Mh. SemiConduclir device, and —Swple Cire abroduuckin 2~ Based 2% clerical (Prmpeatic, ( conducily ©) aod Yesiskivtly (P)) Solidy Cam be dewided inl S pee 2 Latuldog — 3° SewiConduelarg Hinge. Which have high Covchuckivily~ & Cncucloss conduclre + —Thege ore conte” uel low -resistivily « ete Melaly “pte Satu ef Constuclonly br tue, ator, fie Yo to> te 1o® lun - phe Value oP Vastly” Boy Suele walBwtals fra bfio ite 3. Dntulctorg te cthege ae thee Sil slack have very leo Cucacbitly ont yl aasstvi ext Kabhea , plastre , Pally ele © tte glue 4 Concluctivilg for Suck wotoials Ges Ye - -14 \ slw alah lo +p lo * The Vel 4 rresisttly for Such wralénale io! ts 1o'? 2 2. Lowiconduelie_ 1 “These one “ge Soldy tach, inawe, Gack Orns} resi fnbelocu Concluclore atid Gusuledoye . Bur Si Ger ete The, alae 4 Conuctilg Por suche mebiriole. a ufo lot ew" Sli : Khe Velue Yast wo de 1S vw Ly ee Suh walicel fe blo @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBwogy Banda in solide +> Accovding ts Bohris fomie model ene Creep, f cledtionic Grfiurattm” ie aw alaled lim, Ma clecliny have eatin clefrnsle discrele amanly Y my es if fount shellg and cubshetlg, be Tere are weil- defined Cry, levoye gf elecliong te an tfelalid alow. he calechin of tece clove spaced enor loc fe called an croray band? “tage bands ate formed due be tt Conbinuryg enougy Voualion in chpfennt ewyy ves Ttase eregy bende Can be devided ints ‘too ‘Bre 4. Valence Band 2+ Conduchn Band 4. Valence Gand (VB)ithe emungy hand cobaich ireludeg the eucyp Lowy f the Valence electors je called Valence. band. + “hig band may be petely or Complelaty. filled bite electong buk ig never ompky. 2. Conduchin Baw (a) “The emongy band above the Valence band fp Called Conductim band. i EAE Boom lerpper-tine His bane is etther mpl on (pestally flley vst, electrong - Energy banet ocr (Fy #7 the chislance belSerm vB andl CB 1B Gallet Fury band gap.(or) The win energ yeputred tor shedeyp elechong fom VB te CB js Called energy boa gor. “AR “ha energy bavel Sup ie ciffent for heperonk wetortals. 1a Wd @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFrffenoncetbelicon Corducline, Snssldoy 4 SaviCendud, on he Conducliig s- Sn cope of Grducloe tha vB and C8 Pot puslep cack vhin and these fe Mo energy bart GaP belie thin, cB =o) MORON, over CTT ots AM NI VB Thsulivs 2 Ty Cape of Thelrg , the ve fe Comply led, ap Ia Ve. . we cob Colt, cpl aed enuagy boa gar Very Mee ue te thie laxje Energy GaP election jp able % a From ve & cB. Hence, elechieal Couduckem jp vet Possible shag Kreg alae! cB & Y, ev) AeniiConduclore, t- Sih case of Semiconclucteys lhe VB & Conplelzty filed, He CB emply aud the erewy bare gr? Yule Syaall. ; pa - . & ZL sevy 4 VB @ scanned with OKEN ScannerFesmi Snergy = rt fb te waninne fpassible energy Psy ly tise clectiong {8 wmalerial afc aged "Zoo Havin! lnpesle, “the Velue fexmi enoryy fb different for Affount maletiale “Types of Gemicondudiig tom the baits of Pook, Lemicondutors are d too byre 1 Elginsic Semconduclig a. fexhinsie LemiConduchys Wnbtasic « Semiconduclig = Tt & (Pe fom. ¢ Gomiconduclare ae called — inclainsic Lemiconduclog. Ext Gand Ge the electronic Conftquretron of Si and Ge one Gi (ta) te 1st, 28% 2P6 38%, 39 GeCany te 1st 38% ar, 33%, p62”, 48%, 4p2 Both the dom have thie fur Valence election forme “Bary Coveted bores, 218 