でございます to be (honorific) N4
68 de shika nai でしかない merely; nothing but; no more than; there N2
is only ~
69 demo でも ... or something; how about~ N4
70 demo でも but; however; though ~ N5
71 demo ari~demo aru でもあり～でもある to also be; both… and ~ N1
72 demo nan demo nai / kumo でも何でもない / くも何 not in the least; nothing like that N1
nan tomo nai ともない（でもなんでも
ない / くもなんともな
い）
73 denakute nan darou でなくてなんだろう must be; is definitely ~ N1
74 deshou でしょう I think; it seems; probably; right? N5
75 dewa arumai ka ではあるまいか isn't it; I wonder if it’s not ~ N1
76 dewa arumai shi ではあるまいし it’s not like; it isn’t as if ~ N1
77 dewa nai ka ではないか right?; isn't it? N4
78 dewa sumanai では済まない（ではすま it doesn’t end with just ~; it will take N1
ない） more than ~
79 dokoro dewa nai どころではない not the time for; not the place for; far N2
from; anything but ~
80 dokoro ka どころか far from; anything but; let alone; not to N2
mention; much less ~
81 donna どんな what kind of; what sort of N5
82 donna ni~temo どんなに～ても no matter how (much) N3
83 dou nimo~nai どうにも～ない not … by any means; no matter how N1
hard one tries, cannot ~
84 dou yara どうやら possibly; apparently; seems like; N2
somehow; barely ~
85 douse どうせ anyhow; in any case; at any rate; after N2
all; no matter what
86 doushite どうして why; for what reason; how N5
87 doushitemo どうしても no matter what; at any cost; after all ~ N3
88 douyatte どうやって how; in what way; by what means N5
89 enai 得ない（えない） unable to; cannot; it is not possible to ~ N2
90 eru / uru 得る（える / うる） can; to be able to; is possible to~ N2
91 furi o suru ふりをする to pretend; to act as if ~ N3
92 futatabi 再び（ふたたび） again; once more N2
93 futo ふと suddenly; accidentally; unexpectedly; N3
unintentionally ~
94 fuu ni ふうに this way; that way; in such a way; how N2
95 ga が subject marker; however; but ~ N5
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
96 ga arimasu があります there is; is (non-living things) N5
97 ga hayai ka が早いか（がはやいか） no sooner than; as soon as ~ N1
98 ga hitsuyou が必要（がひつよう） need; necessary N4
99 ga hoshii がほしい to want something N5
100 ga imasu がいます there is; to be; is (living things) N5
101 ga kikkake de / o kikkake ni がきっかけで / をきっか with… as a start; as a result of; taking N2
けに advantage of ~
102 ga suru がする to smell; hear; taste N4
103 ga/mo~nara, ~mo~da が/も～なら、～も～だ negative connection/comparison (like N1
father like son)
104 gachi がち tend to; tendency to; frequently; often; N3
to do something easily
105 gamashii がましい look like; sound like; approximate; N1
similar to; somewhat like ~
106 gari がり personality (someone tends to; has a N4
tendency to; has a sensitivity to ~)
107 garu / gatteiru がる / がっている to show signs of; to appear; to feel, to N4
think ~
108 gatai がたい very difficult to; hard to ~ N3
109 gatera がてら while; on the same occasion; at the N1
same time; coincidentally ~
110 ge げ looks like; seems like; appears to ~ N2
111 gimi 気味（ぎみ） -like; -looking; -looked; tending to ~ N3
112 goto ni ごとに each; every; at intervals of ~ N3
113 gotoki / gotoku / gotoshi ごとき / ごとく / ごとし like; as if; the same as ~ N1
114 gozaimasu ございます to be, to exist (the polite form of い N4
る/ある)
115 gurumi ぐるみ together (with); -wide N1
116 gyaku ni 逆に（ぎゃくに） conversely; on the contrary ~ N2
117 hajimeru 始める（はじめる） to start; to begin to ~ N4
118 hame ni naru 羽目になる（はめにな to get stuck with; to end up with N1
る） (something unpleasant)
119 hanmen 反面（はんめん） while, although; on the other hand~ N2
120 hatashite 果たして（はたして） as was expected; sure enough; really; N2
actually ~
121 hazu da はずだ it must be; it should be (expectation) N4
122 hazu ga nai はずがない cannot be (impossible) N4
123 hitsuyou ga aru 必要がある（ひつようが need to; it is necessary to N4
ある）
124 hodo ほど degree; extent; bounds; upper limit N3
125 hodo no koto dewa nai ほどのことではない it's not worth; no need to ~ N1
126 hodo~nai ほど～ない is not as… as ~ N3
127 hou ga ii ほうがいい had better; it'd be better to; should ~ N5
128 hou ga mashi da ほうがましだ better than; would rather ~ N1
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
129 houdai 放題（ほうだい） doing as one pleases; to one's heart's N1
content; leaving uncontrolled
130 i-adjectives い-adjectives i-adjectives N5
131 ichiban 一番（いちばん） the most; the best N5
132 ichido ni 一度に（いちどに） all at once N3
133 ichiou 一応（いちおう） more or less; pretty much; roughly; N2
tentatively ~
134 igai 以外（いがい） with the exception of; excepting ~ N2
135 ijou ni 以上に（いじょうに） more than; not less than; beyond ~ N2
136 ijou wa 以上は（いじょうは） because; since; seeing that ~ N2
137 ikan da / ikan dewa / ikan ni いかんだ / いかんでは / in accordance with; depending on; N1
yotte wa いかんによっては whether or not ~
138 ikan ni kakawarazu / ikan ni いかんにかかわらず / い regardless of; whether or not; doesn't N1
yorazu / ikan o towazu かんによらず / いかんを matter whether ~
とわず
139 ikanaru いかなる any kind of; every; whatsoever; N1
whatever
140 ikani いかに how; in what way; how much; to what N1
extent
141 ikani mo いかにも indeed; really; truly; just (like); very; N1
extremely ~
142 ikinari いきなり abruptly; suddenly; all of a sudden; N2
without warning
143 ikki ni 一気に（いっきに） in one go; without stopping; all at once; N2
immediately; instantly; right away ~
144 ikou kei - volitional form 意向形 （いこうけい） volitional form; let's do ~ N4
145 ikura~temo いくら～ても no matter how ~ N3
146 ippou da 一方だ（いっぽうだ） more and more; continue to ~ N3
147 ippou de 一方で（いっぽうで） on one hand, on the other hand; N2
although ~
148 irassharu いらっしゃる to be; to come; to go (polite version) N4
149 issho ni 一緒に（いっしょに） together N5

150 itashimasu いたします to do (polite form of する) N4

