Enciclopedya of Tribologia

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TRIBOLOGY
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TRIBOLOGY SERIES
Advisory Board
W . J . Bartz (Germany, F.R.G.) W . A . Glaeser (U.S.A.)

R. Bassani (Italy) M . Godet (France)
B. Briscoe (Gt. Britain) H.E. Hintermann (Switzerland)
H. Czichos (Germany, F.R.G.) K.C. Ludema (U.S.A.)
D. D o w s o n (Gt. Britain) T . Sakurai (Japan)
K. Friedrich (Germany, F.R.G.) W.O. Winer (U.S.A.)
N. Gane (Australia)
Vol. 1 Tribology - A Systems Approach to the Science and Technology of

Friction, Lubrication and Wear (Czichos)
Vol. 2 Impact Wear of Materials (Engel)
Vol. 3 Tribology of Natural and Artificial Joints (Dumbleton)
Vol. 4 Tribology of Thin Layers (Iliuc)
Vol. 5 Surface Effects in Adhesion, Friction, Wear, and Lubrication (Buckley)
Vol. 6 Friction and Wear o f Polymers (Bartenev and Lavrentev)
Vol. 7 Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication (Georges, Editor)
Vol. 8 Industrial Tribology - The Practical Aspects o f Friction, Lubrication
and Wear (Jones and Scott, Editors)
Vol. 9 Mechanics and Chemistry in Lubrication (Dorinson and Ludema)
Vol. 10 Microstructure and Wear of Materials (Zum Gahr)
Vol. 1 1 Fluid Film Lubrication - Osborne Reynolds Centenary (Dowson et al.,
Editors)
Vol. 12 Interface Dynamics (Dowson et al., Editors)
Vol. 13 Tribology o f Miniature Systems (Rymuza)
Vol. 14 Tribological Design of Machine Elements (Dowson et al., Editors)
Vol. 15 Encyclopedia of Tribology (Kajdas et al.)
Vol. 16 Tribology of Plastic Materials (Yamaguchi)
Vol. 17 Mechanics of Coatings (Dowson et al., Editors)
TRIBOLOGY SERIES 15
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF TRIBOLOGY
C . Kajdas zyxwvu
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Radom Technical University, Radom, Poland
S.S.K. Harvey
Paisley College of Technology, Paisley, Gt. Britain
E. Wilusz
Radom, Technical University, Radom, Poland
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ELSEVIER
Amsterdam - Oxford - New York - Tokyo 1990
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ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHERS B.V.
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Library o f Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Uata
K a ~ d a s ,C z e s l a w .
Encyclo.pedia o f t r l b o l o g y / C. K a ~ d a s . S . S . K . H a r v e y , E. Wllusz.
p. c m . -- ( T r i b o l o g y series ; 151
I n c l u d e s index.
ISBN 0-444-88401-7
1. Trlbology--Encyclopedias. I. Harvey, S. S. K . . 1932-
11. Wilusz. E . . 1948- . 111. Title. IV. Series.
TJ1075.K24 1990
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V
PREFACE
zy
zyxwvutsrqponm PREFACE
The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide information on specific tribological

terms. Attempts have been made to keep the information as up-to-date as pos-
sible, taking into account both the theoretical and practical aspects of tribology.
The reader is referred to relevant publications for most terms.
Numerous journals and books have been consulted in the compilation of this
encyclopedia but it is possible that others could have been included. If attention
could be drawn to them it may be possible to include them in a subsequent
edition.
The multidisciplinary nature of tribology, the conflicting theories and ap-
proaches to it found in the literature, plus the fact that definitions of the same
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phenomenon often differ widely, made our task difficult. A choice had to be
made of either the most precise definition or our own interpretation.
Constructive criticism and suggestions for improvement by the reader would
be appreciated.
The references for the physical and chemical data have been taken from The
Condensed Chemical Dictionary (Ref. 484) and The CRC Handbook of Chemistry
and Physics (Ref. 1396).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
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The authors wish t o record their appreciation t o the following:
(1) Radorn Technical University;
(2) Paisley College of Technology;
(3)the Secretaries, Anne Murdoch, Gillian Alexander, Lynn Gilrnour, Ann Harnil-
ton and Rena Paterson.
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ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATIONS
ASS atomic absorption spectroscopy

AES Auger electron spectroscopy
API American Petroleum Institute
APS appearance potential spectroscopy
ASLE American Society of Lubrication Engineers
ASM American Society for Metals
ASME American Society for Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
ASU aryl-substituted ureas
ATF automatic transmission fluids
AW antiwear
BS backscattering
ccs cold cranking simulator
CLA centre-line average
CMA cylindrical mirror analyser
CRT cathode-ray tube
CRV cone resistance value
CVD chemical vapour deposition
DAC diamidocarbonyl
DBDS dibenzyl disulphide
DDP dialkyldithiophosphate
DSC differential scanning calorimetry
DTGA differential thermogravimetric analysis
EDAX energy dispersive X-ray analysis
EDTA ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
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EDX energy dispersive X-ray analysis
EHD elastohydrodynamic
EHL elastohydrodynamic lubrication
EM electron microprobe
EP extreme pressure
ESCA X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
FIM field ion microscopy
ICP inductively coupled plasma spectrometry
IR infrared
IS0 International Organizationfor Standardisation
ISS ion scattering spectroscopy
LEED low energy electron diffraction
MDP metal dithiophosphate
MHD magneto-hydrodynamic
MOC mutual overlap coefficient
NLGl National Lubricating Grease Institute
NMR nuclear magnetic resonance
ABBREVIATIONS
PCTFE
PE
polychlorotrifluorethylene
polyethylene
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PEEK polyetheretherketone
PET polyethylene terephthalate
PETP polyethylene terephthalate
PFAE perfluoroalkylpolyethers
PPO polyphenylene oxide
PTFE polytetrafluoroethylene
PU polyurethane
PVA peak-to-valley average
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PVC polyvinyl chloride
PVD physical vapour deposition
RF radio frequency
SAE Society of Automotive Engineers
SAM scanning Auger microscopy
SEM scanning electron microscopy
SlMS secondary ion mass spectroscopy
TAN total acid number
TBN total base number
TCP tricresyl phosphate
TLC thin-layer chromatography
VI viscosity index
XPS X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
ZODP zinc dialkyldithiophosphate
1
ABRASION
zy
zyxwvutsrqponm ABRASIVES
The wearing away of any part of a material by frictional action of hard particles
or hard proturberances 15021.
See also: ABRASION RESISTANCE, ABRASIVE WEAR, GOUGING ABRASION,
HIGH-STRESS ABRASION, LOW-STRESS ABRASION.
ABRASION RESISTANCE
The ability to withstand scuffing, scratching, rubbing or wind-scouring without
the loss of protective properties [502].
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ABRASIVE EROSION
Erosive loss of material from a solid surface associated with a displacement of
material caused by hard particles moving nearly parallel to the solid surface.
See also: ABRASIVE WEAR, EROSION.
- mechanism of wet abrasive erosion of ferrous metals [568].
ABRASIVE MATERIALS
See: ABRASIVES.
ABRASIVENESS
See: ABRASION,
ABRASIVES
Extremely hard materials used for grinding and polishing metal or other hard
surfaces. They may be divided into natural abrasives (e.g. diamond, corundum,
emery) and synthetic abrasives (e.g. synthetic diamond, carborundum, boron
nitride, alumina). The latter are produced by high temperature reactions.
Abrasives are used in the form of powder and the hardest are made of diamond.
In polishing, diamond dust is usually embedded in a soft matrix, e.g. in a
mixture of stearic acid and a glycol.
- general information on abrasives and selection criteria [482].
- transfer and wear characteristics of aluminium oxide and silicon carbide [676].
- preparation and use of bonded and coated abrasives [832].
- review of ultrahard abrasives [833].
- superhard abrasives: diamond and cubic boron nitride [834].
ABRASIVE WEAR
ABRASIVE WEAR
Removal of any part of material due to friction by hard particles and
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protuberances. The dominant mechanism of material removal is microcutting.
The abrasive wear theory assumes that abrasive particles leave a wear area of
the same cross-sectional shape. On the basis of operating stresses, [3631
distinguishes three types of abrasive wear: gouging abrasion (impact),
high-stress abrasion (crushing), and low-stress abrasion (sliding).
See also: ABRASION, WEAR.
abrasive wear of aluminium and copper a t up to 4OOOC [3831.
nature and mechanisms of abrasive wear [4111.
abrasive wear under 3-body conditions [506, 5121.
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abrasive wear of metals [532, 5541.
abrasive wear in steels 1540, 8981.
abrasive-corrosive wear of stainless steels [750].
abrasive wear in stick-slip motion [819].
ion implantation improving abrasive wear resistance [826].
abrasive wear mechanism in hard cobalt-based alloys [835].
abrasive wear of ceramics [848].
tests on abrasive wear of some commercial polymers [862].
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wear of reinforced thermoplastics by abrasive papers [863].
abrasive wear of ultra high strength steel 18951.
synergism between corrosion and abrasive wear [937].
cutting, ploughing and wedge formation during abrasive wear 1029
subsurface deformation in abrasive wear [ 11051.
work hardening in designing wear-resistant materials [ 11061.
abrasive wear resistance of multiphase solids [ 1107, 11541.
abrasive wear of bearing materials IllOS].
field and laboratory wear studies on experimental steels [ 11091.
diamond and alumina scratch tests to study abrasive wear mechaniems [lllO].
structure and properties of material related to its abrasive wear resistance
111111.
abrasive wear in ultrasonic drilling 111121.
lubricated 3-body abrasive wear 111151.
abrasive wear on ceramic protected agricultural subsoilers [ 11171.
fundamental wear of metals under conditions of controlled humidity [ 11171.
factors controlling abrasive wear resistance [ 11181.
comparison of 2-body and 3-body abrasive wear resistances of steels [1153].
3 ACID NEUTRALIZERS zy
ABSORPTION zyxwvut
ABSOLUTE VISCOSITY
See: DYNAMIC VISCOSITY.
A process in which one material ( t h e absorbent) takes u p and retains another

(the absorbate) with
attributes of a solution.
the formation of a homogeneous mixture
Chemical reaction may accompany or follow absorption
having the
15021.
ACETAL RESINS
Polyformaldehyde crystalline materials having the reactive (OCH,), group.
There a r e homopolymer and copolymer acetal resins. Special types of acetals
a r e glass-filled or polytetrafluoroethylene-filled. The former provide higher
s t r e n g t h and stiffness while the latter exhibit very good frictional and wear
properties.
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ACETIC ACID
CH,C02H
Clear, colourless liquid. Miscible in water, alcohol, glycerine and ether. Bp
118OC; mp 16.63OC; dso 1.0492. Highly toxic by ingestion; strong irritant to the
tissue. Used in making complex greases.
- effect of acetic acid on calcium-complex greases [297].
N-ACETYLETHANOLAMINE
CH,CONHC2H+OH
Brown, viscous liquid. Soluble in alcohol, e t h e r and water. Boiling range
150-152OC (5mm); f p 15.8OC; dSo 1.122. Slightly toxic.
- tested as a corrosion inhibitor of metalworking fluids [48].
ACIDITY
The number of milligrams of sodium hydroxide consumed by 100cm3 of the
sample.
ACID NEUTRALIZERS
Additives used in some lubricating oils to neutralise contaminating acids formed
by combustion of high sulphur fuel and/or by decomposition of extreme pressure
additives.
ACID NUMBER
ACID NUMBER
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The quantity of base, expressed in milligrams of potassium hydroxide, that is
4
required to titrate the acidic constituents in l g of sample.
ACID TREATING
A refining process in which an unfinished petroleum insulating oil is contacted
with sulphuric acid to improve its colour, odour, stability and other properties.
ADDITIVE PACKAGE
A specially prepared mixture of several additives to be added to a lubricant.
ADDITZVES
Organic, organometallic and inorganic compounds, or even elements that are
added to lubricating oils, metalworking lubricants, metal-cutting fluids, greases,
bonded coatings and composites for the purpose of enhancing exisiting
properties or imparting new ones. They are added to the primary ingredients of
a mixture for a specific functional purpose, usually in concentrations of 0.01 to
5.0%. A class of such compounds produces a physical or chemical effect on the
bulk lubricant material or on the surfaces of the friction pair, thus leading to a
reduction in friction and wear. The following is a list of the important types of
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additives: antifoam agents, antioxidants, antiseptics, antiwear agents, corrosion
inhibitors, detergents, dispersants, emulsifying agents, extreme pressure
additives, friction modifiers, metal deactivators, metal passivators, pour-point
depressants, rust inhibitors, thickness agents, viscosity index improvers.
chemistry and technology of additives [ 11.
antiwear and extreme pressure additives [Z].
additives for lubricating mineral oil suspensions and pastes [ 1061.
effect of different metal oil species in aqueous Bolution on the surface
pressure of monomolecular layera of additives [ 1891.
types, compositions, functions and mechanisms of action of additives [293].
application of additives to gear and transmission lubricants ’ 13541.
chemistry of additives; their application to modern automotive and industrial
lubricants [355].
an appraisal of world literature (in the years 1946 to 1966) on selected
additives, particularly antiwear and extreme pressure agents [400].
application, performance and limitations of additives [409].
evaluation of 29 additives in greases [1591].
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ADDITIVES FOR LUBRICATING GREASES
ADHESIVE WEAR
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Various kinds of compounds a r e used in much t h e same way a s in lubricating
oils in order to improve their characteristics. Generally, they are oxidation and
r u s t inhibitors, and EP additives. Additives a r e also incorporated into greases
for various other purposes, to improve s t r u c t u r a l stability, resistacne to
bleeding, adhesiveness, stringiness, water resistance, etc.
- chemistry of additives for lubricaing greases and their application [18].
ADHESION
The state in which two surfaces a r e held together by interfacial forces which
may consist of valence forces or interlocking action or both [5021.
- mechanical and physico-chemical aspects of adhesion [4011.
- general information; broad definition of adhesion [4051.
- a literature survey, effect of material properties on adhesion [15921.
- adhesion theory of wear (15931.
- adhesion between denuded metallic surfaces [ 15941.
ADHESION COEFFICIENT
See: COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION.
ADHESIVE FORCE
In frictional contacts the attractive force between the adjacent surfaces.
ADHESIVE TRANSFER
A phenomenon accompanying adhesive wear and consisting of material transfer
from one mating surface to the other.
See also: ADHESIVE WEAR.
ADHESIVE WEAR
Wear by transference of material from one surface to another during relative
motion, due to a process of solid-phase welding.
The adhesive theory of wear assumes that the loss of material is caused by the
welding of asperity junctions creating wear particles due to f r a c t u r e of the
weaker material near the welded junctions.
Particles which are removed from one surface are either permanently or
temporarily attached to the other surface.
- empirical law of adhesive wear [1597].
ADSORBATE
ADSORBATE
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Any substance that is or can be absorbed.
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ADSORBENT
Any solid having
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the ability
substances on i t s surface 15021.
ADSORPTION
to concentrate
Atomic or molecular attachment to, usually, a solid surface.

significant quantities of other
Physical adsorption i s attributable to van der Waals’ forces and is relatively

weak.
Chemisorption involves stronger forces of a chemical nature. A simple distinction
is often made in that physical adsoprtion i s reversible, t h e adsorbate being
detached on exposure to high vaccum while chemisorbed films can be removed
only if energy i s supplied, for example, by heating [503].
AEROBIC BACTERIA
Single-celled living organisms that can grow only in t h e presence of oxygen.
Oxygen is t h e terminal electron acceptor.
AERODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
See: GAS LUBRICATION.
AEROSOL LUBRICATION
A lubrication mode in which a mist of finely divided oil particles is
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produced.
The aerosol lubrication system normally employs a generator supplied with
filtered compressed air which provides the desired oil output of small particlee
directed to friction surfaces. To control t h e velocity and amount of the oil
applied, a nozzle with a special orifice size is used.
- aerosol lubrication and i t s application [190].
- experiments with aerosol lubrication of power gearing [1981.
AEROSTATIC LUBRICATION
See: PRESSURISED GAS LUBRICATION.
AGEING
The irrerversible change of material properties after exposure to a n environment
for an interval of time.
7
AGGLOMERATES
ALKALINE EARTH METAL SOAPS
Clusters of particles of compounding materials contained in a continuous rubber

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phase.
AGGLOMERATION
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A process of contact and adhesion whereby the particles of a dispersion combine
(coalesce) in clusters of increasing size.
AIR BEARINGS
Bearings using air a s a lubricant.
- fundamental information and applications [11201.
- performance characteristics of air thrust bearings [1121].
- air-lubricated foil thrust bearings; advanced development [1122].
- development of two types of air-lubricated foil thrust bearings [1151].
ALIGNING BEARINGS
Bearings with an external spherical seat surface which provides compensation
for shaft or housing deflection or misalignment [503].
ALKALIES FOR GREASES

The alkalies most commonly used to saponify fatty materials are calcium, sodium
and lithium hydroxides. Calcium hydroxide is used in the form of hydrated lime
that should be finely ground and should have a low content of CaCO, which is
an inefficient saponifying base. Usually, limits of max. 3% CaCO, and min. 92.5%
Ca(OH), are recommended. Sodium hydroxide, generally in the form of solid
caustic soda, should be a t least 98% pure. Lithium hydroxide is used a s
crystalline LiOH.H,O with LiOH content being min. 54% and carbonate and other
alkali metals each less than 1%.
See also: THICKENERS.
ALKALINE EARTH METAL SOAPS

(RCO,),M
where M may be Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra.
Soluble in water. They are derived by heating fatty acids or fats with metal
oxides or hydroxides. Calcium soaps are very important for making calcium and
calcium complex greases.
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ALKALINITY 8
ALKALINITY
The alkali concentration or alkaline quality of an alkali-containing substance. It
is expressed by the neutralisation number.
- simulation modelling for alkalinity depletion in diesel engines [ 11231.
ALKYLARYL PHOSPHATES
(R)x(Ar)yPO, where x t y = 3
Used as load-carrying additives.
- analysed using spectroscopy and physical methods of separation [240].
See also: PHOSPHATE ESTERS.
ALKYLARYL SULPHONATES
Compounds represented by the general formula R,ArS03M, where Rx are long
chain paraffin radicals, Ar usually represents the naphthalene or benzene
radical, and M represents an alkali or alkaline earth metal. They are petroleum
sulphonates, e.g. obtained from mahogany acids, and synthetic products. They
are known as effective detergent additives and rust inhibitors for lubricating
oils.
ALKYLATED NAPHTHALENE
See: POUR-POINT DEPRESSANTS.
ALKYLATED PHENOL
See: POUR-POINT DEPRESSANTS.
ALKYL DIALKYLPHOSPHINATES
Some alkyl dialkylphosphinates have been prepared and tested a s extreme
pressure additives a t equimolecular concentration in mineral oil using the 4-ball
machine [41]. Methyl dioctylphosphinate is a slightly more effective extreme
pressure additive than isopropyl dioctylphosphinate or n-butyl
dioctylphosphinate. A similar situation has been observed with phosphinate
esters.
- synthesis, some properties, tribological characteristics and action mechanism
of alkyl dialkylphosphinates [41].
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ALKYL METHACRYLATES
R
ALPHA IRON (Fe )
I
CH@-CO,CH,
Monomers derived from methacrylic acid and alcohols, usually C, to C,, fatty
alcohols, used to produce alkyl methacrylate copolymers that have dominated the
market a s viscosity index improvers until recent years.
See also: VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVERS.
ALLOYS
An alloy is an intimate mixture of a t least two chemical elements, one of which
has to be a metal. The properties of alloys often differ greatly from those of
their components. They may be divided into ferrous and nonferrous alloys.
The former a r e based on iron, whereas t h e latter a r e based on any other metals.
See also: ALLOY STEELS, BEARING ALLOYS, STEELS, SUPERALLOYS.
- basic information on alloys, including refractory alloys and superalloys [482].
- effect of s t r u c t u r a l changes on improving abrasive resistance of alloys [5161.
- new alloys resistant to sliding wear and cavitation erosion [555].
- lubrication requirements in forming and working certain alloys [626].
- scratch tests to study abrasive wear mechanisms in cobalt-based alloys [835].
- sliding behaviour of some copper alloys [836].
- friction and wear of cast A!?-Si alloys containing graphite [8371.
ALLOY STEELS
Ferrous alloys that, a p a r t from t h e small amounts of elements present normally in
steels, contain controlled amounts ( u p to 10%) of other metals. The added metals
encompassing chromium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, titanium and vanadium
provide improved wear resistance and other properties.
N-ALLYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

See also: DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES.
- tested a s a n antiwear additive (load-carrying properties)[ 2701.
ALPHA IRON (Fe)

A solid phase of p u r e iron which is stable a t temperatures below 910% and
possesses t h e body-centred cubic lattice. I t is ferro-magnetic below 768OC.
ALUMINA
ALUMINA
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A naturally occurring mineral essentially composed of aluminum oxide.
10
Electrically fused alumina is used a s an important abrasive material; its

hardness is close to that of diamond.
See also: ALUMINIUM OXIDE, CORUNDUM, SAPPHIRE.
- friction and wear of alumina against steel [838].
- correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance of alumina-
zirconia composites [ 15951.
ALUMINIUM ( A P )
Silvery-white metal. Density 2.7, mp 660OC. I t has good electrical
conductivity and high thermal conductivity. Aluminium exhibits high resistance
to atmospheric corrosion due to a very tenacious oxide film. I t is oxidised by
water a t 18OOC. I t s alloys a r e used for tribological components.
See also: ALUMINIUM ALLOYS, ALUMINIUM BRONZES.
- sliding wear of bearing aluminium lubricated with polyphenyl e t h e r s [130].
- influence of various factors on wear behaviour of aluminium [390, 3911.
- abrasive wear t e s t s on aluminium [512].
- aluminium tested in d r y and lubricated friction 15501.
- pin-on-disc t e s t s with aluminium samples [594].
- wear characteristics [603].
- lubrication requirements in forming and working aluminium [626].
- wear of aluminium rubbing on steel [674].
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of aluminium [840].
- erosion of aluminium by solid particle impingement [841].
- influence of surface oxide characteristics on friction behaviour of aluminium
[8421.
ALUMINIUM ALLOYS
A group of alloys containing from 79% A9 (high tin aluminium alloy: 20% Sn, 1%
Cu) to 95% A1 (silicon-cadmium alloy: 4% Si, 1%Cu). Aluminium alloys a r e light in
weight, resist corrosion and accept a wide range of surface finishes. Those of
particular importance a r e high tin aluminium alloy (6% Sn, 1.5% Si) and
aluminium-Babbitt (10% Pb, 2% Sn). They a r e used in many applications,
including plain bearings, heavily loaded diesel engine crankshaft bearings, etc.
- oxidative wear of aluminium alloys [6941.
- effect of surface oxides on friction behaviour of aluminium alloys 18421.
- material removal mechanism in aluminium alloys [946].
- lubricants for metalworking and cutting aluminium alloys [9511.
- steel sliding against aluminium alloys: metal transfer [10081.
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ALUMINIUM BEARINGS
ALUMINIUM GREASES
Aluminium bearings a r e made of cast solid aluminium, aluminium with a steel

backing or aluminium with a n overlay. The aluminium is normally alloyed to
obtain the properties required for special bearing applications, such a s fatigue
s t r e n g t h or high load-carrying capacity. The alloying elements a r e mostly tin,
copper, silicon and cadmium.
ALUMINIUM BRONZES
Alloys of copper and aluminium (2.3 - 10.5% AP). They often contain other
elements such a s manganese, nickel, tin and iron. They a r e characterised by
high strength, hardness and ductility.
See also: ALUMINIUM ALLOYS.
- wear of aluminium bronzes on steel [843].
- sliding wear tests on aluminium bronzes [844].
ALUMINIUM COMPLEX (SOAP) GREASES

They have been introduced using benzoate a s the complexing salt. Aluminium
stearate benzoate is the best aluminium complex soap. Aluminium complex greases
have high drop points (2750C) and excellent resistanc to water. Their extremely
fine fibre s t r u c t u r e s have several advantages [323]:
(a) less thickener is needed to prepare a grease,
(b) better pumpability,
(c) they will immobilize any type of oil equally well whether it be a high or low
VI oil or a synthetic.
- modified products; chemical and physical properties of aluminium complex
greases and their application in steel mills [345].
ALUMINIUM GREASES
They have low drop units (about 9OOC) and a transulcent, smooth and polished
appearance. Their mechanical stability is poor and they tend to become r u b b e r y
a t high temperatures. Generally, they are made from high-viscosity oils and are
compounded with polymers. Such lubricants are stringy, adhesive and water
resistant, finding application as gear and chassis lubricants.
ALUMINIUM MONOSTEARATE
ALUMINIUM MONOSTEARATE
AQ(OH)2[02C(CH,)I B C H ~ I
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White to yellowish powder. Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Mp 155OC;

density 1.020. Slightly toxic. I t forms a gel with aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons. I t is derived by mixing solutions of a soluble aluminium salt and
sodium stearate. Used for making greases and thickening lubricating oils.
ALUMINIUM NAPHTHENATE
(C&,CO, ),A9
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Yellow substance of rubbery consistency. I t is derived by t h e reaction of a n
aluminium salt with an alkali naphthenate in aqueous solution. Used as a
detergent in lube oils,
ALUMINIUM OLEATE
( C 1 7H3 ,CO 2) 3AQ
Yellowish-white viscous mass. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene,
ether, oil and turpentine. I t i s derived by heating aluminium hydroxide, water
and oleic acid. The resultant mixture is filtered and dried. Used a s a thickener
for lubricating oils and as a lubricant for plastics.
ALUMINIUM OXIDE
Essential component of alumina ( p u r e alumina). In t h e p u r e state i t i s found

naturally as the mineral corundum. Emery and sapphire are its impure
crystalline varieties. Den8ity 3.4 - 4.0; mp 2030°C; insoluble in water. Its
uses include the manufacture of abrasives and ceramics.
- transfer and wear characteristics in fine grinding [6761.
ALUMINIUM STEARATE
(C,~H,SCO,)~AQ
White powder. Insoluble in w a t e r , alcohol and ether; soluble in petroleum and
turpentine oil. Mp 115OC; density 1.070. I t forms gels with aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. I t is derived by t h e reaction of aluminium salts with
stearic acid. A s a preformed soap it finds use a8 a grease thickener. Also used
in cutting compounds and lubricants. For many years i t has been used as a
water-proofing agent.
13 zyxwvu
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvuts
ALUMINIUM TRIRICINOLEATE
[C 1,H,,(OH)COZ I&
2- [ 2- ( AMINOETHYLAMIN0)-ETHYL] ETHANOLAMINE
Yellowish to brown plastic mass. Limited solubility in most organic solvents. Mp

95OC. Low toxicity. Used for t h e preparation of solvent-resistant lubricants.
AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATES

R
I
C~H,O)~PO~HN-RI
I
RZ
Effective antiwear additives. The mono-, di and trisubstituted amine di-n-butyl
phosphates may be derived by t h e reaction of p u r e amine with a stoichiometric
amount of di-n-butyl phosphate. A number of amine di-n-butyl phosphates have
been prepared, They have been tested as load-carrying additives on t h e 4-ball
machine. They are shown to be more effective antiwear additives than the
phosphoroamidates [ 2701.
The activity of amine di-n-butyl phosphate does not depend significantly on the
degree of substitution on the nitrogen atom. However, aromatic amine
phosphates a r e rather less effective in the antiwear region than the aliphatic
mono-amine phosphates. The load-carrying ability of t h e latter appears to be
independent of the length of the alkyl chain.
- derivation, some properties, tribological and tribochemical characteritics of
amine di-n-butyl phosphates [1451.
- effectiveness of amine di-n-butyl phosphates as antiwear additives in
neopentyl polyol esters; oxidation-corrosion t e s t s [3001.
AMINE VALUE
The number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide equivalent to t h e f a t t y amine
basicity in l g of sample.
p-AMINOBENZOYL DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE

H z N * C , H ~ . C O ~(CH2) zN(CzH5 12
See also: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested a s a corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids [48].
2-[2-(AMINOETHYLAMINO)-ETHYLl ETHANOLAMINE
HzNCH(OH)CH,CH( NH2)NHCzHs
- tested a s a corrosion inhibitor for metalworking fluids [48].
N-AMINOETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
N-AMINOETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
zyxwv 14
NH2CH2CH2NHCH2CH20H
Hygroscopic liquid soluble in water.
Slightly toxic.
See also:
-
zyxw
zyxwvu
Bp 243.7OC; d38 1.0304.
I t s derivatives find application a s load-carrying
sulphurised-oil components in the petroleum industry.
ETHANOLAMlNES.
study of antimicrobial properties of N-aminoethyl ethanolamine [481.
additives and
N-( 3-AMINOPROPYL) DIETHANOLAMINE

HOCH,CH2NHCH,CH,CH2NH2
- tested a s a corrosion inhibitor in cutting fluids [481.
2- ( 3-AMINIOPROPY L ) ETHANOLAMINE
HOCHCH, NH,
I
CH,CH,CH,NH,
- tested as a corrosion inhibitor for cutting fluids [481.
AMMONIUM FLUORIDE
NH,F
White, hexagonal crystals.
Decomposed by heat.
tissue.
-
Soluble in water. zyxw
d55 1.315.
Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation; corrosive to the
May be used a s a d r y lubricant or a load-carrying additive.
ammonium fluoride a s an EP additive in lubricants for titanium [761.
AMMONIUM FLUOSILICATE
See: AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
AMMONIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
(NH, ) SiF,
White, crystalline powder. Soluble in alcohol and water. dso. Highly toxic by
ingestion and inhalation; strong irritant to the eyes and skin. May be used a s a
load-carrying additive or a d r y lubricant.
- tested in mixtures with fluoride a s a n EP and antiwear agent for titanium
[761*
AMORPHOUS ALLOYS
See also: METALLIC GLASSES.
15
ANAEROBIC BACTERIA
ANNULAR BEARINGS
Single-celled living organisms that can grow only in the absence of oxygen.
zy
Nutrients, such a s sulphates or organic compounds are the terminal electron
acceptors.
ANGLE O F CONTACT
In a ball race, the angle between a diametric plane perpendicular to a ball
bearing axia and a line drawn between points of tangency of the balls to the
inner and outer rings [503].
ANGULAR-CONTACT BEARINGS
Ball bearings of the grooved type designed for combined radial and thrust
loads where the thrust component may be large and axial deflection must be
confined within very close limits.
ANILINE POINT
A s applied to a petroleum product, the lowest temperature a t which the product
is completely miscible with an equal volume of freshly distilled aniline. The
aniline point is a guide to the oil composition [503].
ANIONIC DETERGENT
A detergent that produces aggregates of negatively charged ions with colloidal
properties.
ANIONIC EMULSION
An emulsion in which the emulsifying system established a predominance of
negative charges on the discontinous phase.
charged apota of rubbing m e t a l surfacea.

-
zyxwv
ANIONIC EP ACTION MECHANISM O F ORGANOSULPHUR COMPOUNDS
zyxw
The model is based on the negative ion formation of additives molecules, due to
the action of exoelectrons, and chemisorption of these ions on the positively
possibility of the formation of negative ions of sulphur compounds under

friction conditions - review of mechanisms [414].
ANNULAR BEARINGS
Usually, rolling-element bearings of short cylindrical form supporting a shaft
carrying a radial load [503].
ANTICHATTER ADDITIVES
ANTICHATTER ADDITIVES
See: FRICTION MODIFIERS.
zyxwvut
zy 16
ANTICORROSION ADDITIVES
See: EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES.
zyxw
ANTIFOAM ADDITIVES
Substances used to reduce or prevent the formation of a stable foam. In
practice, foaming is a problem when it becomes severe enough to cause lack of
lubrication. It can be eaaily controlled by the addition of small amounts of
antifoaming agents. Silicone fluids, in concentrations of 0.01 to 0.0005% or even
less, have been suggested for use in lube oils. Examples a r e polymethacrylates,
calcium soaps, sulphonated oils, salts of alkyl alkylene dithiophosphates, glycerol
monostearate or polyglycol palmitate, 2-octanol, trialkyl monothiophosphatee, and
many others [354, 4811. The polymethylsiloxanes are the most important antifoam
additives. They are used a t 3-5 ppm (0.0003 - 0.0005%) in motor oils and up to
0.0015 - 0.0020% in automatic transmission fluids. Certain low molecular weight
alkyl acrylate homopolymers and copolymers are also used commercially.
Examples include amyl acrylate telomer and a poly(2-ethylhexylacrylate-co-ethyl
acrylate). These polymers have been used in gear lubricants a t 100 - 300 ppm.
The mechanism of antifoam additives is not clearly understood. I t appears that
they attack the oil film surrounding each bubble reducing interfacial tension, the
liberated small bubbles combining to form large ones which float to the surface.
- mechanism of action of antifoam additives [232].
- antifoam additives for gear and transmission lubricants 13541.
ANTIFRICTION ADDITIVES
ANTIFRICTION BEARINGS
The term is applied to (1) bearings containing a solid lubricant, and (2) ball or
roller bearings. In the latter case, the term comes from the greatly reduced
starting friction of rolling-element bearings, a s compared to the conventional
journal bearings.
See also: DRY BEARINGS, ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS, SOLID LUBRICANT
BEARINGS.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS
See: BIOCIDES.
17 zy
zyxwvutsrqp ANTIOXIDANTS
zyxwv
ANTIMONY (Sb)
Silver-white metal.
zyxwvutsrq
Density 6.618, mp 630.50C.
ANTIMONY DI-n-BUTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

[ ( C,H, 12 S ,PO2 13Sb
Antiwear additive and antioxidant.
See also: METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES.
Used a s an alloying element.
- its tribochemistry [4961.
ANTIMONY DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

t(C3H7)2S2P02lj Sb
Antiwear and antioxidant additive.
- its tribological properties [1731.
ANTIMONY DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2-DITHIOPHOSPHATE
{ [m3CH( )m2CH(a 3 1 12S2FQ 3Sb

Antiwear and antioxidation additive.
ANTIOXIDANTS
Organic and organometallic compounds that are added to lubricating oils and
greases to retard oxidation and deterioration. They minimise the formation of
acids, resins, varnish, sludge and polymers. Small amounts greatly decrease the
rate of oxidative deterioration. The amount added is usually between 0.01 and
1.0% or even more depending on the type used. Most lubricants fall into the
following classes [482]: (1) aromatic amines, (2) phenols, (3) compounds
containing sulphur or selenium, (4) compounds containing phosphorus. Typical
amine-types are phenyl-a-naphthylamine, alkylated diphenylamines and
unsymmetrical diphenylhydrazine. Among the phenolic compounds, hydroquinone,
B-naphthol and substituted derivatives of phenols (hindered phenols), euch a s
2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-cresol, a-cyclohexylphenol, and p-phenylphenol.
Lube oil containing a small amount of dissolved sulphur is effectively inhibited,
but is quite corrosive towards copper and its alloys. However, if an organic
compound of sulphur is added, inhibition can be achieved without corrosion.
Suitable compounds may be produced by reacting sulphur with unsaturated
compounds such a s sperm oil or terpenes and polybutenes.
ANTIRUST ADDITIVES
Similar compounds may also be prepared by the reaction of chlorinated wax with
sodium sulphide. Aromatic and aliphatic sulphides, such a s dibenzyl sulphide
18 zy
and alkylated diphenyl sulphide, are sometimes used. Some selenium and
tellerium derivatives are also suitable antioxidants, for example, dicetyl selenide
and dilauryl selenide.
Elementary phosphorous is effective, but is too corrosive for actual application.
The most common phosphorus-containing types are alkyl and aryl phosphites
such a s tributyl phosphite and tris (p-tert-amylphenyl) phosphite. Compounds
containing both sulphur and phosphorus have been used extensively. In
general, inhibitors containing both elements are definitely superior to those
containing only one.
Some organic compounds containing sulphur and nitrogen are excellent
antioxidants. A number of polyvalent metal dithiocarbamates are good inhibitors.
Phenothiazine is at present the type most generally employed in diester
synthetic oils.
The more effective compounds employed commercially are dithiophosphates,
hindered phenols, nitrogen bases and sulphurised polyalkenes. Due to their
polyfunctional character (oxidation inhibitors, antiwear additives, corrosion
inhibitors) zinc diorganodithiophosphates have been the most widely used. The
organic peroxides terminating the oxidation chain. Thus, 14821 the reaction of
one moelcule of an antioxidant with a chain carrier serves to prevent the
zyx
oxidation of hundreds or even thousands of lubricating molecules. When the
inhibitor reacts, it may be oxidised to a compound which is less potent, or it
may be regenerated. The latter type is, of course, the most desireable.
Phenothiazine apparently owes its great inhibition power to a regenerative
reaction which converts active peroxide oxygen to a less active form.
- chemistry and technology of antioxidants Ill.
- antioxidants for crankcase lubricants, classification [ 1591.
- description of antioxidants and their mechanisms of action [2321.
- peroxide destroying antioxidants: mechanism of action [232].
- thin-layer chromatographic analysis of antioxidants 12341.
ANTIRUST ADDITIVES
See: RUST INHIBITORS.
ANTI-SEIZURE PROPERTY
The ability of a bearing material to resist seizure during momentary lubricating
failure.
19 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
ANTISQUAWK ADDITIVES
ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES
ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES
Lubricity additives which are effective in the mixed lubrication region, where
penetration of the oil film by surface asperities is intermittent. They include
surface-active chemicals capable of forming a layer on the surface of the friction
pair (boundary layer) which has sufficient cohesion to withstand the pressure
developed in the contact area. In localised metallic contacts of hight spots on
the rubbing surfaces, these additives react with metal to form a compound which
is deformed by plastic flow to allow a new distribution of load. This surface
layer then reduces rapid wear. Antiwear additives can be classified into 7 main
zyxwvut
groups [483]: (1) compounds containing oxygen (fatty acids, esters, ketones), ( 2 )
compounds containing sulphur or combinations of oxygen and sulphur, (3)
organic chloro compounds (chlorinated wax), (4) organic sulphur compounds
(sulphurised fats and olefins), (5) compounds containing both chlorine and
sulphur, (6) organic phosphorous compounds (tricresyl phosphate,
thiophosphates, phosphites), (7) organic lead compounds. The most widely used
are zinc dialkyldithiophosphates, tricresyl phosphate, didodecyl phosphite,
sulphurised sperm oil, sulphurised terpenes, and zinc dialkyldithiocarbamate.
Their overall effectiveness is often improved by using combinations of several
types in a given lubricant. Generally they are used in concentrations of 1.0 to
zyxwvu
4.0%.
extended literature survey on antiwear additives in a number of books, e.g.
[l, 2, 409-4111.
classification and functions of antiwear additives, their mechanism of action
and typical applications [ 1731.
antiwear additives tested for high-temperature lubricants [208].
effect of additive volatility on wear [210].
mechanism of action of antiwear additives 12321.
thin-layer chromatographic analysis of antiwear additives [ 2341.
suitability of antiwear additives for use in corrosion preventive oils [254].
corrosion test on blends of antiwear additives in liquid paraffin, then with
corrosion inhibitors added 13311.
an appraisal of world literature on antiwear additives for the years 1946 to
1966 [400].
-
zy
zyxwvu
ANTIWEAR TREATMENTS
surface chemistry
spectroscopy [ 15231.
of some antiwear additives determined by
20
electron
- evaluation of antiwear additives in lithium soap - mineral oil greases [15911.