te Adiacont atoms. Each Covalent bond Sharey, Koo election one Bom €ach. othes.. a tong Such CoyalenP bonds , each St or Ge atom ie the case! behaies % Of the cutermat osbit af cach alow 1s Complete worth egyht eleclions , having no tree eleclong in tla St or (a & pee @ scanned with OKEN Scannerat on Ferpenation , By Ge slfucue, the vB ie Complelély filled and te cB {p totally croplh. Since ta» election. jy qvatlale fev Conduction. fhinefove ts e ext ot Ok, lemqetaltine adg 98, electatcal Drsuletor- a The Conduction fpouible a Some of the elecl@ong break ante Brom fret, Covalent bende, and become, tree. # cthe — witntmurn utved te break tt, Covalent Li. bond ig ovizev fy Ge and |lev -fov a tue bo thiameal eumrgy Tiger e ¥ AL Room Some qf tte electvons escape fom the VB and an empl, ip left behond fn tte VB. “Tyg, vacancy. Cregence 4 election) ih tte VB called 2 hob. & The Lheraled elecliong got Ite ce be become free cleclive Crealed che t thermal and thy election hole Pore we. K Ta inkrnsce Smtconducloys, holes and Hee electsong ane alioays, peal in Numbere- * For tebrtnsic ComiConduchor?, , Fesm energy bre Fe ine the eee ta forbidden energy ge Intrinsic CemiCondlucltrg + “The energy Oovel chet -pr as chon ‘fn belwo fig. b oki yeoe) Z Fla z es see? Elechon enrsg vB VB (dt ron tenpereliua) (At T> ck tenperalice) ~ @ scanned with OKEN ScannerK the eleckitcal Conduchon in Sahinsic Gemiconduchy & Dp Cased by welion of Ihe eleclsong th the CB and algo by tte wolfon of holes tle VB. valew the eleclie etd onli fis electiong ih tl CB travel ra oppasite directon qe apples EF and Constilile 2 flow of cleclsonic Ceownt Qy, Gt tie Game time, tia, holes He fe ve Fravel In te dixeckon qf applied EF aad Constilile hele Covent (Zi). Thee, ti betel Govent @) ie the Sam zg eleclionie Curent ard hele Cunront. at tExkinste GouutConcluctrst- A cloped emiconduchr CY a Lewiconductor 00H Suilatle inal dom added ts it Called exlrinsie Comidenduchr. 6 Clled dep. ' K The Proton f ste GewiConductre are Lewdes fits bao Apes. dacs Lemicenduel te the infansic Swionduckr a ‘nepuatieg Extn oe homekype Semiondlueher — # Po lupe LayiCenducr ho n-type Sewiconducter £- 4; i i nebipe Sewitonduclts- Ff a penlavalnt ‘mprly | added fe o. (Pee Lwiconduclor called -lipe Sut ~ Couduchy- : eet aagenic, antimons., Bic wuth , ‘phos phorys ele. ¥ Aeamic 40, Penlavelont ‘mpeotitin hay fie alone electing. BH + OMY four Valence cleclrg ope. Needed be form Qyadlent bonds Wtt5 the id @ scanned with OKEN Scannerion Ge aeMEr Ver rs bound and Meecfs, “he SH Voleuce election bree cleclon. Therefore. les ammot of emery eon cleclione axe avable for Conduckon ancl Gncuckel CLUES qd oe Copscensbaatet saves kK ot n- bape femiconductoy , He elecliins ow . maiorl] cematens corel hele we miner’ Connie ds me Me 7M gf TThesefre yrator Conduction i ne lape Semiconductors '& dus bb dechowe Gace ore toll. Unbonded “hee SROBSOS” lection clonolial by pentavatent ofoms [4s sb,P: ete] Donan, envoy state /fevey ' i ' i ' ' - Sc Tr ok) oho, 0 o 0} VB * the donar energy are Be clse, & lhe OB tn M-hpe 0 The donor enenny state th Cage 4 n-lype Sc ip BO.045ev oy Si aud 0 -0lev “for Ge. