New Cold War

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I, Anup Tigga, feel myself highly elated, as it gives me tremendous pleasure to come out with the work on the topic New Cold War. First and foremost, I take this opportunity to thank Dr. B.K. Mahakul, Faculty of Political Science (Major), Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur for allotting me such topic to work on. He has been very kind in providing inputs for this work, by way of his lectures and suggestions. I would also like to thank my dear colleagues and friends in the University, who have helped me with ideas about this work. Last, but not the least I thank the University Administration for equipping the University with such good library and IT facilities, without which, no doubt this work would not have taken this shape in correct time.

ANUP TIGGA, B.A. LL.B. (HONS.), HNLU, NEW RAIPUR.

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CERTIFICATE OF DECLARATION

I, Anup Tigga, do hereby declare that the project work titled New Cold War is based on my own work carried out during the course of my study under the guidance of Dr. B.K. Mahakul , Faculty of Political Science (Major), Hidayatullah National Law University, Raipur (C.G.). I assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the work. I further declare that to the best of my knowledge and belief that the work is the original piece of my work

_____________________ (Signature of the Author)

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Acknowledgements...................................................................................................................01 Certificate of Declaration........................................................................................................02 Table of Contents.....................................................................................................................03 List of Abbreviations................................................................................................................04 Objectives.................................................................................................................................05 Research Methodology.............................................................................................................06 Scope........................................................................................................................................07

INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................08 1. ORIGIN AND MEANING OF TERM NEW COLD WAR..................................................09 2. CAUSES OF NEW COLD WAR.......................................................................................10 3. FEATURE OF NEW COLD WAR....................................................................................11 4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW AND OLD COLD WAR...................................................12 5. IMPACT OF NEW COLD WAR.......................................................................................12 6. END OF NEW COLD WAR.............................................................................................13 CONCLUSION...........................................................................................................................14 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................15

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LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
% & e.g. etc. i.e. Ibid. Supra UK US USA USSR www : : : : : : : : : : : : Percent And Example gratia/ That is etcetera That is Iridium/ From the above footnote From the same footnote United Kingdom United States United States of America Union of Soviet Socialist Republics World Wide Web

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OBJECTIVES
The New Cold War was a state of political hostility that existed from 1979 to 1986-87 between countries led by the Soviet Union and countries led by the United States. The objectives of the work New Cold War are as follows:1) To understand the meaning and origin of the term New Cold War. 2) To find out the causes of New Cold War. 3) To study the features of New Cold War. 4) To analyse differences between the New and Old cold war. 5) To find out the impact of new cold war. 6) To come out with a conclusion.

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RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The current work focuses on the new cold war. The method adopted for this work was analytical and descriptive in nature based on non-empirical sources authentic books, articles, and research papers. Endnotes have been provided wherever needed, either to acknowledge the source or to point to a particular concept of jurisprudence. Uniform Bluebook (18th ed.) citation format has been followed for endnotes.

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SCOPE
The project deals with the New Cold War. In this project topic I endeavour to cover the meaning and origin of the term new cold war. I also discussed about the Origin and causes of the new cold war. Further, in this project I dealt with the features, impact and end of the new cold war.

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INTRODUCTION
If we don't end war, war will end us. - H. G. Wells

The Cold War is the name given to the relationship that developed primarily between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics after World War II. The Cold War was to dominate international affairs for decades and many major crises occurred - the Cuban Missile Crisis, Vietnam, Hungary and the Berlin Wall being just some. For many the growth in weapons of mass destruction was the most worrying issue. R.K. Garohoff defines cold war as the conflict between the communist powers and the rest of the world waged by means short of over major power. Cold war is not a state of armed struggle, but a state in which the rivals while maintaining their peace time diplomatic relations continue between countries in which each side adopts policies designated to strengthen itself and weaken the other, line falling short of actual war. Under this kind of circumstances both the rival camps attempt to weaken each side in every respect. It covers every gamut of national life political, ideological, psychological and economic, and affects the entire world. Thus without going through war, it contains all the characteristics of war. New cold war is the term which is used to indicate the relationship that originated between two superpowers in December 1979 when Soviet Union intervened in Afganisthan. After this new nuclear race begin. Meanwhile non-co-operation movement also stated to discourage the cold war. There were various changes in new cold war than the old cold war. Hence, the project deals with the new cold war and examines its origin, causes, impact and the conditions in which it came to an end.

