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3. What are two of the primary sources of the variability that is necessary for natural
selection to occur?
A) competition and fission
B) competition and heritability
C) heritability and sexual recombination
D) mutation and sexual recombination
4. What are the two primary components of the process of natural selection?
A) variability and competition
B) competition and survival of the fittest
C) variability and genetic recombination
D) sexuality and mortality
5. Biologists discover that the male members of a certain species of lizard tend to have
orange tails. These biologists are also aware that (a) there is vegetation in the area that
can make animals' skin orange; (b) female members of the lizard species are attracted to
the color orange; and (c) predators in the area have difficulty seeing the color orange.
Based on what we know about evolutionary processes, which statement best describes
the likely cause of the lizards' orange tails?
A) Female lizards are attracted to orange males.
B) Predators have difficulty seeing the color orange.
C) No factor explains the inheritance of the color orange; it is simply a random
mutation.
D) The color orange likely results from a combination of factors, including the
vegetation, the female preference, and the predator characteristics.
1. Describe the general process of evolution by means of natural selection. What elements
are required for natural selection to occur?
4. Identify the differences between automatic and controlled processes, and how they
relate to the two systems of thought in humans.
5. What are the two fundamental psychological motives, as identified by psychologist Otto
Rank? Please describe each.
6. Briefly discuss the idea of a hierarchy of goals, and what research suggests about how
people conceptualize their goals when they encounter difficulty with a task.
7. Summarize the basic elements of cognitive appraisal theory. What does this theory say
about the relationship between cognition and emotion?
8. List and briefly define three of the nine basic elements of culture.
9. What are the five moral foundations, according to Haidt's theory? Which foundations
are relied on by political conservatives, and which by political liberals?
10. Define cultural evolution and discuss how it differs from biological evolution.
11. Define and differentiate between cultural diffusion and cultural transmission.
12. Provide at least two examples of the influence of the natural environment on cultural-
psychological processes.
13. Discuss how collectivistic and individualistic cultures relate to the four basic patterns of
social relations that were described by A. P. Fiske.
1. Which elements are essential for evolution through natural selection to occur?
A) individualism and diffusion
B) mutation and progress
C) variability and competition
D) mutation and instinct
2. Humans are most distinguished from other species by the extent to which they possess:
A) domain-general adaptations.
B) domain-specific adaptations.
C) instincts.
D) social tendencies.
3. The process of learning from parents and others what is desirable behavior in a culture
is referred to as:
A) social influence.
B) socialization.
C) cultural diffusion.
D) acculturation.
5. Simone is 18 and lives with her single mother and younger siblings. She is torn between
her desire to help her mother and her siblings, on the one hand, and to go to college on
the other. According to Rank's theory of motivation, Simine's desire to stay with her
family reflects her motivation, while her desire to go to college reflects her
motivation.
A) security; growth
B) growth; security
C) competence; autonomy
D) autonomy; competence
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262. «Quando osservavamo con insultante dispregio que’ secoli che ci
trovarono servi e ci lasciarono uomini, non somigliavamo a persona che
siasi dimenticata della famiglia e de’ primi suoi anni? Or ne troviamo la
ricordanza; e senza ribramarlo, perchè il passato compì la sua
destinazione, e l’avvenire deve crescere per esso non già con esso, non
possiamo che ammirare secoli di tanta vita, ecc.» Epoca xii, p. 334.
263. Pur dianzi un giornale grave contrapponeva a giudizj da noi dati nella
presente opera, i giudizj portati da Lamartine nel Cours familier de
littérature; e un giornale leggero riproduceva questo parallelo,
applaudendovi.
269. Teme che la Russia ci mandi per Odessa i grani, sicchè i paesi d’Italia si
cambierebbero in deserti. Nuovo prospetto, tom. v. p. 127 e Filosofia
della statistica, tom. ii. p. 159.
270. «Il dazio sulle importazioni delle manifatture estere è ottimo finchè le
fabbriche nazionali bambine devono lottare colle estere adulte».
Filosofia della statistica, Arti e mestieri.
281. Nel 1874 si pronunziò una divisione fra gli economisti italiani: gli uni
volendo l’assoluta astensione dello Stato nelle ragioni economiche, gli
altri ammettendone, anzi credendone necessaria una moderata
ingerenza.
283. Messedaglia, Levi, Mora, Zanini, Boccardo, Leone Carpi, Luzzato, ecc.
285. Ora si sta eseguendo una nuova triangolazione di tutta la penisola, sotto
la presidenza del padre Secchi.
286. Il Governo italiano gli commise nel 1811 il più gran telescopio che
ancora si fosse veduto in Italia. Il fisico Gualtieri di Modena ne pretese il
merito, e ne fabbricò uno più grande, cioè di undici piedi di fuoco e nove
e mezzo d’apertura, che darà luce doppia di quello d’Herschel.
291. Accenniamo fra le sue scoperte quella del piccolo verme entro le perle
degli unio e degli anodonti, dalla cui molestia crede originata la preziosa
concrezione.
292. È curioso a notare che erano preti anche i più di quelli che, nel secolo
passato, ridestavano l’agricoltura in Toscana: il pievano Paoletti, il
parroco Landeschi, il preposto Lastri, gli abati Lupi, Lami, Manetti,
Giovan Gualberto Franceschi, l’arcidiacono Giuseppe Albizzi, il canonico
Zucchini, il monaco Soldani, e a tacer altri, il canonico Ubaldo
Montelatici che nel 1753 fondava l’accademia de’ Georgofili. Così
canonico era il Guasco agronomo piemontese, abati il Genovesi e lo
Scrofani e molti della Società patriotica a Milano.
293. L’uso dell’acqua come rimedio esterno è raccomandato anche dal Nessi
medico comasco (1741-1820), che diede un buon corso d’ostetricia.
295. Il bellunese Zanon pretende ora di saper dare solidità lapidea alle
sostanze animali, mentre Gorini crede poterne mantenere la morbidezza
e le altre qualità fisiche.
296. Alla confutazione che fino dal principio del secolo ne faceva il Moreschi,
professore d’anatomia a Bologna, è messa quest’epigrafe tolta dal
Menkenio, che proverebbe già da un pezzo conosciuta quella teoria:
Quis nescit nostris temporibus extitisse plures, qui novam quamdam
artem exploratoriam commenti, intimos mentis humanæ recessus
perreptarunt, et iræ, avaritiæ, cupiditatis nunc semiuncium, nunc assem
deprehendisse sibi visi sunt?
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