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner3 P-bipe Sewicoucluchrt- chen 4 brivalenk perry edd, ies Sewiconduchy gf Sim Ge ip called Pipe be of a bivalent impute Crotum, galltum, boron and alloy, ip added t gt or Ge fom elections ord tate thee electing ® — Tadtum hes three valence wrth the Adiatent Ge choy, Lott form tree Covalent bonds and the ath Covelend bord & AnComplele. or empl. £0, an. additonal role ip Crealed. Geomitoucluctoy holes are malorily chews Corntery and elections axe mninorily. charge Cusiers. € the Te velent atoms ane Called —2cceplor aleug ard Ke Conduchen of electevaly occu duc & wobm ae Chee). ie My >> he # odo Phe Ty >Te Pee SOC Ro 0) ¥ tn Pipe Sc, te aceeploy enesgy fovel ig chee b& VB & “the atcerhoy evowy otab/leie) in Cue of Prlipe’ Se pS O-o4sev for Si ard 0.01ev-Rr Ge abome, 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scanner|r 1) Tunelion (or) Tinelin Dinde + Diede ja device wih hoo cleclredes [rm mearg tion, aud ode smears eleclredee] A pen sunckin alae & toe Baminal Cevile wade # o de Lemiconclucty Cag 58 hae’ tise Feawutnag hich. acl ap electradée. “babe a Pe fipe Gemiconeuctor Caystel &, dined ith an ne ype GemiCoustuc lr Capel ten the resutig Diode” aksonge set jt _Glled a ee iment or “Junction | en ated “the Okt Syd ¢ pn dunek ry wshaon i below 4a: P : a Foxman of Dep _Deplehin Fepion fe Pondunctin. v= prcen, occur coe the “Thay axe’ Diffusten aud Dridt- Two tmpertauk Loman of 6 PM junettore . HX We Kuo Hat in Mebjpe Sersconct waiortly Chaoye Carntiens and holes axe nanowty charge Coniters, Silo p-lipe ‘semiconductor, holes are maiorily: chee cantons and eleclop minority Chae Coreeters, ctor, eleclsop ate Kile the pe tevlunehin B Pormecl, doa te aleffexone he Gontenltaker f change Coens in the tice vepioe 4 Pe iumetvon » the elections fom "m veziom Aipdise toma Ma Janchim ds pp aepion ancl holes fom Pose leffute. inks LW Bepron. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner* he Is woltm xf charge Courters, due t dfeun | fh thets. Guncenlfakin th the hao Teasing 9. Pn lun, Gre. tite 4 Aeffuston Cacant Acro the Junchin, halep eleclrons elecivw cl Due b diffu of cechows ard hale, Ager d posttien chased onary» aldng nevegion and ard a (ayes d reget charged accepts, atowa in P-tepem coe Ceealed. This, positive and reftVe Space claye gine oe bibs of Bozimekn wot rm 0 tego, hi has, immobile ions Called depletion Aegion- * The thickness f He -6 af lo om. ¥ Due & positive Pen durch, an elechre cfm tre chee leary “YE chase [resi &'p regini] clepletom epon We of Ia order ard negetive space Chaye Redim of field i Setup acwi te Junction ecbd across He lunch 905 le wn ond Ve leettanas &,. p-seemy x i bien. B Conn prettier, 8 "I @ scanned with OKEN Scannercleclricfeid cele a bares at the Junciim — strc oppreee, Fanew ideation watery Chaye Gente, ub opposile vesting { however , ik hetps the watvorly Chaye Carvies te diffuse across the Junckon J. emu tig cede Bed chrelsped at tia dancin, an eleckiong on P- side [winery chaye Coster] af th unclem money ts use aut a heles oa n- side [ waanertly chaaye Corie] ha lunch Wwoves be P-Side of fe Junction - c “The wotim of _ these _cheye Comics Ewan Chagge Corn # due te elective Petal je called _Ovift. Aso yea of lt, * te bo elective “Bet © Cee gt _Cowunt Starts, which & opposite by the Ceffusim Curceoute fF 9m tte begining the iffusim Covunt & lage bob arte | Curse Small. As the chiffreten (process Conkinugs , the skieagh o cleclc sfetd erent fhe unekim. increases ane thoseby