- phosphates and phosphonates a s antiwear additives [1596].
ANTIWEAR TREATMENTS
Surface chemical or thermal treatments applied to improve wear resistance.
APIEZON OIL
An oil of low vapour pressure used i n vacuum technology.
APPARENT AREA OF CONTACT

See: NOMINAL AREA O F CONTACT.
APPARENT VISCOSITY
A measure of the viscosity of non-Newtonian fluids.
zyxwvuts
APPEARANCE POTENTIAL SPECTROSCOPY (APS)
An analytical technique for chemical characterisations of solid surfaces in which
the surface is bombarded with electrons of variable energy and the emitted
X-rays (photons) are detected. The total X-ray emission intensity is measured
a s a function of the incident electron energy. The emitted energy a t which
abrupt changes in intensity occur relates to the core level binding energies for
the atom involved.
- APS analysis of solids [17161.
AREA O F CONTACT
A general term describing contact between elements of a tribological mating pair
from both microscopic and macroscopic points of view. Thua, the term includes
the real area of contact (microscopic) and the nominal area of contact
(macroscopic).
- contact mechanics, adhesion, surface roughness, etc. [521].
- real area of contact discussed 17111.
- true area of contact between a liquid and a rough solid: theory and its
experimental verification [728].
- real and nominal contacts, contact of nominally flat rough surfaces, sliding
and rolling contacts, etc [729].
- contact between a sphere and rough plates [730].
21 ASHLESS DETERGENTS zy
AROMATIC AMINES
High-boiling oily liquids or crystalline solids.
to light and air.
-
The liquids darken when exposed
All are soluble in organic solvents.
zy
Used a s antioxidants.
Most widely used are N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine.
general information, synthesis, properties and performance of aromatic amines
[I].
AROMATIC FRACTION
The portion of the sample with polar elements contains aromatics, condensed
napthenic-aromatics, aromatic alkenes, and monohydrocarbons such a s sulphur,
zyxwv
nitrogen and oxygen containing compounds.
ARSENIC ANTIMONY TETRASULPHIDE

AsSbS,
- tested as an antiwear additives [72].
ARSENIC THIOARSENATE
A s (ASS),
Dry, yellow powder. I t is stable and high-melting. Insoluble in water and
organic solvents; soluble in aqueous caustics. Highly toxic. It may be used a s a
load-carrying additive.
- tested a s an antiwear additive [72].
ARY LUREAS
R.C,H,.NHCONH,
Organic non-soap thickeners characterised by excellent high-temperature
stability. They find application in lubricating greases.
See also: THICKENERS.
ASHLESS DETERGENTS
Typical metal-containing detergents did not appear to offer a solution to the cold
sludge problem. Thus, organic compounds, so called ashless materials, were
introduced.
The organic compounds which are useful for this purpose possess a polar group
attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain, e.g. acrylated
amine which is prepared by reacting a substituted succinic compound having a
polyalkene "backbone" with an ethylene amine [1591. The polar group generally
contains nitrogen and oxygen.
ASHLESS DISPERSANTS
Such products can also be used to effect dispersion of insoluble material in oil,
i.e. colloidal dispersion, and also to disperse water in oil to produce stable
22 zy
invert emulsions containing up to 40% water [4041.
ASHLESS DISPERSANTS
Typical dispersant additives.
See also: ASHLESS DETERGENTS, DISPERSANTS.

-
zyxw
They include many materials, e.g. many copolymers,
amides, substituted succinimides, poly- and benzyl amines and others.
ashless polymeric compounds with pour-point depression and viscosity index

improvement characteristics synthesised and spectrophotometrically evaluated
[2991.
ASPERITY
A proturberance in the microsale topographical irregularities of a solid surface.
ASPHALTENES
Insoluble matter that can be separated from a solution of oil in n-pentane and
may include insoluble resinous bitumens produced by the oxidation of the oil.
ASTM VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE EQUATION

The equation relating to kinematic viscosity ( v ) with temperature according to:
log log ( v t 0.6) = m log T t C
=
zyxwv
v kinematic viscosity in cs,
T absolute temperature,
m = ASTM slope 15031.
ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)

An analytical technique based on the absorption of radiant energy by atoms.
The technique comprises the conversion of elements contained in a sample into
atoms and the absorption of radiant energy by those atoms. The convereion is
provided by excitation in a high-temperature flame. This technique is
particularly useful for a quick accurate determination of individual trace metals
in lubricants, especially in lubricating oils. I t is a powerful analytical tool
when used in combination with emission spectroscopy. Such combination can
provide definitive answers to many difficult problems in tribology.
- comparison of ferrographic and AAS analysis data [1124].
23
ATOMIC WEAR
AUGER PROCESS
Wear between two contacting surfaces in relative motion attributed to migration

zy
of individual atoms from one surface to the other.
ATTITUDE
In a bearing, t h e angular position of the line joining the centre of the journal
to that of the bearing bore, relative to the direction of loading [503].
ATTRITION
Removal of small fragments of surface material during sliding contact.
AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (AES)

One of the most important analytical techniques used for chemical surface
analysis in tribology. It is based on measuring t h e energy of electrons emitted
from a solid surface when bombarded by an incident beam of electrons. The
emission is due to the Auger process. The energy of the emitted electrons is
analysed using a Cylindrical Mirror Analyser (CMA). The spectrum provides
information on the elemental composition of the first few atomic layers of the
zyxwv
analysed surface area. AES does not detect hydrogen and helium (see Auger
Process). In conjunction with ion sputtering, the technique can be applied to
determine t h e composition a s a function of surface depth. Surface roughness
may cause some analytical difficulties due to shadowing effects.
See also: SCANNING AUGER MICROSCOPY.
- analysis of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate additive interaction with metal [731].
-
-
-
analysis of an effect
lubricants [732].
of a
zyxw
zincdialkyldithiophosphate additive
analysis of tricresyl phosphate interaction with steel surfaces [733].

AES a s a method for surface analysis in tribology [734].
AUGER PROCESS
The Auger process relates to a mechanism of emission of secondary electrons
in diester
from a surface caused by an incident beam of primary electrons. The easy

way to comprehend the Auger process is simply to take into account the
ionisation of an isolated atom under electron bombardment, as in the ion
source of a mass spectrometer. When a n incident electron ionises a core level,
the vacancy is instantaneously filled by another electron. The energy released
causes Auger electron ejection.
AUSTENITE zyxwvuts
zy
zyxwvu
Thus, the Auger process can be presented a s follows:
(A+)* L A2+ ieA
24
where ( A t ) * i s the excited ionised atom which after relaxation emits t h e Auger
electron eA . The Auger mechanism involves three electrons and a t least two
energy levels. Therefore, hydrogen and helium atoms cannot give rise to
Auger electrons.
AUSTENITE
A face-centred cubic solid solution of carbon or other elements in gamma iron.
AUSTENITISING
Forming austenite by heating a ferrous alloy into the transformation range
(partial austenitising) or above the transformation range (complete austenitising).
AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUIDS (ATF)

Specially designed fluids for automatic hydraulic transmissions in motor vehicles.
The fluids include a set of additives.
- ATF: properties, additives, etc. [11251.
AUTORADIOGRAPHY
A technique used to discover t h e presence of radioactive elements in t h e object
examined by contacting it with a photographic plate. Since autoradiographs
provide distributions of the radioactive species on solid surfaces, the technique
is particularly useful for analysis of tribological surfaces.
- usefulness of autoradiography in wear studies [ 15971.
AXIAL LOAD BEARINGS

See: THRUST BEARINGS.
AZELAIC ACID (NONANEDIOIC ACID)

HOZC(CH2) 7CO2H
Yellowish to white slightly toxic crystalline powder. I t is soluble in alcohol, hot
water and organic solvents. Mp 106OC; bp 365% (decornp.). Derived by
oxidation of oleic acid by ozone. Azelaic acid i s used in hydraulic fluids and
lubricants as a complex ester condensate with glycols and branched-chain
alcohols. Aluminium salts of azelaic acid are used a s thickeners in siloxane
lubricating greases. Azelaic esters mixed with diphenylsilanols a r e incorporated
into high-performance lubricants.
25
BIO-LIFE
See: RATING-LIFE.
BALL BEARINGS zy
BABBITT METALS
Generic term referring to soft, nonferrous, white bearing alloys based on tin
with additions of copper and antimony, e.g. 90% Sn, 7% Sb, 3% Cu, the principal
constituents being SbSn and Cu,SnS. Babbitts also include lead-base (90% Pb,
10% Sn) and aluminium-base (88% AQ, 10% Pb, 2% S n ) alloys. Babbitts have
nonseizing and antifriction characteristics and maintain oil films on their
surfaces.
zyxwvu
BACKING
The major part of a plain bearing made from a stronger material on which the
bearing lining is deposited.
BACKSCATTERING (BS)
A destructive technique for chemical characterisation of surfaces similar to ion
scattering spectroscopy (ISS) but employing higher energy bombarding
(incident) ions, typically of the order of 1 MeV. ISS uses ions of low energy, 1
KeV. Backscattering is suitable for thin film analysis; however, it is not really
a surface tool.
- study of ion-implanted atoms by BS [1714].
- analysis of materials by BS [17171.
BACTERIA
Single-celled living organisms composed primarily of protein and nucleic acid.
They can be divided into aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Under a microscope
they a r e either rod-shaped, spherical or spiral structures. They represent a
vast diversity of nutritional and survival capabilities and easily spoil
metalworking fluids. They may also affect other lubricating oils, particularly in
the tropics. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Escherichia coli a r e
examples of bacteria frequently present in metalworking fluids.
- bacteria deterioration of engine oils [ 11261.
BALL BEARINGS
Bearings in which the balls revolve between inner and outer races, one of
which is stationary and the other revolves with the shaft. The three basic
designs of ball bearings a r e the single-row radial, the single-row angular
contact and the double-row angular contact.
BALL COMPLEMENT
See also: ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS.

effect of surface roughness on load capacity aad friction in ball bearings
[576].
history, detailed information] mechanics and lubrication of ball bearings [9441.
evaluation of greases for space and vacuum application in ball bearings 19981.
structural and microstructural changes in ball bearing inner races [1127].
wear of solid-film lubricated ball bearings: theoretical analysis [11281.
wear measurement at oil-lubricated ball bearings 111291.
zy
solid-lubricant composites as ball bearing cages (load, temperature and
bearing speed effects) [11301.
discussion of three solid lubricants for ball bearings [1131].
chemistry of ball bearing surfaces [1522].
BALL COMPLEMENT
The number of balls in a ball bearing.
BALL INDENTED BEARINGS

Bearings with surface indentations acting a s lubricant reservoirs [503].
BALLIZING
produced] hole.
-
-
zyxwvut
The method and process of finishing the internal diameter by forcing a precision
ground tungsten carbide ball through
applications for the ballizing process [1132].

theory for the prediction
conditions [11331.
a slightly undersized,
of the ballizing load under dry and lubricated

previously
BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENE SULPHONATE
1(C9H14)*~10Hb~~31z~
Dispersant additive. Typical commercial automotive lubricant additive.
- interaction with engine oil additives [64].
- studied in [961.
- its influence on properties of lithium soap greases [171].
21 zy
zyxwvutsrqp BASE OILS
zy
BARIUM FLUORIDE
BaF,
White powder. Sparingly soluble in water. Mp 1354OC; density 4.83. Highly
toxic by ingestion. I t is derived by interaction of barium sulphide and
hydrofluoric acid followed by crystallization. Used a s a d r y film lubricant.
- friction and wear behaviour of thin, sintered, fluoride films of barium fluoride
bonded with mono-aluminium phosphate [ 1611.
BARIUM OXIDE
BaO
White to slightly yellowish powder. I t is soluble in acids and reacts violently
with water forming the hydroxide. Mp 1923OC; density 5.72. Derived either by
oxidation of barium nitrate or by decomposition of carbonate a t high temperature
in the presence of carbon. I t is highly toxic by ingestion, also, a skin irritant.
Used a s a detergent for lubricating oils.
BARIUM STEARATE
(C,7H35C02)2 Be
White crystalline solid. It is insoluble i n water and alcohol. Mp 160%; density
1.145. Highly toxic when ingested. Used as a lubricant in metalworking and for
the preparation of greases.
BARREL ROLLER BEARINGS

A type of roller bearing having barrel-shaped symmetrical rollers.
BASE NUMBER
The number expressing the amount of hydrochloric acid needed t o neutralise all
or a p a r t of the basicity of a lubricant. It is expressed a s calcium hydroxide
equivalents.
BASE OILS
A t present major raw materials used to produce lubricating oils a r e different
natural or synthetic hydrocarbons. The low cost of mineral hydrcarbon mixtures
produced from c r u d e oil makes these the most widely used of all available
lubricants.
BATH LUBRICATION
Mineral oils a r e mainly composed of the following general types of hydrocarbons:

(1) normal and isoparaffins, ( 2 ) mono- and polycylic naphthenes based
28
on
zy
cyclohexane and cyclopentane ring s t r u c t u r e s substituted with paraffinic side
chains, ( 3 ) mono- and polynuclear aromatics, generally containing alkyl chains,
( 4 ) compounds containing naphthenic rings, aromatic rings and alkyl side chains
in the same molecule.
Mineral oils a r e produced from crude oil by steam distillation under reduced
pressure, solvent extraction, solvent dewaxing and finishing treatment (usually
hydrofinishing). Solvent extraction may be replaced by hydrotreating or more
zyxw
severe hydrogenation. The choice of mineral hydrocarbon mixtures (base oil)
used in the formulation of a given lubricant depends on viscosity, degree of
refining, temperature stability and compatibility with other ingredients used or
materials with which it will come into contact. Very often base oils a r e made by
blending a distillate mineral oil fraction with bright stock.
- effects of base oil composition changes on oxidative stability [449].
A support
zyxwvuts
BATH LUBRICATION
See: OIL-BATH LUBRICATION.
BEARING
for a revolving or sliding part by means of which a moving p a r t i s
positioned with respect to other p a r t s of a mechanism.
triboelements.
Bearings are the simplest
See also: BEARING MATERIALS and specific t y p e s of bearings.

effect of water in lube oils on fatigue life of bearings [116].
characteristics of bearing materials and bearing failures [ 5621.
effect of surface roughness on load capacity and friction in bearings [577].
various aspects of bearings [6071.
role of wear in the failure of bearings [985].
monitoring schemes and device6 for bearings [ 13011.
bearing types: their performance and selection [ 14583.
squeeze films and bearing dynamics [ 14601.
miniature and instrument bearings: types, materials, construction, lubrication
[ 14621.
developments in engine bearing design [ 14631.
pump bearings: design and selection 114643.
bearing systems: principles and practices [ 14651.
design of main spindle bearing units of machine tools [ 14661.
29
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
bearing materials, design and maintenance 115981.
knowledge of surfaces, lubrication and bearing materials,
BEARING HOUSING
ts application to
bearing design practice [ 15991.
BEARING ALLOYS
Alloys used a s bearing materials. Their characteristic feature is that they must
be comparatively soft to avoid wear of the harder material, but strong enough to
withstand high loads. The most important bearing alloys are white metals,
bearing brasses, bearing bronzes and copper-based alloys.
- fatigue strength and relative compatibility of some bearing alloys 19521.
- wear properties of copper-base alloys [17181.
- effects of mechanical properties on the wear resistance of eight bearing alloys
[17191.
- sliding wear and vibratory cavitation erosion tests on bearing alloys [17203.
BEARING BUSH
A tubular element of a one-piece plain journal bearing the inner surface of
which is the bearing bore.
BEARING CLEARANCE
The space between the journal and the bearing bore, defined by the difference
between their diameters or radii. For bearings which are not cylindrical, the
clearance refers to the mean distance between t h e surfaces 15031.
BEARING FATIGUE LIFE

See: BEARING FATIGUE RESISTANCE.
BEARING FATIGUE RESISTANCE

The term refers to bearing fatigue life which, in most applications, is the
maximum useful life of a bearing. Thus, it is the ability of the bearing to
withstand cyclic applications of stresses without damage.
- effects of lubricant chemistry on bearing fatigue life: a prediction method
19651.
- effect of molecular weight distribution of lubricating oils on bearing fatigue
life 19661.
BEARING HOUSING
The hollow enclosure surrounding the bearing liner.
BEARING LINER
BEARING LINER
A replacement part of a plain bearing the inner surface of which is a sliding
30 zy
surface.
BEARING MATERIALS
Materials used for working surfaces of solid, lined and filled plain bearings.
They cover a wide range of metals and nonmetals. T o function effectively as a
bearing, the material must have the following physical and chemical properties:
fatigue resistance, embeddability, compatibility, conformability, high thermal
conductivity, corrosion resistance and load capacity.
See also: COMPOSITE BEARING MATERIALS, METALLIC BEARING MATERIALS]
NONMETALLIC BEARING MATERIALS.
characteristics of bearing materials and bearing failures [562].
bearing materials for space applications [612].
selection criteria and performance characteristics [686].
metallic, plastic and composite bearing materials [767].
performance of polymer-based bearing materials [862].
abrasive wear tests on polymer-based materials [862].
wear data on plastic-based materials [866].
data on polymer-based d r y bearing materials [870].
plain bearing materials: properties, forms, applications, characteristics of
rubbing bearing materials [952].
zyxwvu
rolling bearing materials: composition, properties, selection [953].
selection of bearing surface coatings and surface modification treatments
[9541.
frictional properties of polymer-based materials [976].
plastic bearing materials [ 10621.
abrasive wear of bearing materials [ 11081.
thermoplastics a s bearing materials [ 11341.
bearing materials produced by powder metallurgy [1135].
development of new materials for high-epeed d r y operation [ 11361.
wear of bearing materials in the presence of a ZDDP-containing lubricant
[ 11371.
friction and wear tests on d r y bearing materials [1138].
composite self-lubricating bearing materials [ 11391.
metallic and nonmetallic sliding bearing materials [ 13251.
selection criteria and properties: a literature survey [ 15921.
properties, advantages and limitations, lubrication requirements [ 16011.
31
BEARING SHELL
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
See: BEARING LINER.
BENZOTRIAZOLE
BEARING SPACE
See: BEARING CLEARANCE.
BEILBY LAYER
An amorphous layer of deformed metal and oxide particles formed due to the
melting and flow of the surface molecular layers and their solidification without
recrystallisation. Underneath the Beilby layer there are small crystals
gradually increasing in size until they reach the normal structure of the
underformed metal. This layer relates to the polishing action of a metal surface
during machining.
BEN OIL
A nontoxic, non-drying oil obtained from the seeds of Moringa oleifera. It is
used a s a lubricant for delicate machinery.
BENTONITES
A colloidal clay (aluminum silicate) containing montmorillonite. There are two
varieties: sodium bentonite and calcium bentonite. They are used a s non-soap
inorganic thickeners in lubricating greases.
See also: CLAY GREASES.
BENZENE CHLORIDE
zy
See: CHLOROBENZENE.
2,3-BENZOTHIOPHENE
An organosulphur compound providing antiwear and antiseizure properties.

- its tribological activity during sliding of aluminium on steel [1020].
BENZOTRIAZOLE
C6H4N3H
Benzotriazolea in which there is no substituent on a nitrogen are easily obtained
by treatment of an ortho diamine with nitrous acid.
- studied a s a corrosion inhibitor for steel and copper [76].
- lubricity of dodecyl amine salt of benzotriazole added to liquid paraffin [5481.
BENZOTRICHLORIDE
BENZOTRICHLORIDE
See: TRICHLOROTOLUENE.
32 zy
0.9813.
-
zyxwvuts
BENZYLAMINE
CeHSCH2NH2
Light amber liquid. Soluble in alcohol, ether and water.
May be used as a biocide.
antimicrobial activities of 21 benzylamines in cutting fluids [4761.
BENZYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

Highly toxic. Density
C,H,CH,NH,PO,(OC,H,),
Effective antiwear additive.
See also: AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATES.
- its load-carrying properties [1451.
BENZYL CHLORIDE
C6HSCHzCP
Colourless liquid. It is insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Bp
179OC; mp -43OC; d l 1.1135. Derived by passing chlorine over boiling toluene
until it has increased 38% by weight. The product is washed with water and
separated by fractional distillation. Benzyl chloride is highly toxic by ingestion,
inhalation and akin absorption. I t is also 3 strong irritant to the skin and eyes.
Benzyl chloride is the most efficient (among chlorides) EP additive for cutting
oils. The order of fiecreasing activity of the chlorides is: benzyl > carbon
tetrEchloride > tertiary > secondary > primary, aryl [45].
- tested a s an EP additive in oils containing organosulphur compounds [42].
N-BENZY L-DIETHANOLAMINE
C6H5CH2N( CH,CH,OH)
Colourlesa to light yellow liquid. Miscible with water. Density 1.073. Used a s a
corrosion inhibitor.
- tested a s an antimicrobial agent [481.
N-BENZYL ETHANOLAMINE
C6H,CH2NHCH2CH,OH
Colourless to light yellow. Bp 180-182OC; dg7 0.894.
I t is very effective a s an antimicrobial agent. Also used a s a corrosion
inhibitor.
33

-
zy
zyxwvu
study on antimicrobial properties of benzyl ethanolamine [48].
BIOCIDES
BERYLLIUM ( B e )
Very light steel-grey metal. Density 1.848, mp about 1280 C. Resistant to
oxidation in air. Excellent thermal conductivity. Beryllium and its d u s t are
highly toxic. I t can be fabricated by rolling, forging and machining. Used a s a
structural material in aerospace technology.
- lubrication requirements on forging and working beryllium [6261.
zyx
BIG-END BEARINGS
Bearings a t the larger (crankshaft) end of a connecting rod in an engine.
BIMETAL BEARINGS
Bearings formed from two layers. One of them i s made of a bearing alloy and
t h e other is a bronze or steel backing.
See also: BEARING ALLOYS, BEARING MATERIALS.
BINDER
A material promoting adherence between particles of a solid lubricant and
between the particles and the surface. Binders a r e usually resins, ceramics
and low-melting metals.
See also: BONDED SOLID LUBRICANT.
- types of solid lubricant binders, binder/solid ratio: a literature survey [ 16021.
BINGHAM SOLID
An idealised form of solid, which begins to flow appreciably only when a certain
stress, called the yield s t r e s s o r yield point, has been exceeded. The solid
subsequently flows at a rate proportional to t h e difference between t h e applied
stress and this yield stress. Many greases can be regarded as Bingham solids
[503].
BIOCIDES
Chemicals that prevent or reduce t h e growth of microrganisms such a s bacteria,
moulds, slimes, fungi, etc. The most important ones a r e phenol, chlorine
compounds and formaldehyde bases. Many biocides are toxic to humans. They
have been mainly used in lubricating oils for marine engines and in
metal-cutting fluids.
BIOFILM
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
selection and evaluation of biocides for aqueous metalworking fluids [631.
experiments on selection methods of biocides for cutting fluids and rolling mill
34
coolants [ 1801.
- mode of action and assessment of activity in various applications [235].
- effective concentration of biocides and treatment regimes [2361.
- investigation of biocides for the petroleum industry [237].
- microbial spoilage in lubricating oils 14081.
- antimicrobial activity of benzylamines in cutting fluids [4761.
BIOFILM
A multicomponent film including micro-organisms and their secretions plus
detritus trapped inside the biofilm matrix. The t e r m relates mostly to
metalworking fluids and lubricating oils providing nutrients for microorganisms
growing there.
BIOLOGICAL JOINTS
See: SYNOVIAL JOINTS.
BIOTRIBOLOGY
The study of friction, wear and lubrication of synovial joints, such a s human
knees or hips, in which synovial fluid acts a s t h e lubricant.
- anatomy, motion and loading of natural joints, evaluation of joint replacements
[468].
- wear of total replacement hip joints [1442].
- anatomy, friction and wear of synovial joints [1603].
- lubrication of joints 116041.
- a collection of papers on various aspects of biomaterials and biomechanics of
joints and joint replacements [1605].
- wear t e s t s on polyethylene and its use in artificial joints 116061.
BISMUTH DIISOPROPY L DITHIOPHOSPHATE
{[ ((3, )2CH12S2F02}Bi
3
- its tribological properties [173].
35 zy BONDED LUBRICATING FILMS
zyxwv
BISMUTH DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2-DITHIOPHOSPHATE

See also: METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES
- its tribological properties 11731.
BISXANTHATES
See: XANTHATES.
BLACK OILS
Characteristically black lubricants used for open gears and steel cables. They
contain bituminous materials derived from crude oil which provide t h e lubricants
with good adhesive properties.
BLEEDING
Separation of oil or other fluid from a grease.
BLENDING
Mineral oil mixing process to obtain the desired viscosity of a base oil.
Generally, highly refined crude oil distillates of various viscosities and bright
stock oil are used. Great attention should be paid to the degree of refining of
the mineral oil a s this significantly affects both the costs and the effectiveness
of additives.
BLENDING OF LUBRICATING OILS

The process of mixing base oils with additives to obtain the desired lubricating
oils.
BLUING
Formation of a thin blue oxide film on the surface of a ferrous alloy in order to
improve its corrosion resistance and appearance.
BONDED LUBRICATING FILMS

See: BONDED SOLID LUBRICANT.
BONDED SOLID LUBRICANT 36 zy
zyxwv
BONDED SOLID LUBRICANT
A thin film is formed of fine powdered solid lubricants, e.g. molybedenum
disulphide, graphite or their mixtures, attached to a metal surface by means of a
special material bonding the particulates with the metal.
See also: BINDER, SOLID LUBRICANTS.
- methods of application, variables governing bonded solid lubricant behaviour
[1600].
- thin-film bonded solid lubricants: classification, properties [ 16111.
BORIC ACID
H3BO3
Colourless scales or white powder. Density 1.4347 (15OC). Soluble in water and
alcohol. Used in a number of applications, including heat-resistant borosilicate
glass, enamels and in metallurgy.
BORIC OXIDE
B2°3
Colourless powder soluble in hot water and alcohol. Density 1.85; mp about
450OC. Derived by heating boric acid. Tested a s a solid film lubricant.
BORIDES
Compounds obtained by combining boron chemically with a metal. Some of them
are extremely hard and heat-resistant. Borides are used to improve the
antiwear characteristics of tribological surfaces.
- properties of boride layers on steel and wear test results [1140].
- wear rates of different boride layers on mild steel [1141].
- wear of ion implanted titanium boride surfaces 111421.
- friction and wear of RF-sputtered borides [1143].
- sliding characteristics of borides a t up to 2000°F [1607].
- frictional properties of borides from room temperature to 2000OC 116081.
BORIDING
A diffusion coating process using borides to enhance wear resistance of ferrous
alloys through FeB and FeB, formation on the surface.
- conditions of boriding, properties of boride layers on steel and wear test
results [11401.
- improved wear resistance of boronised mild steel 111411.
31
-
-
zyxzy
zyxwvutsrqp BOTTOM END BEARINGS
effect of boronising on friction and wear of ferrous metals [11441.

description of a steel boriding process, tests on morphology and adherence of
borided layers [15461.
BORING
A machining operation enlarging a hole to an exact size with a single point tool.
The tool feeds along t h e line parallel to the spindle axis. If the operation i s
used to enlarge a hole for p a r t of its depth, mostly to make a shoulder a t the
bottom of the enlargement, it is called counterboring. Sometimes the
counterbored portion is shallow. I n that case t h e operation i s known a s spot
facing. I t c u t s a circular spot below a surface in a plane perpendicular to the
axis of a hole through the spot. Tools for counterboring and spot facing
operations a r e called end cutting tools.
See also: METAL CUTTING FLUIDS.
BORONIZING
See: BORIDING.
BORON NITRIDE
BN
White, infusible powder; due to hexagonal graphite-like plate s t r u c t u r e sometimes
called "white graphite". I t has a very high melting point of about 30OO0C and
oxidation resistance of u p to 650012.
lubricant where a refractory interface must be maintained, e.g.
agent for glass moulds.
bushings.
-
-
Other applications include abrasive materials and ceramics.
boron nitride prepared under v e r y high pressures i s a s hard a s diamond.
zy
I t s graphite character makes i t a good
a s a release
Used a s a solid lubricant, and in self-lubricating
comparison in s t r u c t u r e and lubricating properties with graphite [ 1101

friction tests with pyrolytic BN in sliding contact with itself and various
A cubic
metals [121].
- BN in precision grinding [7771.
- cubic BN in ultrahard abrasive materials [833].
- application of cubic BN as a superhard abrasive material [834].
- laser cladding of a titanium alloy with BN for improved wear performance
[16501.
BOTTOM END BEARINGS

See: BIG-END BEARINGS.
BOUNDARY ADDITIVES
BOUNDARY ADDITIVES
See: THIBOLOGICAL ADDITIVES.
38 zy
zyxwvut
BOUNDARY FRICTION
The friction between two solids in relative motion determined by the properties
of the solid surfaces and the lubricating properties of t h e lubricant between
them.
See also: FRICTION
- boundary friction theory 15041.
- boundary friction in theory and practice 18451.
BOUNDARY LUBRICANTS
oils containing zyxwvu

Lubricants designed for use under boundary lubrication conditions.
tribological I boundary)
pressure additives and friction reducing agents.
See also: LUBRICANTS.
- a review of boundary lubricant films 14061.
additives, i.e. antiwear and
They a r e
extreme
- unsaturated hydrocarbons as boundary lubricants for stainless steels [10541.
BOUNDARY LUBRICATION
A condition of lubrication in which t h e friction and wear between two surfaces in
relative motion a r e determined by the properties of the surfaces, and by t h e
properties of the lubricant other than bulk viscosity [503].
See also: ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION, EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICATION,
MIXED LUBRICATION, THIN-FILM LUBRICATION.
mathematical models for boundary lubrication: a critical s u r v e y [SS].
effect of lubricant properties on boundary lubrication [ZlO].
lubricating greases during boundary lubrication 12123.
literature review (1967-1977) on boundary lubrication, especially surface
analysis instruments [3671.
techniques employed in research on rnechanochemical activity of worn surfaces
[3681.
relationship between wear and self-generated voltages during boundary
lubrication [3881.
mechanochemical activity in boundary lubrication [389].
wear in t h e boundary lubrication region of a n aluminium-steel system [3901.
an appraisal of world literature (1946-1966) on boundary lubrication [4001.
survey of literature on boundary lubrication with antiwear additives [4061.
zy
charge transfer complexes of iodine and aromatic compounds under boundary
lubrication [4071.
BRAKES
boundary lubricated wear: a review of studies since the 1950’s [4771.

additive chain length effects in boundary lubrication [5331.
zyxwv
detailed discussion of boundary lubrication [5491.
friction mechanism in boundary lubrication 15501.
characteristics of boundary lubrication, its mechanisms and boundary
lubricants [5511.
fundamentals of boundary lubrication [ 7431.
friction and wear of copper under boundary lubrication [7441.
review of theories on how liquid-surface interactions affect boundary
lubrication [ 911I.
model relating boundary lubrication to adsorption paramaters [912].
wear of boundary lubricated metallic surfaces [918].
boundary lubrication model for a simple two-component lubricant: dispersion
interactions between hydrocarbon chains [919].
boundary lubrication of polymers [14681.
definition, effects of interacting factors, other aspects: a literature survey
with 210 references [1615].
BRAKE FLUIDS
Hydraulic fluids used in motor vehicles. They a r e mostly mixtures of polyglycol
ethers and polyglycols containing oxidation retarding and rust preventing
additives.
- review of brake fluids, development, properties [1549].
BRAKES
Systems for slowing or stopping motion in any kind of vehicle or machine.
The three main types are band brakes, disc brakes and drum brakes.
- role of wear in the failure of brakes [985].
- changes in brake system configurations and new friction materials [1550].
- performance and selection of brakes for special environments [1553].
- brake design data, selection of friction materials and mating surfaces [15541.
BRASSES 40
BRASSES
Alloys of copper and zinc. Those containing up to 15% zinc are called "red
brasses". The ones containing 30% zinc or more a r e called "yellow brasses". The
zyxwvut
former a r e highly corrosion-resistant, the latter have high strength and good
ductility.
To obtain improved properties small amounts of other metals a r e added, e.g.
zyxwvu
manganese, lead and tin. Brass containing about 40% zinc i s referred to a s
"Muntz metal".
- wear characteristics of brass [603].
- effect of oxygen and water vapour on friction and wear of brass during
fretting corrosion [9201.
BRIGHT STOCK
High-viscosity blending oils obtained from residues of petroleum distillation by
deasphalting, solvent extraction, dewaxing and hydrofinishing or treatment with
Fuller's earth or similar material. It is used for blending with neutral oils in
preparing gear oils, automotive engine lube oils and other lubricants.
BRINELLING
See: FALSE BRINELLING, TRUE BHINELLING.
BROACHING
A metal cutting operation designed to combine both roughing and finishing with
good finish quality. It removes stock to precision limits faster than any other
metal cutting operation. The process is employed extensively in plants where
duplicate parts a r e manufactured in large quantities to given dimensions within
small tolerances. Generally, sulphur based oils a r e used as cutting oils for
broaching steel while cast iron is broached either d r y or with a mixture of
kerosene and emulsifiable oil.
See also: CUTTING FLUIDS.
BRONZES
Alloys of copper and tin normally containing 1 to 10% tin. Certain types may
contain from 2.5 to 10% aluminium (aluminium bronze), up to 0.5% phosphorus
(phosphor bronze), or a low percentage of silicon (silicon bronze). Bronzes are
widely used as materials for tribological applications, especially for plain
bearings.
See also: ALUMINIUM BRONZES, PHOSPHOR BRONZES.
- effects of running-in on the surface durability of steel and bronze [10411.
41
BRUISING
See: TRUE BRINELLING.
BUFFING
The term is often applied to a type of work which is very similar to polishing.
Generally] buffing is a finer operation than ordinary polishing and is commonly
used to obtain very smooth reflective surfaces. It changes the surface
zyxwvut
roughness without significant material removal.
BULK MODULUS
The modulus of volume elasticity,
(P, - P,) v'
= (V, - V,)
where pi, pz; v l , v, are the initial and final pressure and volume, respectively.
It is the reciprocal of compressibility.
- effects of high pressure and temperature on bulk modulus [434,4351.
See also: COMPRESSIBILITY.
BURNING
zyxwv
The oxidation of a surface during sliding due to localised heating.
B URN1SHING
1. Alteration of the original manufactured surface of a sliding or rolling surface
to a more polished condition.
2. A type of adhesive wear representing material removal on a molecular scale,
i.e. the least possible amount of adhesive wear.
- description of the burnishing wear regime 15391.
BUSH BEARINGS
Plain bearings in which the lining is closely fitted into the housing in the form
ether.
of aldol.
zyxwvutsrq
of a bush, usually surfaced with a bearing alloy 15031.
1,J-BUTANEDIOL
HOCH, CHZ CH( OH) CH,
Colourless, viscous liquid.
Bp 207.5OC; d38
Soluble in water and alcohol; slightly soluble in
1.0059.
May be used a s a lubricant.
Sligthly toxic. It is derived by the reduction
- antiwear behaviour of butanediol 11511.

