PERIODIC VARIATIONS IN

ATOMIC PROPERTIES
 Periodic Groups
• Elements in the same column have
similar chemical and physical
properties.
• These similarities are observed
because elements in a column have
-
similar e configurations (same amount
of electrons in outermost shell).
 TERMS TO REMEMBER
• Effective Nuclear Charge (Zeff ): The net nuclear charge felt by
an electron is called the effective nuclear charge.
• Shielding Effect: shielding by the core electrons effectively
reducing the charge exerted on the valence electrons
• Electronegativity (𝑬− ): a measure of the ability of an atom to
attract electrons to itself when bonded to another element
• The electron affinity (EA) of an atom is the energy change
which occurs when an atom gains an electron. X(g) + e-  Xe-(g)
• The ionization energy (IE) of an atom is the minimun energy
required to remove an electron from an atom. X(g)  X+(g) + e-
• Metallic property: tendency to lose electrons to form positive
ions.
• Nonmetallic property: tendency to gain electrons to form
negative ions.
USED TO EXPLAIN THE PERIODIC TRENDS

• Increasing effective nuclear charge

(e- held more tightly)
• Increasing proton pulling power

• Increasing number of energy levels

• Increasing distance from the nucleus
• Increasing shielding effects of inner e-
• Decreasing electrostatic force
• Decreasing effective nuclear charge
 EFFECTIVE NUCLEAR CHARGE
• Effective nuclear charge, Zeff = #protons - # inner electrons
 The higher the
value the stronger
the proton pulling
power
• Arrange the following atoms in order of
increasing radius
1. Mg, Al, Ca
2. Be, F, Rb
• Arrange the following atoms in order of
increasing radius
1. Al, Mg, Ca
2. F, Be, Rb
ELECTRON AFFINITY VALUES
ATOMIC AND IONIC RADII
 IONIC SIZE
Cations – are smaller than their corresponding
neutral atom
Ca > Ca +2
Li +1 < Li
Anions – are larger than their corresponding
neutral atom
Br-1 > Br
S < S-2
• Ionic Radius-Arrange the following in order of
decreasing radius
− +
3. Cl, 𝐶𝑙 , and 𝐶𝑙
+ −
4. 𝑁𝑎 , 𝐹 , and Ne (isoelectronic)
• Ionic Radius-Arrange the following in order of
decreasing radius
− +
3. 𝐶𝑙 , Cl, and 𝐶𝑙
− +
4. 𝐹 , Ne, and 𝑁𝑎 (isoelectronic)
PERIODIC TRENDS OF PROPERTIES
 Trends in
Periodic Property
Groups Periods
From top to bottom From left to right
Atomic radius increasing decreasing
Metallic Property increasing decreasing
Electropositivity increasing decreasing
Ionization energy decreasing increasing
Electron affinity decreasing increasing
Electronegativity decreasing increasing
Nonmetallic property decreasing increasing
Ionic Radius Dec, Inc, Dec increasing
USED TO EXPLAIN THE PERIODIC TRENDS

• Increasing effective nuclear charge

(e- held more tightly)
• Increasing proton pulling power

• Increasing number of energy levels

• Increasing distance from the nucleus
• Increasing shielding effects of inner e-
• Decreasing electrostatic force
• Decreasing effective nuclear charge