Chit Covent tncweass,. “Tai, Procers Continues, nk Ha deffugion CGuuceat becomes eq! & the drtt Conn. Hoo Hi. Pen danckon jp Goel be in equate tat. ond there @ vie Cuvstnd cceross Ha (P-" duncken - ar tig Slage , He (Pobowkial bawier(Va) acres: he Juacton has wantmun elue. Noto Ha moment d majorly Choge Coriers, aes He Junckn Slaps and the ppoleretal ack as 2 bomter, lonce Kuen % (peutent baneiea. & Ak Avow lenpertow (wok) Vp ie about 0.3V fr ' Ge and o-tv—for Si, The Value qf Ve increases Wy Tncrge te Fewpeneline for Ge aud ' sau Jamel] @ scanned with OKEN ScannerBiasng of the P-W Tanck :- There are loo methy 4] Bf biasing Hie Pe» Suchen « 1. Ferword biases 2. Reverse bras 1. Forward Brey tA pen Suackn ig Gaid b be Briard biaged tf Ike “tre fexwinal of Ihe external balleag ip Connected bs pi side and the —W Feamtnal & tie M- gide 4 Pen sunch'en. Is Connecley P n ©o00 oe &oD6 sate 0000 occ © 000 we + Depleiten 1 vegiew 1 = % The free electrons on n-side are repelled by the -ve Polener given te the n- Beminat of the ctode and well move toioorde te dunchion - * AR the Same time, the holeg on He p-gide are repelleot My the te polentiat Jiven & fhe p-leaininal g Ha. diode" and Wl alge wove lGiards tha dunchine. . Fhe applied voltage shoud be high ts Impaat Seftaont enogyy . Change Cooter fo Overcome the pobrital bande ak a hunchon, And enable them to Cross thrall. * oof ig Ite applied exleane). ‘Votkye and Vp ip i s Polanbal -, lta effective borer Poléntial ft be Yoduced e Ve-V) . e Yemul, thie width ef epleton dyer Alewvtangy. @ scanned with OKEN Scanner“Therefrre move wecat ch Cassie Plas acros Bi, Jundton low te applied Volkaxe ig high, diffusion ¢ holee ‘nls U- Gide and eleclong mls P- Gide increases Yapel 1 these by Cumont- tn tie diode Shanty wipes - ¥ Feward biog Curse fl orden. of wa. Sa tis -forwoavd brag, He. verislawe gf pu dunchien ip ven Small. a Revenge Bastar <= 4 pin dunchn ip Goll be Yowwe biased if the tye fexminal of ti caleand atlrg fp Come tb weide aud Iie —ve Teaminal of tia. belfry ip Connected f ! peside pen Juncker. WR Lt O00 — ooo pee 000 Ooo | Dephion vegion | ‘ + ke | Dehn egien | I | [a L ¥ “The free clecliong om n-Bide are altraded ty the te Feaniuel given eta’ Me Reantnad af la ede, and wl wove aud fom te Junction - + Ab the Game time, In holes on the P-aide ae abtvacled by fi ve polentel given fe th, P-leutnal of liz clade and le Alpe ove aun ow Ha dunchon - ge of V6 “axpphed exlztnal Voltage aul Vp beanies, polénte. fe effectie Luster (pelintal oth Incvenpe to (VtVe) and the let 4 lis depletion Daye wofn increase. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerF Deffurion flag in eSde ard elecnoy Il6 Prtide becomes wove difficutt and chode weir net allsd the Curiomt thrmgh. it. ¥ mthe resistance ¢ pen Sunchon is vey high i Terre bay Due ty Lermal agitahern, oa Small Ceraont Sten Plog hus & wwinovilg Choye Quuieg. The Couunt 6 ¥ the order ef. AIA. V-Z Charackéaish Forward bias x <— Keverge Vote) x A gyre ip. Caan pfs voltage com Cenk 5 slicly Cliede v-2 chavoclaristice. As the forward bias voleage (Vg) fp Incveased (Polential barter Clecreates, but st Inidcally increage fh Cunaent 6 Mesligable [resin 0A), the 8 due & its (frtinbing borer. AE Some forward wie Vo (about 0-3V “fy Ge and ont “by Si), He Covent slovls ineveasing Lignificaty the (poerint