4, mcepts herent property ofthe body due to which the body feels attractive and repulsive There are wo types of electric charges: (#) Positive and (ii) Negative Like charges repel each other. Unlike charges attract each other. Conductors and Insulators: Those substances through which electricity can flow are called conductors. All the metals like silver, copper, aluminium, etc., are conductors. Those substances through which electricity cannot flow are called insulators. Glass, ebor rubber, most plastics, paper, dry wood, etc., are insulators. Electrostatic Potential: The electrostatic potential at any point is defined as the work done in bringing a unit positive charge from infinity to that point, Potential is denoted by the symbol V and its unit is volt. A potential of one volt at a point means that 1 joule of work is done in bringing 1 unit positive charge from infinity to that point. Potential Difference: The amount of work done in moving unit positive charge from one point to another in an electric field is known as potential difference. Workdone (Quantity of charge transferred ICV joules of work has to be done to transfer Q coulombs of charge from one point to another ie. Potential differenc point, then the potential difference between the two points is given by the formula w Potential difference, V => @ ‘The SI unit of potential difference is volt (V) 1 volt: One volt is defined as the potential difference between two points in a current carrying, conductor when | joule of work is done to move a charge of 1 coulomb from one point to another. L joule ‘Therefore, Tvolt = Teoulomb . Voltmeter: The potential difference is measured by means of an instrument called voltmeter. ‘The voltmeter is connected in parallel across the points where the potential difference is measured. A voltmeter has high resistance. Electric Current: The electric current is the rate of flow of electric charges (called electrons) in a conductor. Ia charge of Q coulombs flows through a conductor in time { seconds, then the magnitude F of the electric current flowing through itis given by TET10. l. 12. Current, é ‘The SI unit of electric current is ampere and it is denoted by the letter A. Electric current is a scalar quantity. Ammeter: Current is measured by an instrument called ammeter. The ammeter is connected in series with the circuit in which the current is to be measured. An ammeter should have very low internal resistance. Voltaic Cell: It is one of the earliest devices which is capable of providing a continuous flow of electric current. It is used for converting chemical energy by Volta in the year 1800. Ohm’s Law: At constant temperature, the current flowing through a conductor is directly to electrical energy. It was invented proportional to the potential difference across its ends. If / is the current flowing through a conductor and Vis the potential difference across its ends, then according to Ohm's law: TeV (At constant temperature) ‘This ean also be written as Val or V=RI, where 2 isa constant called ‘resistance’ of the conductor. The value of this constant depends on the nature, length, area of cross-section and temperature of the conductor. Resistance of a Conductor: The property of a conductor due to which it opposes the flow of current through it is called resistance. The resistance of a conductor is numerically equal to the ratio of potential difference across its ends to the current flowing through Potential difference Current Resistance The SI unit of resistance is ohm, which i 1 ohm: IfV = 1 yok, is denoted by symbol 2. 1 ampere, then R Lvolt Tampere ‘Thus, the resistance of a conductor is said to be 1 ohm if | ampere current flows through the conductor when a potential difference of 1 volt is applied across it. ohm Factors affecting the Resistance of a Conductor: The resistance of the conductor depend (@ on its length, (8) on its area of cross-section and (i) on the nature of its material. Resistivity: It has been found by the experiments that: () The resistance of a given conductor is directly proportional to its length. ie. Ral el) (i) The resistance of a given conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section. ie Re} 2) By combining the equations (1) and (2), we have L Ray@ w@ 14. Electric Power: The rate at which work is done by an electric current is known as electric power. fe. or L Rao = eR 8) where pis called specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor. When! = Im, 4 Thus, the resistivity of a conductor is the resistance of unit length and unit area of cross-section of the conductor. The SI unit of resistivity is ohm metre (Om). 13. Combination of Re (in series and Gi) parallel Resistors in series: In series, the total potential difference, VaV, +i t0s (ty Applying Ohm's law to the entire circuit, Ver (2) Now, applying Ohm's law to cach resistance separately, we have Vy = IRs Vy = WRei IRs (8) From equations (1) and (2), we have IR = IR, + IRy + IRs or R=R, + Ry t Ry Resistors in parallel: In parallel, the total current T=hthtly ~() Applying Ohm's law to the whole (2) Now, applying Ohm's law to each resistance separately, we further have Powe: Time w _¥xQ Toe m?, we have p= R istance: The resistance can be combined in two ways: Work done Fh ny +, +, $v. A RX B Re c Ry D T 7 T yr ~l) ApanaE15. 16. The work done by current J when it flows for time ¢ under a potential difference Vis given by W=V XIX t joules [: W=rQandQ= 1) Putting the value of IV in equation (1), we have _ Vxdxt 7 joules per second or PeVxt ‘The unit of electric power is watt. Power, P=V XI 1 watt = 1 volt x I ampere ‘Thus, if'a potential difference of 1 volt causes a current of | ampere to flow through a wire, the electrical power consumed is one watt. Electrical Energy: Electrical energy = Tower x Time E=Pxt Thus, the electrical energy consumed by an electrical appliance depends on (@ power rating of the appliance and (ii) time for which it (appliance) is used. The SI unit of electrical energy is joule. 