151 itsumo いつも always; usually; habitually N5
152 ittai 一体（いったい） emphasis; what on earth; what in the N3
world
153 iwayuru いわゆる what is called; as it is called; the so- N2
called; so to speak
154 iyoiyo いよいよ at last; finally; beyond doubt N2
155 izure ni shitemo / izure ni いずれにしても / いずれ anyhow; anyway; either way; in any N1
shiro / izure ni seyo にしろ / いずれにせよ case ~
156 janai じゃない maybe; most likely; confirmation of N3
information; express surprise towards
# English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
listener
157 janai / dewa nai じゃない・ではない to not be (am not; is not; are not) N5
158 janai ka じゃないか right? isn't it? let's~; confirmation N4
159 jimita じみた to become; to appear like; to look like; N1
tainted with ~
160 jou 上（じょう） for the sake of; from the standpoint of; N2
as a matter of; in terms of ~
161 ka か question particle N5
162 ka dou ka かどうか whether or not ~ N4
163 ka ina ka か否か（かいなか） whether or not ~ N1
164 ka nani ka か何か（かなにか） or something ~ N3
165 ka no you ni かのように as if; just like ~ N2
166 ka shira かしら I wonder (feminine) N4
167 ka to omoikiya かと思いきや（かとおも contrary to expectations; or so we N1
いきや） thought, but ~
168 ka to omottara かと思ったら（かとお just when; no sooner than ~ N2
もったら）
169 ka~ka か～か or N5
170 ka~nai ka no uchi ni か～ないかのうちに just as; right after; as soon as ~ N2
171 kaette かえって on the contrary; rather; all the more; N2
surprisingly ~
172 kagiri 限り（かぎり） as long as; while… is the case; as far as; N2
while ~
173 kagiri da 限りだ（かぎりだ） to feel strongly N1
174 kai かい turns a sentence into a yes/no question N4
175 kai ga aru 甲斐がある（かいがあ it’s worth one’s efforts to do something N2
る）
176 kai mo naku 甲斐もなく（かいもな despite; even though ~ N1
く）
177 kakeru かける half-; not yet finished; in the middle of~ N3
178 kamo shirenai かもしれない might; perhaps; indicates possibility N4
179 kana かな I wonder; should I? N4
180 kanenai かねない (someone) might do something; N2
something might happen
181 kaneru かねる unable to do something; can’t do N2
something
182 kanousei ga aru 可能性がある（かのうせ may/might; there’s a possibility that ~ N1
いがある）
183 kara から because; since; from N5
184 kara aru / kara suru / kara no からある / からする / か at least; as much as; as many as ~ N1
らの
185 kara iu to から言うと（からいう in terms of; from the point of view of ~ N2
と）
186 kara koso からこそ precisely because ~ N2
187 kara miru to から見ると（からみる from the point of view of; by the look N2
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
と） of; judging from ~
188 kara niwa からには now that; since; so long as; because ~ N2
189 kara shite からして judging from; based on; since; from; N2
even ~
190 kara suru to / kara sureba からすると / からすれば judging from; considering; by the look N2
of ~
191 kara to itte からと言って（からと just because; even if; even though ~ N2
いって）
192 kara tsukuru から作る（からつくる） made from; made with N4
193 kara~ni kakete から〜にかけて through; from [A] to [B] N3
194 kare~kare かれ～かれ sooner or later; more or less N1
195 kata 方（かた） the way of doing something; how to do N5
~
196 katagata かたがた while; at the same time; incidentally; for N1
the purpose of ~
197 katawara かたわら while; besides; at the same time; in N1
addition
198 katsute かつて once; before; formerly; ever; former; N1
ex-
199 kawari ni 代わりに（かわりに） instead of; as a substitute for; in N3
exchange for; in return for
200 kedo けど but; however; although ~ N5
201 kekka 結果（けっか） as a result of; after ~ N3
202 kekkyoku 結局（けっきょく） after all; eventually; in the end ~ N3
203 keredo mo けれども but; however; although ~ N5
204 kesshite~nai 決して～ない（けっして never; by no means ~ N3
～ない）
205 kirai ga aru 嫌いがある（きらいがあ bad habit; to have a tendency to ~ N1
る）
206 kirenai 切れない（きれない） unable to do; too much to N3
finish/complete
207 kiri きり only; just; since; after ~ N3
208 kiri ga nai 切りがない（きりがな endless; boundless; going on forever; N1
い） there’s no end to ~
209 kiru 切る（きる） to do something completely to the end N3
210 kitte no きっての the most / greatest … of all N1
211 kitto きっと surely; undoubtedly; almost certainly; N4
most likely
212 kiwamaru / kiwamarinai 極まる / 極まりない（き extremely; very ~ N1
わまる / きわまりない）
213 kke っけ a casual suffix to confirm something N3
you are trying to remember
214 kkonai っこない no chance of; … is definitely not N2
possible
215 komu 込む（こむ） to do something for a long time or to N3
# English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
move something inside
216 koro / goro 頃（ころ / ごろ） around; about; when N4
217 koso こそ for sure (emphasize preceding word); N3
precisely; definitely ~
218 koso are こそあれ although; even though ~ N1
219 koso sure こそすれ and; although; but ~ N1
220 koso~ga/keredo こそ「～が・けれど」 but; although (emphasis) N1
221 koto こと (must) do N3
222 koto こと Verb nominalizer N4
223 koto da ことだ should do~ (used for suggestions or N2
giving advice)
224 koto dakara ことだから because; since ~ N2
225 koto ga aru ことがある there are times when N4
226 koto ga dekiru ことができる can; able to N4
227 koto gotoku ことごとく altogether; entirely; completely ~ N1
228 koto ka ことか how…!; what…! N2
229 koto kara ことから from the fact that ~ N3
230 koto kono ue nai / kono ue nai ことこの上ない / この上 the most of all; the best; nothing is more N1
/ kono ue naku ない / この上なく（こと ... than ~
このうえない / このうえ
ない / このうえなく）
231 koto mo atte こともあって partly because; also because of; plus the N1
reason for ~
232 koto naku ことなく without doing something even once N2
233 koto nashi ni ことなしに without doing something N1
234 koto ni ことに emphasize speaker's feelings; to my N2
(surprise/etc)
235 koto ni naru ことになる It has been decided that..; it turns out N4
that..