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1. ORIGINS OF THE TERM NEW COLD WAR

Cold war is a proxy war an undeclared war. The players do not appear on the surface every time; but they get the game played with a view to maintaining balance of power. In the words of Robert Oppenheim, The super powers are like scorpion in a bottle. They are like two chess players in the dark, absorbed in a game they can barely see. At the end of World War II, English author and journalist George Orwell used the term Cold War in his essay You and the Atomic Bomb, published October 19, 1945, in the British newspaper Tribune. Contemplating a world living in the shadow of the threat of nuclear warfare, he warned of a peace that is no peace, which he called a permanent cold war,1 Orwell directly referred to that war as the ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and the Western powers.2 Moreover, in The Observer of March 10, 1946, Orwell wrote that after the Moscow conference last December, Russia began to make a cold war on Britain and the British Empire.3 The first use of the term to describe the postWorld War II geopolitical tensions between the USSR and its satellites and the United States and its western European allies is attributed to Bernard Baruch, an American financier and presidential advisor.4 In South Carolina, on April 16, 1947, he delivered a speech (by journalist Herbert Bayard Swope)5 saying, Let us not be deceived: we are today in the midst of a cold war. 6 Newspaper reporter-columnist Walter Lippmann gave the term wide currency, with the book Cold War (1947).7 The term new cold war has been derived from the term cold war. It is called new cold war because of various changes in the circumstances and characteristics of the cold war. This proxy war took a new form in its old characteristics. A new trend was adopted by two superpowers and the countries of third world, which was such as nuclear was, foreign policies, non-co-operation movement etc. The cold war which seemed to have been assuaged as a result of detente in seventies soon appeared to revive in 1979 and which lasted till 1986-87.

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2. CAUSES (EVOLUTION) OF THE NEW COLD WAR

The cold war is neither a state of war not a state of peace; but it is a perpetual condition of uneasy calm. Hence R. Bernet terms it as hot peace. It is also called war nerves. Both the side in particular and the world in general suffer from the war hysteria or war tension perpetually. The cold war was not less dangerous than the hot war in the sense that it engendered thinking, feeling and emotions that were degrading and uncivilising. Jawaharlal Nehru called it a state of suspended death sentence. There are various causes of the development of new cold war. These are as follows: i. Origin: Origin of the new cold war is traced back to December 1979 when Soviet Union intervened in Afganisthan.

ii.

Soviet success The Soviet Union succeeded in the crises of Vietnam (1973), Angola (1975), Cambodia (1978) and finally Afganisthan in 1979. All these Soviet success annoyed the United States.

iii.

Reaction in USA: The repeated Soviet successes were ascribed to the one-sided detente of NixonKissinger foreign policy paradigm. There was sharp reaction against it in USA. American public opinion interpreted all these as defeatism particularly the setback in Vietnam where it had spent beyond limitation. As a matter of reaction Ronald Reagan emerged as the triumphant hero in the President election of 1980. It was called restoration of neo-conservatism.

iv.

Acts of Carter Administration: However, Reagans strategy had already found shape during Jimmy Carters Presidency (1976-80). It was Jimmy Carter who had activated the CIA (American Secret Agency i.e., Central Intelligence of America). He had made Diego Garcia island in Indian Ocean as a Maritime naval base. In addition, he had resounded
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human rights slogan all over the world much to the chagrin of the Soviet Union, which the latter was said have been violating.

v.

American Retaliatory Moves: Finally, by 1980 the United States had taken certain retaliatory measures by boycotting the Moscow Olympic, suspending American wheat export to Soviet Union and curtaining other trade relations.

3. FEATURES OF NEW COLD WAR

Some of the features of new cold war are as follows: i. Shifting of Ocean During the cold war the principal area of operation was confined to Atlantic and Pacific Ocean. But the new battle field was drawn to the states beating Indian Ocean. ii. American Superiority Show: The American administration led by Ronald Reagan tried to frighten Soviet Union on the basis of strength. His euphoria, like Henry Kissinger, was war or detente. But it did not materialize. However, Reagan was emboldened when Margaret Thatcher, the Conservative leader, won the election in England in June 983. Reagan-Thatcher axis appeared more vigorous in international politics. iii. Nuclear Race: The third world countries also showed their interest in nuclear race. They include India, Pakistan, Israel, Iraq, South Africa, Argentina and Brazil beside Australia. It was feared that these countries were not mature to handle nuclear power. Hence the non-proliferation idea cropped up according to which only big five who had accumulated it by 1967 could retain nuclear power. This was criticised by the third world as discriminatory. iv. Non-co-operation to USA: The West European countries could not be taken for granted to the United States. They supported the detente; but they did not show interest in blindly supporting USA in the conflicts in other regions- particularly third world.
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4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN NEW AND OLD COLD WAR

Although, new cold war also indicates the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union after World War II. But there are various differences between these two. these differences are: a) Unlike the old cold war of 1950s, the alliance partners in the new cold war were not actively involved. b) The old cold war witnessed more accumulation of conventional weapon in term of quantity. But during the new cold war emphasis was laid on nuclear arsenals. The Soviet Union, which was lagging behind nuclear arsenal, become equal to the United States during the new cold war. So, competition began in sophisticated weapon, which means nuclear weapons. c) Because of the aforementioned reason the new cold war seemed more dangerous than the old cold war. d) There was scramble for world leadership during the old cold war; but the new cold war was based on the question of equality of the two super-powers. e) The ideologies of communism and liberal democracy played significant role during the later one.

