Lesson 2:

Development
A. B.
Plant development
A. Seed Germination
• Process by which a dormant
seed begins to sprout and
grow into a seedling under
the right growing conditions.
• A common example of seed
germination is the sprouting
of a seedling from a seed of
an angiosperm or
gymnosperm.
Conditions Necessary for Seed Germination
• Water- helps by providing
necessary hydration for the
vital activities of
protoplasm, provides
dissolved oxygen for the
growing embryo, softens
the seed coats and increases
the seed permeability.
• Oxygen- source of energy
required for seed growth

Phaseolus vulgaris
• Temperature- : different seeds
require different optimum
temperatures. Some seeds
requires 25°C-30 °C and some
5°C-40°C.
• Light or darkness- This can
act as an environmental
trigger. Many seeds do not
germinate until sunlight
falls on them
The Process of Seed Germination

1. Imbibition- It is the beginning of seed germination

wherein seeds take up water rapidly which results in
swelling and softening of the seed coat.
*Why is imbibition important?
The Process of Seed Germination

2. It starts the growth process by activation of enzymes.

The seed activates its internal physiology and starts to
respire and produce proteins and metabolizes the
stored food. This is a lag phase of seed germination.
* How is it possible that plants undergo cellular activity without
photosynthesis which provides energy for cellular respiration?
The Process of Seed Germination

3. By rupturing of the seed coat, radicle emerges to form a

primary root. The seed starts absorbing underground water.
After the emerging of the radicle and the plumule, shoot starts
growing upwards.
The Process of Seed Germination

4. In the final stage of seed germination, the cell of the

seeds become metabolically active, elongates and
divides to give rise to the seedling.
Factors Affecting Seed Germination
External Factors
• Water
• Temperature
• Oxygen
Internal factors
• Seed dormancy
✓The seed coat, which is resistant to water and gases,
restricts water-uptake and oxygen exchange.
✓The seeds with undeveloped or immature embryo do
not germinate.
✓Some seeds require more time for their germination.
Animal development
A. Early embryonic development in humans

Embryology- the study of

developmental events that
occur during the prenatal
stage.

Embryo- a developing
human eight weeks after
fertilization.
 1. CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULA STAGE

Zygote-single cell
which undergoes rapid
cell division
 1. CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULA STAGE

Cleavage is the rapid,

multiple cell division
rounds
 1. CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULA STAGE

After over 100 cells

have been formed by
cleavage, the embryo
is now called
blastula.
1. CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULA STAGE
1. CLEAVAGE AND BLASTULA STAGE
2. GASTRULATION
- process wherein the cells in the blastula are spatially
rearranged to create three layers of cells.
QUICK QUESTION :

What happens when abnormalities occur during gastrulation?

 Review:

A zygote undergoes rapid cell division which is

termed as _____ to form a spherical ball of
cells which is the ______. Now, the blastula
folds in on itself to form three germ layers
which is the process known as _____, that will
give rise to the internal structures of the
organisms.
Organogenesis
• The process by which the three germ layers form the many organs
and structures found in the adult individual.
• The three germ layer include the ectoderm, mesoderm, and the
endoderm.
Key Terms
• organogenesis: the formation and development of the organs of an organism
from embryonic cells
• ectoderm: outermost of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan
animal, which will produce the epidermis (skin) and nervous system of the
adult
• mesoderm: one of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan
animal, which will produce many internal organs of the adult such as the
muscles, spine and circulatory system
• endoderm: one of the three tissue layers in the embryo of a metazoan
animal, which will produce the digestive system and other internal organs of
the adult
Ectoderm
1.Integumentary system
• Outer layer of the skin (epidermis)
• Hair, nails, sebaceous glands, sweat glands, melanocytes
Ectoderm
2.Nervous system
• Central nervous system
• Peripheral nervous system
Ectoderm
3. Sensory organs
• Lens and cornea of the eye
Ectoderm
4. Epithelium of mouth and anus
The epithelium is a type of body tissue that forms the covering
on all internal and external surfaces of your body, lines body cavities
and hollow organs and is the major tissue in glands.
Ectoderm
5. Epithelium of pituitary gland and pineal gland
Ectoderm
6. Adrenal medulla
Ectoderm
7. Tooth enamel
Mesoderm
1. Muscle
• Skeletal
• Cardiac
• Smooth muscle
Mesoderm
2. Cardiovascular system
• Heart
• Blood and blood vessels
Mesoderm
3. Skeletal system
• Bone and bone marrow
• Cartilage
Mesoderm
4. Lymphatic system
The lymphatic system is a network of delicate tubes throughout
the body. It drains fluid (called lymph) that has leaked from the blood
vessels into the tissues and empties it back into the bloodstream via
the lymph nodes. The main roles of the lymphatic system include:
managing the fluid levels in the body.
Mesoderm
5. Excretory and reproductive organs
• Kidneys and ureter
• Gonads
Mesoderm
6. Dermis of skin
Mesoderm
7. Adrenal cortex
Endoderm
1.Epithelium of digestive track (excluding the mouth and anus)
Endoderm
2. Accessory organs of the digestive
• Liver
• Pancreas
• Gall bladder
Endoderm
3. Thyroid, parathyroid and thymus gland
Endoderm
4. Epithelium of lungs
Endoderm
5. Reproductive ducts, urethra and bladder
Comparison
Growth comparison