BUTYL ACETYL RICINOLEATE
BUTYL ACETYL RICINOLEATE

zyxwvu
CH3(CH2)5.CH-CH=CH,( CHZ) ,CO,C+Hs
I
zy
zyxwvu 42
02ccH3
Yellow, oily liquid. Practically insoluble in water; miscible with most organic
solvents. Fp indefinite, butyl acetyl ricinoleate becomes cloudy a t -32OC and
solidifies a t -65OC; d38 0.940. It is derived from castor oil, butyl alcohol and
acetic anhydride. Used a s a lubricant, emulsifier and detergent.
n-BUTY LAMINE
CH,(CHz)NHz
Colourless, volatile liquid. It is miscible with water, alcohol and ether. Bp
71.1OC; f p -49OC, dsg 0.7385. Derived by reacting butanol or butyl chloride with
zyxwvu
ammonia. I t is a toxic and skin irritating compound. Used a s an intermediate
for emulsifying agents.
n-BUTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

C~H,NH~POZ (OC4Hs)z
- its load-carrying properties [ 1451.
BUTYLATED HYDROXYANISOLE
(CH3)3CC&OH(OCH3)
A mixture of 2- and 3-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenol. I t is a white or slightly
yellow waxy solid. I t is soluble in alcohol and propylene glycol; it can be made
soluble in water only by special treatment. I t s melting range is 48-63OC. I t is
moderately toxic by ingestion. Used a s an antioxidant for fats and oils.
n-BUTYL BENZENE
C&s(CHz) 3CH3
Colourless liquid. Bp 183.2OC; f p -87.9%, doo 0.860. Moderately toxic by
ingestion. Used a s a model aromatic lubricant.
- determination of friction and wear characteristics of butyl benzene [1341.
n-BUTYL CHLORIDE
CH,(CHz)$Q
Colourless liquid. Slightly toxic. It is insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol
and ether.
43 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvut
B p 78.6OC; f p -122.80Cl
-
d$g 0.8875.
tested as an additive f o r cutting oils [451.
N-t-BUTYL DIETHANOLAMINE
a-BUTYL CHLORIDE
CH3CH(C9)CH2CH3
C l e a r liquid. dso 0.875.
- tested as an E P additive [451.
t-BUTYL CHLORIDE
(CH,),CCP
A n e f f e c t i v e c o m p o u n d f o r cutting o i l s .
- tested as an E P additive [451.
6-t-BUTYL-2-METHYL PHENOL
(CH, 13CCgH3 (OH)CH,
C l e a r liquid. Soluble in organic solvents and aqueous p o t a s s i u m hydroxide.
S o l i d i f i e s slightly b e l o w r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e . B p 244OC, fp 32.1OC, d?O 0.9'22. It
m a y be toxic and irritant to t h e skin. U s e d as an antioxidant to lubricating oils.
N-n-BUTYL DI-n-BUTY L PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested as an a n t i w e a r additive (load-carrying properties) [2701.
N-t-BUTYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested as an a n t i w e a r additive (load-carrying p r o p e r t i e s ) 12701.
N-n-BUTYL
Liquid.
C,HSN (CH,CH,OH),
B p 272OC, d f ozyxwvuts
DIETHANOLAMINE
inhibitor and a n t i f o a m i n g agent.

-
0.97. Slightly toxic. It m a y be used as a corrosion
study of its a n t i m i c r o b i a l properties in a n u m b e r of cutting f l u i d s 1481.
N-t-BUTYL DIETHANOLAMINE
(CH,)3CsN(CH,CH,OH),
See alao: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as an a n t i m i c r o b i a l agent [481.
n-BUTYL DIOCTYLPHOSPHINATE
n-BUTYL DIOCTYLPHOSPHINATE
See also: ALKYL DIALKYLPHOSPHINATES.
zyxwvu
zy
zyxwv 44
- tested as an EP additive and i t s action mechanism 1411.
N-n-BUTYL ETHANOLAMINE
C4HsNHCHzCHzOH
Colourless liquid. Boiling range 194-204OC, Fp -2.loC, d f o 0.892. Slightly toxic.
I t is used as a corrosion inhibitor, but also exhibits v e r y good antimicrobial
activity.
- tested as a n antimicrobial agent in a number of cutting fluids [48].
N-t-BUTYL ETHANOLAMINE
(CH,),CNHCHzCHzOH
- tested a s a n antimicrobial agent [48].
4-TEHT-BUTY L-2-METHY LTHIOPHENOL

(CH,),CC,H, (CH, )SH
Colourless liquid insoluble in water, soluble in hydrocarbons. May be toxic. Bp
250%; f p -40C, dz5 0.983. Very often used a s a lube oil antioxidant.
4-TERT-BUTY LPHENOL
(CH,),CC&4OH
White crystalline solid. Bp 239OC; mp 100OC; density (crystals) 1.03. Moderate
irritant to the skin and eyes. I t can be derived by catalytic alkylation of
phenol woth olefins. Used as an antioxidant for lubricating oils, particularly for
synthetic fluids.
4-BUTYLPHENYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

C~HSC,H~NH,POZ
(OC+Hs)z
- its load-carrying properties [145].
BUTYL RICINOLEATE
C1 ,H,z(OH)COzC+H,
Yellow to colourless liquid; soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Bp
approx. 275OC (13mm);f p indefinite; d58 0.916. I t is slightly toxic.
45 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
Derived from castor oil and butyl alcohol.
ingredient of special lubricants.
4-TERT-BUTYLTHIOPHENOL
Used a s a special lubricant and a s an
BUTYL STEARATE
C17H36C02C4H9
Colourless, stable liquid soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water; miscible
zyxwvu
with mineral and vegetable oils. Bp 350OC; mp 19.5-20OC; d38 0.855-0.860.
Derived by transesterification of stearin or esterification of stearic acid with
butyl alcohol. Used as a n ingredient of special lubricants.
4-TERT-BUTY LTHIOPHENOL
( C H j ) ,CC&SH
Colourless liquid soluble in hydrocarbons; insoluble in water. I t may be toxic.
Bp 238OC; fp -ll°C, dZ5 0.986.
Used a s a lubricating oil antioxidant.
CADMIUM
CADMIUM (Cd)
zyxwvuts
zy 46
zyx
Soft, bluish-white metal. Density 8.65; mp 320.9OC. Highly toxic dust. Cadmium
exhibits poor corrosion resistance in industrial atmospheres. It is used in
bearing alloys with low friction coefficients and high fatigue resistance. It finds
wide applications in electrodeposited coatings on metals. Thin f i l m s of cadmium
applied to hard substrates provide effective boundary lubrication.
- abrasive wear tests on cadmium [512].
- plastic deformation of cadmium single crystals [ 16651.
CADMIUM ALLOYS
They contain up to 15% Ni, or 0.4 - 0.75% Cu, and 0.5 - 2.0% Ag. Cadmium alloys
have limited use a s bearing materials due to very poor corrosion resistance.
Their advantages are high temperature resistance and very good compatibility.
CADMIUM BROMIDE
CdBr,
White or yellowish powder. Density 5.192; mp 567OC. Soluble in water, alcohol
and acids, Highly toxic. Used a s a solid lubricant.
CADMIUM CHLORIDE
CdCP,
White crystals. Density 4.05 (anhydrous); mp 568OC. Soluble in water, alcohol
and acids. Highly toxic. Used a s a solid lubricant.
CADMIUM DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

I(iC3H,),S2P0,12Cd
CADMIUM DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2-DITHIOPHOSPHATE

[(C&,3)2S2PO,l2Cd
Antiwear and antioxidation additve.
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvut
41 CALCIUM CHROMATE
CADMIUM FLUORIDE
CdF,
Pure crystals (99.89%). Highly toxic compound soluble in w a t e r and acids;
insoluble in alkalies. Mp approx. lllO°C. Used a s a high-temperature d r y film
lubricant.
CADMIUM IODIDE
CdI,
White crystals. Density 5.67 or 5.30, depending on t h e allotropic form.
Soluble in water, alcohol, acids and ether. Highly toxic. Used a s a solid
lubricant though the problem i s i t s corrosiveness.
CADMIUM OXIDE
CdO
Colourless powder. Density 6.95; decomposes a t 900OC. Soluble in acids and
alkalies; insoluble in water. Highly toxic. Used in cadmium plating and a s a
solid lubricant.
zyxwvut
CAGE
A device which partly surrounds and travels with the rolling elements of a
bearing and spaces them relative to each other.
CALCIUM ACETATE
( CH,C02 ) Ca.H20
Brown, grey or white (when p u r e ) powder; amorphous or crystalline. Soluble in
water; slightly soluble in alcohol. Decomposes on heating. It is derived by the
action of pyroligneous acid on calcium hydroxide. Used as a component of
complex calcium soap lubricants.
- analysis of calcium acetate by spectroscopic and physical methods of
separation 12401.
CALCIUM CHROMATE
CaCrO,
Bright yellow powder. Anhydrous: density 2.89. Soluble in dilute acids and
alcohols; slightly soluble in water. Highly toxic and strongly irritating to t h e
skin. Used a s a corrosion inhibitor.
- effect of calcuim chromate as an inhibitor on the corrosion of steel by
molybdenum disulphide [ 1351.
CALCIUM COMPLEX GREASES
CALCIUM COMPLEX GREASES

A complex soap is formed when dissimilar hydrocarbon chains in RCOO- radicals
48 zy
are attached to the same molecule. Soaps are not present in greases in a simple
form. They exist in association with water, salts, and other compounds with
which they often co-crystallize [437]. Calcium complex greases were the first
zyxwvuts
true complex soap greases. They are made using a calcium stearate-acetate soap
compound. Their drop points are over 2500C. They can maintain consistency
even a t high temperatures and they have inherent extreme pressure properties.
However, they harden with temperature and have poor low temperature
properties. Some calcuim complex greases include lead compounds.
- properties, evaluation and optimum composition of a calcium-lead complex
grease [196].
- effect of heat on the friction of steel sliding on steel lubricated with calcium
complex greases [212].
- manufacture of calcium hydroxystearate complex greases and comparison of
their properties to 5 other greases [250],
- properties of calcium complex greases and effect of acetic acid on them [297].
- chemical and physical properties of calcium complex greases and their
performance characteristics [323, 4371.
CALCIUM FLUORIDE
CaF
White powder.
mp 1402OC; density 3.18.zyxw
Insoluble in water; soluble in ammonium salts.
calcium salt and sodium fluoride.

Bp approx. 25OOOC;
I t is derived, e.g. by the interaction of a soluble
high-temperature d r y film lubricant.

Highly toxic and irritating.
Mixed powders of calcium fluoride and metal can be deposited by plasma arc
Used a s a
spraying to form a composite coating on wrought metal surfaces.

-
zyxwvu
effect of film thickness on the friction coefficient of calcium fluoride [go].
- friction and wear behaviour of thin, sintered fluoride films of calcium fluoride
bonded with mono-aluminium phosphate [ 1611.
- ae a high-temperature solid lubricant material for use in corrosive
environment s 116091.
CALCIUM GREASES
The conventional types of calcium greases have good mechanical stability, a
smooth buttery texture and a r e water resistant, with drop points around 1OOOC.
They are water-stabilised.
49 zy
zyxwvutsrq CALCIUM STEARATE
There is also a type of calcium grease made with hydroxy-fatty acids which ia
anhydrous and does not depend on water for stabilisation.
CALCIUM HYDROXIDE
Ca(OH)2
Soft, white crystalline powder. Soluble in glycerine and acids; very slightly
zyxw
soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol. Density 2.34. It is toxic by inhalation and
skin irritating, Derived by action of water on calcium oxide. Calcium hydroxide
is unusual in that iTs solubility decreases with increasing temperature. I t is
used in calcium grease manufacture. It can also be used for the preparation of
lubricating mineral oil suspensions and pastes.
- lubricating properties of mineral oil with calcium hydroxide 11061.
- infrared spectroscopic investigation of calcium hydroxide in mineral oils and
greases 11471.
CALCIUM-LEAD-COMPLEX GREASE
See: CALCIUM COMPLEX GREASES.
CALCIUM NAPHTHENATE
(C l&7C02 )zCa
Soap of napthenic acids. Sticky mass; insoluble in water; soluble in benzene,
gasoline, carbon tetrachloride and ether. Density 0.93 (4% metal), 0.97 (5% metal).
It can be used a s a motor oil detergent.
CALCIUM PALMITATE
(C ,H3 C o t ) 2Ca
White or pale yellow powder. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol and
ether. I t is produced by reacting a soluble palmitate with a soluble salt. Used
for manufacture of greases and a s a thickener for lubricating oils.
CALCIUM RICINOLEATE
ICH3(CH2)&H(OH)CH2-CH=CH. (CH2) ,CO2I2Ca
White powder. Mp 84OC; density 1.04. Slightly toxic. I t is derived from castor
oil. Used in greases and lubricants.
CALCIUM STEARATE
(Cl 7H3~C02)2Ca
White powder. Mp 179OC. Insoluble in water. Widely used a s a d r y powder in
wire drawing.
CALCIUM SULPHONATES zy 50
temperatures.
-
zyxwvut
CALCIUM SULPHONATES
Normal or basic sulphonates comprising calcium.
neutralisation of
[1265].
basic oil-soluble
They are used a s detergents to
reduce or prevent deposits from lubricating oils in engines operated a t high
calcium sulphonates by carboxylic acids
CAM-FOLLOWER SYSTEM
A component which imparts a linkage between a cam and the valve it operates.
Cams are revolving parts of special design (eccentric shafts) which provide
motion to lifters (tappets) contacting them. The system is widely used in
engineering, mostly in the automotive valve train.
- role of wear in the failure of cam-follower systems 19851.
- cams and tappets: performance and materials [15571.
CAMS
Eccentric shafts used in most internal combustion engines to open and close
valves. Generally, they can be divided into two types: uniform motion cams and
uniformly accelerated motion cams.
CARBIDES
Compounds of carbon and a metal. Being extremely hard materials they are
used in the manufacture of cutting tips for machining. Titanium and tungsten
carbides are also used a s deposited coatings to enhance wear resistance of
tribological surfaces.
See also: CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION and specific carbides.
- friction and wear of RF-sputtered carbides t11431.
- developments in cemented carbides [1577].
- alloy bonded carbides produced by powder metallurgy 115781.
- sliding characteristics of carbides a t up to 2000°F [1607].
- frictional properties of carbides from room temperature to 2OOOOC [16081.
CARBONACEOUS DEPOSITS
Particles of carbon, or of material of high carbon content which are the result of
decomposition of organic matter or vapours by an electric discharge or are
generated externally to the contact system but arrive a t the contacts as a
contaminant.
51
CARBON BLACK
Black., amorphous powder. Density 1.8 -
zy
zyxwv2.1.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Carbon black is usually produced

by the incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of natural gas or
petroleum oil. I t is insoluble and infusible. Carbon black is used a s a filler in
lubricating greases. Certain grades actually provide a grease structure.
Other uses include abrasion resistant rubber products.
CARBON-FIBRE-REINFORCED MATERIALS
See: COMPOSITES, GRAPHlTE-FIBRE-REINFORCED MATERIALS.
CARBONITRIDING
A diffusion coating treatment for a steel surface introducing carbon and nitrogen
into the outer surface so that it can be hardened. I t is a heat treatment
process carried out with suitable gases such as carbon monoxide and ammonia.
Normally, the carbonitrided steel is quench hardened.
CARBONIZATION
See: CARBURISING.
CARBON STEELS
Ferrous alloys containing 0.25 to 1.65 per cent carbon.
See also: CAST IRON, STAINLESS IRON, STEELS.
- lubricants for metalworking and cutting of carbon steels [9511.
- effect of surface hardness of carbon steels [9511.
- classification, glossary, illustrated case histories concerning corrosion
phenomena [ 16171.
- tribological behaviour of medium carbon steel a s a function of material
properties, kinematics and lubrication [17211.
CARBON TETRACHLORIDE
Colourless liquid insoluble in water; miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene and
most of the fixed volatile oils. I t is higly toxic and decomposes to phosgene a t
high temperatures. Bp 76.74OC; f p -23OC; d$6 1.585. Used as a cutting fluid.
- thickness of the reaction layer on the chips resulting from steel drilling
ueing carbon tetrachloride [361.
- tested as a cutting fluid additive [45].
- tested as a boundary lubricant [366].
- an anionic action mechanism of carbon tetrachloride [480].
zyxwvu
zyxwvuzy
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
-
-
action of carbon tetrachloride during curring [494],
a s a model cutting fluid in machining 19211.
52
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
zyxwvutsr
Organic acids composed chiefly of alkylene and alkyl groups (CH,,
in a straight chain, terminating in a carboxyl radical (-COOH). They may be
saturated and unsaturated and include fatty acids.
CH,) usually
Some carboxylic acids and/or
zyxwvut
their soaps a r e used as lubricant components.
zyxwvutsr
See also: FATTY ACIDS.
chemisorption of carboxylic acids [16201.
CARBURIS ING
A diffusion coating treatment for a steel surface introducing carbon into the
outer surface so that it can be hardened.
out with a suitable carbonaceous material.
I t is a heat treatment process carried
Normally, the carbonised steel is
quench hardened.
CASE HARDENING
Hardening a ferrous alloy so that the outer portion or case is made substantially
harder than the inner portion or core. Typical processes used for case
hardening are carburising, cyaniding, carbonitriding, nitriding, induction
hardening, and flame hardening.
CAST IRON
Generic name for a group of metals that a r e basically ternary alloys of carbon
and iron with silicon. The borderline between steel and cast iron is 2% carbon,
which is the carbon content of saturated austenite. Most cast irons have at
least 3% total carbon and usually the upper limit is 3.8 to 4%. C a s t irons are
extensively used for tribological elements, including bearings which can operate
at low speeds and light loads.
- cavitation erosion of cast iron in salt water [5571.
- effect of temperature on cavitation erosion 15601.
- study of cavitation erosion in four cast irons 15631.
- wear characteristics of cast irons 16031.
- effect of load and speed on wear of grey cast iron [11451.
- prow formation in wear of cast iron against steel [1146].
- specification for abrasion-resistant cast irons [ 11471.
- slitting behaviour of cast irons [1148].
- machining cast iron [1158].
53
-
zy
zyxwvu CATASTROPHIC WEAR
influence of heat treatment on the wear of three cast iron; gouging abrasion
of alloy white cast irons [1745].
CASTOR OIL
Pale-yellowish or nearly colourless liquid. Soluble in alcohol, benzene and
carbon disulphide. Solidifies at lOOC d$g 0.945 - 0.965. Slightly toxic. Castor
oil is derived from the seeds of castor beans. This vegetable oil is still an
important component of some lubricants designed for special applications. Being
composed of the glyceryl ester of ricinoleic acid it has the moat attractive
properties of all the lubricating oils, such as the ability to provide low friction
coefficient, high viscosity, relatively slow migration from hot metal surfaces and
a limited effect on natural rubber. I t s application in modern lubricants is made
possible by the use of oxidation inhibitors which prevent an excessive
production of polymeric gums and acids from the oil during friction. Its
derivatives a r e used in the production of greases.
I t is also used in cold rolling of steel.
See also: 12-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID, FATTY OILS.
- fatigue tests on castor oil [1921.
- evaluation of its boundary lubrication characteristics [479].
CATALYSIS
The process of acceleration of the rate of a chemical reaction under the
influence of certain substances which participate in the reaction but remain
unaltered. The rate of reactions accompanying a tribological process is usually
accelerated by metals.
- methods and results of catalysis studies related to boundary lubrication
t16201.
CATALYST
A substance which by its m e r e presence accelerates a chemical or tribological
reaction without appearing in the end product.
CATASTROPHIC WEAR
Sudden surface damage, deterioration or change of shape caused by wear to
such an extent that the life of the part is appreciably shortened or action is
impaired [503].
CATIONIC EMULSION
CATIONIC EMULSION
An emulsion in which the emulsifying system establishes a predominance of
54 zy
positive charges on the discontinuous phase.
CAVITATION EROSION
Wear of a solid body moving relatively to a liquid in a region of collapsing
zyxwv
vapour bubbles which cause local high impact p r e s s u r e or temperatures. I t may
be intensified by chemical reaction.
See also: FLUID EROSION
cavitation erosion in a thin film [1671.
nature and mechanism of cavitation [4111.
vibratory cavitation erosion tests on bearing alloys [493].
general discussion of cavitation erosion [ 5541.
new alloys resistant to cavitation erosion 15-55].
cavitation erosion of metals and alloys [556].
cavitation erosion of cast iron and steels in salt water [5571.
cavitation erosion of stainless steels [ 5581.
cavitation erosion of titanium [559].
effect of temperature on cavitation erosion of cast iron [560].
cavitation erosion; size scale effects [561].
cavitation erosion of plain bearings [5621.
cavitation erosion of cast iron, effect of mechanical properties on erosion
resistance [5631.
study of cavitation erosion of metals and alloys in a viscous mineral oil [922].
effect of plating (carbon steel) on cavitation erosion [923].
cavitation erosion of hard chromium plating on steel [924].
CAVITATION WEAR
The wear caused by impact of fluids a t high velocities.
See also: CAVITATION EROSION, WEAR.
- nature and mechanics of cavitation wear [532, 5381.
CEMENTITE
See: IRON CARBIDE.
55
CENTRE-LINE
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
In roughness measurement, a line conforming to the prescribed geometical form
CERAMICS
of the profile throughout the sampling length, such that the sump of the areas
contained between it and those parts of the profile which lie on either side of it
a r e equal 15031.
zyxwvut
CENTRE-LINE AVERAGE (C.L.A.)
A British measure of surface topography representing the average departure of
a line yzofile of the surface from the centre-line [5031.
See a!so: PEAK-TO-VALLEY AVERAGE.
CENTRE-LINE HEIGHT
The perimeter of a half a bearing shell.
CERAMIC COATINGS
zyxwv
Thin layer deposits of ceramic materials, e.g. nitrides and carbides, on a base
material providing tribologically enhanced surfaces, usually from the point of
view of their wear resistance. Ceramic coatings also complement desirable metal
characteristics with refractory properties.
See also: CERAMICS, SURFACE COATINGS.
- their beneficial effect in the wear process 18461.
- production of tribological ceramic coatings [847].
- chemical structure and properties of ceramic surface f i l m s [9161.
- unlubricated sliding wear of ceramic thermal barrier coatings [925].
- friction and wear mechanisms of plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings 19261.
- dry and lubricated tribological behaviour of plasma-sprayed coatings
under 450% [11571.
CERAMICS
Hard, wear resistant materials manufactured from minerals or synthesized from
inorganic chemicals providing refractory properties such a s chemical inertness,
insulation, thermal stability and erosion resistance. The most important are
nitrides (e.g. silicon nitride), carbides (e.g. silicon carbide) and oxides (e.g.
synthetic diamond, synthetic sapphire and partially stabilised zirconia). Ceramic
materials have been used for tribological components, specifically for modern
engine components since they meet the requirements for engine durability and
thermal efficiency.
See also: CERAMIC COATINGS.
- adhesion and friction of ceramics [5371.
CERESINE WAX zyxwvuts
zy
friction, wear and lubrication of ceramics [8481.
survey of ceramic bearing materials [849].
56
tribological application of ceramics to rolling element bearings 18501.

wear and fracture resistance of ceramic cutting tools [851].
surface interactions of ceramics 18521.
wear behaviour assessment of ceramics [853].
erosion mechanisms in ceramics [854].
friction and wear behaviour of toughened ceramics [915].
unlubricated sliding wear of thermal insulating ceramics [9251.
lubrication of high-temperature ceramics [927].
wear and frictional characteristics of fine ceramics [9281.
s l u r r y erosion of ceramics 19291.
sliding wear of ceramics [930].
sliding wear mechanisms of single-crystal ceramic materials [931].
surface damage of four commercial ceramics [9321.
microstructure effects on wear of ceramics [9331.
lubricated friction and wear of several ceramics 19341.
fundamentals of the wear of ceramics, wear mechanisms [1619].
CERESINE WAX
White or yellow waxy cake.
naphtha.
wax is derived by
Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, benzene,
I t is less soluble in organic solvents than paraffin.
ceresine wax has the greatest affinity for oil.
Ceresine purification of ozocerite
concentrated sulphuric acid and filtration through animal charcoal.
by
haa hydrocarbons different from those found in paraffin wax, giving it unique
zy
Of all the waxes
Mp 68-73OC; density 0.92 -
treatment
0.94.
with
Ceresine wax
physical properties. It is used in lubricating compounds, petrolatum and

impregnating agents.
CERMETS
Composite engineering materials made u p of ceramic and metallic components. As
such, they combine the heat and oxidation resistance of t h e former with t h e
strength of the latter. C e r m e t s a r e produced by powder metallurgy techniques.
The most important industrial cermets a r e those based on titanium carbide and
aluminium oxide. Cermets a r e used in a number of applications, including
components of tribological systems.
See also: COMPOSITES.
51
-
-
zyxwvu zy
zyxwvutsrqp
basic information on cermets [482].
slury erosion of tungsten carbide-cobalt cermets [929].
C-ETHERS
- structure, properties, application of molybdenum/zirconia based cermets

[11491.
CETANE
CHs(CH2J 14.CH3
Colourless liquid. Mp 18.1OC; b p 286.5OC; d$4 0.7734. Soluble in alcohol, acetone
and ether; insoluble in water. Very often used a s a model paraffin base oil.
- effect of cetane on fatigue life for additive blends [1141.
1-CETENE
CHs(CH2) 13CH:CH2
Colourless liquid. Density 0.7825; mp 2.2OC. Insoluble in water; soluble in
alcohol, ether and petroleum. A s a lubricant it is better than cetane.
- investigated a s a lubricant for nickel, chromium and stainless steels [1159].
CETYL ALCOHOL
CH,(CH, 11,OH
A fatty alcohol. White, waxy solid. Density 0.8176 (5OOC); mp 49.3OC.
Insoluble in water. Used a s a friction reducing agent, foam stabiliser in
detergents and raw material for the production of synthetic esters.
- antiwear properties of cetyl alcohol [992].
C-ETHERS
C6H,OC6H,SC,H,OC6H, t C6H,SC6H,SC6H,SC6H,
C-ethers are structurally related to the polyphenylethers. They form a
promising class of fluids for possible high temperature applications. They have
good oxidation stability, excellent thermal stability, high surface tension and low
pour points. Their main deficiencies a r e poor boundary lubricating ability and
poor wetting characteristics.
- properties of C-ethers evaluated by means of optical elastohydrodynamics
[661*
- friction and wear measurements on steel lubricated with 6 C-ethers containing
phosphorous ester and organic acid derivatives 13183.
- effect of oxygen on boundary lubricating characteristics of C-ethers 14571.
- boundary lubrication with five C-ether formulated fluids “7451.
CHAMBERED BEARINGS
CHAMBERED BEARINGS
Externally-pressurised bearings with several chambers fed by individual inlet
58 zy
and exhaust passages [5031.
zyxwvu
CHANNELING (1)
The tendency of a grease or vicous oil to form air channels in a bearing or gear
system, resulting in an incomplete lubricant film [5031.
CHANNELING ( 2 )
The tendency of a grease to form a channel by working down in a bearing or
distribution system, leaving shoulders to act a s a reservoir and seal [5031.
CHASING
A metalworking process of cutting screw threads by moving a properly shaped
tool along the axis of the work to be threaded.
CHATTER
Elastic vibrations originating from frictional or other instability.
CHECKING
Very fine irregular cracks in a coating or a t a metal surface generated mainly a s
a result of thermal treatment or thermal cycling.
zyxwv
CHELATE COMPOUNDS
Compounds in which a heterocyclic ring contains a metal ion attached by
covalent bonds to a t least two nonmetal ions in the same molecule. Some chelate
compounds are known to improve the tribological properties of lube oils and
greases, e.g. copper 8-hydroxyquinolate.
- as a new type of lubricant additive [lOOO].
- tribochemistry of Sn(I1) and Sn(IV) organic chelate compounds and their
tribological behaviour [ 10181.
CHELATING AGENT
A compound capable of forming a chelate compound with a metal ion.
CHEMICAL CONVERSION COATINGS

See: CONVERSION COATINGS.
59
CHEMICAL ETCHING
CHEMISORPTION (CHEMICAL ADSORPTION)
The dissolution of the material of a surface by subjecting it to the corrosive

zy
action of an acid or an alkali.
See also: ETCHANTS. ETCHING
CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSlTION ICVD)

A surface treatment process improving wear resistance of tribological mating
zyx
elements by the deposition of a very dense, hard and well-adhering coating.
The coating is formed on the surface of a substrate by reaction of gaseous
compounds a t reduced pressure and a temperature of about 1000°C. The most
suitable substrate materials are steels. The CVD layer thickness is limited to
about lorn, because thicker layers build up unacceptable stresses.
- basic information on CVD technology [1064, 11611.
- CVD tungsten carbide coatings [11591.
- application of CVD in tribology [11601.
- effect of a CVD on load-carrying capacity of elastohydrodynamic and
boundary lubricant films [ 11621.
CHEMICAL WEAR
see: CORROSIVE WEAR.
CHEMILUMINESCENCE
The emission of light a s a result of a chemical reaction a t environmental
temperatures.
- chemiluminescence of fuels and lubricants: a review [1551].
CHEMISORPTION (CHEMICAL ADSORPTION)

The binding of an absorbate to the surface of a solid by forces whose energy
levels approximate those of a chemical bond.
- chemisorption of some EP and antiwear additives on iron surfaces [301.
- effect of chemisorption on adhesion and friction [535].
- theory of chemisorption [541].
- chemisorption of halogens on solids 15651.
- chemisorption of hydrides and oxides of nitrogen on metal surfaces [566].
- chemisorption studies of hydrocarbons and carboxylic acids: a literature
survey [16201.
CHIPPING
CHIPPING
A wear mode consisting in the formation of chips from transgranular cracks
normal to a sliding surface [16191.
60 zy
CHLORINATED DIPHENYLS
Chlorinated diphenyls a r e insoluble in water, glycerol and t h e glycols. The oils
a r e soluble in many common organic solvents. Mixtures of chlorinated diphenyls
do not react with acids, alkalies or water under normal conditions. Chlorinated
diphenyls find application a s lubricants under extreme conditions, such a s highly
oxidising, high temperatures and extreme pressures. Due to their good fire
zyxwvutsr
resistance the chlorinated diphenyl fluids have been used as electrical oils in
transformers and, in combination with phosphate oils, in various fire-resistant
lubricating oils and hydraulic fluids. Extreme pressure lubricants can be
prepared by adding u p to 15% of chlorinated diphenyls to petroleum hydrocarbon
oils.
- cavitation erosion and physical properties for chlorinated diphenyls [ 1671.
- 4-ball fatigue t e s t s on chlorinated diphenyls [205].
CHLORINATED HYDROCARBONS
See: KALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.
CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS
Lubricants containing a chlorine compound which reacts with a rubbing surface
a t elevated temperatures to protect i t from sliding damage [503].
See also: SULPHO-CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS, SULPHURIZED LUBRICANTS.
CHLORINATED PARAFFINS
Paraffin oils or waxes (petroleum wax) in which some of the hydrogen atoms have
been replaced by chlorine. Because of their viscous nature, their compatibility
with oils, and gradual liberation of HCQ a t high temperatures, chlorinated
paraffins a r e particularly effective a s extreme pressure lubricant additives.
Chlorinated paraffin waxes (40 to 60% chlorine) and chlorinated paraffin wax
sulphides) a r e the most widely used chlorine-containing EP additives. The
condensation products of chlorinated paraffins with aromatic compounds a r e also
used a s pour-point depressants. The condensation products of some of t h e
C,,-C,, chlorinated paraffin waxes with benzene, toluene or xylenes, are
excellent lubricants. They are also used in high-pressure lubricants. Certain
chlorinated paraffins have been used to improve t h e properties of cutting,
drawing and rolling oils.
61
- zyxwvu z
zyxwvutsrqp
chlorinated paraffins tested a s a n EP cutting oil additive in a mixure with
or ganosulphur additives [42 I.
CHLOROBENZENE
- chlorinated paraffins tested a s EP cutting oil additives 1451.

- effect of base oil refining on chlorinated waxes a s an antiwear additive 1651.
- chlorinated wax in 4-ball studies on additive blend fatigue [1141.
- effect of chlorinated wax on fatige [1641.
- fatigue tests on chlorinated was [1921.
- effects of chlorinated wax on friction [ 2 l l l .
CHLORINATED WAXES
See: HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.
CHLORINE ADDITIVES
Typical EP additives. The most important products a r e chlorinated paraffin
waxes and chlorinated paraffin wax sulphides. The effectiveness of chlorine
additives is due to the formation of the corresponding chloride on the metallic
surface of the mating pair. Chlorine additives a r e used in the formulation of
lubricating oils, particularly gear oils, and metalworking lubricants, primarily
cutting Oils. The cutting effectiveness of blends containing chlorine additives
can be explained in terms of their ability to form a low-shear chloride film on
the rake face - chip interface. This function appears to be controlled by the
carbon-chlorine bond strength in the additive, which in increasing order was
found to be benzyl chloride < tertiary chloride < secondary chloride < primary
chloride < aryl chloride 1451. Blends containing mixtures of certain
organiochlorine and organosulphur compounds in a paraffin oil have been shown
to be generally superior to blends containing either component a t the same total
concentration of active element in cutting and load-carrying tests [421.
See also: CHLORINATED PARAFFINS.
1-(3-CHLOROALLYL)-3,5,7-TRIAZA-l-AZONIAADAMANTANE CHLORIDE
C& zN,(CHzCHCHC~)C~
White to cream-coloured powder. Soluble in water and methanol. Used a s a
biocide.
- tested as a biocide for aqueous metalworking fluids 1631.
CHLOROBENZENE
C,H,CQ
Colourlees liquid, insoluble in water; soluble in alcohols; miscible in all
proportions with ethers, alcohols, aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It
dissolves oils, waxes, fats, etc.
zyxwv
zy
zyxwvu
4-CHLORO-3.5-DIMETHYLPHENOL 62
PeCP,) and distilling off.