1 joule: | joule is the amount of electrical energy consumed when an appliance of I watt is used for 1 second, Commercial Unit of Electrical Energy: Kilowatt hour is the commercial unit of electrical energy. One kilowatt hour is the electrical energy consumed when an electrical appliance having 1kW. power rating is used for I hour. Energy used = Power x Time TAWh = EW x th 1000 W x 60 x 60 1000 Js x 36005 = 3600000 J = 36x 10°J . Heating Effect of Current: When an electric current is passed through a high resistance wire, it becomes very hot and produces heat. This effect is called the heating effect of current. When an electric charge Q moves against a potential diflerence ’, the amount of work done W is given by, w=aQxV =) Bi 2 ut, Current, P= + (From definition) So, QaIxt From Ohm's law yaIxXR Now, putting all these values in equation (1), we have18. Workdone, W=PxXRxE This work done is converted into heat energy for maintaining the flow of current I through the conductor for t second. Heat produced, H = Fx RX 1 joules. Practical applications of Heating Effect of Current: (@ In electrical heating appliances: All electrical heating appliances are based on the heating effect of current. For example, appliances, such as electric iron, water heaters and geysers, room heaters, toaster, hot plates are fitted with heating coils made of high resistance wire such as nichrome wire. (i) Electric filament bulb: The use of electric filament bulbs (ordinary electric bulbs) is also based on the heating effect of current. Inside the glass shell of an electric bulb there is a filament. This filament is made from a very thin high resistance tungsten wire. When current flows through this filament, it gets heated up. Soon, it becomes white hot and starts emitting light. Electric fuse: Use of electric fuse wire is also based on the heating effect of current. Fuse wire is made from a low-melting alloy. When large current pass through the circuit, this fuse wire gets heated up, and melis away. As a result, the circuit is broken and further damage is prevented. Q3. Ans. QA ‘Ans. Qs What does an electric circuit mean? A dosed conducting path through which electric current may flow is called an electric circuit. Define the unit of current. ‘The SI unit of electric current is ampere (A). When 1 coulomb of electric charge flows through any cross-section of a conductor in 1 second, the electric current flowing through it is said to be L ampere. 1 coulomb (C) Fampere(®) = 7 second (6) Calculate the number of electrons constituting one coulomb of charge. Charge on an electron = 1.6 x 10! C. is 1.6 x 10"! C, then number of electron “the value of charge 2. Ifthe value of charge is 1 C, then number of electrons = t= to 16x10 “16 = 0.625 x 1079 = 6.25 x 10! electrons Name a device that helps to maintain a potential difference across a conductor. Acell ora battery ‘What is meant by saying that the potential difference between two points is 1 V? ‘The potential difference bewseen two points in a current carrying conductor is said to be LV when 1 joule of work is done to move a charge of | coulomb from one point to the other. _ tote = bieule herefore, volt = Too tomby lv =1jc ApaRaTQ.6. How much energy is given to each coulomb of charge passing through a 6 V battery? ‘Ans. Charge, Q=1c Potential dillerence, V=6V Work done, W=VQ=6VX1C=6] The work done on each coulomb = 6 J. ‘Therefore, the energy given to each coulomb of charge is also 6 J. Q.7. On what factors does the resistance of a conductor depend? [CBSE 2018) Q.8. Will current flow more easily through a thick connected to the same source? Why? or a thin wire of the same material, when Ans. Resistance, Ra ‘The resistance of a conductor is inversely proportional to its area of cross-section. A thick wire has a greater area of cross-section whereas a thin wire has a smaller area of cross section. Thus, a thick wire has less resistance and a thin wire has more resistance. Therefore, current will flow more easily through a thick wire than a thin wire. Q.9. Let the resistance of an electrical component remain constant while the potential difference across the two ends of the component decreases to half of its former value. What change will occur in the current through it? La R Ans. We know that, I Since the resistance remains constant, so the current is directly proportional to potential difference. [f the potential difference is halved, the current also gets halved. Q.10. Why are coils of electric toasters and electric irons made of an alloy rather than a pure metal? [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)| Ans. Coils of electric toasters and electric irons are made of an alloy rather than a pure metal because (® the resistivity of an alloy is much higher than that of pure metal and (i) an alloy does not undergo oxidation easily even at high temperature. (ii) alloy have high melting point.Qu. Ans. Q 12 Ans. Q13. Ans. ‘Use the data given table below and answer the following : (®) Which among iron and mercury is a better conductor? (i) Which material is the best conductor? Material Resistivity (2 m) Conductors: Silver 1.60 x 10% Copper 1.62 x 10% Aluminium 2.63 x 10% Tungsten 5.20 x 10% Nickel 6.84 x 10% Iron 10.0 x 10% Chromium 12.9 x 104 Mercury 94.0 x 10% Manganese 1.84 x 10% ‘Alloys ‘Constantan(alloy of Cu and Ni) 49 x 10° Manganin alloy of Cu, Mn and Nip 44x 10% Nichrome (alloy of Ni, Cr, Mn and Fe) 100 x 10% Insulators Glass 10" — 10" Hard rubber 10!*— 10" Ebonite 10" 107 Diamond 10" 10" Paper (dry) 10"? ( Among iron and mercury, iron is better conductor of electricity because resistivity of iron (10.0 X 10° © m) is less than that of mercury (94.0 x 102 m). (fi) We know that a good conductor of electricity should have a low resistivity and a poor conductor of electricity will have a high resistivity. Silver has the lowest resistivity of 1.60 x 10%9 m, which means that silver offers the least resistance to the Nlow of current through it. So, silver is the best conductor of electricity Draw a schematic diagram of a circuit consisting of 50 80 sa a battery of three cells of 2 V each, a5 9 resistor, an 8 © resistor, and a 12 9 resistor and a plug key, all connected in series. The potential difference of each cell = 2 V ‘The total potential difference (or voltage) of 3 cells, =3xX2V=6¥. Redraw the circuit of Q. 12, putting in an ammeter to measure the current through the resistors and a voltmeter to measure the potential difference across the 12 0 resistor. What would be the readings in the ammeter and the voltmeter? tis noted that the ammeter has been put in series with the circuit and the voltmeter has been put in parallel with the 12.0 resistor. (® Caleulation of current reading in the ammeter: Here, Ry These three resistors are connected in series. 