Cleavage(S.

S)

 Types of cleavages(Holoblastic):
Spiral holoblastic cleavage: The cleavage planes of spirally cleaving embryos are not parallel or perpendicular
to the animal-vegetal axis of the egg; rather, cleavage is at oblique angles, forming a spiral arrangement of daughter
blastomeres.

 In each successive meridonial cleavage, each macromere buds off a small micromere at its animal pole.
 Each successive quartet of micromeres is displaced to the right or to the left of its sister macromere, creating the
characteristic spiral pattern.
 Each successive quartet of micromeres (lowercase letters) is displaced clockwise or counterclockwise relative its
sister macromere (uppercase letters), creating the characteristic spiral pattern.

For examples: flatworms, annelids, and molluscs i.e., lophotrochozoans.

Radial holoblastic cleavage:

If each of the upper tier blastomeres lie over the corresponding blastomeres of the lower tier, then the pattern of the
blastomeres is radially symmetrical. This is called radial holoblastic cleavage.

For examples: Radial cleavage is characteristic of the deuterostomes, which include some vertebrates (for example:
Amphioxus) and echinoderms(sea urchin).

Bilateral holoblastic cleavage:

This type of cleavage is that the first cleavage plane establishes the earliest axis of symmetry in the embryo,
separating the embryo into its future right and left sides. Each successive division is oriented to this plane of
symmetry, and the half-embryo formed on one side of the first cleavage
plane is the mirror image of the half-embryo on the other side.

For example: Tunicates.

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Rotational holoblastic cleavage:

In many but not all mammalian embryos, the first cleavage is a normal meridional division; however, in the second
cleavage, one of the two blastomeres divides meridionally and the other divides equatorially (Figure 12.12). This is
called rotational cleavage (Gulyas 1975).

Isolecithal and microlecithal eggs involves in holoblastic cleavage: sea urchins, mammals,snail.

 Types of cleavage (meroblastic):

Insect eggs have yolk in the center (i.e., they are centrolecithal), and the divisions of the cytoplasm occur only in the
rim of cytoplasm, around the periphery of the cell (i.e., superficial cleavage).

The eggs of birds and fish have only one small area of the egg that is free of yolk (telolecithal eggs), and therefore the

cell divisions occur only in this small disc of cytoplasm, giving rise to discoidal cleavage.
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