B p 131.5OC; mp -45.21%
- load-carrying capacity of chlorobenzene [ 35 1.
-
-
chlorobenzene tested
compounds [42].
zyxw
It is derived by chlorination of benzene in the presence of a catalyst (iron,
as an EP additive in oils containing organosulphur
chlorobenzene tested a s a cutting oil additive [451.
4-CHLORO-3,5-DIMETHYLPHENOL
ICH,),C,H,(OH)CQ
Bp 246OC; mp 115OC. Soluble in ethanol and isopropyl alcohol; slightly soluble in
benzene and glycerine; relatively insoluble in water. It i s relatively nontoxic,
noncorrosive, nonirritating. It can be prepared by chlorination of
3,5-dimethylphenol with SO,CQ, in chloroform solution or with chlorine in acetic
acid solution.
- tested a s a biocide for metalworking fluids 1631.
CHLOROFLUOROCARBON POLYMERS
Low-molecular weight synthetic lubricants. They a r e predominantly used in
oxidising and corrosive atmospheres in aerospace and industrial applications.
2-CHLOROPROPIONIC ACID or 2-CHLOROPROPANOIC ACID

CH,.CH( CQ).CO,H
Crystals. Mp 41%; bp 183 - 187OC; dso 1.260 - 1.268.
Soluble in water. Combustible.
- examined a s a n EP additive for water-based cutting fluids.
CHROMIUM ( C r )
Steel-grey, hard metal. Density 7.19; mp about 1875. I t exhibits very good
corrosion resistance due to a surface oxide layer which passivates the metal
when treated with oxidising agents. Chromium compounds a r e toxic. Chromium
is used to produce stainless steels and alloys. I t i s also used in plating on
metals for corrosion prevention.
See also: CHROMIUM PLATING.
- electroplated chromium tested in d r y and lubricated friction [550].
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of chromium [8401.
63
CHROMIUM CARBIDE
z
zyxwvu
CLAY
zyxwvuts
Cr3C2
Crystals. Density 6.65; mp 1890OC. Resistance to acids. Very high oxidation
resistance. Excellent wear resistance and thermal stability. I t s high friction
coefficient in sliding contacts can be reduced if solid lubricants are blended
with it. Used a s a spray coating material.
- friction and wear studies on self-lubricating chromium-carbide-based
composite coatings [ 10671.
CHROMIUM PLATING
An electrolytic process of depositing chromium on metal surfaces. Chromium
plating provides a protection against corrosion and increases surface wear
resistance.
- electroplated chromium tested in dry and lubricated friction [550].
- cavitation erosion of hard chromium plating on steel [924].
- friction and wear of chromium plating: role of laboratory data in coating
selection and design [1155].
CHROMIUM STEELS
Generally, the term refers to any steel containing chromium a s a predominant
alloying element. However, the name normally describes hard, wear-resisting
steels that derive the properties chiefly from the chromium content.
- wear resistance improvement of chromium steels [1722].
CHROMIZING
A diffusion coating surface treatment process of a steel piece with chromium.
This process converts the surface into a high chromium containing alloy.
CIRCULAR STEP BEARINGS

Flat circular hydrostatic bearings with a central circular recess [503].
See also: STEP BEARINGS.
CLAY
An earthy or strong mineral aggregate consisting essentially of hydrous silicates
or alumina, plastic when sufficiently pulverised and wetted, rigid when dry, and
vitreous when fired to a sufficiently high temperature.
CLAY GREASES
CLAY GREASES
zyxwvuts
zy
Montmorillonite clays, called bentonites, are used to produce high-temperature
64
greases. Generally, the clays are modified by surface acitivation so that they
can absorb and retain oils. Usually, the activation is carried out by reacting
the clays with cyclic amines, such a s an aqueous solution of imidazolines, or
zyx
quarternary amines [3231. They will not melt even when subjected to
temperatures a s high a s 300OC; however, they are not very stable when
mechanically worked and are susceptible to compatibility problems when mixed
with other clay greases. Usually, they are used for sliding friction. Clay
grease containing esters may be used for rolling bearings.
- Properties, application and importance [746].
CLEARANCE
See: BEARING CLEARANCE
CLEARANCE RATIO
The ratio of radial clearance to shaft radius in a bearing.
CLOUD POINT
The temperature expressed a s a multiple of l0C a t which a cloud or haze of wax
crystals appears a t the bottom of the test jar when the oil is cooled under
prescribed conditions.
COATINGS
See: CERAMIC COATINGS, SURFACE COATINGS.
COBALT (Co)
Steel-grey, hard, ductile metal. Density 8.9; m p 1495OC. Readily undergoes
corrosion in air. Used in alloys and electroplating.
- abrasive wear mechanisms in cobalt-base alloys [835].
- detailed study on cobalt and its alloys [1163].
- wear of cobalt alloys used for nuclear components [11641.
COBALT CHLORIDE
COC!?,
Blue crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Density 3.348. Used in
electroplating and a s a solid lubricant.
65
zyxwvut zy
zyxwvutsrqp
COBALT DI-t-AMYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
{IcH,CH,C(cH, ) 201 ZPsJ * co

COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION

- its antiwear, antioxidation and anticorrosion properties [43].
COBALT TETRACARBONYL
W C O 1,
Orange or dark brown crystals; white when pure. Soluble in common organic
solvents; insoluble in water. Mp 51%; density 1.78. Highly toxic. Derived by
combination of finely divided cobalt with carbon monoxide under pressure. May
be used a s an antifriction, antiwear and antiknock additive.
See also: ORGANOMETALLICS.
- its performance and tribochemistry [44].
COEFFICIENT OF ADHESION
The force required to separate solid surfaces divided by t h e applied load.
COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION
The ratio obtained by dividing t h e tangential force resisting motion between two
zyx
bodies by t h e normal force pressing these bodies together.
1. The friction force F i s often proportional to the force N acting normal to the
boundary, when the surfaces rub together under d r y or boundary lubricated
conditions, but not when the surfaces a r e separated by a full fluid film, a s in
hydrodynamic lubrication, or by a solid lubricant film.
2. F is not proportional to N for denuded metal surfaces or for single contacts
between elastically deformed bodies [503].
See also: DYNAMIC FRICTION, LIMITING STATIC FRICTION, STATIC FRICTION.
- effect of additive chain length on friction coefficient in boundary lubrication
[553].
- detailed discussion [567].
- evolution of the notion and its usefulness [935].
- friction coefficient values for various materials: high sliding speed tests [936].
- coefficient of static friction under static and dynamically applied loads for
various combinations of metallic surfaces [1610].
- calculations of the coefficient of friction [1612].
COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION zy 66
COEFFICIENT OF TRACTION
zyxwvu
A ratio of the tractive force a t the transfer point to the applied load.
measure of traction, i.e. the transfer of torque between two rolling surfaces
I t is the
zyxwvutsr
loaded against each other.
- values of coefficient of traction for synthetic fluids [4511.
- factors affecting tractive coefficients of friction [4521.
COEFFICIENT O F WEAR (Kw)

A dimensionless number appearing in the equation
relating the volume of material loss (V) to the product of the load ( L ) and the
distance of sliding ( S ) divided by the flow pressure of the softer material (Pm).
Kw should not be regarded a s a constant f.5031.
- analytical prediction of wear coefficients of metals [824].
- discussion of wear coefficients [ 14301.
COHESION
The state in which the particles of a single substance are held together by
primary or secondary valence forces. In the adhesive field, the state in which
the particles of the adhesive (or the adherent) are held together.
COHESIVE WEAR
Cohesive wear processes are those mechanisms which involve the dissipation of
frictional work and its resultant damage in relatively large volumes adjacent to
the interface. Abrasion and fatigue wear induced by stresses are within this
category. These mechanisms are controlled by the cohesive strength or
toughness of the polymer [470].
- cohesive wear of organic polymers: fundamental aspects and literature review
[470].
COLD CRANKING SIMULATOR (CCS)

An intermediate shear rate viscometer which predicts the ability of a lubricating
oil to permit a satisfactory cranking speed to be developed in a cold engine.
COLD DRAWING
Reducing the cross section by pulling through a dye or dyes, a t a temperature
lower than the recrystallisation temperature.
61 zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutzy
See also: DRAWING
- lubricants for cold drawing of metals [629].
COMPACTS
COLD REDUCTION
The process of reducing the thickness of the s t r i p cold, accomplished by one
rolling through a series of four-high mills arranged in tandem.
COLD ROLLING
A metal forming process based on t h e plastic deformation of a metal using rolls
at a temperature low enough to cause lasting strain hardening. Uniform cooling
of rolls is important. Too low a friction is not desired as the rolls may fail to
draw the stock through the mill.
See also: ROLLING.
- grading of cold rolling lubricants [627].
- SEM evaluation of boundary lubrication of 3 lubricants used in cold rolling of
steel [749].
- circulating systems for lubricating coolants in cold rolling of steel [1178].
COLD WORK
Controlled mechanical operations for changing the form o r cross-section of a
product and for producing a strain hardened product a t temperatures below the
recrysallisation temperature.
COLD WORKED STRUCTURE

A microstructure resulting from plastic deformation of a metal or alloy below its
recrystallisation temperature.
COLLAR OILER
A wick lubrication device in the form of a collar whereby wipers a r e usually
provided to direct the oil into the bearing.
COLLOIDAL SILICAS
Nonsoap inorganic thickeners widely used in lubricating greases.
See also: SILICA GREASES.
COMPACTS
In tribology, compacted solid lubricants prepared by mixing molybdenum
disulphide with small particles of m e t a l oxides or sulphides, e.g. MOO,, SbzO,,
SbzS,.
- tribological properties of molybdenum disulphide compacts [1156, 11651.
COMPATIBILITY
COMPATIBILITY
zy
zyxw
In friction and wear an indication of the resistance to adhesive wear of a given
combination of materials. Materials which show & running properties are
68
called compatible, materials which show bad running properties are called
incompatible [503].
See also: LUBRICANT COMPATIBILITY, METALLURGICAL COMPATIBILITY,
COMPLEX SOAP GREASES

A complex soap can be formed by attachment of dissimilar RCOO- radicals to the
same molecule, Usually salts of aliphatic acids with carbon numbers varying
from C, to C,, can be complexed. Generally, calcium, aluminium and lithium
complex greases have been manufactured. They are water-resistant and have
very high drop points (200-3OOOC). Usually, they are used for rolling bearings;
however, they are also suitable for multipurpose applications.
Other complex greases are based on barium and strontium. The former provide
good heat stability protection.
- physical and chemical properties [437].
- viscoelastic behaviour of the greases [1613].
COMPOSITE BEARING MATERIALS

Materials in which the solid lubricant is dispersed throughout the structure.
They are advantageous when long lubricant life is required. In some cases a
thin bonded solid lubricant coating is used a s an overlay on the self-lubricating
composite materials.
See also: BEARING MATERIALS, COMPOSITES.
- self-lubricating composites as bearing materials for space applications [612].
- metallic, plastic and composite bearing materials 17671.
COMPOSITE COATINGS
Completely nonmetallic coatings which are of interest because of the problems
caused by oxidation of the metal matrix coatings. I t has been reported that
plasma-sprayed coatings of nickel oxide containing about 15% calcium fluoride
have good high-temperature wear resistance [ 14171.
COMPOSITES
A mixture or mechanical combination of two or more physically and chemically
distinct, mutually insoluble materials which are solid in the finished state.
Composite materials provide properties and/or performance which are superior
to those of the individual materials.
69 zy
zyxwvutsrqp COMPOSITES
For example, steel coated with a layer of ceramic combines the strength of steel
with the excellent insulation property, chemical inertnkss, wear resistance and
thermal stability of the ceramic. The most important types of composites are:
(i) cermets, (ii) reinforced plastics principally of carbon and glass fibre and a
thermosetting resin, (iii) filled composites. The term also encompasses natural
materials, e.g. bone and wood. Bonded films are often included in composites.
See also: COMPOSITE BEARING MATERIALS.
wear of aluminium-corundum composites: effect of corundum particle content
[3811.
basic information on composite materials [4821.
friction and wear of composites [5101.
self-lubricating composites a s bearing materials for space applications 16121.
zyxwv
wear of polymeric composites [6861.
discussion of self-lubricating composites [705].
friction and wear of a carbon-carbon composite [771].
review of self-lubricating composites used in extreme environments 18141.
surface interactions of composites [ 8521.
design and applications of graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites
[865].
effect of temperature, load and sliding speed on tribological properties of
graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [869].
friction and wear of water-lubricated polymer composites [880].
role of wear debris in the wear of some polymer composites 18811.
reinforced plastics, metal-based, carbon-carbon, and thin-layer composites:
achievements and prospects [8871.
microstructure effects on wear of composites [933].
erosive wear of polymer matrix composites 19471.
a comprehensive study of various types and aspects of polymer composites
[9551.
friction and wear of graphite-fibre-reinforced glass matrix composites [990].
friction and wear of graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [ 10333.
wear rates of fibrous polymer composites in water and oil lubricants 110361.
self-lubricating chromium carbide-based composite coatings [ 10671.
effect of fillers on friction and wear of PTFE-based composites [ 10951.
friction and wear of PTFE-polyetheretherketone composites [ 11031.
composite self-lubricating bearing materials [ 11391.
correlation of wear with oxidation of carbon-carbon composites [ 11661.
wear characteristics of graphite-epoxy composites [ 11671.
wear of plastic composites a t high temperatures [ 11681.
-
-
z
zyxwvu
COMPOUNDING
fluoride-metal composites [1169].

effect of fibre orientation on abrasive wear of polymer composites [1170].
70
- friction and wear of two composites having the same matrix material [1171].
- friction and wear of two high-temperature self-lubricating composites [ 11721.
- plastic-based self-lubricating composites: properties, applications, testing
[16111.
- tests and properties of polymeric composite material cages for rolling bearing
lubrication [1626].
- wear characteristics of some fluorocarbon composites [1627].
COMPOUNDING
The compounding of a lubricant refers to those chemical and especially physical
methods which are used to modify the lubricant properties in accordance with
specific performance, appearance, or economic requirements. Generally, this
involves the incorporation of certain additives such that a homogeneous mixture
or dispersion is produced.
COMPRESSIBILITY
The reduction in volume of a lubricating oil when presaure is applied. I t is
expressed a s
where dv/dp is the rate of change of volume with pressure and Vo is the initial
volume. Generally, compressibility of lube oils is slightly greater than that of
water and varies, though only to a slight extent, with oil type: aromatic oils tend
to be least compressible, and naphthenic oils most, with paraffinic oils in
between 14201. Glycols have compressiblity only about half that of mineral oils,
and silicones are about three times as compressible a t normal temperatures.
Compressibility increases with an increase in temperature. I t is of great
importance in engineering calculations related to hydraulic systems where bulk
modulus, i.e. the reciprocal of compressibility is commonly used.
- effect of high pressure and temperature on bulk modulus [434, 4351.
CONDITION MONITORING
Extracting information from machines to indicate their condition. The information
is used for planning machine operation and maintenance in order to improve
reliability, safety and economy of operation.
- wear debris monitoring techniques for diesel engines [955].
- lubricant condition monitoring [996].
71
- condition
z
zyxwvutsrqpomonitoring
aspects 111731.
techniques:
CONTACT FATIGUE
application, affectiveness and economical
- diagnosis of tribological systems 111741.

- application of inductively coupled plasma spectrometry to condition monitoring
[1175].
- ferrography for condition monitoring of gas turbines [1176].
- monitoring techniques: analysis of failure modes and effects 112971.
- monitoring schemes and devices for lubricating systems and bearings [13011.
CONE RESITANCE VALUE (CRV)

A measure of the yield stress of a grease, obtained by static indentation with a
cone [503].
See also: PENETRATION.
CONFORMABILITY
The quality of plain bearing material which allows it to adjust itself to shaft
deflections and minor misalignments by deformation or by wearing away of
bearing material withough producing operating difficulties [ 5031.
See also: DEFORMABILITY.
CONFORMAL SURFACES
Surfaces whose centres of curvature are on the same side of the interface [5031.
See also: NON-CONFORMAL SURFACES.
CONSISTENCY
Ability of a grease to resist deformation under the action of an external force. I t
expresaes the softness or hardness of a grease. Consistency is governed mostly
by soap content and type and only secondarily by the viscosity of the oil.
CONTACT ANGLE
1. See: ANGLE OF CONTACT.
2. In lubrication, the angle a t which the surface of a liquid drop meets the
surface of a solid on which it is placed [503].
Should not be confused with the use of this term in surface tension.
CONTACT FATIGUE
See: FATIGUE.
CONTACT METALS
CONTACT METALS
Metals with specific properties used for contact points or surfaces in electrical
72 zy
equipment. The metals have to provide high electrical conductivity, wear
resistance and corrosion resistance. Silver and its alloys a r e widely used a s
contact metals.
CONTACT PRESSURE
The force per unit area of physical contact between two contacts. The area of
physical contact is normally difficult to determine and quite different from the
apparent area of contact.
zyxwvu
CONTAMINANTS
Any unwanted substance that can have deleterious effects on a tribological
system. The presence of contaminants, particularly wear debris, in a
lubricating oil may significantly accelerate its deterioration (catalytic effect) and
increase the wear rate.
- theory, types, analysis, sources, consequences, control and prevention [11771.
CONVERSION COATINGS
Coatings developed on metal surfaces by chemical or electrochemical treatment.
They improve tribological cheracteristics of surfaces and/or provide a reservoir
for lubricant. The conversion coatings a r e applied in metal-forming processes.
One cf the best known treatments for steel i s phosphating.
- cbvelopment and testing of chemical conversion coatings for t h e lubrication of
titanium [16141.
COOLANTS
or oil-based
zyxwvu
1. Liquids or gases applied for heat removal by absorbing and transferring it
away from i t s source.
2. Water-based fluids used in machining. They may be divided
into three groups: (i) t h e straight oil type, (ii) t h e emulsifiable oil type and
(iii) t h e synthetic water-soluble type.
See also: CUTTING FLUIDS.
- drill test technique for evaluation of coolants [501.
- coolants: a product review [343],
- coolants for metal cutting [6321.
- additives for lubricating coolants in metal cutting [7361.
- coolants for motor vehicles [7781.
73
-
zy COPPER ALLOYS
circulating systems for lubricating coolants in cold rolling of steel 111781.

-
-
-
- zyxwvu
preservatives for lubricating coolants [11791.
zyxwvut
specification of lubricating coolants for metal cutting [1180].
coolants for machining processes [11811.
coolants for honing and microfinishing processes [1182].
COPOLYMER
A polymer formed from two types of monomer.
COPPER (Cu)
Reddish, malleable, ductile, nonferrous metal. Density 8.96; mp 1083.2OC.
Excellent electrical conductivity. Copper is more resistant to atmospheric
corrosion than iron, but it exhibits poor corrosion resistance to sulphur and its
compounds, Used mainly for electrical purposes but also in alloys and
electroplated protective coatings.
abrasive wear of copper a t u p to 400OC [383].
three-body abrasive wear t e s t s on copper [512].
d r y and lubricated friction of copper 15501.
pin-on-disk t e s t s on copper [594].
wear characteristics of copper [6031.
lubrication requirements in forming and working copper [6261.
friction and wear of copper under boundary lubrication: effect of dissolved
oxygen [7441.
effect of water vapour on fretting w e a r of copper [8401.
friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with copper [8401.
lubricants for metalworking of copper and its alloys l.9511.
ball-on-disk t e s t s with copper against iron and steel [1183].
frictional behaviour of flat copper surfaces with various roughnesses [ 11841.
illustrated case histories concerning corrosion, causes and remedies [ 16171.
measurement of sliding friction of copper under various conditions 116181.
COPPER ALLOYS
There a r e numerous types of copper alloys. The most important is brass, which
contains copper and zinc in varying proportions. The content of copper in
"yellow brasa" is 62 to 67% in "red brass" 84 to 86% and in "naval brass" 59 to
62%.
See also: BRASSES, BRONZES.
- sliding behaviour of copper alloys [8361.
- lubricants for metalworking and cutting copper alloys [951].
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLATE
factors influencing adhesion of copper alloys [15521.

illustrated case histories concerning corrosion causes and remedies [16171.
74
- wear properties of copper-based bearing alloys [17181.
COPPER 8-HYDROXYQUINOLATE
zyx
See: 8-HYDROXYQUINOLINE,
COPPER LEAD BEARINGS

Bearings produced from a mixture of copper and lead containing from 20 to 40%
of lead. Structurally, lead forms pockets in a copper matrix. A steel backing
is normally used with this combination. The advantages of the bearings are
high load capacity, good fatigue resistance and high temperature performance.
COPPER STEEL CORROSION

A qualitative measure of the tendency of a petroleum product to corrode pure
copper.
CORROSION
Chemical or electrochemical oxidation of the metal surface which can result in
loss of material or accumulation of deposits.
See also: CORROSIVE WEAR, FRETTING CORROSION.
- studies of causes of corrosion [301].
- synergistic effects of abrasion and corrosion during wear [513].
- corrosion responsible for wear in cylinder liners 15151.
- corrosion of sliding bearings [562, 5861.
- effect on wet abrasive erosion of ferrous metals [5681.
- studies of corrosion in rubbing surfacea [747].
- surface treatment for corrosion resistance [748].
- synergism between corrosion and abrasive wear [9371.
- illustrated case histories of corrosion phenomena, causes and remedies,
terminology [1617].
CORROSION FATIGUE
The process in which a metal fractures prematurely under conditions of
simultaneous corroRion and repeated cyclic loading a t lower s t r e s s levels or
fewer cycles than would be required in the absence of the corrosive
environment.
- corrosion fatigue of steel 18961.
75
CORROSION INHIBITORS
Corrosion of tribological elements is largely due to
CORROSION INHIBITORS
products arising from

zy
oxidation of t h e lubricant. Thus, a n y additive that will retard oxidation will, in
turn, reduce corrosion and therefore serve a dual purpose.
Typical corrosion inhibitors coat metal surfaces which is a protection against
acid and peroxide attack. Under favourable conditions these inhibitors notably
reduce the rate of corrosion. This effect is due to the changes brought about
by the inhibitor a t t h e interfacial a r e a s where corrosion takes place. In
corrosion, electrochemical processes occur, setting u p local cells with anodic and
cathodic areas. Inhibitors function by increasing t h e polarisation a t either
anodic or cathodic areas. The polarisation can be due to such factors as:
changes in hydrogen or metal overvoltage values, absorption of a well-oriented
film on the metal, formation of a diffusion barrier, or satisfaction of metal
surface affinities [4821.
The corrosion inhitors most widely used in lube oils are zinc dithiophosphates,
sulphurised terpenes, sulphurised alkenes, dithiocarbamates, triazole and
chelating agents. Benzotriazole and i t s derivatives a r e used to form a surface
layer on copper and silver based alloys by chelation. Dimercaptothiodiazole
derivatives a r e effective in reducing corrosion. Zinc dithiophosphates a r e
used in concentrations of 0.2 to 3.0%. The film formed must adhere tightly to
the surface. I t should not be removed by dispersants or detergents. Some
sulphonates, which act as both detergents and r u s t inhibitors, can be of value
a s corrosion inhibitors. They include basic barium, calcium, or strontium
zyxw
petroleum sulphonates, basic barium dinonyl naphthalene sulphonate, or basic
barium didodecyl sulphonate commonly used in concentrations of 0.05 to 0.5%.
See also: specifc compounds.
a s preservatives for some metalworking fluids [48].
general information on corrosion inhibitors [ 1591.
mechanism of action of corrosion inhibitors [232].
thin-layer chromatographic analysis of corrosion inhibitors [2341.
interaction between corrosion inhibitors and load carrying additives in mineral
oils [331].
patent review on advances since '79 [529].
application and performance in lubricants [5301.
effect of corrosion inhibitors on wet abrasive erosion of ferrous metals [568].
corrosion inhibitors for lubricants, fuels and hydraulic fluids: developments
since '80 [569].
corrosion inhibition mechanism of dinonylnaphthalenesulphonate IlSl61.
CORROSION PRODUCTS
CORROSION PRODUCTS
Products that result from chemical or electrochemical reaction between a metal
76 zy
and i t s environment.
CORROSIVE WEAR
Wear in which chemical or electrochemical reaction with the environment is
significant. Usually, corrosive wear i s a mild form of wear, but i t may become
very serious, especially a t high temperatures or in moist environments.
In some instances, chemical reaction takes place first, followed by t h e removal of
zyxwv
corrosion products by mechanical action; in other instances, mechanical action
takes place first, characterised by the formation of very small debris which
subsequently is chemically transformed; the phenomena may be mutually
enhancing [5031.
See also: OXIDATIVE WEAR, CORROSION.
-
-
-
-
zyxw
oxidation phenomena in corrosive wear [77].
corrosive wear by atmospheric oxygen and moisture [ 8 0 ] .
nature and mechanism of corrosive wear [411].
chemical wear in organic polymers: fundamental aspects and literature
[4701.
survey
- basic information on corrosive wear [532, 5381.

- corrosive wear of steel gasoline-ethanol-water mixtures 17491.
- abrasive-corrosive wear of stainless steels 17501.
- corrosive effect of combustion products on cylinder bore wear [9381.
- factors affecting chemical wear during machining [1416].
CORUNDUM
Aluminium oxide with rhombohedra1 crystals. The term r e f e r s to t h e natural
crystals. Artificial corundum is made by electrical fusing of bauxite which is
mostly composed of hydrated aluminium oxide (AP20,.2H,O). Corundum r a n k s
close to diamond in hardness. Used mainly for grinding and polishing purposes.
- effect of corundum particle content on wear of aluminium [381].
COUNTERBORING
See: BORING.
COUNTERFORMAL SURFACES
See: NON-CONFORMAL SURFACES.
I1
COUNTERSINKING
See: DRILLING.
z
zyxwvutsrqpo CRANKCASE OILS
COUPLERS
Additives used to improve the solubilty of a soap in oil. They a r e often applied
with emulsifiers. The most common coupling agents a r e Carbitol, butyl-Carbitol,
hexylene glycol and methyl cellulose.
COUPLING AGENTS
See: COUPLERS.
COVERAGE
zyxwvut
The surface area to be continously covered by a specific quantity of a particular
material.
CRACK FORMATION
See: CRACKING 2.
CRACKING
1. Thermal decomposition of petroleum or heavy petroleum fractions yielding
zyxwvu
lower- boiling materials.
2. Formation of cracks resulting from contact fatigue. The process includes
crack initiation, crack propagation and flaking out of t h e crack-surrounded
areas.
See also: FATIGUE, PITTING.
- crack nucleation and propagation [8521.
- initiation of cracks in contact fatigue [8551.
- thermomechanical cracking 18561.
- cracking in metals under repeated rolling contact [857].
- crack propagation in lubricated rolling contact [8581.
- crack propagation in fretting fatigue of a stainless steel and a n aluminium
alloy [939].
- fracture mechanics of crack growth in lubricated rolling/sliding contact [940].
- numerical results for subsurface and surface cracking [941].
CRANKCASE OILS
See: ENGINE OILS.
zyxwvutsr
CRANKPIN BEARINGS
CRANKPIN BEARINGS
78
CRAZING
A type of surface failure in which cracks a r e randomly generated on the
rubbing solid surface.
CREEP
See: MICROSLIP.
CRESYL DIPHENYL PHOSPHATE

(CH,C,H,)
glycerol.
(C,H,),PO,
Clear transparent liquid.
Fp -38OC; d$g 1.20. zyxwvu
Insoluble in water; soluble in organic solvents except
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE O F LUBRICANT FILM

Toxic by ingestion. Used a s an antiwear additive.
The temperature a t which metallic contact and the beginning of seizure of the
mating surfaces occur. Generally, for t h e determination of critical temperature
the point or line contact geometry has been used. Critical temperature is the
criterion for evaluation of the lubricity of oils.
- critical temperature for reactions between EP additives and metals [1741.
- evaluation of critical temperature [445].
- aspects of critical temperature under boundary lubrication [4611.
- e f f e c t s of seizure-delay on critical temperature [462].
- f a i l u r e of boundary films [488].
CROSS LINKING
T h e reaction of a bifunctional molecule with each of two monofunctional groups
on two different polymer molecules. This change from linearity produces
profound changes in the physical properties.
CROWN
The top of the piston of a n internal combustion engine above t h e fire ring
exposed to direct flame impingement.
CRUDE OIL
See: PETROLEUM.
19
CUT
zyxwvutsrqp
zy
See: VACUUM DISTILLATE.
IXJTTINGFLUIDS
CUTOFF
parting
CUTTING
zyxwvuts
A metal-cutting operation similar to facing, in which dhe cut is made completely
through the work piece severing one end.
.
See: METAL CUTTING.

This operation is also known as
CUTTING ABILITY
The ability of a cutting tool edge to cut the metal being machined. Cutting
ability is a measure of the suitability of a cutting tool for machining. I t can be
evaluated on the basis of cutting tool life and the properties of the surface
layer of the object being machined.
CUTTING FLUIDS
Liquids applied to cutting tools to ease the machining operation by washing away
zyxwv
chips and serving a s a lubricant or coolant. The most common cutting fluids
are: water, water solutions or emulsion of detergents and oils, mineral oils,
chlorinated or sulphurised mineral oils, fatty oils and mixtures of those oils. For
water-based cutting fluids antiwear additives and rust inhibitors a r e essential.
function and mode of action 171.
activity of some cutting oil additives 1111.
cutting oil additives 142, 451.
EP activity of water-based fluids [46].
effect of water hardness on cutting fluid lubricity 1471.
testing of cutting fluids [51-54, 56, 581.
evaluation of cutting fluids 151-55, 57, 681.
cutting efficiency predictions of cutting fluids 1541.
mechanical testing of cutting fluids 1571.
antimicrobial action of cutting fluid preservatives 1591.
inhibitory properties of 1,3-propanediole [60].
review of biocide types, their selection and use [631.
evaluation of cutting fluid performance 11251.
types of cutting fluids and their lubrication characteristics [ 1591.
selection of biocides for cutting fluids [ 1801.
mode of action of cutting fluids [191].
CUTTING WEAR zyxwvuts
zy
evaluation of the penetrating ability of cutting fluids I2201.
review of theories of cutting fluid action [242].
80
application, control and disposal of cutting fluids [2551.
zyxwv
skin disorders related to cutting fluids “2591.
toxicological and microbiological aspects of several cutting fluid preservatives
[2601.
action, properties and applications of cutting fluids 12761.
selection criteria of cutting fluids [ 2771.
classification, properties and performance t e s t s of cutting fluids [2861.
effectiveness evaluation of cutting fluids for i n d u s t r y [2983.
iodine and organoiodine compounds a s cutting oil additives [302].
review of cutting fluids [3431.
antirust and lubricity characteristics of additives for cutting fluids [3491.
antimicrobial activities of benzylamines [476].
types, selection, application, health factors etc. [570].
microbial action of cutting fluids 15711.
guide to cutting fluids for deep hole drilling [5721.
tests on cutting fluid performance in fine grinding [5733.
practical analysis [751].
water-based cutting fluids and human health [752].
toxicological data for cutting fluids [753].
theoretical model of the interaction of carbon tetrachloride ( a model cutting
fluid) in machining [921].
service performance and properties of water-based fluids [942].
selection of metal-cutting fluids [951].
data bank for grinding fluids evaluation 19561.
study of additives for stainless steel grinding fluids [957].
product review 117471.
CUTTING WEAR
A form of wear occurring in the sliding contact of a hard surface with a softer
material. This involves either chip formation or plastic deformation or both.
CYCLOHEXYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

CeHi iNH3PO2(OC,H9),
- i t s load-carrying properties [145].
81 zy
zyxwvutsrqp CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS
zyxwvu
CYCLOHEXYL CHLORIDE
C6H11CQ
Colourless liquid, bp
possesses EP properties.
-
142OC; mp -43OC;
tested a s an EP additive in cutting oils [451.
2-CYCLOHEXYL ETHANOLAMINE
density 0.992, Cyclohexyl chloride
C 6 H i iCH(NH2)CHzOH
A very good antimicrobial agent.
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as a n microbial agent [48].
N-CYCLOHEXYL ETHANOLAMINE
CaHi iNHCH2CH2OH
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested a s a microbial agent [48].
CYLINDER OILS
Highly viscous mineral oils used for t h e lubrication of s t e a m cylinders, valves
and moving p a r t s of steam engines. Depending on their viscosities, cylinder oils
a r e made either from raffinates of high boiling vacuum distillates or from
brightstocks.
CYLINDRICAL ROLLER BEARINGS

A type of roller bearing having solid or helically wound hollow cylindrical
rollers. Due to low friction, they a r e suitable for relatively high speed
applications.
- elastohydrodynamic lubrication of grease-lubricated cylindrical roller t h r u s t
bearings [7591.
DEBRIS
DEBRIS
See: WEAR PARTICLES.
82 zy
DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
zyxwvuts
CioHie
Water-white liquid. I t is produced by the catalytic hydrogenation of naphthalene
or of tetrahydronaphthalene. Properties of t h e commercial product are: bp
189-191OC; mp -43.2OC; dfo 0.8857. Used as a typical model naphthenic
lubricant.
- its effect on friction and surface coating formation 1651.
- decahydronaphthalene a s a carrier fluid for testing antiwear additives [loo].
- its friction and wear characteristics [134].
DECALIN
See: DECAHYDRONAPHTHALENE.
1-DECANOL
CH,(CH,) ,CH,OH
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water at 25OC; soluble in alcohol and ether. Bp
23'2.9OC; mp 6OC; density 0.829. Used for manufacturing synthetic lubricants and
a s a detergent.
- 4-ball fatigue tests on decanol [205].
DEEP DRAWING
See: DRAWING.
DEEP-GROOVE BEARINGS
Ball bearings with grooved raceways designed to support radial load and some
t h r u s t load in either direction [503].
DEFORMABILITY
That property of a plain bearing material which allows it to adjust itself to shaft
deflections and minor misalignments by deformation of the bearing material
without producing operating difficulties [503].
See also: CONFORMABILITY.
DEGRADATION
zyx
In general chemical use, the conversion of a complex compound to a simpler one.
Degradation is usually applied to changes in chemical structure.
8
83
DEHYDRATION
In tribology the term refers to removal of
DETERGENT ALKYLATE
free water from used lubricating oils.

zy
In the reclamation or reprocessing of the used oil, the free water is usually
removed by centrifugation, gravity settling or demulsification using special
additives (demulsifiers).
DELAMINATION WEAR
The term refers to wear in which sheet-like particles a r e generated. T h i s is
explained on the basis of the following phenomena [14391:
zyxwv
(a) generation of subsurface dislocations,
(b) pile-up of dislocations,
(c) formation of voids,
( d ) coalescence of voids giving rise to crack formation parallel to the surface,
(e) production of sheet-like particles.
- role of delamination in fretting wear of metallic materials [3611.
- delamination wear: a review of studies since the 1950’s [4771.
- model of delamination wear; crack propagation [8241.
- the theory of delamination wear [1439].
- subsurface void nucleation mechanics [ 15551.
DENUDED SURFACE
See: NASCENT SURFACE.
DEPTH PROFILING
See: SPUTTER CLEANING.
DESORPTION
A process in which a sorbed material is released from another material. It is the
reverse of adsorption or absorption or both.
DESTRUCTIVE WEAR
See: CATASTROPHIC WEAR.
DETERGENT ALKYLATE
A mixture of alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons which when sulphonated yields an
alkyl a r y l sulphonate detergent. The term usually r e f e r s to an alkyl benzene in
which the alkyl radical i s a mixture of straight chain and isomeric branched
chain groups, averaging ten or more carbon atoms.
DETERGENTS
DETERGENTS
zyxwvut
In tribology, a group of lube oil additives which control varnish and sludge
84
formation by neutralising oxidation products to form oil soluble material being

readily suspended in the oil.
Detergents often contain a large excess of metal ( u p to about ten times over
stoichiometric), i.e. they a r e basic or overbased.
zyxw
The overbased detergents a r e
commonly prepared by heating oil-soluble sulphonates or phenates with a high
proportion of metallic base in the presence of a catalyst. The metal base i s kept
in a colloidal form and can impart base numbers of about 300 to the additive.
Widely used a t 2-20% concentration, oil detergents prevent or remove deposits on
internal combustion engine parts, of oil-insoluble sludge, varnish, carbon and
lead compounds. They act by adsorbing on the insoluble particles to maintain
them a s a suspension in the oil to minimize deposits and maintain cleanliness of
engine parts. Barium and calcium sulphonates and phenoxides a r e extensively
used for automotive and diesel engine oils. Ashless dispersants a r e often
employed in combination with these organometallics to minimise low-temperature
sludging. Many of these ashless detergents a r e alkyl methacrylate polymers in
which polar nitrogen groups a r e incorporated in t h e side chains. Detergents
should generally be avoided in any applications other than internal combustion
engines since they may introduce foaming and emulsion troubles [483].
classification of detergents for crankcase lubricants [159].
general information on detergents and their action mechanism [232].
thin-layer chromatographic analysis of detergents (2341.
t e s t s on mutual behaviour of MoS, and EP and detergent-dispersant additives
[324].
basic information on synthetic detergents [482].
patent review on advances since 1979 [529].
application and performance of detergent additives [530].
fuel and lube oil detergents: developments since 1978 [600].
chemistry and mode of action of detergent additives [1621].
DETRITUS
In tribology, the t e r m describes undesired particles and/or particulates floating
on the surface, suspended in, e.g. a metalworking fluid or precipitated to the
bottom of the fluid. Detritus of metalworking fluids may comprise swarf, r u s t
deposit particles and flocs of biomass.
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyx
85 DIAMOND
DEUTERATED LUBRICANTS
Synthetic lubricants in which some hydrogen atoms have been substituted by
deuterium. Deuterated lubricants exhibit enhanced oxidation stability.
- deuterium substituted synthetic hydrocarbon grease [117, 6381.
- oxidative stability of some deuterated lubricants, including synthetic
hydrocarbons, azelate e s t e r s and pentaerythritol t e t r a e s t e r s [ 15561.
- enhancement in oxidation stability of a synthetic hydrocarbon oil [15581.
DIALKYL PHOSPHITES
See: PHOSPHONATE ESTERS and specific phosphites.
DIALKYL PHOSPHONATES
See: PHOSPHONATE ESTERS.
N,N-UIALLYL ETHANOLAMINE
(CHZ=CHCH,) 2NCH2CH2OH
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested a s an antimicrobial agent 1481.
DIAMOND
An allotropic form of carbon.
zyxwv
Density 3.50; coefficient of friction 0.05.
Synthetic diamonds produced in an electric furnace a r e used in rock drilling,
grinding of glass, ceramics, hardened tool steel, glass and metal polishing and
cutting, and in wire drawing. Diamond is a widely used material in various
tribological processes.
abrasion resistance of diamond in polishing tests [517].
diamond in precision grinding 17771.
diamond a s a superhard abrasive material [834].
friction and wear of diamond materials against steel 18381.
d r y sliding wear: pin-on-disk tests with diamond composites [ 11851.
diamond coatings for increaeed wear resistance [ 11861.
diamond tools in wire drawing [1187].
synthetic diamond dies for wire drawing 111881.
wear rates of diamond tools during machining [ 11891,
DIAMYL, PHENOL
DIAMYL PHENOL
86 zy
zyxwv
(C&, 1) 2C&OH
Light straw-coloured liquid. Insoluble in water; miscible with both aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons. DZO 0.930. I t may be toxic and irritating to the skin.
Commercial form is a mixture of isomers including both secondary amyl and
tertiary amyl groups mainly in 2 and 4 positions. Diamyl phenol i s used a s an
antioxidant, r u s t inhibitor and synthetic detergent.
DIBASIC ACID ESTERS

R02C. (CH,) ..C02R'
Synthetic lubricants. They can include both simple and complex materials. The
simple dibasic acid esters a r e made by reacting a dibasic acid, such a s sebacic
acid, with a primary branched alcohol, such a s ethyl hexanol. Complex e s t e r s
a r e prepared by reacting a dibasic acid with a polyglycol, such as polyethylene
zyxw
glycol, and capping the chain with a branched primary alcohol or a monobasic
acid. The oustanding characteristics of dibasic acid e s t e r s a r e favourable
viscosity-temperature characteristics, excellent lubricating ability, and high
stability. Because of this combination of properties, these products a r e now
used as lubricants in almost all aircraft turbine engines [482].
- load-carrying capacity of dibasic acid esters, effect of additives on
performance of dibasic acid esters 11381.
- 4-ball fatigue tests on dibasic acid e s t e r s [205].
- dibasic acid esters a s jet engine lubricants [278].
- general information, properties and applications of dibasic acid e s t e r s [ 4851.
DIBASIC ESTER FLUIDS

See: DIBASIC ACID ESTERS, SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS.
- general review of dibasic ester fluids [275].
- general information on dibasic ester fluids and their properties and
applications [485, 4871.
DIBENZOTHIOPHENE
C6H4SC6H4
Colourless crystals. Mp 97 - 98OC. A s an organosulphur compound it provides
antiwear and antiseizure properties.
- tribological activity of dibenzothiophene during sliding of aluminium on steel
[10201.
87 zyxwvutsrq
zy
DIBENZYL DISULPHIDE
DIBENZYL SULPHIDE
zyxwvuts
(C&&H,S) 2
Used a s an antiwear, extreme pressure and antioxidant additive for lube oils.
Pink solid (mp 70-72012). Dissolves in most organic solvents and lube oil
hydrocarbons. Very often used a s a model compound for reaction mechanism
investigations [ 10-12, 17, 201, 2021.
examination of load-carrying properties of DBDS [ 12, 2413.
additive interference in DBDS extreme pressure lubrication [ 131.
absorption and desorption of DBDS [13, 141.
thermal decomposition of DBDS [151.
catalytic decomposition of DBDS [161.
antiwear additive in pentaerythritol ester [ 1051.
influence of DBDS on pitting fatigue [155].
studies on films formed on steel by oil solutions of DBDS in immersion and
rubbing tests 11571.
greases containing DBDS [176].
fatigue tests on DBDS [1921.
studies of chemical composition of steel surfaces r u n in oil containing DBDS
[330].
tribochemical reactions in the presence of other additives [ 16251.
N,N-DIBENZYL ETHANOLAMINE
(C6H,CH2) ,NCH2CH20H
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
zyxwvuts
N,N-DIBENZYLMETHYLAMINE
CH,N ( C H Z C ~ H ,) z
Colourless to light yellow liquid. Partially soluble in water; soluble in organic
solvents. Denisty lower than that of water. Used a s an oil-soluble rust
inhibitor for cutting oils and lubricants.
DIBENZYL SULPHIDE
(C&&H202S
Insoluble in ether; soluble in alcohol. Bp (decomposes); mp 40-5OOC; dg8 1.0712.
Used a s an oxidation inhibitor and EP additive.
- adsorption and desorption on steel 1141.
- catalytic decomposition on iron powder [ E l .
-
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
DI-U-BUTYLAMINE DI-U-BUTYLPHOSPHATE
examination of load-carrying properties of dibenzyl sulphide [2411.

its surface reaction with iron [5741.
88
influence on load-carrying capacity of marine diesel engine base oil “7541.
DI-n-BUTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

(C~HS)~NH~PO(OC,HS),
- i t s load-carrying properties [ 1451.
296-DI-t-BUTYL-4-METHYLPHENOL
[ ((& )sC] ~ & 2 )OH

White, crystalline solid. Bp 265OC; fp 70OC; d f o 1.048. Insoluble in water;
soluble in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, petroleum ether and linseed oil.
Slightly toxic. One of t h e most common antioxidants. I t is widely used in
lubricating, turbine and insulating oils.
- preparation and effectiveness of 2,6-di-t-butyl methylphenol [ 11.
- applications of 2,6-di-t-butyl methylphenol [404, 4201.
N,N-DI-n-BUTYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

See: DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES.
- tested a s an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties [270].
DI-n-BUTYL DISULPHIDE
(C4HsS)2
Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Bp 226OC; d f o 0.9383. Used a s
an EP additive.
- preliminary investigations into the mechanism of EP lubrication using oil
containing di-n-butyl disulphide [2011.
- examination of its load-carryin properties [241].
DI-t-BUTYL DISULPHIDE
“(=H, )3BI
Liquid. D f g 0.9291. Used a s a n EP additive. I t has antioxidant properties.