5O, Ry = 8Qand Ry = 120 panaQu. Ans. Qs. Ans. Q.16. Ans. Total resistance, R= Ry+ Ry + Ry +@= 5+8+12=29 Potential difference, V = 6 V Current, 1 Applying Ohm’s law, + ‘Therefore, ammeter will show a reading of 0.24 A. (i) Calculation of potential difference reading across 12 resistor. Current, 7 = 0-24 A, Resistance, R = 12.9, Potential difference, V Applying Ohm's law V = IR = 024 x 12 =2.88V Therefore, the voltmeter reading is 2.88 V. Judge the equivalent resistance when the following are connected in parallel (i) 1 Qand 10° Q i) 1 Qand 10° Q and 10°. ( When a number of resistance are connected in parallel, then their combined resistance is less than the smallest individual resistance. Therefore, equivalent resistance will be less than 1.2. i) In this case, also the equivalent resistance will be less than 1.2. An electric lamp of 100 0, a toaster of resistance 50 0, and a water filter of resistance 500 0 are connected in parallel to a 220 V source. What is the resistance of an electric iron connected to the same source that takes as much current as all three appliances, and what is the current through it? Here, Ry = 1000, Ry Equivalent resistance = R 0 2, Ry = 500. Resistors are connected in parallel. Vout ROR RR +4 of. J 1 5+10+1 R100 ts * 500 > RO 500 1 16, 4 125, KR soi = RG Ve 220x4 Current through all the three appliances, == —jaq—=7.04 A Since the electric iron connected to the same source that takes as much current as all the three appliances. So 125 Resistance of the electric iron =~ Q Current through the electric iron = 7.04 A 1.252 ‘What are the advantages of connecting electrical devices in parallel with the battery instead of connecting them in series? ( In parallel circuit, ifone electrical appliance stops working due to some defect, then all other appliances keep working normally. In series circuit, ifone electrical appliance stops working due to some defect, then all other appliances also stop working: (i) In parallel circuits, each electrical appliance gets the same voltage as that of the power supply line. In series circuit, appliances do not get the same voltage as that of the power supply line.(i) In the parallel connection of electrical appliances, the overall resistance of the household circuit is reduced due to which the current from the power supply is high. In the series connection, the overall resistance of the circuit increases too much due to which the current from the power supply is low. Q.17. How can three resistors of resistance 2.0, 3.0 and 69 be connected to give a total resistance of (#) 4, (ii) 1.02 Ans. (As the total resistance (equivalent resistance) it must be in parallel with some other resistors. 40, the 6 © resistor cannot be in series. So, In parallel connection, the equivalent resistance (4.0) ao i i 20 hhas to be less than all the resistances. So, the resistors - of 2.Qand 3 © cannot be in parallel at one time with 5 6a on So, the resistors have to be in a mixed combination. Let us consider the combination shown in the figure. The equivalent resistance between B and C (which are in parallel) 89x60 _ 180 _ 30+69 90 ‘The resistance between A and D = 20 4+20=40. So, the combination shown in the figure is true i Here, Ry = 20, Ry = 3.0, Ry = 6 Qand R= 10 20 Since the equivalent resistance of the combination Lan \ is of lesser value than any of the resistors of the Ne a 3 combination, itis clear that the resistors should be connected in parallel. It can be further confirmed by using the formula 3424 6 6 Piura aa Fatty ttt yt ROR RR 2°36 ie. R= J ohm. (ors should be connected in parallel. Q.18. What is (i) the highest, (i) the lowest total resistance that can be secured by combinations of four coils of resistance 41, 8 , 12 0,24 7 Ans. (i) The highest can be secured by series combination and is equal to R=404+8N4 1204240 = 480 (i) The lowest total resistance can be secured by parallel combination, whieh is given by 1 _6+34241 = RO 1 mol 2 RET = R-a2 Q.19. Why does the cord of an electric heater not glow while the heating element does? ICBSE 2079 (31/23) ‘Ans. The cord of the electric heater is made of copper whereas the heating element is made of nichrome. Nichrome glows because large amount of heat is produced due to its high resistance when electric current is passed through it.Q-20. Compute the heat generated while transferring 96,000 coulomb of charge in one hour through a potential difference of 50 V. Ans. Here, Q = 96,000 C,1 = 1 hour = 60 x 60s and V = 50V Q _ 96,000 _ 80, 60x60 5 5 V _ 30x38 Resistance,R=—7 = "gq = g 2 Current, Heat produced, HW = PR _ 80 8015 “3%3 Q.21. An electric iron of resistance 20 0 takes a current of 5 A. Calculate the heat developed in 30s. Ans, Here, R=200, 1= 5A, (=305 PR 5x 5x 20x30 5,000 | = 15 Ky Q.22. What determines the rate at which energy is delivered by a current? ‘Ans. Electrie power. Q.23. An electric motor takes 5 A from a 220 V line. Determine the power of the motor and the Heat develope Ans. = 220 x 5 = 1100 W = LA kW Energy consumed, E =P Xt = LIKW x 2h = 22 kWh Q.1. A piece of wire of resistance R is cut into five equal parts. These parts are then connected in R parallel. If the equivalent resistance of this combination is R’, then the ratio jr 1 1 (a) 95 Os (5 (25 Ans. Resistance of this wire, R= of Resistance ofa piece of length oa i (-R=9% ‘The equivalent resistance of the 5 wires in parallel is R' Then 1 R 1 R 1 R R s re Hence, the correct answer is (d). =25Ans. Ans. Qs Which of the following terms does not represent electrical power in a circuit? P (@) PR (Rt ou OR Electric power is given by expression P= VI. According to ohm's law, V = IR * P=VI=(R)1=PR v)_v “R)-z >? An electric bulb is rated 220 Vand 100 W. When it is operated on 110 ¥, the power consumed will be: (a) 100 Ww OBW ©50W Maw ra v1 = += PR Hence, the correct answer is 1= 5 = PR Hence, th a ©. or P=TI We have, or (1) Let power consumed be P" when operated on 110 V. Then 110)? - (2) From (1) and (2), we have (ish a 100 220, or P 4% 100 or Paw Hence, the correct answer is (d).. ‘Two conducting wires of the same material and of equal lengths and equal diameters are first connected in series and then in parallel in a circuit across the same potential difference. The ratio of heat produced in series and parallel combination would be: (a) 1:2 2st ©i:4 @4ast ‘Suppose the resistance of each one of the wo wires is R. ‘The equivalent resistance of the series combination, The heat produced in time t, vw an a oe) tn ‘The equivalent resistance of the parallel combination i RxR_ Fe Rp= teh kL R+R QR 2 Heat produced in time t, ve H= = eT RI OR @ From (1) and (2), we have va R Hi, RW Hy:Hy= 1:4 ‘Thus, the correct answer is (.). coryQ.5. How is a voltmeter connected in the cireuit to measure the potential difference between two points? Ans. A voltmeter is always connected in parallel in the circuit to measure the poten between two points. Also, the positive positive tern bauery or the difference nal of the voltmeter should be connected to the jinal of the battery or cell and negative terminal to the negative terminal of the Q.6. A copper wire has diameter 0.5 mm and resistivity of 1.6 x 10 0 m. What will be the length