5. IMPACT OF NEW COLD WAR

i. Setback to Detente: There was severe setback to the process of detente, which had been assiduously developed, in early seventies. ii. Boost to NAM: The Nonalignment Movement got boost as a result of new cold war. The protagonists of NAM claimed vindication of their move. In fact, it was primarily intended against American onslaught. iii. Armed Race: The new cold war was marked by sophisticated arms race. SAL II could not proceed further.

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iv.

Proxy War: It was feared that the super-power would not confront by themselves; rather they would involve the third world countries to their end.

v.

Paved for End Cold War: Ironically the new cold war paved the way for the end of the cold war itself. The world was tired of the cold war- the super-powers were particularly more fatigued of it by early nineties.

6. END OF NEW COLD WAR

By 1985 both the super powers came to realize in Geneva Summit that a nuclear war could not be won, and therefore must not be fought. This realization virtually led to end the long-standing cold war. Two other factors were also responsible in the direction. World public opinion was completely averse to the cold war; and secondly, the progress of the NonAlignment Movement greatly discouraged the cold war. However, the cold war was reduced to freezing point by the year 1990 and as such it might be one of the eventful periods of twentieth century. The last issue was the United States- Iraq war in February-March 1990 on Kuwait issue. This war testified the vanishing point of the heat cold war. The Soviet Union, the age-old arch rival of the United States did not poke its nose over the matter nor impose any veto over the latter in the Secretary Council (as traditionally it used to do). It became evident that the cold war, which dominated the world scene for four decades, finally eroded. Another important factor which was responsible in freezing the cold was emergence of Mikhail Gorbachev as the Secretary General of the Soviet Communist Party. In 1988 he proclaimed his doctrine of Perestroika (reform) and Glasnost (openness) in Soviet Union. He got busy at home front to materialize this agenda. On the other hand, his policy attempted injecting liberal reform in entire segments of the communist world. Erosion of Iron Curtain began. Democratic regimes were restored in East European countries. In case of Rumania a civil war had to be fought and the Soviet Union acquiesced it. It was felt as if communism was under trial then.

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Under the same spell, Germany was unified in October with complete approval of the Super powers. The Berlin wall which symbolised the iron curtain was devastated. So, the cold war that came with Germany ended with Germany. The leaders of NATO and Warsaw Pact met on 19 November 1990 in Paris under the chairmanship of the French President Francols Mitterand. The treaty eliminated the fear of surprise war. President Mitterand exhorted, .....it signals the new world order, that is emerging. We are putting an end to the previous age. They were neither victors nor vanquished, but free and equal countries. The Warsaw Pact became irrelevant. The leaders of the Warsaw Pact met on 1 July 1991, and declared its liquidation. In Moscow Summit of 31 July 1991 the end of cold war was formally announced. In November 1991 it was confirmed. More so, the Soviet Union itself was liquidated from the political geography of the world in December 1991 when the constituent Republics assembled and dissolved the Soviet Union. Russia inherited the erstwhile Soviet Union in the UN Secretary Council. It has been pursuing liberal political and economic system, and is in hand and globe with the West. So, the super power Soviet Union became a thing of the past against which the cold war was being fought.

CONCLUSION
The new cold war accentuated nuclear race. It encouraged formation of various alliances, counter alliances and non alliance. It paralyzed the whole world. Even no positive debate in the United Nations General Assembly, such as disarmament could take place since every move was viewed from the angle of the new cold war. It made the very object of the United Nations Charter irrelevant and even undermined its credibility. It creates a kind of elusive fear psychosis all over the world. Thus we can see that the Cold War was the continuing state from roughly 1946 to 1991 of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies and the
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powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies. Although the chief military forces never engaged in a major battle with each other, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race. However, the new cold war left certain positive impact as well viz., it induced the third world countries to go non-aligned and thus helped in formation of Non-Aligned Movement. It also paved the way for detente of the two super powers.

REFERENCES:1

Kort, Michael (2001). The Columbia Guide to the Cold War. Columbia University Press. p. 3. 2 Geiger, Till (2004). Britain and the Economic Problem of the Cold War. Ashgate Publishing. p. 7. 3 Orwell, George, The Observer, March 10, 1946 4 Gaddis 2005, p. 54 5 Safire, William (October 1, 2006). Islamofascism Anyone?. The New York Times (The New York Times Company). Retrieved December 25, 2008. 6 Bernard Baruch coins the term Cold War, history.com, April 16, 1947. Retrieved on July 2, 2008. 7 Lippmann, Walter (1947). Cold War. Harper. Retrieved 2008-09-02.

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