- examination of its load-carrying properties 12411.
89 zyxwvutsrq
zy DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES
zyxwvu
NIN-DIBUTYL ETHANOLAMINE
(C4HS) ZNCHzCH2OH
Solubility in water a t 25OC is 0.4 g/100 g. Bp 228.7OC; f p -75OC; dsg 0.8615.
Used a s a corrosion inhibitor.
- tested a s an antimicrobial agent in a variety of metalworking fluids [481.
DI-n-BUTYL ITACONATE
CHz:C( COZC,Hg)CH,( COzC4Hg)
Clear, colourless liquid. Insoluble in water. DZ2 0.9833. Used as a lubricity
additive.
DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE
(C+HSO)~HPO,
Antiwear and extreme pressure additive,
- assessment of its AW and EP properties [145].
- preliminary investigation into t h e mechanism of EP lubrication using oil
containing di-n-butyl phosphate [201].
DIBUTYL PHOSPHITE
(C4HgO) &PO
Water-white liquid. Soluble in common organic solvents. D z 5 0.9860. Used a s an
antiwear
-
zyxwvut
additive]
organophosphorous compounds.
antioxidant and intermediate for
load-carrying and adsorption properties of dibutyl phosphite and its action

mechanism [40].
preliminary investigations into the
containing dibutyl phosphite [2013.
mechanism of
load-carrying
EP lubrication using oil
DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES
)Rz
(C~HBO)ZPON(R,
Antiwear additves. A variety of di-n-butyl phosphoroamidates have been
prepared and tested a s load-carrying additives in t h e 4-ball machine. They a r e
shown to be more effective than t h e conventional phosphorous additives, e.g.
tricresyl phosphate [270]. Usually, the N-mono-substituted compounds a r e
superior to the di-substituted derivatives. These additives a r e v e r y effective in
the lower loaded region, i.e. antiwear region. They do no affect significantly the
welding load.
DIBUTYLTHIOUREA
The length of
zyxwvutsr
zy
the carbon chain of the N-substituent does not
influence load-carrying in both the mono- and di-substituted derivatives.
90
significantly
- derivatives, some properties, tribological and tribochemical characteristics of

di-n-butyl phosphoroamidates [ 2701.
DIBUTYLTHIOUREA
C,HgNHCSNHC,H,
White to light tan powder. Soluble in methanol, ether, benzene, ethyl acetate;
slightly soluble in water. Mp 59-69OC. Slightly toxic. Used a s a corrosion
inhibitor.
- studied a s a corrosion inhibitor for steel and copper [76].
DIBUTYLTIN SULPHIDE
[(C4%02Sfil
Colourless oily liquid. Toxic. I t is derived from the reaction of dibutlyin oxide
with hydrogen sulphide. Used a s an antioxidant and a load-carrying additive.
DI-t-BUTYL TRISULPHIDE
[(CH3)3CI2 s3
Very reactive EP additive.

- tested a s an EP additive in cutting oils [ l l ] .
DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Carboxylic acids containing two -COOH radicals, e.g. adipic, phthalic, maleic.
See also: CARBOXYLIC ACIDS.
- antiwear properties of dicarboxylic acids [992].
- tribological characteristics of some dicarboxylic acids [1018].
DICHLOROACETIC ACID
CHCP2C02H
Colourless liquid; density 1.5724 (13OC); mp -4OC; b p 193-194OC. Soluble in
water, alcohol and ether. Crystalline form, mp +9.3OC I4841.
- examined a s an EP additive for water-based cutting fluids [46].
91 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsrq
DI-U-DODECYLAMINE DI-U-BUTYLPHOSPHATE
zyxwv
p-DICHLOROBENZENE
C6H4CP2
White volatile crystals. Soluble in common organic solvents; insoluble in water.
Moderately toxic. I t i s derived by chlorination of monochlorobenzene. Used a s a
metalworking fluid and an EP additive.
- effect of p-dichlorobenzene on the performance of a ZDDP [39].
- tested a s an EP additive for cutting fluids [45].
1,4-DICHLOROBUTANE
CPCH,(CH,) ,CH,CP
Colourless, mobile liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in most common organic
solvents. Bp 155OC; dSo 1.141. I t possesses EP properties.
- tested a s a n EP additive in cutting fluids [45].
DICY CLOHEXY L
(C6H1L)Z
Clear, mobile liquid, Bp 239-240OC; f p 1-3OC; d f o 0.8835. I t is derived by
hydrogenation of diphenyl. May be toxic. Used a s a model naphthenic lubricant.
- i t s effect on fatigue life for additive blends [114].
DICY CLOHEXYLAMINE
(C6H 11) 2NH
Clear, colourless liquid. Slightly soluble in water; miscible in organic solvents.
Bp 256OC; mp -0.lOC; d i g 0.913 - 0.919. It is highly toxic by inhalation and skin
contact. Used a s a corrosion inhibitor and antioxidant in lubricating oils. It
can also be used a s a detergent.
DICYCLOHEXYL PHOSPHITE
(C,H,10)2HPO
Used a s an antiwear additive.
- load-carrying and adsorption properties of dicyclohexyl phosphite and its
action mechanism [40].
DI-n-DODECYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

[CH, (CH2)Ii I ~ N H ~ * ( C , H S ) ~ P O ~
See also: AMINE DI-n-BUTYL r:iCF?HATES.
- i t s load-carrying properties [145].
DI-U-DODECYLDISULPHIDE zy
zyxwvu 92
DI-n-DODECYL DISULPHIDE
(n-C, zH,SS)
A load-carrying additive.
See also: DISUPLHIDES.
-
-
zyxwvu
load-carrying action of di-n-dodecyl disuplhide [ 121.
its load-carrying properties [241].
DIDODECYL PHOSPHITE
(CI~H~SO),HPO
Water-white liquid. Used as a load-carrying additive and an intermediate in the
synthesis of organophosphorous compounds for EP lubricants.
load-carrying and adsorption properties of didodecyl phosphite and its action
mechanism [40].
influence of base oil refining on effectiveness of didodecyl phosphite a s an
antiwear additive [65].
corrosion reaction of didodecyl phosphite with iron a t high temperatures and
i t s reactivity correlated to i t s lubrication characteristics [94].
didodecyl phosphite in 4-ball studies of additive blend fatigue [ 1141.
effect of didodecyl phosphite on fatigue life [ 1641.
4-ball fatigue tests on didodecyl phosphite [205].
effects of didodecyl phosphite on friction [211].
DIE FORGING
A forging that is worked to the required shape and size in impression dies.
DIE LUBRICANT
-4 lubricant applied to the walls of dies and punches to facilitate t h e pressing
and ejection of the compact.
DIESTER OILS
See: ESTERS.
DIESTERS
See: ESTERS.
93 N,N-DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE zy
DIETHANOLAMINE
(HOCHZCH,) ,NH
Colourless crystals or liquid.
in benzene and ether.
Slightly toxic.
cutting oils.
Active base b.p. 217OC (150mm); mp 28OC; d2Jg zy
I t is very soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble
1.092.
Used a s a n a n t i r u s t agent, corrosion inhibitor and detergent for

- tested a s an antimicrobial agent in a number of cutting fluids [481.
DIETHANOLAMINE LAURYL SULPHATE

t ( C,H+OH) 2NHzI( C 1 ,Hz,)SO,
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
[(% zyxwvutsrqp
DI (2-ETH0XYLETHYL)ADIPATE
)Z W Z(CHZ) z~*H,l
A lubricant used a t very low temperatures but can also be used a s an additive.
I t combines a very high viscosity with a very low pour point. When added to
other synthetic ester lubricants i t increases viscosity of the base fluid and
improves the viscosity-temperature characteristics.
N,N-DIETHYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested a s an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [270].
DIETHYL DISULPHIDE
(CzHsS12
Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Bp 154OC; mp -101.52OC;
dto 0.9931. Used a s an EP additive.
See also: DISUPLHIDES.
- i t s load-carrying prperties [241].
N,N-DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
(CZH, )ZNCHzCHzOH
Colourless, hygroscopic liquid base. Soluble in water, alcohol and benzene. Bp
1610C; f p -7OOC; d38 0.88 - 0.89. Slightly toxic. Used in antirust compositions.
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvu
DI ( 2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE

- tested a s an antimicrobial agent in various metalworking fluids [48].
94
DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL)AD1PATE
[(CH, )202CH2CH(C2Hs )C4H9 )]
Light coloured oily liquid. Insoluble in water. Bp 417OC; d58 0.927. Slightly
toxic. It has a very high viscosity and a very low pour point. Used as a
lubricant a t very low temperatures. I t can also be useful as an additive. When
added to other synthetic ester lubricants it increases viscosity of the base fluid
and improves the viscosity-temperature characteristics. One of the main
applications i s an aircraft lubricant.
DI-(2-ETHY LHEXY L)DISULPHIDE

[C,HgCH(c,h, )CH,S 12
See also: DISULPHIDES.
N,N-DI (2-ETHYLHEXY L ) ETHANOLAMINE

[ C,H,CH(C2HsCH2]2NCH2CH,OH
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as a n antimircobial agent for cutting fluids 1481.
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) PHOSPHITE
[C,Hg(C,HS)CHCH,l,HPO~
Mobile, colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; miscible with most common organic
solvents. DZo 0.937. Used a s a load-carrying additive and intermediate for t h e
synthesis of organophosphorous compounds for EP lubricants.
- load-carrying and adsorption properties of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphite and its
mechanism of action t401.
DI- (2-ETHYLHEXY L) PHTHALATE

C,H,[COZCH~CH(C,H,)C,HS~~
Light-coloured liquid. Insoluble in water; miscible with mineral oil, Bp 231OC
(5mm); mp -46OC; d$8 0.9861. I t is derived by t h e reaction of 2-ethylhexyl
alcohol and phthalic anhydride. I t may be used as a synthetic base oil.
- 4-ball fatigue tests on di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate [2051.
95 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvu
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SEBACATE
[ (CH2),CO2CH2CHIC2Hs)C,H,I,
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY
Pale straw-coloured liquid. Insoluble in water; compatible with polystyrene,

polythene, poly(viny1 chloride). Slightly toxic. It i s a widely used fluid for
synthetic lubricants and lubricating greases.
- results of wear and friction studies 1811.
- thermal stability characteristics a t 315OC 1851.
- determination of viscosity and density a t elevated temperatures and pressures
and computing t h e pressure coefficient of viscosity 11131.
- analysis of the oxidation and thermal degradation products of di-2-ethylhesyl
sebacate 11271.
- cavitation erosion and physical properties for di-2-ethylhexgl sebacate [ 1671.
- fatigue t e s t s on di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate [1921.
- 4-ball fatigue t e s t s on di-2-ethylhexyl sebacate [2051.
DI-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SODIUM SULPHOSUCCINATE

Na0,SCHC02CH2CH(C2H5)C,Hg
I
CH2C02CH2CH(C2H5)C,H,
White wax-like solid. Slowly soluble in water; soluble in alcohol; glycerin and
petroleum ether. I t is derived by esterification of maleic anhydride with
2-ethylhexyl alcohol followed by addition of sodium bisulphite. Used as a
dispersant.
- investigation of its effectiveness in overcoming deletrious effect of water in
mineral oil [119].
DIETHYL PHOSPHITE
( C2H50) HPO
Water-white liquid.
dzS 1.069.
-
Soluble in water and common organic compounds.
Used a s an antiwear additive and antioxidant.
load-carrying and adsorption properties of diethyl phosphite and i t s action
mechanism [40].
zy
Bp 138%
- studies of diethyl phosphite a s an antiwear additive in neopentyl ester oils

[105].
DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING CALORIMETRY ( D S C )

An analytical technique based on measuring t h e quantity of heat released or
absorbed by matter when it changes its physical state, takes p a r t in a chemical
reaction or interacts with the environment. In scanning calorimetry the
temperature of the sample is differentiated in a reproductble manner while the
heat flow r a t e into the sample is measured.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAVIMETRICANALYSIS zyxwvu 96
zyxwvu
With the linear variation of temperature with time, the heat flow r a t e is
proportional to the instantaneous specific heat of the sample. This technique is
used for studying processes taking place in a lubricant a s it undergoes
thermal/oxidative degradation. Compared to the standard methods of lubricant
oxidation assessment, DSC offers the advantages of being fast and accurate.
- characterisation of PTFE crystallinity by DSC [1097].
- assessment of lubricating oils by DSC [1471-14741.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS (DTGA)

An analytical method used to measure the weight loss of a material a s a function
of temperature. I t is useful for detection of the thermal breakdown of solid
lubricants and greases.
DIFFUSION
Spontaneous displacement of atoms or molecules to new sites within a material
tending to provide higher uniformity of the material composition.
DIFFUSION ZONE
The zone of variable composition a t the junction between two different materials,
much a s in welds or between the surface layer and the core of clad materials o r
bearings, in which interdiffusion between the various components has taken
place.
DIFFUSIVE WEAR
Wear between two contacting surfaces in relative motion attributed to diffusion.
DIGLYCOL LAURATE
C ,H2,C02C ,H ,OC ,H,OH
Slightly toxic oily liquid. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, toluene, naptha and
mineral oil. Dispersible in water. Density slightly lower than that of water.
Used in emulsions for lubrication, as cutting and spraying oils and as
antifoaming agents.
DI-n-HEXADECYL DISULPHIDE
(n-C1,H,3S)2
- its load-carrying properties [lo].
97
DIISOAMYL ADIPATE
zy
zyxwvut
[ ( C H ~ ) Z C O ~ ( CzCH(CH3)212
H~)
DILINOLEICACID
An ester which combines a very high viscosity with a very low pour point and
is paticularly useful for operations a t very low temperatures. I t can be added
to synthetic ester lubricants to increase viscosity of the base fluid and improve
the viscosity - temperature characteristics.
N,N-DIISOPROPYL ETHANOLAMINE
[ (CH,)ZCH]zNCH2CH2OH
Colourless liquid. Slightly soluble in water. Bp 191OC; f p -39.3OC; dzo 0.8760.
Slightly toxic. I t is a corrosion inhibitor. Used a s a n ingredient for cutting
fluids.
- tested a s an antimicrobial compound in cutting lfuids [48].
- i t s effectiveness in overcoming deletrious effect of water in mineral oil [119].
DILATANT
A reversible increase in velocity with increasing shear stress.
DILAURYL PHOSPHITE
See: DIDODECYL PHOSPHITE.
DILAURYL THIODIPROPIONATE
( C , Z H ~ ~ O Z C C H Z C2
Hs~ )
White flakes extremely resistant to heat and hydrolysis. Soluble in most organic
solvents. Mp 40OC; when solid a t 25OC its density is lower than that of water.
It is used a s a n antioxidant and a load-carrying additive for lubricants and
greases.
DILINOLEIC ACID
C34H6Z(C02H)Z
Light yellow viscous liquid. Density 0.921 (lOO°C). It is produced by
dimerisation of linoleic acid. Used as an emulsifying agent, antiwear additive,
r u s t and corrosion inhibitor. Its soaps are used as emulsifiers in drilling muds.
Dilinoleic acid/ethylene glycol monoester or a mixture of dilinoleic acid and a
glycol form a polymeric f i l m on surfaces during friction and reduce wear.
zy
zyxwvu
DIMETHOXANE
- effects of phenolic antioxidants on adsorption of dilinoleic acid on metals

[908].
98
- polymerisation of i t s monomers and mixtures of the acid and glycols during

sliding to reduce wear 11723, 17241.
DIMETHOXANE
CH,COzC,H,O,(CH,)z
Liquid soluble in or miscible with water and organic solvents. Bp 66-68OC (3mm);
f p below -25OC; dsg 1.068-1.076. Used as an antimicrobial agent.
- biocide for aqueous metal cutting fluids [631.
DIMETHYL CADMIUM
(CH3)zCd
Colourleas liquid. Soluble in ether: decomposes in water. Bp 105OC; mp -4.5OC;
density 1.985. May be used a s an antifriction and antiwear additive.
- its performance and tribochemiatry [44].
N,N-DIMETHYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested a s an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [270].
N,N-DIMETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
(CH, ) ZNCHZCHZOH
Soluble in water a t 25OC. Bp 134.6OC; f p -59OC; d38 0.8879. Used a s a corrosion
inhibitor; a typical ingredient of cutting fluids.
- tested a s an antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids [48].
DIMETHYLHEXYNEDIOL
(CH~),C(OH)(~CC(OH)(CHS)~
White crystals. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in benzene; v e r y soluble in
alcohol and ethyl acetate. B p 205-206OC; mp 94-95OC; d38 0.949. Used as a
z
wire-drawing lubricant and antifoaming agent [484].
DIMETHYL PHOSPHITE
(CHaO)ZHPO
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water; miscible with most common organic solvents.
d f o 1.200. Used a s an antiwear additive.
99 zyxwvutsr
zyxwvut
DIMETHYLSILICONES
t (CH3)2SiOlx
N.N-DI-n-OCTYLDI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE
Colourless oils. Boiling points range from 134OC (760mm) for x-3 to 188OC (20mm)
for x=9. THey prevent foaming in lube oil systems which contain foaming agents
if viscous liquid silicone is dispersed into particles less than 1 0 0 ~ ;otherwise
they may enhance foaming.
- lubricating properties of dimethylsilicones [ 1291.
- lubrication of sliding copper contacts by a dimethylsilicone fluid containing
stearic acid [1331.
- fatigue tests on dimethylsilicones [2051.
- properties, performance, applicability of dimethylsilicone grease [291].
- studies on dimethylsilicones [353].
- studied a s boundary lubricants f16621.
DI-t-NONYL POLYSULPHIDE
(C,H,),C(C,H,(S),C(C,H,),C,H,
Very reactive EP additive.
- tested as an EP agent in cutting oils 1111.
DI-n-OCTADECYL DISULPHIDE
(n-c I eH3 ,S)
DIOCTYL ADIPATE
zyxwvutsr
See: DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) ADIPATE.
DI-n-OCTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

( C&, 7 )2NH2PO 2 (OC&,I 2
Effective aniwear additive.
N,N-DI-n-OCTYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested a s a n antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [270].
DI-D-OCTYLDIPHENYLAMINE
DI-n-OCTYL DIPHENYLAMINE
CeH1 7c ~ ~ 4 ~ ~ ~ 6 ~ 4 ~ ~ 3 ~ 1 7
I00 zy
Light tan powder. Insoluble in water; soluble in gasoline, acetone and ethyl
dichloride. Mp 80-90OC; density slightly lower than that of water. I t is used a s
zyxwvu
an antioxidant for mineral oil-based and synthetic lubricants.
DI-n-OCTY L DISULPHIDE
-
di-n-octyl
(n-C&
See also: DISULPHIDES. zyxwvu
7 s ) ~
disulphide a s a n EP additive i n white oil: its preparation and

antiwear behaviour [ 1003.
reaction rates for the action of di-n-octyl disulphide in white oil in iron
powder; studies of wear; comparison with di-t-octyl disulphide [203].
- di-n-octyl disulphide oil solutions tested by the 4-ball procedure [289].
zyxwvutsrqp
DI-t-OCTYL DISULPHIDE
(t-Cg H i 7 S ) z
- i t s frictional behaviour in white oil [93].
- a s an EP additive in white oil: preparation and antiwear behaviour [lOO].
- action of di-t-octyl disulphide [203].
- di-t-octyl disulphide oil solutions tested by t h e 4-ball procedure [289].
DIOCTYL PHOSPHITE
7O),HPO
Water-white liquid. Soluble in most common organic solvents. B p 150-155OC
(2-3mm); dSs 0.929. Used a s an antiwear additive and antioxidant.
- tested a s an antiwear additive in neopentyl e s t e r oils [105].
DIOCTYL SEBACATE
See: DI(2-ETHYLHEXYL) SEBACATE.
101 zy
zyxwvutsrq
DIPENTAERYTHRITOL
(CHZOH) ,CCH,OCHzC(CHzOH) 3
DIPHENYL METHANE
zyxw
It is obtained a s a by-product of the reaction of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde
under alkaline conditions to form pentaerythritol. It is a white crystalline
compound, When pure it melts a t 221-222.50CJ technical grade melts a t about
200OC. Dg5 1.33. Slightly toxic. Fatty acid esters of dipentaerythritol have
been used a s lubricants for aircraft engines.
- results of wear and friction studies of dipentaerythritol [81].
DIP-FEED LUBRICATION
DIPHENYLAMINE
(C&)$"
Colourless to greyish crystals. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.
Bp 302OC; mp 52.9OC; density higher than that of water. I t is highly toxic and
absorbed by the skin. Used a s an antioxidant.
- effect of diphenylamine on oxidation of polyphenyl ethers [214].
DIPHENYLDI-n-DODECYLSILANE
(C6H5) ZSi(CizH25)z
Colourless liquid used a s a high-temperature lubricant. It is thought to be
toxic. Manufactured by the reaction of didodecyldichlorosilane with phenyl
lithium.
DIPHENYL ETHER
C6H50C6H5
Colourless crystals or liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Bp 259OC; mp 27-280CJ d f o 1.072-1.075. Slightly toxic. I t is derived by the
reaction of bromobenzene and sodium phenate heated under pressure.
See also: POLYPHENYL ETHERS.
- study on sliding wear of bearing aluminium lubricated w i t h diphenyl ether
[ 1301.
DIPHENYL METHANE
(C6%)2CH2
Long, colourless needles. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water. Bp
246.7-2; m p 26.5%; dfo 1.0056. I t is derived by condensation of benzyl chloride
and benzene in the presence of aluminium chloride.
DIPHENYL SULPHIDE
Used a s a model aromatic lubricant.

-
zy
zyxwv
effect of diphenyl methane (in blend with triphenyl methane) on fatigue life
102
for additive blends 11141.
zyxwvutsrqp
- determination of friction and wear characteristics of dimethyl methane [1341.
DIPHENYL S U LPHIDE
( CSH,) ZS
Insoluble in water, soluble in hot alcohol, ether and benzene. Bp 296OC; mp
-25.9OC; dzo 1.1136. It may be derived from the reaction of sulphur
monochloride with benzene in t h e presence of zinc.
- examination of load-carrying properties of diphenyl sulphide 1241I.
N,N-DIPIPERIDINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

- tested a s an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) 12701.
DIPROPY LENE GLYCOL

[CH,CH(OH,)CH,l,O
Coproduct of the manufacture of propylene glycol in a manner analgous to that
of ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol manufacture. Three possible isomers a r e
present 14831. Colourless, slightly viscous liquid; Bp 233OC; d58 1.0252. Soluble
in toluene, water.
- 4-ball fatigue t e s t s on [2051.
DISLOCATIONS
Movable defects of a crystalline network in which one p a r t of t h e crystal is
moved in relation to the other in such a way that the crystal's cohesiveness is
retained.
- basic information on dislocations [1628, 16291.
DISPERSANTS
Additives which a r e able to prevent or retard sludge formation and deposition
under low temperature operating conditions. The basic function of a dispersant
is the reduction of cohesive forces between individual particles, so as to aid in
breaking u p flocs and agglomerates and t h u s to permit each particle to act as a
separate entity. The mechanism of the action of dispersants is not yet
completely understood.
103 zyxwvutsrq
zy soid particles, causing them to reverse their
DISTEARYL PHOSPHITE
In many cases dispersants function by imparting a similar electric charge on the

surface of tendency to form
aggregates, and in some cases, actually to become mutually repellant [4821. The
most widely used dispersants are polymers such as nitrogen containing
zy
polymethacrylates, polyalkenyl succinimides, succinate e s t e r s and high molecular
weight amides and polyamides. Generally, it can be said that copolymers which
contain functional groups such a s amine, imide, nitrile, epoxide, hydroxyl, ether,
anhydride or phosphorous ester usually exhibit dispersant properties. Some of
these dispersants generally have viscosity improving properties e.g.
zy
polymethacrylates, and, therefore, find use a s multifunctional additives. The
amount of dispersant to be used generally depends on the weight of solids which
are to be dispersed. Amounts of 0.1 to 2.0% a r e usually thought to be effective
in promoting dispersion. The effect of dispersants is t h e result of a specific
interaction between the agent chosen and the material being dispersed.
- s t u d y of interaction between dispersants and zinc dithiophosphates [641.
- classification of dispersants for crankcase lubrication [ 1591.
- general information on dispersants and their mechanism of action [2321.
- how dispersants function in diesel and gasoline engine lubricants [232].
- thin-layer chromAtographic analysis of dispersants 12341.
- study of dispersants for inorganic thickened greases [256].
- tests on mutual behaviour of MoS, and EP and detergent-dispersant additives
[3241.
- patent review on advances since '79 [529].
- application and performance of dispersant additives [5301.
- sludge dispersants: developments since 1978 [600].
DISPERSION
The most general term for a system consisting of particulate matter suspended in
fluids, air or other gases.
DISPERSION AGENT
A material that increases the stability of a suspension of particles in a liquid
medium.
DISTEARYL PHOSPHITE
(C,,H, 7 0 ),HPO
See also: DIALKYL PHOSPHITES.
- its load-carrying and adsorption properties and action mechanism [401.
DISTILLATE
DISTILLATE
zyxwvuts
zy
See: VACUUM DISTILLATE.
104
DISULPHIDES
R-S-S-R
Typical extreme pressure and antiwear additives [lo-12, 17, 241, 3551. The
zyxwvu
antiwear and extreme p r e s s u r e properties of disulphides a r e connected with their
reactivity toward metals, and t h e action of extreme pressure additives is a kind
of controlled corrosion. Disuplhides a r e better than monosulphides. Antiwear
properties of disulphides increase along the series:
di-n-butyl<diallyl<dibenzyl<diphenyl [ 101. The order on antiwear activity has
been explained [I21 in terms of t h e ease of scission of t h e S-S bond, and t h e
physical properties of this layer, once it has formed. Increasing t h e chain
length of di-n-alkyl disulphides increases their antiwear properties, but
di-tert-hexadecyl disulphide has inferior antiwear performance to its
corresponding n-alkyl derivative [lo].
The increasing antiwear preformance of di-n-alkyl disulphides with an increase
in chain length could be explained by an adlineation of the additive molecules a t
the surface so that a solid film is formed [123. THe order of increasing extreme
pressure performance for a range of disulphides is as follows [lo]:
diphenyl<di-n-butyl<di-tert-butyl<dibenzyl<diallyl. Extreme pressure properties
of a range of di-n-alkyl disulphides decreases with an increase in alkyl chain
length, while increasing t h e alkyl chain had no effect o n the extreme pressure
performance of di-tert-alkyl disulphides.
Disulphides are better than monosulphides because, in t h e former, t h e cleavage
of only one carbon-sulphur bond is necessary to form metal sulphide whilst two
carbon-sulphur bonds have to be broken in t h e latter [12]. According to
another theory [390] disulphides exhibit more efficient extreme pressure
performance than monosulphides because lower energy is needed for the
formation of the same number of RS- ions from disulphides.
- chemical reactions of disulphideR during boundary lubrication [943].
DITHIOCARBAMATES
(R) ,NCS zMCSzpJ(R)
Where R is an aliphatic or aromatic radical and M is a polyvalent metal i.e. zinc,
cadmium, lead, molybdenum, antimony. They a r e derived by reacting a n organic
amine, with carbon disulphide, and a metal base. Dithiocarbamates are used a s
a s antioxidants, antiwear and extreme pressure additives.
105 N-DODECYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE zy
zyxwv
The antimony, molybdenum and lead compounds are primarily used as
load-carrying additives, but they also contribute to the antioxidant properties.
On the other hand the zinc and the cadmium derivatives are generally used a s
antioxidants, but there dithiocarbamate additives also contribute to the EP and
the antiwear properties of the lubricant.
- analysed by spectroscopic and physical methods of separation [240].
- additives for greases 13231.
- load-carrying properties and tribochemistry of dithiocarbamaates 15001.
DITHIOCARBONATES
See: XANTHATES.
DITRIDECYL THIODIPROPIONATE
( C i ~ H ~ , O ~ C C H Z C2s
H~)
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents. Dg5
0.932. It is used a s a lubricity additive.
DI(3,5,5-TRIMETHYLHEXYL)ADIPATE
[ CH2CH,CO2CH2CH2CH( CH, )CH,C( CH, ) 2CH,]Z
I t can be used a s a lubricant and an additive. Very useful a t very low
temperatures. It combines a very high viscosity with a very low pour point and
when added to other synthetic ester lubricants it increases the viscosity of the
base fluid and improves the viscosity-temperature characteristics.
DODECANEDIOATE DIESTERS
RO zC( CHz) i&O@
Dodecanedioate diesters, e.g. di(isooctyl)dodecanedioate, exhibit superior
viscosity-temperature, frictional and antiwear properties to those of other dibasic
acid esters, petroleum oils and synthetic hydrocarbons.
See also: DIBASIC ACID ESTERS, ESTERS.
n-DODECYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

N-N-IYODECYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE
N-N-DODECYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

zyxwv
zy
zyxwv 106
- tested a s an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [2701.
DOLPHIN OIL
See: PORPOISE OIL.
DRAWING
A metal forming process in which the material is reduced in i t s cross-sectional
area by pulling it through a die. High friction a t the die - workpiece interface
increases the drawing force which depends on the type of die. The process is
used for rod, wire and tube drawing. In deep drawing a punch is used to force
sheet metal into a die.
description of drawing processes 16251.
selection of lubricants for wire drawing 16301.
lubrication and lubricants in wire drawing I631, 11941.
PE and PTFE film lubricants for deep drawing [1099].
wire drawing tools: developments and t r e n d s [1187].
synthetic diamond dies for wire-drawing ferrous and nonferrous metals [ 11881.
friction conditions in lubricated deep drawing processes [11901.
new powder lubricants for steel wire drawing [1191].
lubricants for copper wire drawing [1192].
lubrication failures in wire drawing; t e s t s on molybdenum soaps [1193].
model for w i r e drawing lubrication by soaps [1195].
DRILLING
A machining operation which employs end cutting tools known a s drills to
produce holes in the workpiece. The drill has one or more cutting edges and
incorporates helical or straight flutes for passage of coolant and chips while
producing a hole. Thus, drilling differs from the trepanning operation which
does not reduce the metal to chips. A similar cutting operation which uses a
tool with two bevelled cutting elements and two flutes to countersink holes for
fasteners is called countersinking.
- deep hole drilling cutting fluids: a guide [5721.
- abrasive wear in ultrasonic drilling [1112].
- drilling technology manual [1196].
- rock drilling technology handbook [1197].
- drill geometry and wear - improved drill life 111981.
107 zy
zyxwvutsrq
DRILLING FLUIDS
Fluids used in drilling wells.
DRY FRICTION
Drilling fluids must have a proper density (2.0 or

higher) and suitable rheological characteristics, particularly apparent viscosity at
high shear rates. Other important requirements include resistance to filtration
into a porous medium.
- composition and properties of oil well drilling fluids: a detailed presentation
[1559].
DRIP-FEED LUBRICATION
See: DROP-FEED LUBRICATION.
DROP-FEED LUBRICATION
A method of lubrication in which the lubricant is supplied to the rubbing
surfaces in the form of drops a t a preset rate.
DROP POINT
The temperature a t which a drop of grease detaches itself from the main bulk of
the product when a sample is steadily heated under standard conditions. The
drop point of a grease indicates the approximate temperature a t which it
liquefies, and is somewhat below the melting point of the thickener it contains.
DRY BEARINGS
Bearings made of composites based on plastics, carbon-graphite, carbon-metal,
metal-solid lubricant, etc. Their characteristic feature is that they provide low
friction without any additional lubrication. They are also called "self-lubricating
bearings " .
See also: BEARING MATERIALS, COMPOSITE BEARING MATERIALS.
- properties of dry bearing materials 16861.
- dry bearings based on PTFE and other plastics [815].
- dry rubbing bearing materials and their wear rates [9581.
- role of wear in the failure of dry bearings [9851.
- materials and factors affecting d r y bearing performance: a survey [11991.
- wear characteristics and performance of dry bearings [1200].
- carbon, graphite and metal-bonded solid lubricant bearings [12011.
DRY FRICTION
Friction in the absence of any intentionally introduced lubricant.
See also: FRICTION.
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
DRY LUBRICATION
metal-metal adhesion under d r y friction [7381.

a discussion of d r y friction [845].
I08
- laws of d r y friction [13271.