of this wire to make its resistance 10 . How much does the resistance change if the diameter is doubled? Ans. () Diameter, d = 0.5 mm Radi 3 mam =0.25 O85 y= 0.95% 10 ius, r =—g- mm = 0.25 mm= 7999 m= 0.25% 10" m Area of erosssection, A= ne? == x (0.25 10°)? =0.1964 x10 m? Resistance, R = 10.0, Resistivity, p = 1.6 x 10% Om, Length, 1 =? We know that R= 4 RA _ 100.1964 10% P 16x10 dy _ xd (i) The area of cross-section, 4, =n77 =4(3) a pl _ 4pl Iis resistance, Rage When the diameter is doubled, area of cross-section, > so ae Its resistance, Ry a a From (1) and (2), we have Fool ad” 1 Ry rd 4pl 4 or ‘Thus, on doubling the diameter, the area of cross-section becomes 4 times and the resistance becomes one-fourth. Q.7. The values of current J flowing in a given resistor for the corresponding values of potential difference V across the resistor are given below: I (amperes) 05 10 2.0 3.0 40 V (volts) L6 34 6.7 10.2 Losi Plot a graph between V and I and calculate the resistance of that resistor.Ans. Resistance of resistor Vively —= {ampere} —= Q.8 When a 12 V battery is connected across an unknown resistor, there is a current of 2.5 mA in the circuit. Find the value of the resistance of the resi Ans. Potential difference, V = 12 V Current, [= 2.5 mA = 2.5 x 108A We know that y= IR or, Q.9. A battery of 9 V is connected in series with resistors of 0.2 ©, 0.3 2, 0.4 0, 0.5 9 and 12. respectively. How much current would flow through the 12.9, resistor? Ans. Resistors are connected in series. So, equivalent resistance R=020 4030404040504 120= 1340 Potential difference, V = 9V Current, through the circuit, v Q. 10. How many 176 © resistors (in parallel) are required to carry 5 A on a 220 V line? ‘Ans. Current, 1=5A Potential difference, V = 220V Resistance of parallel cireuit, R = c Let no. of resistors = 0 In parallel, + ntimes ntimes a_i 447176 n= 18 nad 44 APanaE Number of required resistors = 4.Q.11. Show how you would connect three resistors, each of resistance 6 ©, so that the combination has a resistance of (i) 9 2(ii) 40. Ans. () In order to get a resistance of 9 ©, We connect the given resistors (each of resistance of 6 Q) in the following way. Resistance between B and G é 1 6 ale ale 2 6 R=30 Resistance of the combination = 62 + 39=99 (i) In order to get a resistance of 4.0, we connect two resistors in series and third in parallel as shown in figure. Resistors AB and BC are in series, therefore, 60+60=120 A 80 60 ¢ BS Rs Now, Ris parallel with the third (62). =. Equivalent resistance of combination (R,) is given by Q.12. Several electric bulbs designed to be used on 2 220 V electric supply line, are rated 10 W. How ne if many lamps ean be connected in parallel with each other across the two wires of 220 V the maximum allowable current is 5 A? ‘Ans. Potential difference, = 220 V Power of each bulb, P = 10 W Resistance of each bulb, Ro UE _220%220 _ sgi99 P 10 “Total resistance in the circuit, Letn be the number of bulbs to be connected in parallel to obtain resistance R’ . ntimes Required number of bulbs = 110Q.13. A hot plate of an electric oven connected to a 220 V line has two resistance coils A and B, each of 24 resistance, which may be used separately, in series or in parallel. What are the currents in the three eases? Ans. Potential difference, V = 220 V R=240 Case I: When coils A and B are used separately, current through each coil, Resistance of each coi Case II: When coils A and B are connected in series, the equivalent resistance in the circuit. Rs oA ml Current, I= 46A Case IIL: When coils A and B are connected in parallel, the equivalent resistance (Rp) is given by a a_i ae fdetiti2 Ry 24 Bae Ry = 120 20 Current, f= Y= 220 2 gga Ie Q.14. Compare the power used in the 2 resistor in each of the following circuits: (® a6 V battery in series with 1 Q and 2 0 resistors, and (ii) a4 V battery in parallel with 12 © and 2 Q resistors. Ans. (?) Equivalent resistance of | 9 and 2 Qin series, R = 12 +2Q=3.9 Potential difference, = 6 V V_6 Current, f= page 2A Current in series circuit is same. 2. Currentin 2 Q resistor = 2A Power in 29 resistor, P= P R= 2 x2=8W (i) Potential difference across 20 resistor = 4 V e £ =8w Pi P=8W:8Welil Q.15. Two lamps, one rated 100 W at 220 V, and the other 60 W at 220 V, are connected in parallel to electric mains supply. What current is drawn from the line if the supply voltage is 220 V? [CBSE 2018) Power, P” Ans. We know that P 2 R 2 =| Resistance of Ist lamp, v2 _ 220x220 P10 R, 484.0 coryQ16. ‘Ans, Qi7. Ans. Q. 18. Ans. Resistance of 2nd lamp, 220x220 _ 2490 60 is Ry Since, two lamps are connected in parallel, so its equivalent resistance is given by sot ny 2 ell 484" 2420” 2420 2420 8 Current drawn from the line Vv _ 220%8 =o aT OTA Which uses more energy, a 250 W TV set in I h or a 1200 W toaster in 10 minutes? Energy used by TV set Ey=Pxt = 250 W x Ih = 250 Wh Energy used by toaster, E,=PXt = 1200 x 1° = 200 wh 60 ‘Thus, TV set in one hour uses more energy than the toaster uses in 10 minutes. An electric heater of resistance 8 0 draws 15 A from the service mains in 2 hours. Calculate the rate at which heat is developed in the heater. Here, R =82 =IBA ‘The rate at which heat is developed is power, P = PR Heat developed (Ri) “Time taken = 15 x 15 x 8 = 1800 Jis. Power = Explain the following: (® Why is the tungsten used almost exclusively for filament of electric lamps? (i) Why are the conductors of electric heating devices, such as bread-toasters and electric irons, made of an alloy rather than a pure metal? [CBSE 2018) i) Why is the series arrangement not used for domesti circuits? (i) How does the resistance of a wire vary with its area of cross-section? (») Why are copper and aluminium wires usually employed for electricity transmi (@ Pure tungsten has a high resistivity and a high melting point (nearly 300°C), When an electric current is passed through the filament, the electric energy is converted to heat and light energy due to the heating of the filament to a very high temperature. Due to the high melting point of tungsten, the filament does not melt.Teo ha ie ee an ing dest em ci] a awe tay Hos | i | - fnhan is & Tinea ot af Heat. dd_—_| - sohanges flour pr sbtaee GE (i) Ene pool. gue ole ate biluate at £uen rh tes ie [Topper's Answer 20181, (iii) The series arrangement is not used for domestic circuits because: (@) if connected in series total resistances will increase. Therefore, current flowing through, the circuit will be low. (8) if one appliance is switched off or gets damaged than all other appliances will also stop 1g because their electricity supply will be cut off. xsely proportional to its cross-sectional area. Thus, a thick fre has more resistance. worl (fv) The resistance of a wire is inv wire has less resistance, and a (v) Copper and aluminium wires are usually employed for electricity transmission because copper and aluminium have very low resistivities. Multiple Choice Questions, Each question has 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d). Choose and write the correct option. 