236 koto ni natteiru ことになっている expresses a standard, rule or expectation N3
237 koto ni suru ことにする to decide on N4
238 koto niwa naranai ことにはならない just because… doesn’t mean ~ N2
239 koto no nai you ni ことのないように so as not to; to not ~ N1
240 koto tote こととて because; since ~ N1
241 koto wa nai ことはない there is no need to; (something) never N3
happens; there is no possibility that ~
242 koto wa~ga ことは～が although; but ~ N3
243 ku suru くする to make something ~ N4
244 kurai / gurai くらい / ぐらい approximately; about; around; to the N3
extent ~
245 kurai nara くらいなら rather than (do ...) N1
246 kurai no mono da くらいのものだ only (emphasis) N1
247 kuse ni くせに and yet; though; in spite of; despite ~ N3
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
248 kuse shite くせして although; despite the fact that; even N2
though ~
249 kyuu ni 急に（きゅうに） quickly; immediately; hastily; suddenly; N4
abruptly; unexpectedly ~
250 mada まだ still; not yet N5
251 mada ~te imasen まだ～ていません have not yet ~ N5
252 madashimo まだしも rather; better ~ N2
253 made まで until; as far as; to (an extent); even ~ N5
254 made da / made no koto da までだ / までのことだ only; just; nothing else N1
255 made mo nai / made mo naku までもない / までもなく there's no need to; it’s not necessary to N1
~
256 made ni までに by; by the time; indicates time limit N4
257 mae ni 前に（まえに） before; in front of ~ N5
258 mai まい will not; will probably not; intend not N2
to; must not ~
259 majiki まじき should not; must not ~ N1
260 makuru まくる to do over and over again; to do N1
relentlessly
261 mama まま as it is; current state; without changing N4
262 mama ni ままに as, to do as ~ N2
263 mamire まみれ covered with; stained; smeared with ~ N1
264 maru de まるで as if; as though; just like ~ N3
265 marukkiri まるっきり completely; absolutely; totally; (not) at N1
all ~
266 masaka まさか there's no way; that's impossible; you N3
must be joking
267 masen ka ませんか would you; do you want to; shall we ~ N5
268 mashou ましょう let's ~; shall we ~ N5
269 mashouka ましょうか shall I ~; used to offer help to the N5
listener
270 matawa または both; or; otherwise; choice between [A] N4
or [B]
271 mattaku~nai 全く～ない（まったく～ not at all ~ N2
ない）
272 meku めく seems; show signs of; to have the N1
appearance of ~
273 metta ni~nai めったに～ない hardly; rarely; seldom N3
274 mitai da みたいだ like; similar to; resembling ~ N4
275 mitai na みたいな like, similar to ~ N4
276 mitai ni みたいに like; similar to ~ N4
277 mo も as many as; as much as; up to; nearly ~ N4
278 mo も too; also; as well N5
279 mo douzen da も同然だ（もどうぜん just like; same as ~ N1
だ）
 # English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level
280 mo kamawazu もかまわず without caring; without worrying about N2
~
281 mo saru koto nagara もさることながら one may well say so, but~; not only... N1
but also ~
282 mo shinai de もしないで without even doing ~ N1
283 mo touzen da も当然だ（もとうぜん it’s only natural; no wonder; might as N2
だ） well ~
284 mo~ba~mo も～ば～も and; also; as well; either/or; neither/nor N3
285 mohaya もはや already; now; no longer; not anymore N1
286 mono / mon もの / もん because; indicates reason/ excuse/ N2
dissatisfaction
287 mono da ものだ describe feeling; express memories; N2
state fact
288 mono dakara ものだから so; therefore; the reason for something N2
289 mono de もので because; for that reason N1
290 mono dewa nai ものではない shouldn’t do something; it’s impossible N2
to ~
291 mono ga aru ものがある there is such a thing; to be the case that; N2
feels like ~
292 mono ka / mon ka ものか / もんか as if (something untrue were actually N2
true); there's no way ~
293 mono nara ものなら if I/we could; if [A] is possible, then N2
[B]; if one can do something, then ~
294 mono o ものを if only; I wish; I'm sorry it's not actually N1
(regret)
295 mono to omowareru / mono to ものと思われる / ものと to think; to suppose; it is N1
mirareru 見られる（ものとおもわ believed/expected that ~
れる / ものとみられる）
296 mono to suru ものとする shall; to assume; understood as ~ N1
297 mono toshite ものとして to assume; to suppose; on the N1
presumption that ~
298 monono ものの but; although; even though ~ N2
299 moshika shitara もしかしたら perhaps; maybe; perchance; by any N3
chance ~

300 moshikuwa もしくは if; in the case; supposing ~ N3

# English Japanese Grammar Meaning Level

301 moshimo~tara もしも〜たら if; in the case; supposing ~ N3
302 motto mo もっとも but then; although; though ~ N2
303 mou もう already; anymore; again; other N5
304 mou sukoshi de もう少しで（もうすこしで） almost; nearly, close to ~ N2
305 muke 向け（むけ） intended for; aimed at ~ N3
306 muki 向き（むき） suitable for ~ N3
307 mushiro むしろ rather; instead; better ~ N3
308 n bakari ni んばかりに as if; as though ~ N1
309 n ga tame ni んがために in order to ~ N1
310 na な don’t ~ (order somebody to not do N4
something)
311 na-adjectives な-adjectives na-adjectives N5
312 naa なあ sentence ending particle; confirmation; N5
admiration, etc
313 nado など such as; things like ~ N4
314 nagara ながら while; during; as; simultaneously N4
315 nagara mo ながらも but; although; despite ~ N3
316 nagara ni / nagara no ながらに / ながらの while; during; without change; performed N1
in this condition
317 nai dewa irarenai ないではいられない can’t help but feel; can’t help but do ~ N2
318 nai koto niwa~nai ないことには～ない unless you ~ N2
319 nai koto wa nai ないことはない can do; is not impossible to ~ N3
320 nai made mo ないまでも not to say; although it does not reach the N1
level of ~
321 nai mono demo nai ないものでもない is not entirely impossible N1
322 nai mono ka / nai mono ないものか / ないものだろう isn't there; can’t we…?; can’t I…? N1
darou ka か
323 nai tomo kagiranai ないとも限らない（ないとも not necessarily; I can't say that; maybe; N1
かぎらない） might ~
324 naide ないで without doing ~; to do [B] without doing N5
[A]
325 naide kudasai ないでください please don't do ~ N5
326 naito ないと must do; unless/if you don't ~ N3
327 naito ikenai ないといけない must do; have an obligation to do ~ N5
328 naka o / naka dewa 中を / 中では（なかを / なか in; on; in the midst of; when; while ~ N2
では）
329 naka naka なかなか very; quite; pretty; rather; just not ~ N3
330 nakanaka~nai なかなか～ない not easy to; struggling to; not able to ~ N4
331 nakereba ikenai なければいけない must do something; have to do something N4
332 nakereba naranai なければならない must do something; have to do something N4
333 naku temo ii なくてもいい don't have to N5
334 naku wa nai / naku mo nai なくはない / なくもない it’s not that; I may (double negative) N2
335 nakucha なくちゃ must do; need to; gotta do ~ N5
336 nakushite wa なくしては cannot do without ~ N1
337 nakute sumu なくて済む（なくてすむ） get by without doing ~ N2
338 nakute wa ikenai なくてはいけない must do; need to do N5
339 nakute wa naranai なくてはならない must do; need to do ~ N5
340 nami 並み（なみ） average; ordinary; same level as; equal to; N1
on par with ~
341 nan to iu / nanto / nante なんという / なんと / なん how (beautiful, etc.); what a ~ N1
て
342 nani mo~nai 何も～ない（なにも～ない） nothing; (not) ~ at all; there’s no need to N2
~
343 nani shiro 何しろ（なにしろ） at any rate; after all; anyhow; anyway; in N1
any case; because; as you know ~
344 nanka / nante / nado なんか / なんて / など give examples; show modesty; make light N3