- theories and various aspects of d r y friction: a literature survey [16361.
DRY LUBRICATION
See: SOLID LUBRICATION.
DRY SLIDING
See: DRY FRICTION.
DRY WEAR
Wear resulting from friction without any deliberately introduced lubricant.
See also: WEAR.
- direct observation of d r y wear of some metals against glass and steel [1441].
DUCTILiTY
The ability of a material to deform plastically before fracturing.
DYNAMIC FRICTION
The friction associated with one surface sliding, rolling or rubbing over another
[411].
- description of dynamic friction [411].
DYNAMIC SEAL
A seal designed to be used between relatively moving parts.
See also: SEALS.
DYNAMIC VISCOSITY
zyxwvutsrq
The force per unit area which is required to maintain a unit velocity gradient in
the fluid. Dynamic viscosity (n) is expressed by t h e Newtonian equation
where : F is force, N
A is area, m2
v is velocity, m 9-1
h is film thickness, m
See also: VISCOSITY.
109
ECCENTRICITY
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (EHD, EHL) zyx
The radial displacement of the journal centre from the centre of the bearing
liner [503].
ECCENTRIC WEAR
zyxwv
More rapid, but uniform, wear in one large area of the trench than elsewhere
around the periphery.
EDTA
See: ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA) .
ELASTIC COMPLIANCE
A condition under which two bodies in contact, which are subjected to a force,
undergo small elastic displacement without slip [5Og].
ELASTICITY
The property of a material that returns it to its original form or condition
after the applied force is removed.
zyxwvu
ELASTIC LIMIT
The maximum stress to which a test specimen may be subjected and still return
to its original length upon release of the load [1202].
ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (EHD, EHL)

A condition of lubrication in which the friction and film thickness between
two bodies in relative motion are determined by the elastic properties of the
bodies in combination with the viscous properties of the lubricant at the
prevailing pressure, temperature and rate of shear [ 5031.
See also: BOUNDARY LUBRICATION: PLASTO-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION; THIN-FILM
LUBRICATION.
- detailed discussion [521, 549, 575, 578, 5841.
- effect of surface roughness in EHD lubrication [576, 5771.
- full-film and partial-film EHD lubrication [578].
- M D lubrication of piston rings [579].
- EHD lubrication in soft seals [580].
- micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication [ 5811.
- non-steady state effects in EHD lubrication: entraining and squeeze film
action [5821.
- lubricant rheology and subsurface stresses in EHD lubrication [583].
ELASTOMERS zyxwvuts
zy
- surface roughness effects in EHD lubrication: the flow factor method [755].
- its applications to rolling contact bearings, gearing, and cam and tappet
110
systems [756].
- some aspects of utilization of EHD lubrication theory [757].
- effect of limited oil supply on EHD lubrication of gears [758].
- EHD lubrication of grease-lubricated cylindrical roller thrust bearings
[759].
- EHD lubrication for elliptical contacts and its theory [944].
- fundamental aspects of EHD lubrication [1475].
- definition, characteristics, transition to boundary lubrication: a
literature survey [ 16311.
ELASTOMERS
A generic term covering all natural and synthetic materials which exhibit
unique properties of deformation and elastic recovery after vulcanization.
The materials are high polymers which after the vulcanization process, usually
with sulphur, change from thermoplastic to thermosetting polymers. Their
reaction to abrasion is quite different than the reaction of other
materials. During contact with other surfaces they provide a high degree of
conformity without significant flow. Elastomers are widely used as
tribological materials. The abrasion process of elastomers is very complex
as it proceeds by several wear mechanisms simultaneously.
- adhesive behaviour of rubber [411].
- wear of elastomers [470, 8751.
- adhesion and friction of elastomers [537].
- friction between rubber and glass [602].
-
-
-
-
zyxwvutsrq
sliding friction of rubber: a review [680].
effect of lubricating oil additives on the properties of fluorohydrocarbon
elastomers [737].
tests on 12 radial elastomeric bearings [1203].
elastomers as sealing materials in engines [1204].
- impact wear tests on several elastomers [1205].
- mechanisms of elastomeric wear: a brief review [1206].
- friction and wear of elastomers sliding against paper [1207].
111
zyxwvu
- e f f e c t of environment on f r i c t i o n and wear of rubber
- b a s i c information on t h e wear of rubber [1209].
- f r i c t i o n and a b r a s i o n o f rubber [1210,1211].
- XPS i n t h e s t u d y o f r u b b e r t o m e t a l bonding [1212].
-
-
ELECTRON MICROPROBE (EM)
[1208].
e l e c t r i c a l p o t e n t i a l i n adhesive f r i c t i o n of e l a s t o m e r s [1476].
a t h e o r y of t h e a d h e s i o n a l f r i c t i o n of rubber [1623].
zy
ELECTRODEPOSITION
See: ELECTROPLATING.
ELECTROEROSIVE WEAR
Wear of t h e s u r f a c e caused by t h e a c t i o n o f e l e c t r i c a l d i s c h a r g e s .
ELECTRON-ACCEPTOR MOLECULE
1. Any molecule t h a t c a p t u r e s e l e c t r o n s and becomes reduced.
2. A microbiological term for the metalworking industry referring to
molecules which a c c e p t e l e c t r o n s and become reduced, e.g. a molecule such
a s oxygen i s reduced t o water. A l l c e l l s r e c e i v e t h e i r energy from a
sequence of r e a c t i o n s implying t h e t r a n s f e r o f e l e c t r o n s a l o n g a cascade
of molecules. The l a s t molecule i n t h i s sequence o f r e a c t i o n s i s t h e
t e r m i n a l e l e c t r o n acceptor.
ELECTRON MICROPROBE (EM)

A s u r f a c e elemental a n a l y s i s technique i n which e l e c t r o n s a r e bombarded i n t o a
sample s u r f a c e causing emission of X-rays. The measured wavelengths and
e n e r g i e s o f t h e s e X-rays a r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r t h e element p r e s e n t i n t h e
solid surface. The unique f e a t u r e of t h i s technique i s t h a t i t can a n a l y s e
d i f f e r e n t s p o t s on t h e s u r f a c e and perform p o i n t by p o i n t a n a l y s i s o f a
surface. T h i s is important f o r t h e s t u d y o f wear s c a r s , t r a c k s , f r a c t u r e
cracks, etc. A number o f s p e c t r o s c o p i c techniques f a l l i n t o t h i s c a t e g o r y ,
e.g. wavelength-dispersive X-ray a n a l y s i s and energy-dispersive X-ray a n a l y s i s .
- EM e t u d y of t h e load-carrying mechanism o f organosulphur compounds [71].
- EM s t u d y o f t h e load-carrying p r o p e r t i e s of metal d i a l k y l d i t h i o p h o s p h a t e s
[185].
- J3M f o r t h e s t u d y o f worn s u r f a c e s [ZOl].
- t r i b o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s of e l e c t r o n microprobe [411].
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
112 zy
zy
An instrument f o r producing a g r e a t l y magnified image o f an object. In
c o n t r a s t t o t h e o p t i c a l microscope which employs l i g h t beams, the electron
microscope employs high v e l o c i t y e l e c t r o n beams a c c e l e r a t e d i n vacuum by h i g h
voltages.
See a l s o : SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE, TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.
- e l e c t r o n microscopic s t u d y of t h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e o f PTFE [136].
- e l e c t r o n microscopic s t u d y o f l u b r i c a t i o n and wear [1624].
ELECTRON PROBE MICROANALYSIS

See: ELECTRON MICROPROBE.
ELECTROPLATING
Electrodeposition of a thin layer of metal on other metals or on any
conducting s u r f a c e t o produce a wear r e s i s t a n t c o a t i n g . Chromium, n i c k e l ,
rhodium and s i l v e r are t h e main e l e c t r o p l a t i n g c o n s t i t u e n t s .
ELLIPSOMETRY
A surface analysis technique employing elliptically polarized light for
o b t a i n i n g t h e t h i c k n e s s and r e f r a c t i v e index of s o l i d and l i q u i d t h i n f i l m s .
It measures t h e change i n o r i e n t a t i o n of t h e l i g h t beam as t h e r e s u l t of
t r a n s m i s s i o n through a transparent film, r e f l e c t a n c e from a s u b s t r a t e and
r e t u r n t o t h e analyzer.
- c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of r e a l s u r f a c e s by e l l i p s o m e t r y [uSS].
- e l l i p s o m e t r i c a n a l y s i s o f wear t r a c k s produced i n t h e p r e s e n c e of v a r i o u s
a d d i t i v e s [1560].
ELLIPTICAL BEARINGS
See: LEMON BEARINGS.
EMBEDDABILITY
The a b i l i t y o f a bearing lining material to trap d i r t particles from t h e
l u b r i c a t i o n system and f o r c e them i n t o t h e s u r f a c e .
EMBRITTLEMENT
The s e v e r e l o s s o f d u c t i l i t y o r toughness o r both, of a material, u s u a l l y a
metal o r a l l o y .
113
EMERY
A fine-grained
EMULSIFYING AGENT
v a r i e t y o f an impure corundum used a s a n a b r a s i v e m a t e r i a l .

zy
I t s hardness v a r i e s according t o t h e amount of i r o n oxide p r e s e n t .
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY
An a n a l y t i c a l method based on t h e emission of r a d i a n t energy by atoms being i n
the excited s t a t e , The a n a l y s i s of samples i s g e n e r a l l y l i m i t e d t o m e t a l l i c
elements. Non-metals g i v e rise t o emission s p e c t r a , but t h e y a r e hard t o
excite. Q u a l i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s i s based on t h e f a c t t h a t t h e spectrum of each
element i s d i f f e r e n t . This method i s r o u t i n e l y used f o r determining t r a c e
metals i n t h e p a r t s p e r m i l l i o n range i n a l l t y p e s of l u b r i c a n t s . Both
d i r e c t - r e a d i n g and photograph-recording equipment may be used.
See a l s o : INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY.
EMULSIFIERS
Additives which may be i n t e n t i o n a l l y added t o a l u b r i c a n t , u s u a l l y mineral
o i l , t o make i t m i s c i b l e with water.
They a r e o f two types: (1) p r o t e i n s o r carbohydrate polymers, which a c t by
c o a t i n g t h e s u r f a c e s of t h e d i s p e r s e d f a t o r o i l p a r t i c l e s , t h u s p r e v e n t i n g
them from c o a l e s c i n g ; t h e s e a r e sometimes c a l l e d p r o t e c t i v e c o l l o i d s ; ( 2 ) long-
the
properties of
interface of the
t h e i r molecules.
suspended particles
Soaps behave
because
zyx
c h a i n a l c o h o l s and f a t t y a c i d s , which a r e a b l e t o reduce t h e s u r f a c e t e n s i o n
at of
i n t h i s manner;
c l e a n i n g a c t i o n by emulsifying t h e o i l y components o f s o i l s [w].
the
The e m u l s i f i e r s most widely used f o r t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of w a t e r - i n - o i l

are: sodium s a l t s o f organic and s u l p h o n i c a c i d s , f a t t y amine s a l t s , f a t t y
solubility
they exert
emulsions
zy
esters, ethoxylated f a t t y acids, polyalkylene phenol e t h e r s and a s s o c i a t e d
oxygenated products, The c h o i c e of a proper e m u l s i f i e r , f o r example, to
produce metalworking o r h y d r a u l i c f l u i d s , depends upon whether i t i s d e s i r a b l e
t o have a chemical w i t h i o n i c c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , a s a l t , o r one w i t h non-ionic
p r o p e r t i e s such a s e s t e r s , phenol e t h e r s o r o t h e r oxygenated compounds.
- a p p l i c a t i o n and performance i n l u b r i c a n t s [530].
EMULSIFYING AGENT
A substance t h a t i n c r e a s e s t h e s t a b i l i t y of an emulsion.
EMULSION
EMULSION
zyxwvuts
zy
A two-phase l i q u i d system i n which small d r o p l e t s o f one l i q u i d ( t h e i n t e r n a l
114
phase) a r e immiscible i n , and a r e d i s p e r s e d uniformly throughout, a second

continuous l i q u i d phase ( t h e e x t e r n a l phase).
EMULSION INVERSION
When a w a t e r - i n - o i l emulsion changes t o a n o i l - i n - w a t e r emulsion, t h e p r o c e s s
i s c a l l e d emulsion i n v e r s i o n .
ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS (EDX o r EDAX)
zyxwvutsr
A s u r f a c e a n a l y s i s technique working on t h e e l e c t r o n microprobe p r i n c i p l e .
This technique i s used with a scanning e l e c t r o n microscope and provides
q u a n t i t a t i v e elemental a n a l y s i s . X-alpha a n a l y s i s i s a v a r i a t i o n o f EDX and
uses radi oact i ve l y supplied alpha p a r t i c l e s . I t is u s e f u l f o r t h i n - f i l m
analysis.
- EDX f o r ZDDP ( z i n c d i a l k y l d i t h i o p h o s p h a t e ) s u r f a c e l a y e r a n a l y s i s [917].
- a n a l y s i s of ion-implanted s u r f a c e s [1213].
ENGINE OILS
Complex mixtures o f m i n e r a l and/or s y n t h e t i c base o i l s w i t h s p e c i a l a d d i t i v e
packages. Engine o i l s have t o meet t h e S o c i e t y o f Automotive Engineers (SAE)
requirements r e g a r d i n g t h e v i s c o s i t y g r a d e c l a s s i f i c a t i o n . There a r e s i n g l e
and m u l t i g r a d e o i l s . Engine o i l s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a c c o r d i n g t o t h e American
Petroleum Institute (API) Classification. This includes Service Station
Grades (SA, SB, SC, SD, SE, SF) and Commercial Grades ( C A , CB, C C , CD).
- i n t e r a c t i o n s of engine o i l a d d i t i v e s [64].
- flow p r o p e r t i e s of some o i l s a t sub-zero temperatures [123].
- e f f e c t of V I improvers on c o l d flow p r o p e r t i e s of engine o i l s [179].
- performance of o i l a d d i t i v e s [233].
- f u e l economy improvement o f engine o i l s [416].
- handbook o f varioue o i l s , i n c l u d i n g engine o i l s [621].
- engine o i l 8 f o r mining machinery [641].
- e f f e c t of m e t a l wear on t h e d e t e r i o r a t i o n r a t e of engine o i l s [645].
- performance of engine o i l s [653].
- e f f e c t of base s t o c k composition on o i l performance [792].
- b a c t e r i a l d e t e r i o r a t i o n of o i l s [1126].
- e f f e c t s of doping t h e o i l s w i t h r e t r o f i t a d d i t i v e s [1342].
115
-
-
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
composition of fuel economy engine oils [1504].
EROSION
viscosity and flow of the oils at low and high temperatures and shear rates
[1507].
- viscosity of engine oils [1508].
- viscosity measurements at high temperature and shear rates [1510].
- detergency/dispersancy and wear behaviour of the oils [ 15131.
- tests of frictional properties of the oils at elevated temperatures [1514].
- composition of modern engine oils [1515, 15171.
- lubrication properties of used engine oils [1518].
zyxwv
EP ADDITIVES
See: EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES,
EPOXY RESINS
A class of thermosetting polymers based on the reactivity of the epoxide
group. They are characterized by toughness, good corrosion and chemical
resistance and usually exhibit high tensile strength and modulus. Due to
their good adhesion, the majority of solid resins are used in surface
coatings. They also have good dimensional stability. Other applications
include adhesives for ceramics, composites and metals.
- basic information on epoxy resins [482].
- examination and characterization of erosion damage of epoxy resins ['50].
- friction and wear of siloxane-modified resins [1214],
- frictional behaviour of cured epoxy resins [1215].
- fundamental study on various aspects of epoxy resins and composites [1216].
- friction and wear of rubber-modified epoxies [1217].
EROSION
zyxw
The progressive loss of original material from a solid surface due to
mechanical interaction between that surface and a fluid, a multicolnponent
fluid, impinging liquid or solid particles.
- study of erosion phenomena [402].
- nature and mechanism of erosive wear [411].
- general discussion [5101.
- a new model of erosion of metals [584].
- erosion of heat-treated steels [585].
- erosion of plain bearings [586].
EROSION-CORROSION
-
-
zy
zyxwvuts
e f f e c t of heat treatment on e r o s i o n behaviour o f s t e e l [587].
terminology r e l a t i n g t o e r o s i o n [760].
116
- solid particle erosion of an austenitic stainless steel: c u t t i n g and

deformation e r o s i o n mechanisms [761].
- review of l i t e r a t u r e on e r o s i o n of polymers [860].
- e f f e c t o f mechanical p r o p e r t i e s of a l l o y s on t h e i r e r o s i o n behaviour [914].
- corrosion r a t e s of metals and a l l o y s i n a viscous mineral o i l [922].
- s l u r r y e r o s i o n of tungsten carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) cermets and ceramics [929].
- t e s t s and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n of 50 materials w i t h r e s p e c t t o e r o s i o n response
[945].
- m a t e r i a l removal mechanism i n aluminium a l l o y s [946].
- e r o s i v e wear o f polymer matrix composite m a t e r i a l s [947].
- erosion of some commercial s t e e l s a t up t o 900°C [948].
- erosion o f zirconia-based ceramic thermal b a r r i e r c o a t i n g s [w].
- e r o s i o n damage i n epoxy r e s i n s [950].
- mechanisms of e r o s i o n i n d u c t i l e metals s u b j e c t e d t o s o l i d p a r t i c l e impact
[ 17461.
EROSION-CORROSION
A conjoint a c t i o n involving c o r r o s i o n and e r o s i o n i n t h e presence of a moving
c o r r o s i v e f l u i d , leading t o t h e a c c e l e r a t e d l o s s of m a t e r i a l .
EROSIVE WEAR
Erosive wear i s l o s s of material from a s o l i d s u r f a c e due t o r e l a t i v e motion
i n c o n t a c t w i t h a f l u i d which c o n t a i n s s o l i d p a r t i c l e s [503].
See ' a l s o : ABRASIVE EROSION, CAVITATION EROSION, FLUID EROSION, IMPACT
EROSION.
- d i s c u s s i o n of e r o s i v e wear [538].
- importance of work hardening i n designing e r o s i v e wear-resistant materials
[ 11061.
ERUCYL ALCOHOL
A
C22H430H
solid fatty
solvents.
zyxwvuts
alcohol.
Boiling range
sodium reduction of e r u c i c a c i d .
White,
334-376oC;
soft solid.
Po 0.8486.
Soluble i n most organic
I t i s derived by
Used as a l u b r i c a n t o r a l u b r i c i t y a d d i t i v e .
117 zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
ESTER FLUID GREASES
ETCHANTS
zyx
Various thickeners can be used in esters to produce greases. Their
properties are related to those of the ester fluid and thickener. Good
lithium soap greases can be manufactured from aliphatic esters when isostearic
acids are used in the making of the esters. The application of isostearic
acids improved greatly the rubber swell properties of the greases.
- some properties of ester fluid greases [323].
ESTER OILS
See: ESTERS, ORGANIC ESTERS, SYNTHETIC ESTERS.
ESTERS
The largest class of synthetic lubricants currently in use. They include
simple and complex ester oils, esters of neopentyl polyols, sulphur-containing
and fluorine-containing ester oils.
See also: ORGANIC ESTERS, SYNTHETIC ESTERS.
- structure of thin films of aliphatic esters on metal [23].
- chemical degradation of ester lubricants [ 1271.
- diesters as high-temperature lubricants [138].
- load-carrying properties of diester disulphides [ 1411.
- oxidation stability of fluoroalcohol esters [209].
- diester compressor oils: properties, performance [995].
- ester base stocks: structure, properties, applications [1077].
- structure and physicochemical properties of ester oils [1561].
- viscosity/pressure dependence of sulphurized and unsulphurized ester oils
[1562].
- ethyl palmitate as an additive for improved boundary lubrication [1624].
- boundary lubricating and antiwear properties of some new fluorinated
diesters [1630].
- lubricity of diolesters [1748].
- development of a diolester lubricant for the textile industry [1749].
ETCHANTS
Chemicals used for etching metal surfaces. Acids are the most commonly used
etching materials.
ETCHING
ETCHING
zyxwvuts
zyxwvut
Treatment of a polished metal o r alloy surface with an etchant in order to
118
reveal its structural details. Etchants provide various effects on the

different constituents or different crystals.
See also: CHEMICAL ETCHING.
ETCHING PITS
Small cavities produced on a highly polished metal surface during etching,
ETHANOLAMINE
HOCH2CH2NH2
Colourless, moderately viscous liquid, Strong base. Miscible with water
and alcohol; soluble in carbon tetrachloride and chloroform; bp 170.5OC;
fp 10.5OC; density slightly higher than that of water, A highly toxic and
strong irritant. It is derived by the reaction of ethylene oxide and ammonia
which gives a mixture of mono-, di-, and triethanolamines. Ethanolamine is
widely used as a corrosion inhibitor.
ETHANOLAMINES
Ethanolamines combine the properties of amines and alcohols. Most of them
are liquid and many are soluble in water. They form soaps with fatty
acids. They have antifoaming characteristics and may be used as emulsifying,
wetting and anti-icing agents. They exhibit lubricity and are corrosion
inhibitors. Some of them act as antimicrobial agents, Over fifty mono-
ethanolamines, diethanolamines and triethanolamines were investigated for
their antimicrobial properties in 13 cutting fluid products [48]. It was
found that 2-(N-amyl) ethanolamine exhibits outstanding activity in all of the
products. Other derivatives producing significant inhibition of microbial
growth include N-methyl ethanolamine, N-ethyl ethanolamine, N-butyl
zyxwvu
ethanolamine, 2-(N-methyl-N-heptyl) ethanolamine, 2-cyclohexyl ethanolamine
and N-benzyl ethanolamine. Ethanolamines are employed in a wide variety of
products such as hydraulic fluids and rolling oils. They are often used as
ingredients for cutting fluids.
See also: Individual Compounds.
- literature review of the subject; study on antimicrobial properties of
ethanolamines [48].
119 zyxwvutsrqp
N-ETHOXY ETHANOLAMINE
CH CH ONHCH2CH20H
3 2
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as an antimicrobial agent [MI.
N-ETHYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES
See: DI-N-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATES.
- tested as an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [ 2701.
N-ETHYL DIETHANOLAMINE
C~H~N(CH~CH~OH)~
Soluble in water at 25OC; bp 16fC;
ingredient for cutting fluids.
zyxwvu
4; 1.0156.
- tested as an antimicrobial compound in metal-working fluids [@I.

Used as an
ETHYLENE DIAMINE TETRAACETIC ACID (EDTA)

(HOOCCH~)~NCH~CH~N(CH~COOH)~
Colourless crystals. Insoluble in common organic solvents; slightly soluble
in water. EDTA decomposes at 240% and is slightly toxic. It is derived
by the addition of sodium cyanide and formaldehyde to a basic solution of
ethylene diamine.
EDTA strengthens antimicrobial properties of a number of commonly used cutting
fluid preservatives. It is used as a chelating agent in metalworking
fluids. It can also be used as an antioxidant and a detergent.
- effects of EDTA on the antimicrobial activities of typical metal-working
fluid preservatives; very wide literature review of the subject [59].
ETHYLENE GLYCOL
HOCH2CH20H
The simplest and most important of the glycols. Clear, colourless, ~ y ~ p y
liquid. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Hygroscopic and relatively
non-volatile. Bp 197.2'C; fp -13.5%; d y 1.1155; it lowers tL-
freezing point of water. Toxic by ingestion (lethal dose is reported to be
100cm3). Used in brake fluids.
- &ball fatigue tests on ethylene glycol [205],
- influence of ethylene glycol on friction [207].
N-ETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
N-ETHYL ETHANOLAMINE
zyxwvu 120
zyxwvut
C2H5NHCH2CH20H
Colourless liquid. Boiling range 167-16q C; 0.914. Soluble in
water, alcohol and ether. Slightly toxic. It is used as a very active
antimicrobial agent and corrosion inhibitor.
- tested as an antimicrobial agent in a number of cutting fluids [48].
2-ETHYLHEXYL ALCOHOL
CH~(CH2)3CH(CH,CH~)CH~OH
Colourless liquid.
Bp 183.5OC; fp -78C;
zyxwvut
Insoluble in water; miscible with most organic solvents.
p" 0.83.
the 0x0 process, from propylene and synthetic gas.
Slightly toxic.
2-ethylhexyl dithiophosphate, 2-ethylhexyl octylphenyl phosphite, and many

others.
-
It can be used as a lubricant and a defoaming agent.
antiwear behaviour of 2-ethylhexyl alcohol [ 1511.
Manufactured
It is a typical raw
material for the production of antioxidants and antiwear additives, e.g.
by
zinc
2-ETHYLHEXYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

C ~ H ~ ~ N H ~ O P O (l2O C ~ H ~
3,3'-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) THIODIPROPIONATE
S[CH2CH2CO2C8Hl71
Colourless liquid. Density 0.952 (2q C). Insoluble in water; soluble in
most organic solvents. Used as an antioxidant and load-carrying additive.
EXCLUSION SEAL
A device designed to restrict access of dirt, etc. to a system, often used in
conjunction with a dynamic seal [1633].
See also: SEALS.
121 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
EXOELECTRON EMISSION
EXTERNALLY PRESSURISED BEARINGS
zyxw
Exoelectron emission occurs when a material's surface i s d i s t u r b e d by p l a s t i c
deformation, a b r as i o n , fatigue cr ack i n g, or phase tra nsform a tion.
Exoelectron emission from a f r e s h l y formed s u r f a c e reache s a maximum almost
immediately, t h e n decays wi t h time [453]. The energy of exoelectrons i s
considered t o be very low, of t h e o r d e r o f 2-3 eV [454].
- g e n e r a l information on ex o el ect r o n emission [412],
- su r v e y on e x o e lect r o n emission [412, 4531,
- s t u d y of p l a s t i c deformation by ex o el ect r o n emission [455],
- s t u d y o f f a t i g u e wear by ex o el ect r o n emission [456],
- organosulphur compound i o n i s a t i o n by t h e a c t i o n of e xoelectron emission
[4141.
- new d e v i c e f o r continuous measurement of f r i c t i o n and exoelectron emission
from wear t r a c k [762].
- emission from magnesium c r y s t a l d u r i n g oxygen a d s o r p t i o n [960].
EXOELECTRONS
Low-energy e l e c t r o n s spontaneously emi t t ed from most f r e s h s u r f a c e s . The
term o r i g i n a t e s from i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e emission i n f r e s h l y mechanically
treated metals which were accounted f o r as a consequence o f exothermal
tr a n sf o r m a t i o n p r o ces s es of the surface (Kramer effect). The energy of
e x o e l e c t r o n s i s of t h e o r d er o f 2-3 eV.
EXTERNAL FRICTION
R e s i st a n c e t o r e l a t i v e motion between two bodies, o r i g i n a t i n g a t t h e c o n t a c t
zyxwvu
a r e a of t h e i r s u r f a c e s and d i r e c t e d t a n g e n t i a l l y t o them.
EXTERNALLY PRESSURISED BEARINGS

Bearings o p e r a t i n g wi t h h y d r o s t a t i c l u b r i c a t i o n , p r e s s u r e being a p p l i e d t o t h e
f l u i d from a n e x t e r n a l source [ 5 0 3 ] .
- a p p l i c a t i o n s and c o n f i g u r a t i o n s o f t h e b earings [1218].
- s t a b i l i t y of gas - l u b r i cat ed e x t e r n a l l y pressuriz ed porous thrust bearings
[12191.
- d e si g n of t h e b ear i n g s [1252].
- t o t a l c r o s s flow bearing: d e s c r i p t i o n and comparison w ith conventional
h y d r o s t a t i c b e a r i n g s [1253].
- d e si g n o f h y d r o s t a t i c j o u r n a l b ear i n g s [1480].
- e x t e r n a l l y p r e s s u r i z e d gas bearings: d es i g n data and examples [1481].
EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES
EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES

zyxwvu
zy
Substances e f f e c t i v e i n c o n t r o l l i n g wear and damage under heavily
122
loaded
conditions of a mating p a i r , i.e. when the number of metallic contacts
i n c r e a s e s and s e i z u r e t a k e s p l a c e . I n o t h e r words, they p r e v e n t s e i z u r e and
welding between metal s u r f a c e s working under extreme p r e s s u r e . Extreme
p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s u s u a l l y c o n s i s t of s u l p h u r , c h l o r i n e , phosphorus and l e a d
compounds which provide a l a y e r of low s h e a r s t r e n g t h t o minimize wear o f
metal s u r f a c e s and prevent welding. A s a l l extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s a r e
e f f e c t i v e o n l y by chemical a c t i o n , t h e i r u s e should be g e n e r a l l y avoided t o
zyxw
e l i m i n a t e p o s s i b l e c o r r o s i o n problems i n any d e v i c e i n which t h e y are n o t
necessary. I n s e v e r a l i n s t a n c e s , however, t h e u s e of c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r s
may compensate f o r t h e c o r r o a i v e e f f e c t s o f extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s . The
most widely used extreme pressure additives are sulphurized fatty oils,
s y n t h e t i c e s t e r s and hydrocarbons (e.g. polybutenes) , sulphur ch lo r id e tr eated
fatty oils, c h l o r i n a t e d p a r a f f i n wax, chlorinated p a r a f f i n wax sulphides,
chloronaphtha x a n t h a t e , l e a d naphthenate, a l i p h a t i c and a r o m a t i c d i s u l p h i d e s
(usually dibenzyl disulphide, dibutyl disulphide, chlorobenzyldisulphide),
alkanyl phosphates, organic phosphites, phosphorized fatty oils and many
others. Extreme pressure additives have been used to formulate gear
l u b r i c a n t s , motor o i l s , automatic t r a n s m i s s i o n f l u i d s , g a s and steam t u r b i n e
oils, j e t a i r c r a f t turbine o i l s , greases, m e t a l c u t t i n g and m e t a l forming
lubricants. Extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s r e a c t w i t h mating m e t a l s u r f a c e s t o
form new compounds with s h e a r s t r e n g t h lower t h a n t h a t of t h e base m e t a l and
t h e newly formed l a y e r i s p r e f e r e n t i a l l y sheared r a t h e r t h a n t h e base metal.
- extended l i t e r a t u r e survey [1,2,404,409-413].
- chemisorption o f some EP a d d i t i v e s on iron s u r f a c e s [30].
- mechanism o f EP a d d i t i v e - metal i n t e r a c t i o n [62].
- some EP a d d i t i v e s i n l u b r i c a t i n g f l u i d s f o r t i t a n i u m [76].
- f u n c t i o n s and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , mechanism o f a c t i o n and t y p i c a l applications
of extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s [173].
- f r i c t i o n experiments on and thermogravimetric a n a l y s i s o f extreme p r e s s u r e
a d d i t i v e s [174].
- extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s t e s t e d f o r h i g h temperature l u b r i c a n t s [2O8],
- use o f r a d i o - t r a c e d phosphorus and s u l p h u r t o s t u d y t h e r e a c t i v i t i e s of
t h e s e elements i n EP l u b r i c a t i o n [216].
- method f o r s t u d y i n g t h e r e a c t i o n s between extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s and
metal s u r f a c e s a t temperatures up t o 6OO0C [230].
123
- mechanism of action of extreme pressure additives [232].

- suitability of some extreme pressure additives for
EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICATION
use in corrosion
zy
preventive oils [254].
- properties of a new class of chlorine-containing compounds [265].
- evaluation of extreme pressure grease additives [ 2691.
- appraisal of world literature on extreme pressure additives for the years
1946-1966 [4OO].
- negative-ion action mechanism of extreme pressure additives [414].
zyxwvutsr
- patent review on advances since 1979 [529].
- application and performance in lubricants [530].
- surface reactions of EP additives at elevated temperatures [574].
- effect of a solid EP additive on rolling fatigue life [588].
- zyx
- synergism between sulphur-type and phosphorus-type EP additives [961].
- evaluation of EP additives in lithium soap - mineral oil greases [1591].
- phosphates and phosphonates as EP additives [1596].
assessment of some sulphur-containing organic compounds as EP additives
[ 17101.
EXTREME P R E S S U R E LUBRICANTS
Lubricants which impart increased load carrying capacity to rubbing surfaces
under severe operating conditions [503].
EXTREME PRESSURE LUBRICATION

A type of lubrication in which the solid lubricant is formed by chemical
reaction of certain compounds, applied in the form of oil solutions, with the
metallic rubbing surfaces.
See also: BOUNDARY LUBRICATION, EXTREME P R E S S U R E A D D I T I V E S , EXTREME P R E S S U R E
LUBRICANTS.
- study of surfaces worn under El, lubrication [201].
- EP lubrication and wear [203].
- EP lubrication theory [504].
- kinetic aspects of EP lubrication, morphology of the EP film [156j].
EXTREME PRESSURE TURBINE OILS
EXTREME PRESSURE TURBINE OILS

Advances i n t h e design o f v a r i o u s t y p e s of
124
t u r b i n e s and t h e i r a s s o c i a t e d
zy
gearing have brought problems of boundary lubrication. To solve these
problems some l o w - a c t i v i t y EP a d d i t i v e s have been i n t r o d u c e d . The a d d i t i v e s
must withstand high temperatures and, i n t h e c a s e of steam t u r b i n e s , w a t e r
zyxwv
contamination without promoting c o r r o s i o n o f t u r b i n e engine elements.
For steam t u r b i n e o i l s , additives based on phosphorus and h y d r o l y t i c a l l y
stable chlorine-containing compounds have been used. For gas turbine
a p p l i c a t i o n s phosphate and phosphite a d d i t i v e s a r e used. I n c e r t a i n cases
polyglycol f l u i d s may a c t i n t h e same way - presumably by s t r o n g a d s o r p t i o n o f
t h e hydroxy groups t o t h e m e t a l s u r f a c e s [404].
EXTRUSION
A bulk deformation p r o c e s s based on r e d u c t i o n o f t h e workpiece by f o r c i n g i t
through a converging die. The process involves reduction in the
c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a of t h e workpiece. E x t r u s i o n i s used f o r manufacturing
r o d s , t u b e s and d i f f e r e n t shapes of s o l i d and hollow s e c t i o n s from blanks o r
b i l l e t s of s o l i d metal.
-
-
- zyxwv
polymers a s l u b r i c a n t s i n e x t r u s i o n of aluminium [401].
d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n of e x t r u s i o n p r o c e s s e s [625].
l u b r i c a t i o n i n cold e x t r u s i o n p r o c e s s e s [ 6 5 7 ] .
- theory and p r a c t i c e of e x t r u s i o n [697].
- cold e x t r u s i o n of s t e e l [1220].
- l u b r i c a t i o n o f e x t r u s i o n by s o l i d c o a t i n g s [1221].
- cold e x t r u s i o n o f s t e e l and nonferrous metals: t h e o r y and a p p l i c a t i o n [1222].
125
FACING
zy
zyxwvutsrqp FATIGUE LIFE
A machining operation which refers to the cutting of a flat surface with a single
point tool aiming at squaring the end with the sides, or reducing the stock to a
given length. Generally, the workpiece revolves in a lathe. The tool feeds along
a line perpendicular to the spindle axis.
FAILURE TEMPERATURE
zyxwv
See: CRITICAL TEMPERATURE OF LUBRICANT FILM.
FALSE BRINELLING
An imprecise term describing local spots appearing when the protective surface
film on a metal is broken continually b y repeated impacts, usually in the
presence of corrosive agents. I t may be distinguished from true brinelling by
the presence of corrosive products.
See also: TRUE BRINELLING
FATIGUE
The process of progressive localised permanent structural change occuring in a
material subjected to conditions which produce fluctuating stresses and strains
a t some point or points, and that may culminate in cracks or complete fracture,
after a sufficient number of fluctuations.
- effect of lubricants on the fatigue of steel and other metals [192].
- general discussion 15321.
- fatigue of plain bearings [562, 5861.
- review on fatigue research in Japan [5891.
- crack initiation in contact fatigue 18551.
- fretting and normal fatigue tests on a stainless steel and an aluminium alloy
[9391.
- review of contact fatigue and fretting wear [962].
- effects of fretting wear mechanisms on fretting fatigue 19631.
- effect of environment on fretting fatigue [964].
FATIGUE LIFE
The number of cycles of stress or strain of a specified character that a given
specimen sustains before failure of a specified nature occurs.
- effects of lubricant chemistry on bearing fatigue life 19651
- effect of molecular weight distribution of lube oils on ball bearing fatigue life
19661.
FATIGUE WEAR zyxwvutsr 126
FATIGUE WEAR
See also: SPALLING.