1. A charge of 100 C flows through a bulb in 5 minutes. How much current is flowing through the bulb? [CBSE Question Bank] (a) 500A, (@) 1004 (208 @) 034 2. A cylindrical conductor of length ‘P and uniform area of cross section ‘A’ has resistance ‘R’. ‘The area of cross section of another conductor of same material and same resistance but of Tength ‘22 is INCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2020 (31/3/1)) A 34 @4 w 4 ou @ 34 3. A metallic wire of resistance 12 (2 is bent to form a square. The resistance between the two diagonal points would be [wor] @ 120 ) 240 6a @ 30 4. ‘The maximum resistance which ean be made using four resistors each of resistance 4-0 is [CBSE 2020 (31/31) @20 mia (250 @ 8a 5. A fuse wire isa wire of {@) low resistance and low melting point _ (6) high resistance and low melting point (0 low resistance and high melting point (2) high resistance and high melting point 6. Atthe time of short circuit, the electric current in the circuit [CBSE 2020 (31/12) (@) very continuously (0) does not change (@ reduces substantially @ increases heavily 7. Ten identical wires each having a resistance of 1 Q are connected in parallel. The combination will have a resistance of @ 1092 W1Q 012 @ 0.01210. u. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. ‘Two bulbs of 100 W and 40 W are connected in series. The current through the 100 W bulb is 1A. The current through the 40 W bulb will be [CBSE 2020 (31/1/2)) (a) 0.44 () 0.64 (08a WIA is used exclusively for the filaments of the bulbs. (@) Copper @ Aluminium (0 Silver (@) Tungsten A conducting wire carries 10"' electrons in 4 minutes. What is the current flowing through the we CBSE Question Bank] (a) 404 7A (4a @O7A Unit of electric power may also be expressed as [CBSE Sample Paper 2020] (2) vol-ampere ——() kilowatchour ——(¢) watt-second ——_() joule-second The resistivity does not change if [NCERT Exemplar] (@) the material is changed () the temperature is changed (0) the shape of the resistor is changed (@) both material and temperature are changed An electric iron draws a current 4 A when connected to a 220 V mains. Its resistance must be (a) 10000 ) 55a (44a (@) none of these When a 4V battery is connected across an unknown resistor there is a current of 100 mA in the Girenit. The value of the resistance af the reaigtor is [CBSE Sample Paper 2020] (@)40 402 (9 400 @ 040 Identify the circuit in which the electrical components have been properly connected. (NCERT Exemplar] ® EOF ® CaO " NY) R: y “ He = © Roe ® st} ook 49 4 pe ~18. In the following circuits, heat produced in the resistor or combination of resistors connected 19. A student carries out an experiment and plots the V-I graph of 20. 2. 22. 23. 24. toa 12 V battery will be INCERT Exemplar] 20 2020 wn AWN 20 $20 av aH Hi rv tev o «@ Gi) @ same in all the three cases (© maximum in case () three samples of nichrome wire with respectively. Which of the following is true? [Competency Based Question] [NCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2020 (31/2/1)] (@) Ry = Re= Ry (+) R, > Ro > Ry (©) Ry > Re> Ry (@) Ro> Rg> Ry In order to reduce electricity consumption at home, what kind of appliance should one purchase? (@) one which draws low power (©) one which operates at a higher voltage (d) one whi In an electrical circuit two resistors 2 0 and 4 © respectively are connected in series to a 6 V battery. The heat dissipated by the 4 0 resistor in 5 s will be [NCERT Exemplar] @s5y @) 10 Ifa person has five resistors each of value ta, then the maximum resistance he can obtain, by connecting them is @19 ws5a In order to move a charge of 3 C between two points on a conducting wire, 12 J of work is, done, How much increase or decrease amount of charge to 36 J? @-8v @) +12 ‘Two resistors of resistances 2.0 and 4.Q when connected with a battery will have (@) same current flowing through them () same current lowing through them (©) same potential difference across them when connected in series. ferent potential differences when connected in parallel. @ @) minimum in case () (a) maximum in case (it) resistances R,, R, and Ry | farperes) —> °. Vvotts) —> [CBSE Question Bank] (#) one which produces less heat draws a high amount of current © 205 @ 303 (109 @ 3a in the voltage will increase the work done on the same [CBSE Question Bank, CBSE 2020 (31/4/1)] (© +8V @ -12V INCERT Exemplar] n when connected in parallel. n when connected in series. re25. Bulbs By and By are exactly identical. When the key K is pressed, the reading of the ammeter will (a) « "® (a) remain unchanged (8) be doubled (©) be halved (@ become four times Answers L@ 20 3. (@) 4. (a) 5.0) 6. (2) 7.0 8. (d) 2@ 01 Wea 2 3 14.) 15.0) 16. @) 17.@) 184) 18) = 2.) | 22.) 23. 24) 25. (b) Explanations of selected Multiple Choice Questions 1. @;Q= 100C,1= 5 min = 5 x 60 = 300s. 100 300 =03A ezglt 2 ©: R=eg L As Reel, Roe e Here, length is doubled ie 21, so resistance will be 22. So, for the resistance to remain same as R, the area of cross section will also get doubled as 24. 3. @s 7 30 ¢ 3a 3a Bi Resistance of arm ABC = 3. 4+30= 60 Resistance of arm ADC = 804 809=60 ‘Their effective resistance is 3 Q. Hence, the resistance bewween diagonal points ie. between A and Cis 3.0. 4, @; The maximum resistance can be obtained by connecting them in series, Hence, 1 +y-20 rele nlm10. 13. 14. 16. 7. 