of ~
345 nao なお still; yet; furthermore; in addition ~ N2
346 naosu 直す（なおす） to do something again; to do over N3
347 nara なら if; in the case that ~ N4
348 nara dewa ならでは distinctive of; uniquely applying to; N1
special to ~
349 nara iza shirazu / wa iza ならいざしらず / はいざしら I don't know about ... but; it may be N1
shirazu ず possible for ... but ~

350 nari なり as soon as; right after ~ N1

351 nari ni / nari no なりに / なりの suitable; in one's own way/style N1
352 nari tomo なりとも at least; even just a little (adverbial N1
particle)
353 nari~nari なり～なり [A] or [B] or something; for instance ~ N1
354 naru なる to become N5
355 naru beku なるべく as much as possible N3
356 nasai なさい do this (soft/firm command) N4
357 nasaru なさる to do (honorific) N4
358 nashi ni / nashi de なしに / なしで without; without doing ~ N1
359 nazenara なぜなら because; the reason is; if you want to N3
know why
360 ndatte んだって I hear that; heard that ~ N3
361 ndesu んです to explain something; show emphasis N5
362 ne ね isn't it? right? eh? N5
363 neba naranai ねばならない have to do; must; should ~ N2
364 ni に destination particle; in; at; on; to N5
365 ni に and; in addition to; the combination of ~ N1
366 ni atai suru に値する（にあたいする） to be worth; to be worthy of; to deserve; N1
to merit ~
367 ni atatte にあたって at the time; on the occasion of ~ N2
368 ni atte にあって at; on; during; in the condition of ~ N1
369 ni chigai nai に違いない（にちがいない） I’m sure/ certain; no doubt that ~ N3
370 ni hanshite に反して（にはんして） against; contrary to; in contrast to ~ N3
371 ni hikikae に引き換え（にひきかえ） compared to; in contrast to; unlike; while; N1
whereas ~
372 ni hoka naranai にほかならない nothing but; none other than ~ N2
373 ni iku に行く（にいく） go to do ~ N5
374 ni itaru / ni itatta に至る / に至った（にいたる / leads to; come to a conclusion N1
にいたった）
375 ni itaru made に至るまで（にいたるまで） as far as; up until; everything from ... to ~ N1
376 ni itattemo に至っても（にいたっても） even if; even though; although something N1
reached the point ~
377 ni ittate wa に至っては（にいたっては） when it comes to; as for ~ N1
378 ni iwasereba に言わせれば（にいわせれ if you ask; if one may say ~ N1
ば）
379 ni kagirazu に限らず（にかぎらず） not just; not only... but also ~ N2
380 ni kagiru に限る（にかぎる） is best; nothing is better than ~ N2
381 ni kagitta koto dewa nai に限ったことではない（にか not limited to only ~ N1
ぎったことではない）
382 ni kagitte に限って（にかぎって） only; in particular ~ N2
383 ni kakatte wa / ni kakattara / にかかっては / にかかったら / when handled by (N), becomes a N1
ni kakaru to / kakareba にかかると / かかれば completely different result
384 ni kakatteiru にかかっている depending on; to depend on; whether or N1
not
385 ni kakawarazu に関わらず（にかかわらず） in spite of; regardless of ~ N2
386 ni kakawaru に関わる（にかかわる） to relate to; to have to do with; relating to N2
~
387 ni kakete にかけて over (a period); through; concerning; N3
regarding ~
388 ni kako tsukete にかこつけて to use as a pretext; to use as an excuse N1
389 ni kamakete にかまけて to be too busy; to focus / concentrate only N1
on ~
390 ni kan suru / ni kan shite に関する / に関して（にかん about; regarding; related to ~ N3
する / にかんして）
391 ni katakunai に難くない（にかたくない） easy to do; it’s not hard to (imagine, N1
understand, guess)
392 ni kawatte / ni kawari にかわって / にかわり instead of; replacing; on behalf of ~ N3
393 ni ki ga tsuku に気がつく（にきがつく） to notice; to realize N4
394 ni kimatte iru に決まっている（にきまって certainly; I’m sure/certain that; it must be N2
いる） the case that ~
395 ni koshita koto wa nai に越したことはない（にこし it’s best that, there’s nothing better than ~ N2
たことはない）
396 ni kotaete に応えて（にこたえて） in response to ~ N2

397 ni kurabete に比べて（にくらべて） compared to; in comparison to ~ N3

398 ni kuwaete に加えて（にくわえて） in addition ~ N2
399 ni matsuwaru にまつわる to be related to; to concern; associated N1
with ~
400 ni mieru に見える（にみえる） to look; to seem; to appear N4
401 ni motozuite に基づいて（にもとづいて） based on; on the basis of ~ N2
402 ni mukatte に向かって（にむかって） to face; to go towards; to head to ~ N2
403 ni nareru に慣れる（になれる） to be used to something N3
404 ni nottotte に則って（にのっとって） based on; according to; in accordance N1
with ~
405 ni oite / ni okeru において / における in; at (place); regarding; as for; in relation N3
 to ~
406 ni oujite に応じて（におうじて） depending on; in accordance with ~ N2
407 ni saishite に際して（にさいして） on the occasion of; at the time of ~ N2
408 ni sakidachi に先立ち（にさきだち） before; prior to ~ N2
409 ni sakigakete に先駆けて（にさきがけて） prior to; to be the first (pioneer); being N1
ahead of ~
410 ni seyo/ ni shiro にせよ/ にしろ even if; regardless; whether... or ~ N2
411 ni shinobinai に忍びない（にしのびない） cannot bring oneself (to do); unable to N1
bear ~
412 ni shiro~ni shiro にしろ～にしろ whether… or ~ N2
413 ni shita tokoro de / to shita にしたところで / としたとこ even if; even supposing that ~ N1
tokoro de ろで
414 ni shitagatte にしたがって as; therefore; in accordance with; N3
according to; consequently ~
415 ni shitara / ni sureba にしたら / にすれば from one’s perspective; from the point of N2
view of ~
416 ni shite にして at / on / under certain conditions (time, N1
position, age, number of times)
417 ni shite mo にしても even if; even though; regardless of ~ N3
418 ni shite wa にしては for; considering it’s (something or N3
someone)
419 ni shitemo~ni shitemo にしても～にしても regardless of whether ~ N2
420 ni sokushite に即して（にそくして） according to; in keeping with; to be based N1
on ~
421 ni sotte に沿って（にそって） along with; in accordance with ~ N2
422 ni soui nai に相違ない（にそういない） without a doubt; certain; sure N2
423 ni suginai に過ぎない（にすぎない） no more than; just; merely; only ~ N2
424 ni suru にする to make something ~ N4
425 ni suru にする to decide on N5
426 ni taeru / ni taenai に耐える / に耐えない（にた worth doing; can do; cannot bear doing ~ N1
える / にたえない）
427 ni taishite に対して（にたいして） towards; against; regarding; in contrast N3
with ~
428 ni taranai / ni tarinai に足らない / に足りない（に cannot; not worthy; not worth doing ~ N1
たらない / にたりない）
429 ni taru / ni tariru に足る / に足りる（にたる / can do; worthy; worth doing N1
にたりる）
430 ni terashite に照らして（にてらして） according to; in view of; in light of ~ N1
431 ni todomarazu にとどまらず not limited to; not only… but also ~ N1
432 ni tomonatte に伴って（にともなって） as; due to; with; along with; following; N2
accordingly ~
433 ni totte にとって to; for; concerning; as far as ... is N3
concerned; regarding ~
434 ni tsuite について concerning; regarding; about; on ~ N3
435 ni tsuke につけ every time; whenever; as; whether; in N2
 (either case)
436 ni tsuki につき due to; because of; per; each N2
437 ni tsurete につれて as; in proportion to; with; as… then ~ N3
438 ni wa には for the purpose of; in order to ~ N3
439 ni wa muri ga aru には無理がある（にはむりが difficult to do; is unreasonable / N1
ある） unrealistic / impossible
440 ni watatte にわたって throughout; over a period of ~ N2
441 ni yorazu によらず regardless of ~ N1
442 ni yoru to/ni yoreba によると /によれば according to ~ N3
443 ni yotte / ni yoru によって / による by means of; due to; owing to; because of N3
~
444 ni/e に/へ to (indicates direction / destination) N5
445 ni~o kasanete に～を重ねて（に～をかさね success after continuous (effort, work, N1
て） adjustments, etc.)