-
FATS
zyxwvut
Removal of particles detached by fatigue arising from cyclic stress variations
[5031.
nature and mechanism of fatigue wear [411].
Glyceryl e s t e r s of higher fatty acids. The only difference between f a t s and oils
is that the former a r e solids a t room temperature] while t h e latter a r e liquids.
Fats a r e widely used a s lubricants and raw materials for tribological additives.
FATTY ACIDS
RCO,H
Fatty acids a r e composed of chains of alkyl groups containing from 4 to 22
carbon atoms (usually even-numbered). They may be saturated or unsaturated
(olefinic), and either solid, semisolid, or liquid. Usually they a r e derived from
an animal or vegetable f a t or oil. Fatty acids a r e examples of materials which
provide benefits under boundary lubrication by chemical reaction of these
compounds to form layers of metal soaps [19, 24, 311. The ability of fatty acid
to lubricate depends a t f i r s t upon t h e melting point of the acid [24, 321.
The performance of fatty acids under inert atmospheres depends upon the base
stock [33]. Improved lubrication results from a n increase in t h e alkyl chain
length of the fatty acids. I t has been shown in [3911 that a t 50% the shorter
chain-length acids give rise to a decrease in the coefficient of friction. This
effect is due to greater chemical reactivity of the smaller acid molecules. The
presence of aromatics causes severe failure of the rubbing pairs [33]; t h e
severity increases with increasing acid chain length in the series C, to Cle. the
mechanism proposed in 1331 was found satisfactory in explaining these
observations. Fatty acids a r e widely used to produce metal soap lubricants,
synthetic lubricants and detergents.
- their orientation on metal surfaces [19, 321.
- surface fatigue initiated by fatty acids [33].
-
zyxwv
detailed study of fatty acids [357].
- lubrication of steel by f a t t y acids and their adsorption on sulphides [802].
FATTY ALCOHOLS
These are primary alcohols (from C, to C,,), usually straight chain. The more
important commercial saturated alcohols are octyl, decyl, myristyl, cetyl and
stearyl. The commercially important unsaturated alcohols a r e oleyl, linoleyl and
linolen yl.
127
zyxwvuzy FATTY MATERIALS FOR GREASES
High molecular weight alcohols a r e produced synthetically by the 0x0 and Ziegler
processes. Those from C, to C,, a r e oily liquids; above C,, they a r e solids.
They are used as lubricating oil additives, detergents, and as chemical
intermediates in the manufacture of polyacrylate viscosity index improvers.
Fatty alcohols have been used a s gel stabilizers for metal soap greases. Fatty
alcohol esters of phosphorus acids a r e used a s lubricating oil additives which
zyxwvu
maintain effective lubricating action under extreme pressure conditions. Fatty
alcohols also find use in metalworking operations. Fatty alcohols and esters are
usually preferred a s additives for rolling oils because what is required is a high
surface finish of the rolling elements which means that the additives must not be
very chemically active.
- adsorption of alcohols [25].
- adsorption results and boundary lubrication properties [211.
-
zyxw
characterisation of thin films of alcohols deposited on metal surfaces [23].
- friction polymer formation [34].
- wear in the boundary lubrication region with a n aluminium-steel system using
fatty alcohols [391].
- negative-ion-radical action mechanism of alcohols [967 1.
FATTY AMINES
zyxwv
They are normally aliphatic amines derived from fats and oils.
saturated and unsaturated, primary, secondary, or tertiary, but the alkyl groups
are straight-chain and have a n even number of carbons in each.
varies from 8 to 22 atoms.
They may be
Fatty amines a r e used in the compounding of

lubricating oils and greases, particularly as friction modifiers.
The length
- interaction of amines with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates.
FATTY MATERIALS FOR GREASES

The fatty materials used to form grease-making soaps may be either of vegetable
or animal origin, including marine oils and fats. They can be used a s the
original glycerides, o r a s fatty acids split from the glycerides, or fractions
thereof recovered by filtration, distillation, or solvent crystallization [420]. The
type of fatty material affects the melting point of the soap and the degree of
unsaturation may effect grease texture. Too much unsaturation leads to poor
oxidation stability, so high iodine values a r e avoided and values of 35 or less
are preferred.
FATTY NITRILES
FATTY NITRILES
zyxwvuts
zy
Important intermediates for fatty amines and lube oil additives.
128
They a r e
organic cyanides derived from fatty acids which a r e treated with ammonia and
heated to form fatty acid amides and these, in turn, can be converted to nitriles.
They may be toxic.
FATTY OILS
Fatty oils alone find only limited use a s lubricants, a typical example being their
use a s metalworking lubricants, but they a r e used in large quantities as
components for mineral oils when: (a) improved lubricating ability is required
(machine lubricants, neat cutting fluids); ( b ) the ability to emulsify with water is
sought, for example in cylinder lubricants for reciprocating steam engines
running out on wet steam, rock drill oils, or machine stern tube lubricants; (c)
scourability is required, for example in certain textile oils [4201.
Castor oil, fish oils, lard oil, palm oil, etc. have been commonly used in this way
for many years (fatty mineral oils); thus, they can be claimed to be some of the
earliest lubricating oil additives. Sulphurized or phosphorsulphurized fatty oils
a r e typical EP additives used commercially in formulating gear lubricants. They
are also used a s automotive oil and cutting oil EP additives. Neat fatty oils have
been widely used as lubricants for metalworking (extrusion, drawing, forging,
pressing, especially of aluminium alloys and magnesium alloys; rolling of
low-carbon and medium-carbon steels).
FERRIC OXIDE
Fe203
Dense, dark powder or lumps. Insoluble in water, soluble in acids. Mp 1565OC;
density 5.12-5.24.
zyxw
If the mating metal surfaces form several oxide compounds, then these a r e
arranged so that the compound that is the richest in oxygen is a t the solid-gas
interface while the compound that is poorest in oxygen is at the metal-oxide
interface. Therefore, the superimposed oxide layers on the iron surface should
be arranged a s follows: Fe203, Fe30S, FeO, bulk metal.
- role of ferric oxide in steel friction in vacuum [463].
- lubrication by oxide films [465].
- oxidational wear [466].
129
FERROCENE
(C&&Fe
zy
zyxwvutsrqp FERROGRAPHY
A coordination compound of ferrous iron and two molecules of cyclopentadiene.
zy
Its activity is intermediate between phenol and anisole. Ferrocene is sometimes
called a sandwich compound because the metal is between two planes of the
organic rings and a t the same distance from them. I t reacts like an aromatic
hydrocarbon. Ferrocene is an orange, crystalline solid. I t is insoluble in water;
slightly soluble in benzene, ether and petroleum ether. I t s iron content is 29.4
- 30.6%. Its thermal stability is extraordinarily high for an organometallic
compound. Ferrocene is derived from ferrous chloride and cyclopentadiene
sodium. On decomposition and heating it evolves toxic products. It has been
used primarily a s a raw material to make ferrocene derivatives such a s ferrocene
alcohols and ferrocene sulphides, which are suggested a s additives.
Ferrocene has also been used a s a base for high temperature lubricants.
Synthetic oils can be obtained by the introduction of alkyl, siloxanyl or
trialkylsilyl substituents. Other ferrocene derivatives which may be of interest
a s lubricant additives include ferrocenyl sulphides and alcohols.
- ferrocene derivatives a s special synthetic lubricants [487].
- ferrocenyl alcohols and sulphides a s wear-reducing additives in paraffin oil
[9591.
FERROGRAPHY
A standard technique for wear metal analysis of lubricating oils, based on the
use of the ferrograph to collect, segregate and view the wear particles in oils.
The mode of the ferrograph action is based on the magnetic precipitation of
ferromagnetic and paramagnetic wear particles from the oil. Ferrography
provides information on the wear type occurring in the tribological system from
which the oil sample has been taken. One of its most valuable features is the
fact that ferrography does not see every particle and ignores virtually
everything except wear metal particles in the oil.
The devices for the magnetic precipitation are (i) the direct reading ferrograph
which provides information on the concentration and size distribution of wear
particles in the oil, and (ii) the analytical ferrograph which is used to
precipitate the particles onto a glass slide. The particles can then be
analysed by means of bichromatic light in a microscope (Ferroscope).
- ferrographic analyeis of synovial fluid [1076].
- comparison of ferrographic and atomic absorption spectrometric analysis data
[1124].
- on-line ferrography for continuous wear measurement [1129].
FERROUS ALLOYS zyxwvuts
zy
zyxw
ferrography for condition monitoring of gas turbines [ 11763.
ferrographic analysis of wear in journal bearings [12231.
130
recent developments in analytical ferrography [12241.

optimisation of ferrographic oil analysis [ 12251.
industrial applications of ferrography [ 12261.
ferrography for internal combustion engine economy [ 12271.
ferrography for identification and quantification of wear modes 112281.
advances in ferrographic analysis [12291.
wear debris in locomotive diesel engines: ferrographic analysis [ 12301.
ferrography for diesel engines: advances in quantitative analysis [ 1231 I.
ferrographic illustration of wear debris types in diesel engines [ 12321.
ferrography for agricultural machinery maintenance 112331.
advances in ferrography: high gradient magnetic separator for particle
filtration 112341.
FERROUS ALLOYS
Alloys based on iron, encompassing alloy steels and steels,
See also: ALLOYS, ALLOY STEELS, STEELS.
FIELD ION MICROSCOPY (FIM)

A microscopic technique providing images giving structural information about
locations of atoms on various crystalline planes. The technique is based on
helium atom ionisation a t a fine pin-tip surface using high voltage. The
accelerated ions facilitate the obtaining of an image of the pin tip a t a
magnification from one to three million times. The pin tips are usually of 500 to
l O O O I in diameter. The technique should be treated a s a tool for fundamental
studies.
- detailed description of FIM [1725].
- FIM in fundamental studies of wear [1729].
FILLED BEARINGS
Bearings made from two bearing materials in which the stronger one is
impregnated with a bearing material providing better lubricating properties.
FILLERS
Organic and inorganic substances or powdered metals added to other materials to
improve their physical and tribological properties. Added to oils they improve
their viscosity while added to greases they increase their consistency.
- fillers for lubricating greases 55201.
131
FILM
zyxwvutsr
See: SURFACE FILMS.
FLAME DEPOSITION
FILM RESISTANCE
The electrical resistance that results from films a t contacting surfaces, such a s
oxides or contaminants, which prevent p u r e metallic contact [5031.
FILM STRENGTH ADDITIVES

See: EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES.
FISH OILS
They a r e employed with mineral oils when improved lubricating ability is
required. Sulphurized fatty oils have been used a s EP additives. Hydrogenated
fatty oils a r e used a s primary raw materials for grease manufacture. These oils
contain acids in the range C,, to C,, and C,,, with the C,, and C,, acids being
zyxwvu
dominant.
FITTED BEARINGS
zyxwvuts
Bearings which have been scraped to conformity with t h e
macroscopic high spots I5031.
FIXED-LAND BEARINGS
See: FIXED-PAD BEARINGS.
journal, showing no
FIXED-PAD BEARINGS
Axial- or radial-load type bearings equipped with fixed pads, the surfaces of
which a r e contoured to promote hydrodynamic lubrication [5031.
FLAKING
See: SPALLING.
FLAME DEPOSITION
A surface coating method consisting of t h e deposition of w i r e or powder material
through a plasma arc, oxy-fuel gas flame or oxy-fuel gas detonation on to a
grit-blasted component surface, where it keys to form a coating layer [16391.
- selection and application of flame deposited coatings [ 16391.
FLASH POINT
FLASH POINT
zy
The lowest temperature a t which the air-lubricant vapour mixture can be ignited
132
under specified conditions.
FLASH TEMPERATURE
zyxw
In tribology, high temperature of short duration (microsecond) evolved during
friction over s m a l l dimension contacts (asperities).
accounting for the local maxima or frictional heat flux.
- flash temperature theory [ 12351.
- temperature of rubbing surfaces [1236].
- distribution of temperatures in rubbing bodies [12371.
Thus, it is a means of
zyxwv
- physical and mathematical constraints on the flash temperature concept [ 12381.
- a historial survey of the concept, outline of the theory and its importance
t 17301*
FLAT PLATE THRUST BEARINGS

A type of simple thrust bearing used mainly as a positioning device in the case
of light loads.
FLEXIBILITY
THat property of a material by virtue of which it may be flexed or bowed
repeatedly without undergoing rupture.
FLEXIBLE HINGES
See: FLEXURE PIVOT BEARINGS.
FLEXURE PIVOT BEARINGS

A type of bearing guiding the moving parts by flexure of a n elastic member o r
members rather than by rolling or sliding. Only limited movement is possible
with a flexure pivot [5031.
FLOATING BEARINGS
Bearings designed o r mounted to permit axial displacement between shaft and
housing [503].
FLOATING-RING BEARINGS
A type of journal bearing which includes a thin ring between the journal and
the bearing. The ring floats and rotates a t a fraction of the journal rotation
speed [503].
- their load-carrying efficiency [1286].
133
FLOOD LUBRICATION
zy FLUORINATED GREASES
zyxwv
FLUID EROSION
Wear due to the action of streaming liquid, pas or gas containing liquid droplets
which can be intensified by chemical action.
erosion.
See also: CAVITATION EROSION, EROSION.
- basic information on fluid erosion 15541.
FLUID-FILM BEARINGS
I
zyxwvu
The term does not cover cavitation
Bearings in which full film or hydrodynamic lubrication, produces a complete

physical separation of the sliding surfaces.
- dynamics of rotors supported by fluid-film bearings [845].
- pressure-fed fluid-film journal bearings: operation principle, guide to design
[11191.
FLUID FILM LUBRICATION

See: HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION.
FLUID FRICTION
Friction between the molecules of a liquid or gas in motion expressed a s shear
stress. I t varies with area and speed.
FLUORIDES
Compound8 of fluoride with another element.
See also: specific fluorides.
- fluorides and silicofluorides as EP additives in lubricating fluids for titanium
“761.
- friction and wear of eintered fluoride f i l m s 11611.
- as high temperature solid lubricant materials for use in corrosive
environments [ 16091.
FLUORINATED GREASES
Greases manufactured using perfluoroalkylpolyether oils and many types of
thickeners, such as clays, silicas, boron nitride, zinc oxide, phthalocyaninee,
fluorinated ethylene-propylene copolymere, tetrafluoroethylene polymers.
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS zyxwvu
zy
zyxwv
These greases are chemically inert and can be used with liquid oxygen.
are not soluble in all common solvents.
134
They
- development of fluorinated greases for aerospace, military and industrial

applications [274I.
- some properties of fluorinated greases [323].
FLUORINATED HYDROCARBONS
See: HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.
FLUORINATED SILICONES
See: FLUOROSILICONES.
FLUOROCARBONS
Carbon and fluorine compounds, with or without hydrogen, analogous to a
hydrocarbon in which all or nearly all the hydrogen has been replaced by
fluorine. They are chemically inert and exhibit heat stability to the 260 - 315OC
range. They have low solubilities and surface tensions; their viscosities a r e
comparable to hydrocarbons. Some of them are compressed gases and others are
liquids. They react violently with reactive substances. Used a s lubricants and
hydraulic fluids.
- solid fluorocarbon lubricants [281].
- properties and lubricity of fluorocarbon lubricants [4851.
- new technology to provide stronger fluorocarbons “7631.
- wear characteristics of some fluorocarbon composites, including some new
materials [16271.
FLUOROSILICONE GREASES
Greases based on the fluorosilicone oils thickened with PTFE powder.
- their development for the chemical process industry [282].
FLUOROSILICONES
Fluorinated silicones combine many of the excellent properties of
fluorine-containing polymers and those of silicones. Fluorosilicone lubricants
have good chemical inertness to a wide variety of harsh, corrosive chemicals.
One of the first applications of these lubricants was microlubrication of the
cylinders of methyl chloride and hydrochloric acid compressors. There has been
some interest in the use of these lubricants in the automotive and aerospace
industry.
135
-
-
zyxwvu zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
study of the lubricating effectiveness of fluorosilicones [1291.
FORGING
tests on boundary lubricating properties of fluoroalkyl silicones [213].

- studied a s boundary lubricants [1622].
FLUTED BEARINGS
Sleeve bearings with grooves which serve to feed a lubricant.
FLUTING
A form of pitting in which the pits occur in a regular pattern so a s to form
grooves or flutes.
FOAMING
The production and coalesence of gas bubbles on a liquid lubricant surface.
FOAMING INHIBTORS
See: ANTIFOAM ADDITIVES.
FOG LUBRICATION
See: MIST LUBRICATION.
FOIL BEARINGS
Bearings in which the housing is replaced by a flexible foil held under tension
against a portion of the journal periphery, lubricant being retained between the
journal and the foil 15031.
- advanced development of air-lubricated foil thrust bearings 111221.
- development of two types of air-lubricated foil journal bearings 111511.
- analysis of gas-lubricated foil journal bearings 112551.
FORCE-FEED LUBRICATION
A lubrication method in which pressure is used to apply t h e lubricant to the
rubbing surfaces.
FORGING
A bulk deformation process in which the workpiece is formed into the required
shapes by being subjected to compressive forces by pressing or hammering.
The friction a t the die-workpiece interface causes frictional heating and changes
the state of stress on the material affecting the forging load.
- description of forging processes [625].
- theory and practice of forging [6971.
FORMING
-
-
zy
zyxwvu
selection and evaluation of lubricants for forging aluminium 17941.
friction and wear during hot forging of steels [12391.
I36
- improved wear resistance of forging dies [1240].

- friction, wear and lubrication in drop-forging [1241].
FORMING
See: METAL FORMING.
FOUR-BALL MACHINE (Extreme Pressure T e s t )

One of the most commonly used tribological testers for the assessment of
antiwear and antiseizure properties of lubricants. In this machine the friction
pair consists of three stationary lower balls pressed against a rotating ball.
The balls are in the configuration of an equilateral tetrahedron. The lubricant
is contained in a cup surrounding the four-ball friction pair. The lubricant is
characterised by the size of the wear scar diameter generated on the three
lower balls. Usually, the wear scars are determined under increasing loads until
welding occurs. The tests begin with a load of 40 daN. By plotting the wear
scar diameter vs. the applied load on a log scale one can get the following
information: maximum load without seizure, seizure onset region and immediate
seizure region. Thermostatic controls are provided for controlling the
temperature of the lubricant to be examined in the cup.
FRETTING
Wear phenomena occuring between two surfaces having oscillatory relative motion
of small amplitude [5031.
See also: FRETTING CORROSION, FRETTING FATIGUE, FRETTING WEAR.
- nature and mechanism of fretting [411, 532, 5541.
- fretting and load-carrying capacity of wear debris 18941.
- fretting of brass in the presence of water vapour and oxygen 19201.
- fretting in power plant machinery [968].
- fretting of electrical contacts (tests on palladium, gold, silver and copper)
[969].
- fretting in practice and its laboratory simulation [970].
- evaluation of materials under fretting conditions: a detailed study [971],
- fretting of electrical contacts: a review with 61 references [972].
- fretting behaviour of polyimides [973].
- fretting in nuclear power reactors 19741.
- its mechanism, influencing factors, prevention: a literature survey 16341.
137 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
FRETTING CORROSION
FRETTING WEAR
z
The deterioration at the interface between contacting surfaces a s the result of
corrosion and slight oscillatory slip between the two surfaces.
(a) It is often characterized by the removal of particles and subsequent
formation of oxides, which are often abrasive and so increase the wear.
(b) It can involve other chemical reaction products, which may not be abrasive
15031.
- fretting corrosion of brass in the presence of water vapour and oxygen [9201.
- evaluation of fretting corrosion [9751.
- identification of fretting corrosion [1634].
FRETTING FATIGUE
Reduction in fatigue life caused by damage on interacting solid surfaces due to
fretting.
See also: FRETTING, FRETTING WEAR.
- fretting fatigue of plain bearings 15861.
- fretting fatigue tests of a stainless steel and an aluminium alloy [939].
- effects of environment on fretting fatigue [964].
- experiments on fretting fatigue palliatives and their merits [1242].
- currently available information on fretting fatigue [1243].
- relationship between fretting wear and fretting fatigue [1244].
FRETTING WEAR
Removal of material from tribological surfaces caused by fretting. Usually, the
removed particles in the form of oxides are abrasive and, a s such, tend to
increase wear.
See also: FRETTING.
role of adhesion and delamination in fretting wear of metallic materials 13611.
effect of water vapour on fretting wear of some pure metals [8401.
unlubricated fretting wear of steel: three stages of fretting [897].
fretting wear of steel under lubricated conditions [933].
review of contact fatigue and fretting wear [962].
effects of materials, surface preparation and wear debris on fretting wear
[963].
fretting wear of three types of coatings [10661.
relationship between fretting wear and fretting fatigue 112441.
review on fretting wear, including high-temperature fretting, fretting in
aqueous solutions, etc [ 12451.
-
-
zyxwvuts
zyxwvu
FRICTION zy
high-temperature fretting wear of titanium alloys [ 12463.
tests on impact fretting wear [12471.
138
- factors influencing fretting wear: a review [12481.

- role of oxidation in fretting wear [1249].
- vibration frequency effects on fretting wear [1250].
- fretting wear tests of bearing steels and ceramics in various environments
t12511.
FRICTION
The resisting force tangential to the common boundary between two bodies when,
under the action of an external force, one body moves or tends to move relative
to the surface of the other.
See also: COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION] DRY FRICTION, DYNAMIC FRICTION] LIMITING
STATIC FRICTION [503].
fundamentals of friction, lubrication and wear [396, 4951.
detailed discussion of surface effects in friction, including its chemistry [411].
fundamentals of friction [510, 5671.
mechanisms and analysis of friction; lubricated friction due to surface films;
temperature effects in friction 15211.
friction of clean and contaminated surfaces [534].
effect of chemisorption on friction 15351.
study on frictional noise [5901.
review on theories of friction 15911
practical aspects of friction [592].
friction and wear testing devices [593].
frictional behaviour of materials: a review [594].
friction of polymers t5951.
effect of hardness on frictional behaviour of metals [596].
friction testing methods and devices [597].
friction of thermoplastics [ 5981.
genesis of friction [720, 9791.
highly probable model for metal-polymer friction [727].
advances in friction and wear mechanisms, including literature review [785].
friction and wear calculations [786].
friction and wear in piston rings [787].
friction in magnetic tapes: theory and role of physical properties [788].
role of chemical properties [905].
relationship between friction and surface adsorption [912].
friction of semiconductors in contact with pure metals 19771.
139 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
effect of microstructure on friction of metals [978].
review of friction and wear mechanisms of implanted surfaces [980].
FRICTION CLUTCHES
contact and rubbing of flat surfaces 19813.
zyxwv
mechanisms of friction between metal surfaces and conditions of rubbing
[9821.
friction studies on 7 polymers [9831.
effect of surface hardness on friction [9841.
polymer-metal interactions in friction [ 13911.
friction mechanisms: laws of dry friction, effects of lubricants and surface
films [1327].
friction of fibres and fabrics [1443].
deformation friction of polymers on hard surfaces [14691.
frictional behaviour prediction, effect of material properties of friction,
friction of surface films t15291.
a comprehensive study on various aspects of friction phenomena [15931.
friction mechanisms of polymers: role of polymer structure [1635].
friction - a review with 91 references [16361.
adhesion theory of friction [16371.
FRICTIONAL COMPATIBILITY
See: COMPATIBILITY.
FRICTIONAL POLYMERISATION
The process of friction polymer formation.
See also: FRICTION POLYMER.
- study of friction polymer formation 1341.
- effect of lubricants on frictional polymerisation of palladium: fretting tests
L7651.
FRICTION BEARINGS
See: DRY BEARINGS.
FRICTION CLUTCHES
A variety of clutches transmitting motion from the driving to the driven member
by means of friction between the mating surfaces.
- types, characteristics, applications [ 14851.
- design and material selection [1486].
zyxwvut
zyxwvutsr
FRICTION COEFFICIENT
FRICTION COEFFICIENT
See: COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION.
140
zyxw
FRICTION CUTTING
Friction cutting refers to slitting processes employing band or circular, often
blunt, saws in which friction heating between t h e saw and the material being slit
i s generated by applying very high sliding speeds. The heating softens t h e
slit material facilitating its removal by t h e saw.
- a review on a new development of friction cutting [1148].
FRICTION FILM
A complex mixture of compounds formed during friction from lubricant
components. The term refers to both friction resins and tribopolymers.
- friction film components [341.
FRICTION FORCE
See: FRICTION.
FRICTION MODIFIERS
Additives which make i t possible to achieve a minimum coefficient of friction in
smooth sliding (friction reducing additives) or a maximum coefficient of friction,
e.g. for engagement of clutch surfaces or friction mechanisms (antichatter and
antisquawk additives). Friction reducing additives are usually naturally
occuring products such as fatty esters and amides, fatty acids and alcohols,
graphite] MoSz or oil-soluble molybdenum sulphur compounds. A choice of
different materials for friction locking units may be made:
(a) antichatter additives in limited slip axles, or other metal/metal friction
locking devices; it is necessary to reduce the stick-slip action of lubricated
steel/steel contacts; additives used for this purpose include amide-metal
dithiophosphate combinations and amine dithiophosphates,
( b ) antisquawk additives such a s N-acylsarcosines and derivatives, sulphurized
fats and esters, organophosphorous acid and fatty acid mixtures, esters of
dimerized fatty acids reduce vibrations which give rise to audible noise in
clutches of dissimilar material (bronze on steel, asbestos on steel, etc.)
14041.
- influence of friction reducing additives for fuel economy improvement [416].
- use of friction reducing additives for motor oils [417].
- application and performance in lubricants [530].
- oil-soluble fluorinated compounds as antifriction additives [5461.
141
-
-
zy
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
a complex ester a s a friction modifier in paraffinic base oil [5991.
friction reducers: developments since '78 [6OO].
FRICTION RESINS
- oil-soluble friction reducers: theory and practice [7641.

- chelate compounds based on 8-hydroxyquinoline a s friction modifiers [ lOOO].
- a theory of antisquawk additive behaviour in ATF [16381
- multifunctional modifiers, including antichatter additives [ 16401
- adsorption properties of friction reducing additives under boundary
lubrication [1711].
FRICTION OXIDATION
The term refers to a specific type of corrosiop on the contact areas of loaded
metal surfaces subjected to vibratory or oscillatory motion of small amplitude.
See also: FRETTING CORROSION.
FRICTION POLYMER
A complex mixture of desirable and undesirable products formed during friction
from lubricant components. The term refers to both friction resins and
tribopolymers.
See also: FRICTION RESINS, TRIBOPOLYMERS.
- study of friction polymer formation [34, 4541.
- frictional polymerisation of palladium [765].
- a review of friction polymers [1731].
- friction polymer relative to friction resins [1732].
FRICTION POLYMER FORMING ADDITIVES

Monomers capable of forming tribopolymers during friction.
See also: TRIBOPOLYMERS.
- used to improve the running-in process [1042].
- polycondeneation reaction of selected monomers directly on rubbing surfaces
[1723, 17241.
- tribological effectiveness of the additives [ 17331.
FRICTION RESINS
The term refers to friction polymers, i.e. products formed from various organic
lubricant components excluding monomers intentionally introduced to tribological
systems to reduce wear, friction and damage. Major chemical reactions are
thermal cracking and oxidation.
- a review of friction resins [1738].
FR-ICTION TEST RIGS zyxwvut
zy 142
zyx
FRICTION TEST RIGS
See: TRIBOLOGICAL TEST RIGS.
FRICTION WELDING
A metal-joining process in which welding i s produced by friction.
- friction welding of zinc [904].
- friction welding of components with different diameters [ 15641,
- friction wear monitoring for better quality [1565].
FROTHING
See: FOAMING.
FULLER’S EARTH
A porous colloidal aluminium silicate which has high natural adsorptive power. It
is grey to yellow in colour. Fuller’s earth is used for decolorizing of oils,
finishing of mineral oils, and for re-refining (reclamation) of deteriorated
lubricating oils.
FULL JOURNAL BEARINGS

A type of radial sliding bearing (sleeve bearing), which has 360 contact with
the mating journal.
FUNGI
A group of very simple micro-organisms affecting metalworking fluids and
lubricating oils. Fungi appear a s single-cell yeasts or filamentous moulds.
Fusarium specie and Candida specie a r e examples of fungi frequently present in
metalworking fluids.
FUNGICIDES
Microbiocides or compounds that preferentially or selectively inhibit or destroy
fungi. Two types of a heterogeneous group of chemicals a r e usually recognised:
one protects against t h e growth of fungi and the other eradicates fungi already
present (eradicant fungicides).
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyx
143 FURFURAL
FURFURAL
C ,H,OCHO
Colourless liquid when pure. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene; 8.3% soluble
in water a t 20OC. B.p. 161.7OC; m.p. -36.5OC; density much higher than that of
water. It is derived from oat and rice hulls, corn cobs, and other cellulosic
waste materials by steam-acid digestion. Highly toxic; absorbed by the skin.
Irritant to the eyes, skin, and mucous membrane. Furfural is one of the
solvents widely used in the refining of mineral lube oils to increase the stability
under operating conditions and to improve the viscosity-temperature relationship.
GALLING
GALLING
zyxwvuts
zy
zyxwvu
See: SCUFFING, SCOURING.
144
- galling mechanism and requirements of lubricants [601].

- galling resistance of silver, tin and chrome plated stainless steels [766].
GALLIUM
Silvery-white liquid a t room temperature. Mp 29.7012; b p 2403OC; density 5.9
(25OC). Soluble in acid and alkali. One of many applications is a s a high
temperature lubricant (pastes of liquid gallium with a solid, such a s graphite)
[483].
- physical and chemical properties of; friction and wear characteristics of
various materials coated with gallium-rich films [206].
GAS BEARINGS
Bearings using gas a s a lubricant.
introduction to gas bearings [549].
discussion of gas bearings, including design of externally pressurised
bearings [1218].
stability of gas-lubricating porous t h r u s t bearings [ 12191.
inertia effects in a gas bearing [1254].
elastohydrodynamics of gas-lubricated foil journal bearings [ 12191.
elastohydrodynamics of gas-lubricated compliant t h r u s t bearings [ 12561.
properties of gases used for bearings [1257].
analysis of gas-lubricated slider bearings [ 12581.
dynamic analysis of gas bearings [ 12591.
externally pressurised gas bearings: design data and examples 114811.
materials for gas bearings: a literature survey [ 15921.
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
An analytical technique based on t h e adsorption differentiation of a mixture of
volatized compounds passing through a bed of the column packing consisting of
a comminuted solid support. The surface of the support is normally coated with
a relatively nonvolatile liquid, which gives rise to the term "gas-liquid
chromatography". If there is no liquid, the process is called "gas-solid
chromatography". Individual components move through t h e bed of packing at
different rates and they a r e detected and measured individually.
145 zy GEAR LUBRICANTS
zyxwv
GAS LUBRICATION
A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding
surfaces causes the formation of a gas film having sufficient pressure to
separate the surfaces [5031.
See also: PRESSURISED GAS LUBRICATION.
- gas-film lubrication and gases a s lubricating fluids [5211.
- gas lubrication in sliding bearings [7671.
GEAR LUBRICANTS
An important class of lubricants which exclude extreme pressure additives,
antiwear additives, friction modifiers, and many others. In order to characterize
the content of additives which is very important for the performance of
lubricants six groups of vehicle gear oils have been accepted (API-GL-1 to
API-GL-6). Although in some cases plain mineral oils may be used in industrial
gears, there is a general tendency to replace these with lubricants containing
additives. Gears need lubrication by a n appropriate clean oil, preferably kept
below 100°C,
general information on gear lubricants [1591.
empirical data to be used in selecting gear oils [3091.
additives and technology connected with EP gear oils [3131.
improved lubricant performance due to changes in gear additive technology
[3141.
stability, wear control, EP and friction properties and demulsibility of gear
oils [3211.
theory of action and performance; additives; characteristics, grades,
specifications; formulation and compounding; physical and chemical testing;
applications and future trends [3541.
24 papers on performance and testing of gear oils and transmission fluids
[493].
gear- box lubricants [ 524 I.
gear oils for motor vehicles [621].
gear lubrication and lubricants [6221.
effect of molybdenum disulphide and molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate in
gear oils on fatigue life and surface failure [678].
effects of lubricants and lubricant additives in gear lubrication [7681,
composition, properties, testing, standards [769, 7701.
selection criteria for gear lubricants and additives [16411
gear lubrication theory and phenomena, performance characteristics of gear
lubricants [1643].
-
zyxwvuts
zyxwvu
GEAR OILS zy
frictional behaviour of experimental synthetic and semi-synthetic gear oils
116441.
146
- effect of modern industrial gear oils on the wear of thermally refined gears
[17121.
GEAR OILS
See: GEAR LUBRICANTS.
GEARS
Machine elements that transmit motion by means of successively engaging teeth.
If two gears r u n together, the one with the larger number of teeth is called the
gear and the one with the smaller number of teeth is called the pinion.
causes of gear failures [9851.
surface durability of cast-nylon gears [986].
scuffing of industrial gears: mechanism and prevention [987].
scuffing of automobile gears: a practical approach [988].
pitting in gears 11027, 10281.
various forms of gear wear [1433].
gear failures: characteristics and causes 114461.
selection of gear type and material combination [ 14891.
gear material combinations, hardnesses, surface finish and lubricants [ 14901.
handbook of practical gear design [ 15901.
materials, surface finishes, lubricants and operating conditions: a literature
survey [15921.
lubrication of gears: selection criteria for lubricants [ 16411.
toothed gears of plastics [1653].
effect of modern industrial gear oils on the wear of thermally refined gears
I17121.
eelection, design, lubrication, applications, failure modes, etc. [ 17131.
GEL
A semi-solid system consisting of a network of solid aggregates in which liquid
is held.
GELLING AGENTS
See: THICKENERS.
147 zyxwvutsr GLYCEROL
zyx
GLASS
Non-crystalline material produced primarily from inorganic oxides. I t is highly
resistant to chemical attack. Glass is used a s a lubricant in metalworking,
especially in the extrusion of steel. Glass has also been used a s a binder in a
solid film lubricant for rolling element bearing applications.
- glass a s a metalworking lubricant [371.
- basic information on glasses [4821.
- friction between rubber and glass [6021.
- friction and wear behaviour of graphite-fibre-reinforced borosilicate glass
[989, 9901.
GLYCEROL
HOCH,CH(OH)CH,OH
The term "glycerol" applies only to the pure chemical compound
1,2,3-propanetriol. "Glycerin(e)" is the purified commercial product containing
95%, or more, of glycerol. It is a clear, colourless, s y r y p y liquid. Glycerine is
miscible with water, lower alcohols, glycols, and phenols; it has limited miscibility
with ether, ethyl acetate, and aniline; insoluble in hydrocarbons, chlorinated
hydrocarbons and fats. Bp 290OC; mp 180'2; density of anhydrous glycerine i s
1.2653.
Glycerine can be used a s a lubricant in places where oil would fail. It is
recommended for oxygen compressors because it is more resistant to oxidation
than mineral oils. It is also used to lubricate pumps and bearings exposed to
fluids such a s gasoline and benzene which would dissolve oil-type lubricants.
Glycerine is often used a s a lubricant because i t s high viscosity and ability to
remain fluid a t low temperatures make i t valuable without modification. To
increase its lubricating power, finely divided graphite may be dispersed in it.
I t s viscosity may be decreased by addition of water, alcohol, or glycols, and by
polymerization or mixing with starch. For use in high pressure gauges and
zyxwvu
valves, soaps a r e added to glycerine to increase its viscosity and improve its
lubricating ability. A mixture of glycerine and glucose is used a s a nondrying
lubricant in the die-pressing of metals. I n the textile industry, glycerine is
frequently used in connection with so-called "textile oils", in spinning, knitting
and weaving operations [483]. Glycerol-containing lubricants a r e used for the
friction coating of antiwear layers of braes.
zyxwv
zyxwvuts
GLYCERYL TRI-( 12-HYDROXYSTEARATE)
GLY CERY L TRI- ( 12-HYDROXY STEARATE)

C&(O,CC, ,H,,OH/,
148
Yellowish to milk-white hard, brittle wax-like solid. Mp 8648°C; digo 0.899.Used

as a lubricant and for the production of metal soap greases.
GOLD
Yellow, ductile metal. Soluble in aqua regia; insoluble in acids. Mp 1063OC;
density 19.3. There a r e a number of promising applications of gold for
lubrication in air and in vacuum. It is particularly useful at high temperatures
in air, a s it does not form an oxide and is much softer under these conditions.
- added to aluminium bonded BaFz f i l m s - i t s effect on friction coefficient [1611.
- wear and friction of fluid lubricated oil [2291.
- tribological characteristics of gold films on metals [991].
GOUGING ABRASION
A type of abrasive wear that occurs when coarse material tears off sizeable
particles from wearing surfaces. This normally involves high imposed stresses
and is most often encountered when handling large lumps [363].
- gouging abrasion of alloy white cast irons 117451.
GRAIN
An individual crystalline region lattice or layer in metals.
GRAIN BOUNDARY
An interface separating two grains, where the orientation of the lattice changes
from that of one grain to that of an other. zy
When the orientation change is very
small the boundary is sometimes referred to as a sub-boundary.
GRAIN GROWTH
An increase of the average size of the grains in polycrystalline metal, usually a s
a result of heating at elevated temperature.
GRAIN PULLOUT
A mode of wear consisting in primarily intergranular fracture where one or two
grains a r e removed a t a t i m e [1619].
149
GRAPHITE
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
The crystalline allotropic form of carbon. Graphite was one of
GRAPHITE
the first
substances with a lamellar s t r u c t u r e to be used a s a solid lubricant. It occurs
naturally but is also manufactured synthetically by heating petroleum coke. It
has a soft greasy feel and steel grey to black colour with a metallic shine.
Density 2.0-2.25; apparent density of artificial graphite is 1.5-1.8. I t i s slightly
toxic.
Graphite a s used in lubrication has the laminar hexagonal crystal structure.
Typical friction coefficient is 0.1-0.2 and specific wear rate mm3/Nm.
Temperature limit i s 5OOOC in air. It i s resistant to oxidation. THe s t r u c t u r a l
features of graphite provides i t with many anisotropic mechanical properties. If
no contaminants a r e present between layers, graphite does not lubricate. For
this reason it does not lubricate in high vacuum. In a vacuum of lo-’ Pa
graphite exhibits a relatively high friction coefficient of about 0.5. If small
quantities of vapour, oxygen or hydrocarbons a r e present, the coefficient of
friction is reduced to the value in air.Graphite can be used in a variety of
forms, including free powder and bonded, rubbed, and sputtered films. I t may
also be used a s an additive or in the form of solid blocks a s d r y bearing
mate rial,
more details on graphite [ 2 , 399, 403, 4111.
zyxwvu
vapour lubrication of graphite [26].
adsorption of some aromatic hydrocarbons on graphite [29].
effect of film thickness on friction coefficient of graphite [go].
relationship between the proportions of individual surface sites and the
lubricating action of graphite [ 1031.
comparison of graphite in s t r u c t u r e and lubricating properties with boron
nitride [1101.
optical microscopic observations on the dynamics of abrasive particles and of
graphite particles in a Hertzian contact IlZO].
effect of graphite concentration alone and in t h e presence of additives in
antiwear performance of lubricants [143].
graphite added to aluminium-bonded BaF,: CaF, films and its effect on the
coefficient [ 161I.
effect of oleophilic graphite on the efficiency of load-carrying additives in
greases [ 1761.
zy
zyx
GRAPHITE-FIBRE-REINFORCED
MATERIALS 150
increase in lubricating effectiveness of graphite with the proportion of

oleophilic sites on i t s surface 11881.
comparison of wear behaviour of graphite in various environments [1931.
fundamental phenomena involved in lubrication with graphite [ZZ8].
effect of graphite powder concentration on wear reduction [2451.
effect of lubricant film thickness on the friction coefficient and wear life of
graphite [2801.
basic types of graphite and t e s t s on their suitability a s lubricants [3071.
detailed description of graphite as a solid lubricant and a lubricant additive
t4001.
wear characteristics of graphite t6031.
friction and wear in air and in helium [7711.
interfacial shear strength of oleophilic graphite films [772].
graphite intercalation compounds a s solid lubricants [773].
GRAPHITE-FIBRE-REINFORCED MATERIALS
Graphite-fibre-reinforced materials a r e characterised by improved friction and
wear behaviour. Graphite-fibre-reinforced metals and polymers have a lower
coefficient of friction and wear r a t e than those of the unreinforced materials.
Graphite-fibre-reinforced ceramics and glasses can be used a t high temperatures
and in corrosive environments.
See also: COMPOSITES.
- design and application of graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [865].
- effects of temperature, load and sliding speed on tribological properties of
graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [896].
- friction and wear behaviour of graphite-fibre-reinforced borosilicate glass
zyxwvu
[989, 9901.
- friction and wear of graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [ 10331
- friction and wear properties of carbon-fibre-reinforced metals [ 12601
GRAPHITE FLUORIDE
(CFX)~
A very effective solid lubricant. Prepared by t h e direct reaction of graphite
with fluorine gas. It is grey to pure white; hydrophobic; electrically
nonconductive.
- friction and wear life tests on graphite fluoride; result8 compared to those
obtained with graphite MoS2 [871.
- effect of fluorine content on the solid lubricant properties of graphite
fluoride [1121.
151
-
zy
zyxwvutsrqp GROOVING
optical microscopic observations on the dynamics of abrasive particles and of

graphite fluoride particles in a Hertzian contact [120].
- degradation of thin graphite fluoride films on steel under sliding conditions
[156].
- antiwear properties of graphite fluoride 12831.
- friction, wear and lubrication behaviour of graphite fluoride [326].
- effect of thermal ageing on the tribological properties of polyimide bonded
graphite fluoride films [3411.
GREASES
See: LUBRICATING GREASES.
GRINDING
One of the most commonly used machining operations which involves cutting by
abrasive wheels and other shapes, or by abrasive belts. The grinding operation
zyxwvu
generates close-tolerance dimensions or produces smooth finishes.
hard abrasive materials a r e used. They include silicon carbide, aluminium
Extremely
oxide, diamond g r i t s and cubic boron nitride, the one selected depending on the
material to be ground. A number of variations of the grinding operation a r e
used, e.g. internal and surface grinding, gear grinding, thread grinding, etc.
See also: HONING.
- cutting fluid performance in fine grinding [573].
- lubricant effects in grinding [611].
- detailed description of grinding processes [625].
- transfer and wear of two abrasives in fine grinding [676].
- workpiece temperature distributions in grinding [774].
- effect of grinding on rolling contact fatigue of bearing steel [775].
- grinding of titanium and a titanium alloy [776].
- diamond and boron nitride in precision grinding [777].
- influence of paraffinic base oils on grinding performance of stainless steel
[1261].
GRINDING F L U I D S
See: CUTTING FLUIDS.
GROOVING
A machining operation which involves the cutting of a recess with a single point
tool in a revolving workpiece to a specific shape. The tool with a suitable
groove configuration feeds along a line perpendicular to t h e spindle axis.
GUIDE BEARINGS
GUIDE BEARINGS
zyxwvut
zy 152
Bearings used a s a positioning device for a slide o r a s a guide to linear motion,

e.g, in machine tools. They usually operate in the boundary lubrication region.
Hydrostatic lubrication is often employed to reduce wear.
GUM
In lubrication, a rubber-like sticky deposit, black or dark brown in colour which
results from the oxidation and/or polymerisation of fuels and lubricating oils.
Harder deposits a r e described as lacquers o r varnishes [503].
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyx
153 HALOGENS
HAFNIUM DISELENIDE
HfSez
Dark-brown. Density 7.46. May be used a s a solid film lubricant.
- preliminary s t u d y of the relationship between the structural and chemical
properties of hafnium diselenide and i t s intrinsic lubricating properties [981.
HAFNIUM DISULPHIDE
HfS,
Purple-brown. Density 6.03. I t is prepared by reacting the mixed elements a t
500OC or by passing hydrogen sulphide over heated hafnium powder. Used a s a
solid lubricant (available in a particle size of 40 microns) having good
lubricating properties.
- preliminary study of the relationship between the structural and chemical
properties of hafnium disulphide and i t s intrinsic lubricating properties [981.
HALF JOURNAL BEARINGS