18. au. © rod tet eoia R, 10 @;__Inaseries connection, the current through each resistance remains same. ‘Thus, 40 W bulb will also get LA. @: qene q= 10" x 16x 10" 1.6 x 10°C is. ra 6 10 t= "940 1=07A ©; V=220V,1=48 v R= 220 = 3B =55.0 @; V=4V,1=100mA=0.18 v aa AL Or 402 (@; On rearranging the elements connected in series, there is no change in eurrent in the Gireuit. Thus, current will be same in all the three circuits. @: IA. f= 16s,e= 16 x 1G aim tt aH n= 1x16 __ 990 bb 19: 16x10" @); Using H = 1°R1, for 1 = 1s [same for alll circuit) Case (): H = 36 x 2x Case i Case (ii): H= 144 x 1x (Ry = Ri + Re 1 APPT6 grtta H=PR =I x4x5 = 20) 25. (U); Let us assume resistance of bulbs B, and By be RO. vi r = When key is open, Jy =p When key is elosed, ly = The following questions consist of two statements — Assertion (A) and Reason (R). Answer these questions selecting the appropriate option given bel (a) Both A and R are true and Ris the correct explanation of A. (8) Both A and R are true but R is not the correct explanation of A. (o) Ais true but R is false. (d) Ais false but R is true. 1. Assertion (A) : Tungsten metal is used for making filaments of incandescent lamps. Reason (A) : The melting point of tungsten is very low. 2. Assertion (4) : Ifa graph is plotted between the potential difference and the current flowing, the graph is a straight line passing through the origin. Reason (R) + The current is directly proportional to the potent 3. Assertion (4) : Longer wires have greater resistance and the smaller wires have lesser resistance. Reason (R) : Resistance is inversely proportional to the length of the wire. 4. Assertion (4) : Alloys are commonly used in electrical heating devices, toasters ete. Reason (A) : Alloys do not oxidise (burn) readily at high temperatures. Assertion (4) : When the resistances are connected end-to-end consecutively, they are said to be in series. I difference. e electrical iron, 5. Reason (A) + In case the total resistance is to be increased, then the individual resistances are connected in series. 6. Assertion (4) When the resistances are connected between the same two points, they are said to be connected in parallel. In case the total resistance is to be decreased, then the individual resistances are connected in parallel. Assertion (A) A cell is a device which converts chemical energy into electrical energy. Reason (R) + Cell maintains constant potential difference between its terminals for a long time. Reason (2) 2.Answers LQ 2%@ 3.0) 4. (a) 5) 6. (8) 70 Explanations of selected Assertion-Reason Questions 1. (9 Melting Point of tungsten is very high. 8. (@) Resistance is directly proportional to length of wire. 5. (0) Cireuitis said to be connected in series when the same amount of current flows through the resistors. 6. (@) When two resistors are connected in parallel, they have same potential dillerence. 7.) Cell stores chemical energy, which involves flow of electrons from one material to another, through an external circuit. Read the following passages and answer the questions that follow. PASSAGE-1 ‘A fuse is a device for the safety of appliances and electric circuits against excessive heating during a short circuit or overloading. It has low melting point wire connected to the live wire. Electric fuse wire is a mixture (alloy) oftin (Sn) and lead. (Pb) (Sn 65% and Pb 37%). It has high resistance and low melting point so that it may easily melt on over-heating when excessive current is passed through it. ‘The maximum amount of current that can pass through a fuse wire without melting is called current rating ofa fase. () Which device is used as protection from over current? 1 (a) Voimeter (@) Ammeter (© Potentiometer @ Electric fuse (ii) Define current rating of fuse. 1 (@) The minimum amount of current that can pass through a fase wire without melting. (&) The minimum amount of voltage that can pass through a fuse wire without melting, (©) The maximum amount of current that can pass through a {use wire without mehing. (@) The maximum amount of voltage that can pass through a fuse wire without melting. Gi) Tn room heater (1000 watt, 220 V), current rating of fuse wire is 1 @)4a MASA 5A (55A (io) A fase wire is an alloy of two metals namely 1 (a) Cuand Sn @SnandZn —@) Snand Po (@Snand Ag Ans. (i) (@); Electric fuse because during high current supply through electric fuse, fuse wire break due to low melting point. (i) (Qs The maximum amount of current that can pass through a fuse wire without melting. P _ 1000 _ 50 (ii) (Oy Powe, P= VI => 1 20 “IT “Thus, we can use a 5 A fase asi will burn out as eurrent is just increased over 30a, (i) (©); The fuse wire is made up Sn (tin) and Pb (lead) alloy because of its high resistance and low mehing.(ii) Based on the data in the graphs for Experiment 2 (Fig. 4), which describes the relationship between voltage through the lightbulb and resistance 1 (a) There is no pattern in the relationship between voltage and resistance. (8) As voltage increases, resistance increases. (© As voltage increases, resistance decreases. (d) voltage increases, resistance stays constant. (i=) The power rating of a lightbulb is the rate at which energy is used, namely converted to heat and light energy. Power in a resistor is given by P = IV, where P is in watts (W), 1 is current in amps, and V is electrical potential in volts. Suppose that household lightbulbs are designed to operate at a constant voltage of 100 V; If you were to compare a 60 W lightbulb with a 75 W lightbulb, what could you conclude? 1 (a) The resistance in the 60 W bulb is less than the resistance in the 75 W bulb. (@) The resistance in the 60 W bulb is greater than the resistance in the 75 W bulb. (©) The resistance in the two lightbulbs is the same. (@) There is insufficient information to compare the resistance of the two lightbulbs. Ans. (@) (d); The graph for Experiment 1 is approximately linear. This means that its slope Z is constant, which means that £ R is constant. Therefore, the resistor device obeys ‘Ohm's law. The graph for Exp. 2 is non-linear. This means that 2 is not constant and that the lightbulb does not obey Ohm's Law. lod Gi) (by; The slope of the graph decreases as V increases. Since slope equals a8 jy decreases, Rincreases. v 200 ii) (by, At voliage = 2.V, R=] a Atvoliage = 15 V, R= 9749 = 1250 Ifyouestimate R ata few points, the pattern isthat R increasesas V increases. Alternatively, the slope of the graph decreases as Vi eases. rou ; ce slope equals 7,8 7 decreases, R increases. (@) (®); In household use, the voltage is kept constant. In the equation P = V7, if Vis constant, Tincreases as P increases. This means that for P = 75 W, the current I is larger than for P = 60 W. Now look at the equation linking resistance to current: V = IR. Since V is constant, the larger Fis, the smaller R must be. Thus, since current is larger in a 75 W bulb, the resistance is lower than it is in a 60 W bulb. PASSAGE-3 Ohm's law is perhaps the most popularly known of all the laws, theories and principles of electrical sciences. The law forms the starting point in the study of electrical networks, and it has reserved, forever, a place of honor for Georg Simon Ohm (1789-1854) in the history of science. The year 1976 marked the 150th anniversary of Ohm's law. What is Ohm's Larw? In modern terminology, Ohm's law states that the current I flowing through a conductor is proportional to the voltage ” applied across Ohm initially called the constant of proportionality R “reduced length,” but renamed