446 nikui にくい difficult to do ~ N4
447 nimo hodo ga aru にもほどがある there is a limit to what is acceptable; to go N1
too far
448 nimo kakawarazu にも関わらず（にもかかわら despite; in spite of; nevertheless; although N2
ず） ~
449 nimo mashite にも増して（にもまして） more than…; above ~ N1
450 nite にて in, at, with, by (formal particle) N2
451 niwa ataranai には当たらない（にはあたら it’s not worth; there’s no need to; does not N1
ない） correspond to ~
452 niwa oyobanai には及ばない（にはおよばな there is no need to; unnecessary; no N1
い） match for ~
453 no の possessive particle N5
454 no deshou ka のでしょうか ask a question in a polite way N3
455 no desu のです to explain something; show emphasis N5
456 no ga heta のが下手（のがへた） to be bad at doing something N5
457 no ga jouzu のが上手（のがじょうず） to be good at N5
458 no ga suki のが好き（のがすき） to like doing something N5
459 no itari の至り（のいたり） utmost; extremely ~ N1
460 no kiwami の極み（のきわみ） utmost; extremely ~ N1
461 no mo motto mo da のももっともだ no wonder; …is only natural N2
462 no moto de の下で（のもとで） under; with ~ N2
463 no naka de の中で（のなかで） in; among ~ N4
464 no naka de [A] ga ichiban の中で[A]が一番（のなかで out of this group, [A] is best N5
[A]がいちばん）
465 no nan notte のなんのって extremely ~ (cannot be expressed in N1
words)
466 no ue de wa の上では（のうえでは） according to; from the viewpoint of ~ N2
467 no yara / mono yara / koto のやら / ものやら / ことやら I wonder...; unsure; I don’t know ~ N1
yara
468 no yara~no yara のやら～のやら or ~ (I don't know) N1
469 node ので because of; given that; since ~ N5
470 nomi のみ only; nothing but N2
471 nominarazu のみならず not only; besides; as well as ~ N2
472 noni のに although, in spite of, even though ~ N4
473 noni のに to (do something); in order to ~ N4
474 nowa~da のは〜だ [A] is [B]; the reason for [A] is [B] N4
475 nu ぬ negative verb conjugation; traditional N2
version of ない
476 nuki ni shite / nuki de 抜きにして / 抜きで（ぬきに without; leaving out; cutting out ~ N2
して/ ぬきで）
477 nuku 抜く（ぬく） to do something from beginning to end; N2
completely, extremely ~
478 o / go お/ご polite marker; honorific prefix particle N5
479 o / wo を object marker particle N5
480 o chuushin ni を中心に（をちゅうしんに） focused on; centered on N3
481 o fumaete を踏まえて（をふまえて） to be based on; to take into account ~ N1
482 o hajime をはじめ for example; starting with ~ N3
483 o hete を経て（をへて） through; by way of; after; via ~ N1
484 o hikaete を控えて（をひかえて） to be soon; the time has come to; nearby; N1
ahead of ~
485 o ii koto ni をいいことに to take advantage of ~ N1
486 o kaerimizu / mo kaerimizu を顧みず / も顧みず（をかえ despite; without considering; not N1
りみず / もかえりみず） worrying about; regardless of ~
487 o kagiri ni を限りに（をかぎりに） starting from; the last time (ending a N1
continued action)
488 o kanete を兼ねて（をかねて） also for the purpose of ~ N1
489 o kawakiri ni を皮切りに（をかわきりに） one after another; starting with ~ N1
490 o keiki ni を契機に（をけいきに） as a good opportunity/chance to; as a N2
result of; make the best of ~
491 o ki ni を機に（をきに） as an opportunity/chance to ~ N1
492 o kinji enai を禁じ得ない（をきんじえな can’t help but; can’t refrain from ~ N1
い）
493 o komete を込めて（をこめて） filled with; full of N3
494 o kudasai をください please give me ~ N5
495 o megutte をめぐって concerning; in regard to ~ N2
496 o mono tomo sezuni をものともせずに in defiance of; not losing to / afraid / N1
worrying about ~
497 o moto ni をもとに based on; derived from; building on; N2
beginning with ~
498 o motte / o mochimashite をもって / をもちまして by means of; with; on / at / as of (time) N1
499 o nozoite を除いて（をのぞいて） except; with the exception of; excluding ~ N2
500 o oite~nai をおいて～ない only; can only be; there is no alternative, N1
only ~
501 o oshite / o oshikitte を押して / を押し切って（を to overcome (opposition); to push past ~ N1
おして / をおしきって）
502 o sakai ni を境に（をさかいに） since ~ (indicates a large change before & N1
after)
503 o towazu を問わず（をとわず） regardless of; irrespective of; no matter N2
504 o tsuujite / o tooshite を通じて / を通して（をつう through; via; throughout; by ~ N3
じて / をとおして）
505 o yogi naku sareru を余儀なくされる（をよぎな to be forced to do something because one N1
くされる） has no other choice
506 o yoso ni をよそに despite; without regards to ~ N1
507 o zentei toshite を前提として（をぜんていと with the intention to; on the condition / N1
して） assumption ~
508 o~kudasai お～ください please do ~ (honorific) N4
509 o~negau お～願う（お～ねがう） please do; could you please…; I ask of N2
you to ~
510 o~ni naru お～になる to do (honorific) N4
511 okage de おかげで thanks to; owing to; because of ~ N3
512 oki ni おきに repeated at intervals, every ~ N4
513 omake ni おまけに to make matters worse; besides; what's N2
more; in addition; on top of that
514 omoi o suru 思いをする（おもいをする） to think; to feel ~ N1
515 ori ni 折に（おりに） when; at the time; on the occasion ~ N1
516 osoraku 恐らく（おそらく） perhaps; likely; probably; I dare say ~ N2
517 osore ga aru 恐れがある（おそれがある） it is feared that; to be in danger of; to be N2
liable to ~
518 owaru 終わる（おわる） to finish; to end~ N4
519 oyobi 及び（および） and; as well as ~ N2
520 oyoso およそ about; roughly; generally; approximately; N1
completely ~
521 ppanashi っぱなし leaving (something) on; leaving N3
(something) still in use
522 ppoi っぽい seems like; somewhat; -ish; easily does; N3
often does ~
523 rareru られる potential form; ability or inability to do N4
something
524 rashii らしい it seems like; I heard; apparently ~ N4
525 roku ni~nai ろくに～ない not well; not enough; improperly; N2
insufficiently; unsatisfactorily ~
526 sa さ ending particle; indicates assertion N1
527 sa さ -ness ; nominalizer for adjective N4
528 sae さえ even; so much as; not even N3
529 sae~ba さえ～ば if only; as long as ~ N3
530 sai ni 際に（さいに） when; at the time of; in the case of ~ N3
531 saichuu ni 最中に（さいちゅうに） while; during; in the middle of ~ N3
532 saiwai na koto ni 幸いなことに（さいわいなこ fortunately; luckily; thankfully ~ N2
とに）
533 sakki さっき some time ago; just now N4
534 samo さも really (seem, appear, etc.); truly; as if ~ N1
535 samonaito さもないと otherwise; or else; if not ~ N1
536 sara ni さらに furthermore; again; more and more ~ N3
537 saserareru させられる causative-passive; to be made to do N4
something
538 saseru させる causative form; to make/let somebody do N4
something
539 sasete kudasai させてください please let me do N4
540 sasuga さすが as one would expect; as is to be expected; N4
even ~
541 sate さて conjunction: well; now; then ~ N3
542 sazo さぞ surely; certainly; no doubt; indeed ~ N1
543 sei de せいで because of; due to; as a result of ~ N3
544 sei ka せいか perhaps because ~ N2
545 seizei せいぜい at the most; at best; to the utmost N3
546 sekkaku せっかく especially; (thank you for) troubling to, N2
going to great pains for ~
547 semete せめて at least; at most ~ N2