bowter ia atimost eliminaled at be Voltage, “hig, ~foxsard volta Vo ie Called Cut in Voltaze (ov) Ahveshals Voll ©) Knee Voltage. te ¢ poackeall Game barwey (Petiubr ad Mb) @ scanned with OKEN ScannerTf the voltae fe ‘mereoped bayer fhvesnd Yoke, the fuward Cosent Tneveases eaponentally and loge, Aa floog [regen an]. Tn the Yeverge. blag, Small Cloeunt doug i fe Creat Due ts winorth] chaye Carnere [ices elechory to ts P- aide ond holes in We Bide]: # The applied Yeveyge Voltage appeas —Loviserd big, te thepe minority Chaoye Carriers «therefore 4 Ttunatl) Cowen lag ta the Yeverse diveckion - 4 “hig Cann % Called” "Cecige Slinates Coment? increatad “furtber , ag ler, Lowe vette, TE He veverpe Valige |b verse Chunk, The ves there wt) be @ Sudden Wee ¢ ve & called “Breattdoon vagion". _—*— FN Tinchin Dicde os a Rech Recliftey ip a ckvice tohock ie Wed tr Coe alencig Gusent/retege ints rect Cant) alte “lune cxe tian bynes gp tectifer 1 Haup weve vectitien, 2+ Fay Wave vectRer A. Hatt wave Reclifies s- Ave volteye to be aeetified fs ae d a skpdowon Connecled to te (Pe“ey alg Rep. of trowpformer » £145 Te Me Seconda Coit ot Treysbver, ¥ Now 6 te Connected f Me Parton reg Ita PA Sunchin and S, ip Connected fe the portion N-vregiew througt load Nesicdane Rp. The output ie taken ceren the food “Vewstmna 2. as shone the ty. @ scanned with OKEN Scannerfm Monee on Diag Positive half yee of AC, Sappee becomes +tVe, and Sp becbies —ve and. a Pr dunctn. The verstance of Ph Sunchim Fecemea & 6 -Poriord bioged- Qo. howfre te wariimum —forcoard Curent flecys te oF x aud we ef ofp acres load tericlene (RL) Dwi negative hat i 4 Ac, s becomes -ve ard So become se aud the 1 iunchion ip veverse biased. st ' offense high yestctinte ond bene these 6 no flo ie : Govent ard tus no op acres head. 4 @ scanned with OKEN Scannerrr 4 dene in the lp we have Courter Conespunding te one had are of te Wave ond the cthea hows ip “o™ 4 tt tie Pecos © Called haf ware reckties. efftoen ¢ Half Wave secibiee &- “the freckto ¢ De power | ob fo tte applied ip me Power jg Known 48 yecttes efficient) = de ‘power elp = 0.406xRL ——_,;, yt, f ac Pacer tp I mF, vesslane Diode fanaa rveck'fication, a Fatt_loae, Reckfiea. ¢ Fy fu wave er a iedes Drard Pa we have ty Use foe as shen iw fle ty. A D . t ic a Ls olp v t 4 ° + * = ul Pa. @ scanned with OKEN ScannerMoney to Day fae positive haf Gee a AC, the " Altede Dig —forizead! biated ard Ike diede Dy, i Youre biased. Therefre te forward Curxent Pleas Hivragh. diode D, in the Civeckow as chaon ™ iy. ¥ | te ve haf Gyele 46 Me diode H é Yeverge ‘biased od te cede Dr js Peer biased , . Thane -fove + He ~fonsarel Ourxent flows through diode Dn ™ He eredrm a Sheton tn 4 # we obgerred Hat diwaiy bot te hat Ge Ac | + came Crveckion. tkwe, Cuoccunt trmagh load resistance Ry ete idivedtonal havil ripple te ofp Signed velbege ib [Duidive chi sy Contents. “2 Can he Conveskd ibs He vege usg filter Civcutt. Fefdiutenay Gf taoae eckier + Dh & ta abe f de ob Pro b ta ac Up Power. a= Ae of Pacer 2 9.g12 he . AC tly Paver Y te Yo Bran | ——_* —— Noles Zeer “he Cenlrat pping DP the Fransformes. in a Conbie leppped —fuy wave. vectfier B Used by make bate be Gtodes Conduct a alternele haut Cyclee. “The Conléy- fap ip Used t Clivich the fronpformer Eecerdes, Nettage ints lop equat hates. K @ scanned with OKEN Scanner