it “resistance” shoruly thereafter. Ohm obtained this result both experimentally and theoretically. Source : https:/fuw.researchgate.net/publication/3052303_Georg_Simon_Ohm_and_Ohm%27s_LawQ.6. Why isan ammeter likely to be burnt out if it is connected in parallel ina circuit? [HOTS] Ans. The resistance of an ammeter is very low. If an ammeter is connected in parallel, the resultant resistance of the circuit decreases and excessive current passes through the instrument. Hence, the ammeter is likely to be burnt out. Q.7. Out of two electric bulbs of 50 W - 220 V and 100 W - 220 V, which one will glow brighter when they are connected (‘) in series, and (fi) in parallel? [HOTS] a Ans. The resistance of the bulb is defined as R = Y" . So the resistance of 50 W bulb is double than P the resistance of 100 W bulb. When they are connected in series the current through both bulbs issame, Hence 50 watt bulb will be brighter because P = FR. In parallel, the voltage will be same a in both bulbs. So, the 100 watt bulb will be brighter because P = = Q.8. Two students perform the experiment on series and parallel combinations of two given resistors R, and R, and plot the following V-I graphs (i) and ( Which of the graphs is (are) correctly labelled in terms of the words ‘series’ and ‘parallel”? Justify your answer. [Competency Based Question] [HOTS] Parallel Series ® Can Ans. (Slope yz = Resistance R ‘As larger resistance represents series combination and smaller resistance the parallel combination. Therefore, graph of greater slope represents series combination and hence it is correctly labelled. i) Slope, VR As larger resistance represents series combination, so graph of smaller slope represents series combination and hence it is also correctly labelled. Q.9. Consider the scale of a voltmeter shown in the diagram and answer the following questions: () What ° (ii) What is the reading shown by the voltmeter? (iif) If this voltmeter is connected across a resistor of 20 0, how much current is flowing through the resistor? [CBSE 2019 (31/3/1)] ‘Ans: (0.15 V is the least count % (#) The reading shown is 1.8 V % (i) R= 200 V=18V 415 the least count of the voltmeter? I= f= t= 09a 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/3/1)]Q-.10. Which one of the following is the correct set-up for studying the dependence of the current on the potential difference across a resistor and why? [CBSE 2019 (31/4/1)] +@= R =O +@F += ~ - R R + + AH HE AE AH A B c D Ans. Setup Aiscorrect. he * Ammeter should be connected in series whereas volumeter should be connected in parallel to the resistor across which potential difference is to be measured. hth ‘+ Positive of voltmeter and ammeter should be connected to the positive of supply voltage. 1% ICBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/4/1)) Each of the following questions are of 3 marks and have to be answered in about 50-80 words. QL. () Why does resistance of a metallic conductor increa with increase in temperature? (i) Heat is generated continuously in an electric heater but the temperature of its element becomes constant after some time. Why? {uors) Ans. () When a metallic conductor is heated, the atoms in the metal vibrate with greater amplitude and frequency. Due to increase in temperature, the thermal velocities of free electrons also increases. Therefore, the number of collisions between free electrons and atoms increases. This increases the opposition to the movement of electrons and hence the resistance of the conductor. (i When the temperature of the heater becomes greater than the temperature of the surrounding, some of the heat is lost to the surroundings in the form of thermal radiations. ‘Afier some time, rate at which heat is being produced becomes equal to the rate at which heatis lost. Hence, the temperature of the element becomes constant. Q.2 @ Why is it not advisable to handle high voltage electrical circuit with wet hands? ‘Though the same current flows through line wires or the filament of a bulb, yet only the latter glows. Why? Ans. (#) The resistance of dry: in human body is about 50,000.02. When the skin is wet, the resis gets lowered to about 10,000 ©. If a person with wet hands touches the electrical circuit, high current will flow through the body causing risk to life. (i The filament of electric lamp has high resistance whereas the line wires are of negligible resistance. Since amount of heat generated is proportional to the resistance, the filament generates much more heat and it starts glowing.Qs Ans. Q4 Ans. (® What is electrical resistivity? In a series electrical circuit comprising of a resistor having a metallic wire, the ammeter reads 5 A. The reading of the ammeter decreases to half when the length of the wire is doubled. Why? INCERT Exemplar; CBSE 2019 (31/1/2)] 4 (i) In the given circuit diagram, two resistance wires A and B are of same area of cross-section and same material, but A is L longer than B. Which ammeter A, or Ay will indicate higher reading for current? Give reason. . HE (® The resistivity of'a material is defined as the resistance of a conductor made of that material of unit length and unit cross-sectional area. 1 Usiny R= p= Be °F Also, v=Rr Ris doubled while V remains unchanged. Hence, current becomes half. (i) Ammeter Ag shows higher reading. Since wire A is longer, it has greater resistance and so draws lesser current. So more current flows through B and A, shows higher reading, Show how would youjoin three resistors, each of resistance 9 0 so that the equivalent resistance of the combination is (i) 13.5 , (ii) 6 [Competency Based Question] [CBSE 2018]Qs. Ans, az. Ans. | = 60 Sp t—— topper Answer ZOTBT | Why does an electric bulb become dim when an electric heater in parallel circuit is switched ‘on? Why does dimness decrease after sometime? lors) The resistance of a heater coil is less than that of electric bulb filament. When heater is switched on in parallel, more current start flowing through the heater coil and current through the bulb filament decreases making it dim, when heater coil becomes hot its resistance increases. As a result, current Afier some time, through the heater coil decreases and the current through the bulb filament increases and thus dimness of the bulb decreases. A metallic wire of resistance R is cut into ten parts of equal length. Two pieces each are joined in series and then five such combinations are joined in parallel. What will be the effective resistance of the combination? ‘The resistance of a conductor is directly proportional to the length of the conductor. The resistance (r) of the metallic wire, when it is cut into ten