548 shi し and; and what’s more ~ (emphasis) N4

549 shibaraku しばらく for a moment; for a while; for the time N3
being
550 shidai 次第（しだい） as soon as, dependent upon N2
551 shidai de 次第で（しだいで） depending on; so ~ N2
552 shidai ni 次第に（しだいに） gradually (progress into a state); in N2
sequence; in order
553 shikamo しかも moreover; furthermore; and yet; what’s N2
more ~
554 shikanai しかない have no choice but ~ N3
555 shikashi しかし but; however ~ N5
556 shimatsu da 始末だ（しまつだ） end up; in the end; as a result (negative) N1
557 soba kara そばから as soon as; right after ~ N1
558 sobireru そびれる to miss a chance; to fail to do ~ N1
559 sokonau / sokoneru / sonjiru 損なう / 損ねる / 損じる（そ to do something wrong; by mistake; to N1
こなう / そこねる / そんじ miss a chance; to fail to ~
る）
560 sonna ni そんなに so much; so; like that N4
561 sono tame ni そのために hence; for that reason; because of ~ N3
562 sono ue その上（そのうえ） besides; in addition; furthermore ~ N2
563 sore demo それでも but still; and yet; even so ~ N4
564 sore kara それから and; and then; after that; since then N5
565 sore na noni それなのに and yet; despite this; but even so ~ N2
566 sore nara それなら if that’s the case; if so ~ N2
567 sore ni それに besides; in addition; also; moreover ~ N4
568 sore ni shitemo それにしても nevertheless; at any rate; even so; be that N2
as it may ~
569 soretomo それとも or; or else ~ N3
570 soshite そして and; and then; thus; and now ~ N5
571 sou da [1] そうだ I heard that; it is said that ~ N4
572 sou da [2] そうだ looks like; appears like; seeming ~ N4
573 sou ieba そう言えば（そういえば） come to think of it; now that you mention N2
it ~
574 sou mo nai /sou ni nai そうもない /そうにない very unlikely to; showing no signs of ~ N3
575 sou ni / sou na そうに / そうな seems like; looks like ~ N4
576 sou suru to そうすると having done that; if that is done; if it is N2
done in that way
577 sube ga nai 術がない（すべがない） there is no way / means; cannot do ~ N1
578 sude ni すでに something has already been done/taken N3
place; is already the case
579 sue ni 末に（すえに） finally; after; following; at the end/ N2
conclusion of ~
580 sugiru すぎる too much N5
581 sukoshi mo~nai 少しも～ない（すこしも～な not one bit; not even a little ~ N2
い）
582 sukunaku tomo 少なくとも（すくなくとも） at least ~ N2
583 sunawachi すなわち in other words; namely ~ N3
584 sura / de sura すら / ですら even ~ (with emphasis) N1
585 suuryou + wa 数量 + は（すうりょう + は） at least ~ N3
586 ta bakari たばかり just finished; something just occurred N4
587 ta hazumi ni / ta hyoushi ni た弾みに / た拍子に（たはず the moment [A], unintentionally / N1
みに / たひょうしに） inadvertently caused something to happen
588 ta koto ga aru たことがある to have done something before N5
589 ta koto ni suru / ta koto ni たことにする / たことになる pretend to; see things as untrue; contrary N1
naru to the truth ~
590 ta mono da たものだ used to do; would often do N3
591 ta tokoro たところ just finished doing, was just doing N4
592 ta tokoro de たところで even if; no matter (who, what, when, N1
where, why, how)
593 ta totan たとたん as soon as; just as ~ N3
594 ta tsumori wa nai たつもりはない have no intention to / didn't mean to ~ N1
595 tabi ni たびに whenever; every time ~ N3
596 tada~nomi da ただ～のみだ all we can do is; can do nothing but; only N1
~
597 tadachi ni 直ちに（ただちに） at once; immediately; directly; in person; N2
automatically ~
598 tadoushi & jidoushi 他動詞 & 自動詞（たどうし & Transitive & Intransitive Verbs N4
じどうし）
599 tagaru たがる wants to do ~ (third person) N4
600 tai たい want to do something N5
601 tamae たまえ do~; order somebody to do something N2
602 tame ni ために for; in order to; for the benefit of; because N3
of; as a result of ~
603 tameshi ga nai ためしがない is never the case; has never happened; I N1
have never seen or heard of ~
604 tara たら if; after; when ~ N4
605 tara dou たらどう why don't you; how about ~ (used to give N4
advice)
606 tara ii desu ka たらいいですか what should I do?; speaker seeking N4
instructions from listener
607 tara saigo / taga saigo たら最後 / たが最後（たらさ if you do... negative result N1
いご / たがさいご）
608 tara~tade たら～たで if / in the case... of course / should ~ N1
609 tara~tokoro da たら～ところだ if... (counterfactual condition), then N1
would be ~
610 tari tomo たりとも not even; not any ~ N1
611 tari~tari たり～たり do such things as A and B N5
612 taru mono / taru たるもの / たる (those) who are; (that) which is; in the N1
capacity of ... should ~
613 tashika ni 確かに（たしかに） surely, certainly ~ N3
614 tate たて just done; freshly done; newly done N3
615 tatoe~temo たとえ～ても even if… is the case N3
616 tatoeba 例えば（たとえば） for example; for instance ~ N3
617 tatte たって even if; even though; no matter how ~ N3
618 te / de て / で conjunctive particle; so; because of [A], N4
[B]...
619 te ageru てあげる to do for; to do a favor N4
620 te aru てある is/has been done (resulting state) N5
621 te bakari iru てばかりいる only; nothing but ~ N3
622 te bakari wa irarenai てばかりはいられない can’t keep doing ~ N2
623 te demo てでも even if I have to; by all means ~ N2
624 te goran てごらん (please) try to; (please) look N3
625 te hajimete てはじめて not until; only after [x] did I N3
626 te hoshii てほしい I want you to; need you to ~ N4
627 te iku ていく to start; to continue; to go on N4
628 te irai て以来（ていらい） since; henceforth ~ N2
629 te iru ている ongoing action or current state N5
630 te ita ていた was doing something (past continuous) N4
631 te itadakemasen ka ていただけませんか could you please ~ N4
632 te ite wa ていては if one keeps doing ~ N2
633 te kanawanai て敵わない（てかなわない） can't bear to; unable to; troublesome to; N1
can’t stand to ~
634 te kara てから after doing ~ N5
635 te kara de nai to てからでないと must first do; cannot do without first N3
doing ~
636 te kara to iu mono てからというもの ever since ~ N1
637 te koso てこそ now that; since (something happened) N2
638 te kudasai てください please do N5
639 te kureru てくれる to do a favor; do something for someone N4
640 te kuru てくる to do… and come back; to become; to N4
continue; to start ~
641 te made てまで even; will go far so as to ~ N2
642 te miru てみる try doing N4
643 te miseru てみせる I’ll do my best; I'll definitely do; I'll show N1
you ~
644 te morau てもらう to get somebody to do something N4
645 te naranai てならない can't help but; dying to; extremely ~ N2
646 te oku ておく to do something in advance N4
647 te shikaru beki da てしかるべきだ should; appropriate; it is natural to do ~ N1
648 te shimau / chau てしまう / ちゃう to do something by accident, to finish N4
completely
649 te shou ga nai/te shikata ga てしょうがない・てしかたが can't help but; very; extremely ~ N3
nai ない
650 te sumimasen てすみません I’m sorry for N4
651 te sumu て済む（てすむ） sufficient by; no problem to; resolve by ~ N3
652 te sumu koto dewa nai て済むことではない（てすむ ~ is not enough to solve the problem; N1
