VBP228 Apply Solutions to

Engineering Problems

 Review
 Real Number Systems (R)
 Order of operations (+, -, , )
 Significant figures
 Place values
 Approximation

K. Cho Lecture 2 1
Examples:
 Round each of these to two decimal
figures.
 256.1793
 0.044059
 23067.453

K. Cho Lecture 2 2
Examples -continued
 Round each of these to two significant
figures.
 23 067.453
 2 567
 0.040 59

K. Cho Lecture 2 3
Indices
 An index is a form of mathematical shorthand
which allow us to represent a very large or
very small number in a more suitable format.
 An index has no meaning without its base
 The plural of index is indices.

K. Cho Lecture 2 4
Index form
-Exponential notation

 Power = Index = Exponent

 5 4 = 5  5  5  5 = 625

 Base Expanded form Basic numeral

 In general am =a a  a a …… a
(m factors of a)

K. Cho Lecture 2 5
Index Law 1 and Index Law 2

 am an=am+n
am
 am an= an
= am - n

K. Cho Lecture 2 6
Examples:
 Simplify each of the following.

 3m4 x 2m5 g2h7 x 5gh2

 5m3 x m 3m 5 n 4
6m 4 n 3
35 k 4 m5 25 k 2 m

3

32 km 4k

K. Cho Lecture 2 7
Index Law 3 and Index Law 4
 a0=1

 (am)n= am x n

K. Cho Lecture 2 8
Examples:
 Simplify the following:
 54 x 54
 7p0  (74)2
.
 (a6)0

m3n 6
. m 3n
 ( x 4 )7
 . 3 9
f 22
( f )
3 7 (x )

K. Cho Lecture 2 9
Index Law 5 and Index Law 6
 (ab)m =ambm

m
. 
m
a a
    m
b b

K. Cho Lecture 2 10
Examples:
 Simplify the following:
4
 x3 
 . 2 
 (ab)5 y 
. 2a 
3

3 4 2
 (m n )
 4
d 

(4d2e7)5
 . x 3 7  y 6  2

 2    4 
y  x 

K. Cho Lecture 2 11
Index Law 7:negative indices

m 1
. a  m
a

K. Cho Lecture 2 12
Examples:
 Simplify the  Express the following
following: with positive indices
 a-5
 . 1
k 5
 a-4b3 x 9
 . y 3
 4x3y-1z-4
2
. (x
2
y ) 6 3
x y 
4 1
   5 3 
3( xy 3 )  2 x y 

K. Cho Lecture 2 13
Index Law 8:fractional indices
 a1/2= a

 a1/3= 3
a

 an/m = m
an

K. Cho Lecture 2 14
Examples:
 Simplify the following:
 x1/3 x x1/3
 (25p4)1/2
 y1/4 x y1/3

. ( a1 / 3 ) 6 a
a2
. 1
 m n 3
2
m(n1/ 3 ) 2
 1/ 2  
n  2n1/ 3

K. Cho Lecture 2 15
Scientific notation (standard form)

 A very convenient way of expressing

very large and very small numbers

 Place .(decimal point) after FIRST non-

zero digit.

K. Cho Lecture 2 16
Examples:
 Express the following in scientific
notation:
 4 500 000
 0.000 004 5
 0.000 701
 4.72

K. Cho Lecture 2 17
 Engineering notation
-[Alldis, B., p194]

 A value of physical quantities are most conveniently

expressed in the form of C x 10n where C is a number
and n is a multiple of 3.
Prefix Symbol Meaning Prefix symbol Meaning

Kilo K 103 Milli m 10-3

Mega M 106 Micro  10-6
Giga G 109 Nano n 10-9
Tera T 1012 pico p 10-12

K. Cho Lecture 2 18
 Engineering notation
-Continued. [Alldis, B., p194]

Given quantity In same given In the basic SI In the most

unit convenient unit
unit in Eng.n
5 360 000 00 mg 5.36 x 109 mg 5.36 x 103 kg 5.36 Mg

0.0275 ms 27.5 x 10-3 ms 27.5 x 10-6s 27.5 s

3 250 000 mm 3.25 x 106 mm 3.25 x 103 m 3.25 km

K. Cho Lecture 2 19
Engineering notation
-Examples

 Express the following in Engineering

notation:
 4 500 000
 0.000 004 5
 0.000 701
 4.72

K. Cho Lecture 2 20
Tutorial Class !
 Do “Exercises described in subject
outline” in your working exercise
book.
 Show your work to class room
teacher.
 Thank you.

K. Cho Lecture 2 21
Your notes

K. Cho Lecture 2 22
Your notes

K. Cho Lecture 2 23
Your notes

K. Cho Lecture 2 24