parts of equal length is = 10 Thoma pees when jn in atresia echtance hae tom parts wrt m, Series resistance of two part 5 such elements are connected in parallel. Therefore the total resistance R’ will be PloUytya ya ye RoR R'R TR ROR 5 5 5 5 5 Hence ‘R ie 25 A wire of length I and resistance R is stretched so that its length is doubled and the area of cross-section is halved. How will its: (® resistance change? resistivity change? Justify your answer in each case. (@ Here, length is doubled and area of cross-section is halved. Thus, a wire of length land area of cross-section A becomes a wire of length 2f and area of cross-section 4 ApaRaEQu. Ans. Q.15. Ans. ‘We know that el r=% RA _ 100x3x107 t 5 = 60x 107 =6 x 10% Om (@ Write the mathematical expression for Joule’s law of heating. (ii) Compute the heat generated while transferring 96000 coulomb of charge in two hours through a potential difference of 40 V. [CBSE 2020 (31/1/1)] @H=PR 1 @ H=Vin=Vv.Q % Given : V = 40 volts, Q = 96000 C 1 H = 40 V x 96000 C = 3.84 x 10°J % [CBSE Marking Scheme 2020 (31/1/1)] A battery E is connected to three identical lamps P, Q and R as shown in figure: Initially the switeh S is kept open and the lamp P and Q are observed to glow with some brightness. @, Then switch S is closed. How will the brightness of glow of bulbs P and Q will change? © => Justify your answer. [Competency Based Question] The brightness of glow of bulb P will increase and brightness of glow of bulb Q will decrease. This is because on closing S, bulbs Q and R will be in parallel and the combination will be in series ill decrease and the current flowing, in the circuit will increase. Therefore, the glow of bulb P will increase. Also since bulbs Q and R will be in parallel in this case, the current gets divided and lesser the glow of bulb Q will decrease. th bulb P. Hence the total resistance of the circuit current flows through Q and Current I flowing through a resistor results in dissipation of power P. By what percentage will the power dissipated in the resistor increase if the current through the resistor 506? Justify your answer with the help of mathematical calculations. The power dissipated in the resistor will increase by 125%. P=Pr When Fis increased by 805, becomes 3 v=(2s)r= 2, Hence, P'=(3i)n= FPR Increase in power dissipation = $7 R- 7 R «yj = dre i __ Increase Percentage intense = Greser x 100 sr SER 100 = 125% PRAns. Qi7. fen n resistors each of resistance R, how will you combine them to get the () maximum; and imum effective resistance? What is the ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance? (wors) (@ For maximum effective resistance, the resistors must be connected in serics combination. Irthere aren resistors each of resistance R, then the maximum effective resistance = nR Gi) For minimum effective resistance, the resistors must be connected in parallel combination, So the minimum effective resistance = & aR (Rin) ‘What is the resistance from A to B in the network shown in the figure? [HOTS] Ratio of the maximum to minimum resistance is 1 ‘The point C is connected to B and the point D is connected to A. Therefore, three identical resistors, each having resistance R, are connected in parallel and the equivalent circuit diagram is shown in the figure. R If the equivalent resistance is ®’ then Each of the following questions are of 5 marks and have to be answered in about 80-120 words. Qi. Ans. suit. Define the unit of electric (® Name an instrument that measures electric current in a ci current. (ii) What do the following symbols represent in a cirenit diagram? @ ype © (iif) An electric circuit consisting of a 0.5 m long nichrome wire XY, an ammeter, a voltmeter, four cells of 1.5 V each and a plug key was set up. (a) Draw the electric circuit diagram to study the relation between the potential maintained between the points ‘X’ and ‘Y’ and the electric current flowing through XY. (6) Following graph was plotted between V and I values using above circuit: What would be the values of ratios when the potential difference is 0.8 Vj 12 V and 1.6 V respectively? What conclusion do you draw from these values? (@ An instrument that measures electric current ina circuit, is called “ammeter”. a oz " oa " ds ampere) ApaRaEThe unit of electric current is ampere (A). 1 ampere is constituted by the flow of | coulomb of charge through any point in an electric circuit in 1 second. (i) @) aye Variable resistance or rheostat ® oe Plug key or switch (closed) (ii) @) 15v 15 15V 15V tte Xvi —¥ K 05m (#) Following graph was plotted between Vand I values. At potential difference 0.8 V, 08. 0: (1) At potential difference 1.2 V, Vv 7 ‘At potential difference 1.6 V, x 770673 Conclusion: If / be the current through XY: (2) (3) istor and V be the potential difference across ‘ ie it, then the ratio “7 = constant. => Va Land Ohm's law is obeyed. Q.2. A bulb is rated 40 W; 220 V. Find the current drawn by it, when it is connected to a 220 V supply. Also find its resistance. If the given bulb is replaced by a bulb of rating 25 W; 220 V, will there be any change in the value of current and resistance? Justify your answer and determine the change. [CBSE 2019 (31/572)) Ans @) P= 40W v=220V P=VI = esr 127 999 = 018A 1= 220x220 40 = 12100 1 Gi) P= 25. . vaQ0v , Pelt oP as 290 O13 A 1 R= 320220, 19360 1 (») Yes there is a change in current and resistance 1 [CBSE Marking Scheme 2019 (31/5/2)) Q. 8. Find out the following inthe electric circuit given in awit — ie figure alongside: — @ Effective resistance of two 8 0 resistors in the 8V5 [ combination sas Current flowing through 4.0 resistor © ; ) Potential difference across 4 © resistance time 6 (iv) Power dissipated in 4 Q resistor (») Difference in ammeter readings, if any INCERT Exemplar] (v) No difference, same current flows through each ammeter in the given circuit. Q.4. @ Three resistors R,, R, and R, are connected in series and the combination is connected to a battery, ammeter, voltmeter and key. Draw suitable circuit diagram and obtain an expression for the equivalent resistance of the combination of the resistors. (i Consider the given circuit and find the current flowing in the circuit and potent difference across the 15 2 resistor when the circuit is closed. [CBSE 2019 (31/2/1)) 52 102150 NN +H i= © 1H 30V Ans. (i) Consider three resistors Ry, Re and R, are connected in series as shown in figure. A voltage V is applied across the series combination. Applying basic circuit rules we get (a) Current 1 is same in all points in series. OVEN tlt ls Al) Applying ohm’s law, we have V = IR, (where Ris the equivalent resistance of the combination) My=m,