ことではない） cannot be resolved by ~
653 te tamaranai てたまらない can't help but; dying to; extremely ~ N2
654 te touzen da て当然だ（てとうぜんだ） natural; as a matter of course N2
655 te wa ikenai てはいけない must not; may not; cannot N5
656 te wa ikenai kara てはいけないから in order to not~; to prevent a negative N3
situation
657 te yamanai てやまない always; never stop; can’t help but ~ N1
658 te yaru てやる to do for; to do a favor (casual) N4
659 te yokatta てよかった I’m glad that ~ N4
660 teiru baai janai ている場合じゃない（ている this is no time to be doing ~ N3
ばあいじゃない）
661 teiru tokoro ているところ in the process of doing N4
662 teki 的（てき） change noun into na-adjective or adverb N3
663 temae 手前（てまえ） considering; before; in front of; one’s N1
standpoint
664 temo ても even; even if; even though ~ N4
665 temo dou ni mo naranai てもどうにもならない it's no use; can't do anything N1
666 temo hajimaranai ても始まらない（てもはじま even if you... it’s no use; there is no point N3
らない） to ~
667 temo ii desu てもいいです is OK to ~; is alright to ~; may I ~? N5
668 temo kamawanai ても構わない（てもかまわな it doesn't matter if ~ N3
い）
669 temo sashitsukaenai ても差し支えない（てもさし can ~; it’s okay if ~ (indicates permission N1
つかえない） or compromise)
670 temo shiranai ても知らない（てもしらな if (you) continue... you'll end up / I don't N1
い） care about it
671 temo shou ga nai / temo てもしょうがない / てもしか there's no point to~; it's no use to~; it N3
shikata ga nai たがない cannot be helped
672 tewa / dewa ては / では whenever; if; when~; repetitive action N2
673 tewa irarenai てはいられない can’t afford to; unable to ~ N2
674 tewa naranai てはならない must not; cannot; should not ~ N2
675 tewa~tewa ては～ては repetitive situations/actions N2
676 to と whenever [A] happens, [B] also happens N4
677 to と and; with; as; connecting particle N5
678 to aimatte と相まって（とあいまって） together with..., more; because of the N1
influence of..., more ~
679 to areba とあれば if it is the case that; if ~ N1
680 to atte とあって due to the fact that; because of ~ N1
681 to bakari ni とばかりに as if to say; as though~ N1
682 to douji ni と同時に（とどうじに） at the same time as; while; simultaneously N2
~
683 to ie domo といえども even if; even though; despite ~ N1
684 to ieba と言えば（といえば） speaking of; when you talk of; when you N3
say; if it were the case that ~
685 to ienaku mo nai と言えなくもない（といえな one can even say that; it can also be said N1
くもない） that ~
686 to ii / tara ii といい / たらいい it would be nice if; should; I hope ~ N3
687 to ii~to ii といい～といい both ... and; not only ... also; whether it be N1
... or ~
688 to itta といった like; such as ~ N2
689 to ittara nai といったらない extremely; very; nothing more ... than N1
this; as ... as it could possibly be
690 to ittemo といっても although I say; although one might say ~ N3
691 to ittemo ii と言ってもいい（といっても you could say; one might say; I'd say ~ N4
いい）
692 to iu という all; every single ~ (no exceptions) N1
693 to iu という called; named; that ~ N4
694 to iu fuu ni というふうに in such a way that ~ N2
695 to iu ka~to iu ka というか～というか or rather; or perhaps I should say; I mean N1
~
696 to iu koto ということ convert phrase into noun N4
697 to iu koto da ということだ I heard; it means that; in other words ~ N3
698 to iu koto wa ということは that is to say; so that means; in other N2
words ~
699 to iu mono というもの during; for; since; over a period of time N1
700 to iu mono da というものだ something like; something called ~ N2
701 to iu mono dewa nai というものではない there is no guarantee that…; not N2
necessarily ~
702 to iu nowa というのは this means; the meaning of … is; because; N3
 that is to say ~
703 to iu to と言うと（というと） speaking of; when you talk of; when you N3
say ~
704 to iu tokoro da / to itta というところだ / といったと at the most; no more than; at best; N1
tokoro da ころだ roughly; about ~
705 to iu wake da というわけだ that's why; no wonder; this means; it is N1
the case that ~
706 to iu wake dewa nai というわけではない it’s not that; it doesn’t mean that ~ N1
707 to iu yori というより rather than ~ N3
708 to iwarete iru と言われている（といわれて it is said that ~ N4
いる）
709 to iwazu~to iwazu といわず～といわず both; not only A or B, but (overall) ~ N1
710 to kangaerareru と考えられる（とかんがえら one can think that; it is conceivable that; N2
れる） considered ~
711 to kiita と聞いた（ときいた） I heard... N4
712 to kiteiru ときている because of ~ N1
713 to mieru / to miete とみえる / とみえて it seems that ~ N3
714 to miru to とみると as soon as one realizes ..., then ~ N1
715 to miru ya と見るや（とみるや） at the sight of; upon seeing; after N1
confirming ~
716 to naru to / to nareba となると / となれば when it comes to; in such a case; if that N1
happens
717 to omou と思う（とおもう） to think…; I think…; you think… N4
718 to sareru とされる is considered to; it is said that ~ N1
719 to sureba / to shitara / to とすれば・としたら・とする in the case of~; assuming~; if A then B N3
suru to と
720 to tomo ni と共に（とともに） together with; at the same time as; as well N3
as ~
721 tochuu de / tochuu ni 途中で/途中に（とちゅう on the way; in the middle of ~ N3
で/とちゅうに）
722 toka (de) とか（で） I heard that ~ N2
723 toka~toka とか～とか among other things; such as; like ~ N4
724 toki とき when; at this time N5
725 tokitara ときたら when it comes to; concerning ~ N1
726 tokku ni とっくに long ago; already; a long time ago N2
727 tokoro ところ just about to; on the verge of doing N4
something
728 tokoro datta ところだった was just about to do something; N2
something almost happened
729 tokoro de ところで by the way ~ N3
730 tokoro ga ところが even so; however; even though ~ N3
731 tokoro ni ところに at the time; just as I was ~ N2
732 tokoro o ところを although (it is a certain time/condition); N1
even though normally
733 tokoro o miru to ところを見ると（ところをみ judging from; seeing that ~ N2
 ると）
734 tomo とも even if; no matter (who, what, when, N2
where, why, how); though ~
735 tomo arou mono ga ともあろうものが of all people (expression showing surprise N1
at a high standing person's misbehavior)
736 tomo naku / tomo nashi ni ともなく / ともなしに somehow; without knowing; without N1
thinking; unconsciously ~
737 tomo sureba ともすれば apt to (do); tend to; liable to; prone to ~ N1
738 tomo~tomo とも～とも unable to draw a conclusion; unable to N1
judge
739 toori ni とおりに in the same way as; in the way; as ~ N3
740 toosu 通す（とおす） to do until the end; to continually do; N3
through ~
741 toriwake とりわけ especially; above all ~ N1
742 toshita koto ga としたことが of all people, who would have thought? N1
743 toshite として as; in the role of ~ N3
744 toshite~nai として～ない not at all; there is not even one N2
745 toshitemo としても assuming; even if ~ N2
746 tossa ni とっさに at once; right away; promptly N1
747 tote とて even; even if/though ~ N1
748 totemo とても very; awfully; exceedingly N5
749 totemo~nai とても～ない cannot possibly be; hardly ~ N3

750 towa とは I didn't know; I was surprised that; the N1

fact that ~
751 towa ie とはいえ though; although; be that as it may; N1
nonetheless
752 towa kagiranai とは限らない（とはかぎらな not necessarily so; is not always true N3
い）
753 towa kurabemono ni naranai とは比べものにならない（と can't compare with ~ N1
はくらべものにならない）
754 towa utte kawatte / to wa とは打って変わって / とは unlike; totally different; very different N1
utte kawari 打って変わり（とはうってか from ~
わって / とはうってかわり）
755 tsu~tsu つ～つ and ~ (indicates two contrasting actions) N1
756 tsui つい accidentally; unintentionally; by mistake N3
757 tsui ni ついに finally; at last; in the end ~ N3
758 tsuide ni ついでに while, incidentally, at the same time, on N3
the way ~
759 tsukusu 尽くす（つくす） to use up (completely without anything N1
remaining); to exhaust; to run out of ~
760 tsumari つまり in other words; in summary; in short ~ N3
761 tsumori つもり plan to ~; intend to ~ N5
762 tsumori datta つもりだった I thought I~; I believe I~; was planning N3
to~; was intending to ~
763 tsumori de つもりで with the intention of doing ~ N3
764 tsutsu つつ while; even though; despite ~ N2
765 tsutsu aru つつある to be doing; to be in the process of doing N2
~
766 tsuzukeru 続ける（つづける） continue to; keen on ~ N4
767 tte って named; called ~ N4
768 tteba / ttara ってば / ったら speaking of; I told you already; come on N1
(annoyance / dissatisfaction)
769 uchi ni うちに while; before ~ N3
770 uchi ni hairanai うちに入らない（うちにはい not really; can't be regarded as ~ N1
らない）
771 ue de 上で（うえで） upon; after; when; for; in order to N3
772 ue ni 上に（うえに） as well; besides; in addition to; not N3
only… but also ~
773 ue wa 上は（うえは） now that; since; as long as ~ N2
774 ukemi kei 受身形（うけみけい） passive form; passive voice N4
775 wa わ feminine sentence ending particle N1
776 wa - topic marker は topic marker N5
777 wa ~yori... desu は〜より・・・です [Noun-1] is more ~ than [Noun-2] N5
778 wa betsu toshite は別として（はべつとして） aside from; apart from; except for; N3
whether or not ~
779 wa dou de are はどうであれ however; whatever ~ N1
780 wa dou desu ka はどうですか how about; how is N5
781 wa mochiron はもちろん not to mention; not only ... but also ~ N3
782 wa moto yori はもとより also; let alone; from the beginning N2
783 wa oroka はおろか let alone; not to mention; needless to say N1
~
784 wa sateoki はさておき setting aside ~ N1
785 wa socchinoke de / o はそっちのけで / をそっちの ignoring (one thing) for (another); instead N1
socchinoke de けで of ~
786 wa tomokaku はともかく anyhow; anyway; regardless; in any case; N2
whether or not ~
787 wa~de yuumei は～で有名（は～でゆうめ famous for ~ N3
い）
788 wa~ga... wa は〜が… は [A] but [B]; however; comparison N4
789 wa~wade わ〜わで and (listing negative things happening at N1
the same time)
790 wake da わけだ for that reason; no wonder; as you’d N3
expect; the fact is; so you mean ~
791 wake dewa nai わけではない it doesn’t mean that; it is not the case that; N3
I don’t mean that; it is not true that ~
792 wake ga nai わけがない there is no way that; it is impossible to ~ N3
793 wake niwa ikanai わけにはいかない must not; cannot afford to; must, have no N3
choice but to ~
794 wari ni 割に（わりに） considering ~; for ~; despite ~ N3
795 wazato わざと on purpose; intentionally ~ N3
796 wazawaza わざわざ to go to the trouble of; to go out of one's N3
way to ~
797 wazuka ni わずかに slightly; only; barely; narrowly ~ N2
798 ya や and; or; connecting particle N5
799 ya ina ya や否や（やいなや） as soon as; the moment ~ N1
800 ya shinai やしない should do, but don't; absolutely not; N1
there's no way ~
801 yagate やがて before long; soon; almost; eventually ~ N2
802 yara~yara やら～やら such things as A and B; A and B and so N2
on ~
803 yare~yare やれ～やれ pattern to give two representative N1
examples (usually negative)
804 yasui やすい easy to; likely to; prone to; have a N4
tendency to ~
805 yatto やっと at last; finally; barely; narrowly ~ N4
806 yo よ you know; emphasis (ending particle) N5
807 yohodo / yoppodo よほど / よっぽど very; greatly; much; to a large extent N2
808 yori より than; rather than; more than ~ N4
809 yori より [2] from~ (a time, place, or person) N2
810 yori ~hou ga より～ほうが [2] is more than [1] N5
811 yori hoka nai よりほかない to have no choice but ~ N2
812 yorimo よりも in comparison to; rather than; more than ~ N3
813 yotei da 予定だ（よていだ） plan to, intend to N4
814 you da ようだ appears; seems; looks as if ~ N4
815 you dewa ようでは if ~ (bad result) N2
816 you dewa nai ka ようではないか let’s do (something); why don’t we ~ N2
817 you ga / you to ようが / ようと even if; no matter how/what ~ N1
818 you ga nai ようがない there is no way to; it’s impossible to ~ N3
819 you ga~you ga / you to~you ようが～ようが / ようと～よ no matter; whether; even if [A] or [B] N1
to うと
820 you ka~mai ka ようか～まいか whether or not; considering options N2
821 you na ki ga suru ような気がする（ようなきが have a feeling that; feels like; seems like; N3
する） think that ~
822 you ni ように in order to, so that ~ N3
823 you ni / you na ように / ような like; as; similar to ~ N4
824 you ni mieru ように見える（ようにみえ to look; to seem; to appear ~ N3
る）
825 you ni naru ようになる to reach the point that; to come to be that; N4
to turn into ~
826 you ni suru ようにする to try to; to make sure that ~ N4
827 you ni yotte wa / you dewa ようによっては / ようでは depending on the way; depending on N1
how; according to how ~
828 you nimo~nai ようにも～ない even if I wanted to… I couldn’t ~ N1
829 you suru ni 要するに（ようするに） in short; in a word; to sum up; to put it N2
simply ~
830 you to omou ようと思う（ようとおもう） thinking of doing; planning to ~ N4
831 you to shinai ようとしない not try to; not make an effort to ~ N3
832 you to suru ようとする try to; attempt to; be about to ~ N3
833 you to~mai to / you ga~mai ようと～まいと / ようが～ま whether or not; regardless N1
ga いが
834 yue ni ゆえに therefore; consequently; because of; due N1
to ~
835 zaru o enai ざるを得ない（ざるをえな cannot help (doing); have no choice but to N2
い） ~
836 zehi ぜひ by all means; certainly; definitely ~ N4
837 zenzen~nai 全然～ない（ぜんぜん～な (not) at all N4
い）
838 zo / ze ぞ・ぜ ending particle; adds force or indicates N1
command
839 zu jimai ずじまい ended up not doing ~ N1
840 zu ni sumu ずに済む （ずにすむ） get by without doing ~ N2
841 zu niwa okanai / nai dewa ずにはおかない / ないではお will definitely/certainly do something; N1
okanai かない cannot not ~
842 zu niwa sumanai / nai dewa ずには済まない / ないでは済 must; will definitely; can’t help but to ~ N1
sumanai まない（ずにはすまない / な
いではすまない）
843 zu tomo ずとも even without doing; even without being ~ N1
844 zukume ずくめ completely; entirely; nothing but ~ N1
845 zuni ずに without doing ~ N3
846 zuni wa irarenai ずにはいられない can’t help but feel; can’t help but do; N3
must do ~
847 zurai づらい difficult to do ~ N4
848 zutsu ずつ apiece; each; at a time N3