Journal bearings extending 18OOC around the journal 15031.
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS
Hydrocarbons in which one o r more of the hydrogen atoms has been replaced by
fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. They have good lubricating properties but
very poor viscosity-temperature characteristics. The fluorinated materials a r e
very stable. Many halogenated hydrocarbons a r e highly toxic. The most widely
used commercial products a r e chlorinated parafffin waxes (40-60% chlorine).
They a r e typical chlorine containing EP additives used for lubricating oils and
metal-working lubricants. For the halogen containing additives a spontaneous
formation of layers i s detected upon impact onto the metal surface accompanied
by the formation of iron halides and residual products [464].
HALOGENS
Chemically related nonmetallic elements including fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine and astatine. Fluorine is incorporated in a class of fluorocompounds used
a s synthetic lubricants. Chlorinated compounds a r e used a s extreme pressure
additives.
See also: FLUORINATED GREASES, FLUOROCARBONS, FLUOROSILICONES,
HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS.
- chemisorption of halogens on solids [565].
HARD COATINGS
HARD COATINGS
See: SURFACE COATINGS.
zyxwvuts
zy 154
HARDENING
A mode of increasing hardness by suitable treatment, normally combining heating
and cooling.
HARDNESS
The resistance of a material to permanent deformation by indentation or
zyxw
scratching. The most commonly used hardness scales are Brine11 (for cast iron),
Rockwell (for sheet metal and heat treated steel), Vickers, diamond pyramid,
Knoop and Shore's scleroscope (for metal). Durometer harness is used for softer
materials ( r u b b e r and plastics), while Mohs scale is based on the concept of
scratch hardness and is used mainly for minerals.
- effect of hardness on frictional behaviour of metals [5961.
- relationship between hardness and friction and wear [984, 14211.
HEAT SPOTTING
A type of surface failure in which small discoloured areas a r e generated on the
rubbing solid surfaces. They may be accompanied by cracks.
HEAT TREATMENT
Heating and cooling a solid metal or alloy in such a way a s to obtain desired
conditions or properties.
- its effect on erosion behaviour of steel [587].
HEAVY-DUTY OILS
Oils which are stable against oxidation, protect bearings against corrosion and
have detergent and dispersant properties. They a r e suitable for use in petrol
and diesel engines [5031.
n-HEPTANOIC ACID
CH,(CH,),CO,H
Clear, oily liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Bp 221.WC;
mp -7OC; d f o 0.9181 [484]. Slightly toxic. I t is derived by oxidizing heptanal
with potassium dichromate and sulphuric acid. Used a s a r a w material for t h e
production of special lubricants for aircraft and brake fluids.
155
HERRINGBONE BEARINGS
n-HEXADECANE
Sleeve or t h r u s t bearings having characteristic herringbone-shaped oil grooves.

zy
HERSEY NUMBER
A dimensionless number which is used to evaluate the performance of bearings.
It relates the load per unit width ( P ) , surface velocity ( U ) and dynamic viscosity
(n)a s follows:
P
r\U
This number i s normally written as:
in which Z denotes the dynamic viscosity, N the frequency of rotation and p the
pressure [5031.
HERTZIAN CONTACT AREA

The contact area between two bodies under load, a s calculated from Hertz’
equations of elastic deformation 15031.
HERTZIAN CONTACT PRESSURE

The pressure a t a contact between two solid bodies calculated according to
Hertz’ equations of elastic deformation [503].
zyxwv
HEXACHLOROBUTADIENE
c2cQ6
Clear colourlesa liquid. Boiling range 210-220OC; melting range -19 to -22OC; d f g
1.675. Insoluble in water; slouble in alcohol and ether; compatible with many
resins. Used a s a load-carrying additive.
- effects of hexachlorobutadiene on friction [211].
HEXACHLOROETHANE
cJ?,ccc!?,
Colourless crystals. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether. Sublimes
a t 185OC; mp 185OC; density 2.091. Toxic and irritating. I t is characterised by
general chemical inertness. Used in the formulation of EP lubricants.
- tests on EP performance and corrosivity of hexachloroethane [35].
- influence of hexachloroethane on pitting fatigue [155].
n-HEXADECANE
See: CETANE.
1-HEXADECANOL
1-HEXADECANOL
zy
zyxwvutsrqponm
See: CETYL ALCOHOL.
156
1-HEXADECENE
See: 1-CETENE.
n-HEXADECYLAMINE
CH,(CH,) 1 5 N H 2
friction modifier.
-
zyxwvut
Soluble in methanol, ethanol, acetone and benzene.
its effect on t h e performance of a ZDDP [39].
HEXADECYL MERCAPTAN
Fp 46.77OC. Used as a
CH,(CH,) 15SH
Also known a s cetyl mercaptan. Density 0.8474; mp 18OC. Slightly toxic. Used
a s a corrosion inhibitor and surfactant.
- tribological activity during sliding of aluminium on steel [ 10201.
HEXAHYDROBENZOIC ACID
C6H11C02H
Colourless prisms. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Bp
233OC; mp 31OC; d t 5 1.048. Used in lubricating oils.
HEXA(2-ETHYLBUTOXY )DISILOXANE
[ (CH,CH(C2H5)CH2CH20),Si]20
Colourless oil. Bp 195OC (0.2mm). It is derived by t h e reaction of silicone
tetrachloride, 2-ethylbutanol and water. Used as a n aircraft hydraulic fluid.
- 4-ball fatigue t e s t s on hexa(2-ethylbutoxy)disiloxane [205].
2 (N-HEXAMETHYLENE)DIETHANOLAMINE
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested a s an antimicrobial agent [48].
n-HEXYL CHLORIDE
CH3 (CH, ) S C ~
- tested a s an EP additive in cutting oils [45].
157
HEXYLENE GLYCOL
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
(CH3) ,C(OH)CH,CH(OH)CH,
HOT DIP COATING
Colourless liquid. Density 0.9216; bp 198.3OC. Skin and eyes irritant. Used a s
a coupling agent, lubricant additive and emulsifier.
HIGH- STRESS ABRASION

A type of abrasive wear encountered when two working surfaces r u b together to
crush granular materials. Gross loads may be low, while localised s t r e s s e s a r e
high. Moderate metal toughness is required; medium abrasion resistance is
attainable [363].
HINDERED PHENOLS
Phenols in which t h e hydroxyl group is sterically blocked. They a r e typical
chemicals used a s oxidation inhibitors, e.g. 2, 6-di-t-butyl-4-methylphenol.
See also: ANTIOXIDANTS.
HOBBING
One of the basic methods of gear machining with a cutter, called a hob, which is
a duplicate of t h e mating work as f a r a s tooth profile, number of threads and
lead a r e concerned.
HOMOGENEITY
Having the same properties a t all points.
HONING
An abrading operation which aims a t obtaining both internal and external
cylindrical high-quality surface finish with high accuracy. I t s characteristic
feature is that t h e honing tool, which is similar to that of a grinding wheel,
reciprocates entirely through the length of the bore and rotates slowly a t the
same time.
HORSESHOE THRUST BEARINGS

Tilting pad t h r u s t bearings in which the top pads a r e omitted making a n
incomplete annulus [503].
HOT DIP COATING

A metallic coating obtained by dipping the base metal into a molten metal.
HUMAN JOINTS
HUMAN JOINTS
zyxwvuts
zy 158
zyxwvuts
HYBRID BEARINGS
Bearings operating under both hydrodynamic and hydrostatic lubrication
conditions.
- design of hybrid bearings [12521.
- hybrid journal bearings: hole-entry configurations [12621.
HYDRAULIC FLUIDS
Fluids for hydrostatic power transmission. The important properties of
hydraulic fluids are viscosity-temperature characteristics satisfying various
requirements, compressibility, compatibility with sealing materials, resistance to
foaming and corrosion. They also have to provide good antiwear characteristics.
In most cases hydraulic fluids a r e based on mineral oils, however, special
synthetic fluids, aqueous solutlons and emulsions can also be used.
fluoroalkylphosphonitrilates a s potential fire-resistant fluids 12171.
hydraulic fluids for mining machinery 16411.
conservation and recovery of hydraulic oils [648].
hydraulic fluids for motor vehicles [778].
specifications and development t r e n d s for hydraulic fluids [779].
tribological properties of fire-resistant hydraulic fluids: a comparative s u r v e y
[780].
properties of hydraulic fluids [781].
control of hydraulic fluid contamination [782].
hydraulic fluids evaluation procedure [7831.
hydraulic fluids in aviation: review of present state and f u t u r e t r e n d s [784].
elastohydrodynamic lubricating properties of aqueous polyglycol hydraulic
fluids 19071.
service performance and properties of water based fluids [942].
HYDROABRASIVE WEAR
Wear caused by the action of hard particles or bodies carried in a flowing fluid.
zy
zyx
159 HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
HYDROCARBONS
Organic compounds consisting of two elements: carbon and hi-drogen. Basically
they can be divided into a straight-chain (aliphatic1 hydrocarbons and
ring-containing (carbocyclicl hydrocarbons. The latter may be naphthenic,
zyxw
aromatic and naphthenic-aromatic. Hydrocarbons a r e essential components of
mineral oils.
See also: HALOGENATED HYDROCARBONS, OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS.
adsorption of polycyclic aromatics onto graphite [291.
lubricity characteristics of heavy aromatics [ 1341.
relationship between s t r u c t u r e and rheological properties of hydrocarbons
[4211.
solid petroleum hydrocarbons [4901.
unsaturated hydrocarbons a s boundary lubricants for stainless steels [10541.
correlations between rheological properties governing traction and the
molecular s t r u c t u r e of synthetic hydrocarbons [ 10841.
antiwear and antiseizure action of hydrocarbons during friction [1479 I.
hydrocarbons on oxide surfaces and their chemisorption in boundary
lubrication [16201.
a review of antiwear and antifriction properties of hydrocarbons [ 16421.
HYDRODYNAMIC BEARINGS
Bearings operating with fully hydrodynamic lubrication.
- compliant hydrodynamic journal and t h r u s t bearings 15781.
- description of hydrodynamic bearings [845].
- advantages and disadvantages of hydrodynamic bearings 1 12181.
- survey of 150 papers referring to thermal effects in hydrodynamic bearings
11263, 12641.
HY DRODYNAMIC L U BRICATlON
A system of lubrication in which the shape and relative motion of the sliding
surfaces causes the formation of a fluid film having sufficient p r e s s u r e to
separate the surfaces [5031.
See also: ELASTOHYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION, GAS LUBRICATION.
- hydrodynamic lubrication theory [5041.
- advanced aspects of hydrodynamic lubrication [521].
- detailed discussion of various aspects of hydrodynamic lubrication 1549, 14821.
zy
zyxwvu
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
- a new solution of hydrodynamic lubrication; effect of rotation in lubrication

[658].
160
- hydrodynamic lubrication of threads: a theoretical analysis 114831.
HYDROGEN EMBRITTLEMENT
Hydrogen induced cracking or severe loss of ductility caused by the presence of
hydrogen in the metal.
HYDROQUINONE
C6H4(OH2) (ortho and para)
White crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Bp 285OC; mp 17OOC;
density much higher than that of water. Moderately toxic by ingestion and
inhalation, also an irritant. It can be obtained from t h e quinones by reduction.
Used a s an effective antioxidant and a stabilizer in motor oils and fuels.
HYDROSTATIC BEARINGS
See: EXTERNALLY PRESSURISED BEARINGS.
HYDROSTATIC LUBRICATION
A system of
zyxwvu
lubrication in which the lubricant is supplied under
external pressure to separate t h e opposing surfaces by a fluid film [503].
See also: PRESSURISED GAS LUBRICATION.
-
-
general discussion [549].
theory of hydrostatic lubrication [604].
sufficient
HYDROXYCARBOXYLIC ACIDS
Organic compounds containing both a carboxylic group and a hydroxyl group.
From the viewpoint of lubrication the most important is 12-hydroxystearic acid.
See also: 12-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID, LACTIDES, LACTONES.
- antiwear properties of hydroxycarboxylic acids [992].
1-(2-HYDROXY ETHY L)-z-HEPTADECENY L-2-IMIDAZOLIME

A corrosion inhibitor.
- i t s influence on rheological properties of lithium soap greases [1711,
HYDROXYPROPYL METHACRYLATE
CH,CH( OH) CHZO2CC (CH,) CH2
Clear mobile liquid. Soluble in common organic solvents, slightly soluble in
water. Df! 1.066. Slightly toxic. Used a s a lube oil detergent.
161 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
8-HY DROXY QUINOLINE
12-HYDROXYSTEARIC ACID
zyx
C,H,NO
White crystals or powder. Mp 75-76OC. Almost insoluble in w a t e r . I t may be
used a s a biocide. 8-hydroxyquinoline forms chelate compounds with a number
of metallic ions. They provide good tribological properties for lube oils. The
most effective one i s the copper derivative of 8-hydroxyquinoline.
- chelate compounds based on 8-hydroxyquinoline a s friction modifiers [ 10001.
12-HYDROXY STEARIC ACID

CH,(CH,),CH(OH) (CH2),,CO,H
A C,, straight chain fatty acid. M.p. 79-82OC. Slightly toxic. I t is produced by
hydrogenation of ricinoleic acid. Used for high quality lithium greases.
See also: LITHIUM GREASES.
- use of hydroxystearic acid for t h e manufacture of modified lithium greases
[323].
- lubrication properties of hydroxystearic acid and i t s action mechanism [438].
- i t s antiwear properties [992].
IMIDAZOLINES
IMIDAZOLINES
( R3 1C3N*H
zy
zyxwvuts 162
They are obtained from a 1,2-diamine and a c a r b o x y l i c a c i d by h e a t i n g under

pressure. They a r e used f o r m o d i f i c a t i o n of montmorillonite c l a y s by s u r f a c e
a c t i v a t i o n t o produce c l a y g r e a s e s .
- studied as a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r f o r s t e e l and copper [76].
IMMEDIATE SEIZURE REGION

That r e g i o n o f t h e scar-load curve c h a r a c t e r i s e d by s e i z u r e o r welding a t t h e
s t a r t - u p o r by l a r g e wear s c a r s . I n i t i a l d e f l e c t i o n of t h e i n d i c a t i n g pen on
t h e o p t i o n a l f r i c t i o n measuring d e v i c e is noted a t a h i g h e r l e v e l than w i t h
non-seizure loads.
IMPACT EROSION
Erosion i n which t h e r e l a t i v e motion o f t h e s o l i d p a r t i c l e s i s n e a r l y normal
t o t h e s o l i d s u r f a c e [503].
- discussed i n [510].
- review of impact e r o s i o n t h e o r i e s [859].
- impact e r o s i o n damage on polypropylene [86O].
IMPACT RESISTANCE
R e s i s t a n c e t o f r a c t u r e under shock f o r c e .
IKPACT WEAR
A type o f wear r e s u l t i n g from r e p e t i t i v e impact c y c l e s i n t r i b o l o g i c a l systems.
- a d i s c u s s i o n o f impact wear [532].
- impact wear of s e l e c t e d s t e e l s : r o l e of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e [egg].
- s u r f a c e topography i n impact wear [1073].
- impact wear of a t o o l s t e e l [1083].
- impact wear o f s e v e r a l e l a s t o m e r s [1205].
- e f f e c t of n i t r o g e n i o n i m p l a n t a t i o n on impact wear of some m e t a l s and a l l o y s
E12731.
- a n a p p a r a t u s f o r impact wear t e s t i n g [1428].
- a comprehensive study o f v a r i o u s a s p e c t s o f impact wear [1567].
163 zyxwvutsrqp
IMPINGEMENT
zy
A process resulting in a continuing succession of impacts between liquid o r
INDENE
solid particles and a solid surface.
IMPINGEMENT CORROSION
A form of erosion corrosion generally associated with the local impingement of
a high velocity, flowing fluid against a solid surface.
IMPINGEMENT EROSION
See also: IMPACT EROSION.
INCIPIENT SEIZURE
zyxwvut
That region at which, with an applied load, there is a momentary breakdown of
the lubricating film. This breakdown is noted by a sudden increase in the
measured scar diameter and a momentary deflection of the indicating pen of the
optional friction measuring device.
INDANE
‘gH16
Tested as a model hydrocarbon.
- determination of its friction and wear characteristics [134].
INDANTHRENE
C28H1404N2
Soluble in dilute alkaline solutions. It has excellent durability. Used as
a thickener for very wide temperature range greases. It is generally
combined with synthetic fluids such as diesters, polyesters, silicones and
polyethers.
INDENE
‘gH8
Colourless liquid. Soluble in most organic solvents. Bp 182OC;
mp -3.5OC; d y 1.006. It forms polymers when exposed to air and
sunlight, and oxidizes readily in air. Slightly toxic. It is contained in
the fraction of crude coal tar distillates which boils from 176-182OC.
Used as a model aromatic lubricant,
- determination of its friction and wear characteristics [134].
INDENTATION HARDNESS
INDENTATION HARDNESS
zyxwvu
Resistance of a metallic material to indentation as in typical hardness tests.
164
zyxwvu
INDIUM (In)
Silvery-white, ductile metal. Density 7.31; m.p. 156.6OC. Soluble in
acids. Corrosion-resistant at room temperature. Used in low-melting
alloys, automobile bearings and for metal plating. As a very soft metal, it
may be used as a solid lubricant.
- friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with indium [977].
- X-ray photoelectron spectra of indium [1395].
- mechanical and adhesive properties of indium [1477].
INDUCTIVELY COUPLED PLASMA SPECTROMETRY (ICP)
An emission technique involving a superheated gas (argon) as an excitation
source. It is used for oil wear metal analysis.
- its application to condition monitoring [1175].
INFRARED (IR) SPECTROPHOTOMETRY
absorption of electromagnetic radiation in
Quantitative analysis requires the use

separation of complex mixtures.
cases. IR spectrophotometry is one of
the range
Qualitative detection depends upon an adequate library of known spectra.
of known standards and
zyxw
IR spectrophotometry is a method of chemical analysis based on the selective
of infra
Water must be removed except in special

the most universally applied
red.
earlier
techniques of all instrumental analytical modes used for analysis of

lubricating oils and additives. It provides a means of fingerprinting
organic compounds. Normally, no special sample pretreatment is required and
both qualitative and quantitative analysis can be made. The technique is
often employed for analysis of used lubricants.
- its application to the analysis of greases [252, 271, 2721.
- application of IR spectrophotometry for the characterisation of lube oil
oxidation and additive depletion [909].
- IR spectrophotometry in the etudy of lube oil neutralisation [1265].
- reflectance IR spectroscopy for examination of surfaces of operating engine
parts [ 14781.
165
INHIBITORS
zy
zyxwvutsrqpo INTERNAL FRICTION
zyx
Substances which r e t a r d chemical o r t r i b o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s .
I N I T I A L PITTING
S u r f a c e f a t i g u e o c c u r r i n g d u r i n g t h e e a r l y s t a g e s of operation of gears,
a s s o c i a t e d with removal of h i g h l y s t r e s s e d l o c a l a r e a s and running-in [ 5 O j ] .
I N I T I A L SEIZURE REGION
See a l s o : INCIPIENT SEIZURE.
INTERCRYSTALLINE CRACKS
Cracks or fractures that occur between the grains or crystals in a
polycrys t a l l i n e aggregate.
INTERFACIAL WEAR
I n t e r f a c i a l wear p r o c e s s e s i n v o l v e a d i s s i p a t i o n o f t h e f r i c t i o n a l work w i t h i n
a narrow r e g i o n a d j a c e n t t o t h e i n t e r f a c e . T r a n s f e r wear and chemical or
c o r r o s i v e wear a r e t h e main processes. The chemistry of t h e s u r f a c e s and t h e
f o r c e s emanating from t h e s u r f a c e s are t h e main i n f l u e n c i n g f a c t o r s [470].
INTERFERENCE
An undesired p o s i t i v e o r n e g a t i v e o u t p u t caused by a s u b s t a n c e o t h e r t h a n t h e
one being measured.
INTERGRANULAR CORROSION
P r e f e r e n t i a l c o r r o s i o n a t or a d j a c e n t t o t h e g r a i n boundaries o f a metal o r
alloy.
INTERHETALLIC PHASES
Compounds, or i n t e r m e d i a t e s o l i d s o l u t i o n s , c o n t a i n i n g two o r more metals,
which u s u a l l y have c h a r a c t e r i s t i c p r o p e r t i e s and crystal s t r u c t u r e s d i f f e r e n t
from t h o s e of t h e pure metals o r t h e t e r m i n a l s o l i d s o l u t i o n s .
INTERNAL FRICTION
R e s i s t a n c e t o r e l a t i v e motion o f t h e molecules or p a r t i c l e s of t h e same body.
See a l s o : VISCOSITY.
INTERNAL OXIDATION
INTERNAL OXIDATION
zy
zyxwv
Preferential oxidation of certain components o r phases within the bulk of a
solid metal.
IODINE (I2)
166
Heavy greyish-black plates or granules. Soluble in alcohol, ether,

chloroform, glycerol; insoluble in water. Bp 184OC; mp 113.5'C;
zyxwvu
density 4.98. Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong irritant to
the eyes and skin. Used in special lubricants for titanium and stainless
steel parts and as an agent for controlling bacterial growth in cutting oil
emulsions.
- effectiveness of iodine as an EP additive [223].
- effectiveness of iodine in reducing friction and metallic contact [224].
- tests on iodine and organoiodine compounds blended in liquid paraffin -
performances of these blends [302].
IODINE NUMBER
See also: IODINE VALUE.
IODINE VALUE
A measure of the unsaturation of oils or fatty acids expressed in terms of the
zy
number of centigrams of iodine per gram of sample.
- its determination in base stock lubricants by NMR [789].
ION IMPLANTATION
A method of treating tribological metal surfaces by implanting ions, e . g .
nitrogen ions, which provide low friction and wear characteristics of the
surfaces. The depth of penetration of ions implanted in a metal surface
depends on the distribution of their energies that are generally between 10
and 200 keV. The process is usually carried out in high vacuum. Ion
implantation is not a coating technique. Implantation involves forcible
injection of selected elemental ionic species beneath the surface of a
material by means of a high energy ion beam from an accelerator.
167
-
-
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
ion implantation for improved abrasive wear resistance [826].
ION PLATING
effect of nitrogen ion implantation on wear properties of steel [891].

- review of friction and wear mechanisms of implanted surfaces [gaol.
- effects of ion implantation on friction and wear of metals [1014].
- titanium implantation for production of superior tribological surfaces on
hardened steels [1055].
- ion implantation and tribological processes affecting steels [1056].
- ion implantation for surface alloying of bearing components [1213].
- improvement of metal properties by ion implantation [1266].
- ion implantation in practice [1267].
- wear and oxidation of ion-implanted metals [1268].
- effect of nitrogen ion implantation on tribological characteristics of iron
sliding against steel [1269]
- effects of ion implantation on friction and wear in 52100 steel [1270].
- improved friction and wear properties of nitrided and nitrogen ion implanted
stainless steel [ 12711.
- effect of nitrogen ion implantation on impact wear of some metals and alloys
[ 12721.
- improved frictional behaviour of material by nitrogen implantation [1273].
- ion implantation for tribological surface modification, including case
studies [1484].
- study of ion-implanted atoms by Rutherford backscattering [ 17141.
ION NITRIDING
See: NITRIDING.
ION PLATING
A technique involving plasma physics to produce thin metallic solid film
lubricants on tribological surfaces which reduce friction and wear. The
zyxwvutsr
films applied by ion plating are better than those produced by conventional
electrodeposition techniques. The difference between ion implantation and
ion plating techniques is that the former operates at energies above 10 keV
and the latter operates usually in the voltage range of 1 to 5 keV.
- basic information on ion plating [472].
- tribological properties of a silver film produced by ion plating [1274].
- deposition of thin films on various surfaces [1275].
- bonding of metal lubricant films by ion plating [1276].
zyxwvu
ION SCATTERINGSPECTROSCOPY (ISS) I68
ION SCATTERING SPECTROSCOPY (ISS)

An analytical technique for chemical characterisation of surfaces in which a
beam of low-energy ions, usually argon o r helium, bombard the surface at 45'
to the surface normal. The scattered ions reflected at 90' are then energy
zyxw
analysed by an electrostatic analyser. ISS is a surface sensitive technique
and it provides quantitative elemental information useful for investigation of
the outermost monolayer of tribological surfaces. Although it is a
destructive technique, it provides less damage to the surface than Auger
electron spectroscopy. The sputter rate can be very low.
- ISS for analysis of ion-implanted tribological surfaces [IOU].
IRON (Fe)
Silver-white, malleable metal, Density 7.874; m.p. 1536.5OC. Iron
oxidizes readily in moist air (both oxygen and water o r moisture are needed
for rusting). Its major application is in alloys, e.g. stainless steels,
tool steels, carbon steels and cast iron.
- determination of iron in lube oils [643].
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of iron [840].
- friction and wear of nitrogen ion implanted iron sliding against steel
[ 12691 .
- friction and wear of iron in sodium hydroxide solutions [1277].
IRON CARBIDE
Fe C
3
A hard and brittle compound of iron (93.33%) and carbon (6.67%) characterized
by an orthorhombic crystal structure. Density 7.694; m.p. 1837OC. Iron
carbide plays an important part in ferrous alloys. It may form during
friction of steel in the presence of certain hydrocarbons. Being a hard
material it can accelerate wear.
IRON DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvu
169 ISOPROPANOLAMINES
IRON DI-+METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE

- its tribological properties [ 1731.
IRONING
The process of smoothing objects by a deep drawing operation.
-
zyxw
selection of lubricants for ironing stainless steel [637].
IRRADIATION
In tribology, the term refers mostly to lubrication areas in nuclear power
plants in which radiation dose rates can be as high aa Id to 2 x 109
rad/year for primary coolant pumps and lo3 to 10' for auxiliary pumps and
motors. High radiation dose rates have a deleterious effect on most typical
lubricating oils and greases.
- friction and wear of gamma-irradiated PTFE [1096].
- radiation effects on lubricants and elastomers [1568].
ISODECYL PELARGONATE
(CH3 I2CH(CH2 )6CH200C (cH2l7cH3
Used as a synthetic lubricant.
See also: SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS.
- &ball fatigue tests on [205].
zyxwvu
ISOOCTYL ALCOHOL
Any isomer of the formula C H CH OH in which the eight carbon atoms
715 2
form a branched chain. Isooctyl alcohol is a clear liquid. Bp 186.5OC;
20
mp -lOO°C (sets to glass); d20 0.832. It is produced via the 0x0
process from mixed heptenes. Used f o r cutting and lubricating oils,
hydraulic fluids and as an antifoaming agent,
ISOPROPANOLAMINES
They are the second major series of alkanolamines. Isopropanolamines are
liquid products in which at least one ammonia hydrogen is replaced by the
2-hydroxypropyl radical (-CH2CHOHC$). Bp 159.9OC ; mp 1.4OC; density
is slightly lower than that of water. They are used as emulsifying agents in
soluble textile oils and metal cutting oils.
2,2-ISOPROPYL DIETHANOLAMINE zyxwvu zy
zyxwvutsrqp
2 , 2 - I S O P R O P Y L DIETHANOLAMINE
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
170
- tested as an antimicrobial agent [48].
ISOPROPYL DIOCTYLPHOSPHINATE
See: ALKYL DIALKYLPHOSPHATES.
- tested as an EP additive and its action mechanism [41].
I S O P R O P Y L ETHANOLAMINE
A commercial mixture o f approximately 60% isopropylethanolamine and 40% of
isopropyldiethanolaine.
(CH ) C H N H C H ~ C H ~ O H + ( C H ~ ) ~ C H N ( C H ~ C H ~ O H ) ~
3 2
Amber to straw coloured liquid. Fp below -50°C; dgz 0.91-0.94.
Used in metalworking fluids as a water-inhibiting additive.
- isopropylethanolamine tested as a component in metalworking fluids [48],
- isopropylethanolamine tested as a water-inhibiting additive in S A E 20
lubricating oil [ 1161.
- its effectiveness in overcoming the deleterious effect o f water in mineral
oil [119].
- isopropylethanolamine tested as a water-inhibiting additive [ 1631.
ITACONIC ACID
CH2=C( C02H)CH2C02H
White crystals. Soluble in water, alcohols and acetone; sparingly soluble in
other organic solvents. Mp 1 6 7 - 1 6 8 O C ; density much higher than that of
water. Slightly toxic. Used as a lube oil additive.
171
JEWEL BEARINGS
Very small bearings made of semi-precious stones
JOURNAL BEARINGS
or hard synthetic
zy
substitutes. They are used in watches, clocks and various precision
instruments.
JOFFE EFFECT
zyxwvu
The moat commonly used m a t e r i a l s are diamond and s a p p h i r e .
zyxwvut
A phenomenon of changing a b r i t t l e m a t e r i a l s u r f a c e i n t o a d u c t i l e one by
aqueous f i l m p r e s e n t on t h e s u r f a c e . The e f f e c t was i n i t i a l l y observed w i t h
h a l i d e c r y s t a l s ; however, i t a l s o occurs with o t h e r m a t e r i a l s , e.g.
oxide and aluminium oxide.
magnesium
- i n f l u e n c e of moist a i r on microhardness of some m a t e r i a l s [1734].
JOJOBA OIL
A n a t u r a l o i l which i s a f a t t y a c i d e s t e r of a monohydric f a t t y a l c o h o l . On
hydrogenation i t becomes a s o l i d waxy s u b s t a n c e t h a t melts a t 7OoC. It i s
d e r i v e d from t h e s e e d s o f a s h r u b c a l l e d t h e Simmonsia c a l i f o r n i c a . Jojoba
i s used as a f i n e l u b r i c a n t f o r d e l i c a t e mechanisms.
- l a b o r a t o r y e v a l u a t i o n of EP and a n t i w e a r p r o p e r t i e s of j o j o b a [305].
- as a l u b r i c a n t f o r a two-stroke g a s o l i n e engine [993].
JOURNAL
A journal i s a portion of zyxwvu

That p a r t o f a s h a f t o r a x l e which r o t a t e s o r o s c i l l a t e s r e l a t i v e l y t o a
r a d i a l bearing.
B l a r g e r u n i t , e.g. a c r a n k s h a f t o r l i n e s h a f t , and
i t i s p r e f e r r e d t h a t t h e term " s h a f t " be k e p t f o r t h e whole u n i t [503].
JOURNAL BEARINGS
The term r e f e r s t o v a r i o u s t y p e s o f s l i d i n g b e a r i n g s c o n s i s t i n g of t h r e e b a s i c
elements: journal or shaft, bush o r bearing, and lubricant, The common
feature of journal bearings is that the journal rotates or oscillates
r e l a t i v e l y t o i t s housing,
See a l s o : BEARING MATERIALS.
JOURNAL BEARINGS
-
-
zy
zyxwvutsr
description of journal bearings [604, 12801.
pressure-fed fluid film journal bearings: operation principle, guide to
172
design [llig].
- design data for a centrally loaded partial arc journal bearing [1121].
- wear of journal bearings analysed by ferrography [1223].
- elastohydrodynamics of gas-lubricated foil journal bearings [1255].
- hybrid journal bearings: hole-entry configurations [12621.
- survey of 69 papers dealing with thermal effects in journal bearings [1264].
- analysis of misaligned journal bearings [1278].
- thermal characteristics of misaligned finite journal bearings [1279].
- temperature conditions in a journal bearing [1281, 12821.
- hydrodynamic performance of some journal bearings [128J].
- performance of starved journal bearings with oil ring lubrication [1284].
- performance of oil-lubricated externally pressurized journal bearings [1285].
- load-carrying efficiency of floating ring journal bearings [1286].
- calculations for optimum design of hydrostatic journal bearings [1287].
- rapid design and performance evaluation of steady-state journal bearings
[ 12881.
- EHD lubrication in a journal bearing with piesoviscous lubricants [1289].
- stiffnese and damping coefficients for ideal operating conditions of four
journal bearing designs [ 12901.
- design of hydrostatic journal bearings [1480].
- selection of journal bearings for special environments and performance
[14931.
- oscillatory journal bearings: design, materials [1496].
- grease, wick and drip fed journal bearings: design, choice of lubricants and
lubricant feed systems [1497].
173 zyxwvutsrq
zy
KINEMATIC VISCOSITY
KRAMER EFFECT
A measure of a f l u i d ' s r e s i s t a n c e t o flow under t h e i n f l u e n c e o f g r a v i t y . It

i s expressed by t h e r a t i o of dynamic v i s c o s i t y t o t h e l i q u i d d e n s i t y .
See a l s o : VISCOSITY.
KINETIC FRICTION
The force that resists
zyxwvu
motion when a surface is moving with a uniform
v e l o c i t y ; i t i s t h e r e f o r e equal and o p p o s i t e t o t h e f o r c e r e q u i r e d t o m a i n t a i n
s l i d i n g of t h e s u r f a c e with a uniform v e l o c i t y .
KINGSBURY BEARINGS
See: TILTING-PAD BEARINGS.
KNIFE-EDGE BEARINGS
Bearings u t i l i z i n g a s h a r p edge as a p i v o t [5Og].
KNUCKLE-PIN BEARINGS
Bearings i n which a s h a f t s u p p o r t i n g a n a n g u l a r b r a c k e t o s c i l l a t e s [5Og].
KRAMER EFFECT
L i b e r a t i o n o f low-energy e l e c t r o n s from a f r e s h l y formed s u r f a c e .
See a l s o : EXOELECTRON EMISSION, EXOELECTRONS.
LiO-LIFE
LlO-LIFE
See:
zyxwvutsr
RATING-LIFE.
zy 174
LACQUER
In tribology, d e p o s i t e d m a t e r i a l formed by o x i d a t i o n and p o l y m e r i z a t i o n o f
l u b r i c a n t s and fuels when exposed to high temperatures. The oxidation
process may be c a t a l y s e d by t h e metal s u r f a c e s .
See a l s o : GUM, VARNISH.
LACTIDES
Cyclic d i e s t e r s formed by alpha-hydroxy a c i d s :
R-CH-C,
OH
R-CH-0-C
If
I
zyxwvut
zyxwvuts
I'
C-0-HC-R
OH
having t h e g e n e r a l formula
0
zyxwvutsrqponm
11
0
They a r e formed t o g e t h e r w i t h l a c t o n e s d u r i n g o x i d a t i o n of l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s ,
p a r t i c u l a r l y engine o i l s .
LACTONES
x = 3 o r 4
Cyclic e s t e r s formed by s p l i t t i n g o f f a water molecule from a hydroxy a c i d .

They a r e formed d u r i n g o x i d a t i o n o f l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s , p a r t i c u l a r l y engine o i l s .
LAEVULINIC A C I D
C H ~ CCOH( ~ ) ~ C O O H
Crystals completely soluble in water, alcohol, esters, ethers, ketones,
aromatic hydrocarbons and i n s o l u b l e i n a l i p h a t i c hydrocarbons.
Bp 245-246OC; mp 33-35OC; d i 5 1.1447 [484].
Produced a l o n g w i t h formic a c i d on h e a t i n g a hexose s u g a r i n t h e presence o f
oxalic acid o r a mineral a c i d . I t i s used as B s t a b i l i z e r f o r calcium
greases.
175
LANOLIN
If anhydrous i t i s a brownish-yellow semisolid c o n t a i n i n g n o t more t h a n 0.25%
LASER CLADDING zy
water. I t i s s o l u b l e i n benzene, e t h e r , acetone and h o t a l c o h o l ; s p a r i n g l y
s o l u b l e i n cold a l c o h o l ; i n s o l u b l e i n water. Mp 36-42OC. Lanolin i s used
a s a r u s t p r e v e n t i v e , l u b r i c a n t , c u t t i n g o i l a d d i t i v e and a n t i w e a r a d d i t i v e .
LAPPING
A s u r f a c e f i n i s h i n g a b r a s i o n o p e r a t i o n c a r r i e d out t o b r i n g ground p a r t s o r
f l a t surfaces t o a f i n e finish. To rub down t h e s u r f a c e , f l o u r i s o f t e n used
a s i t r e p r e s e n t s extremely f i n e l o o s e a b r a s i v e s .
LARD O I L
Colourless or yellowish liquid. Soluble in benzene, ether and carbon
disulphide; s l i g h t l y soluble i n alcohol. Mp -2OC; d e n s i t y 0.915. It is
derived by cold p r e s s i n g of l a r d . I t s main c o n s t i t u e n t s are o l e i n and a
small percentage o f t h e g l y c e r i d e s o f s o l i d f a t t y a c i d s . Mixed w i t h m i n e r a l
o i l , l a r d o i l improved l u b r i c a t i n g a b i l i t y of t h e product, which may be used
i n c e r t a i n g e n e r a l machine l u b r i c a n t s o r c u t t i n g f l u i d s . Sulphurized l a r d
o i l o r one t r e a t e d with s u l p h u r and phosphorus pentasulphide has been widely
used as a n extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e . B a s i c a l l y , i t i s a good l u b r i c a n t but
i t has poor chemical s t a b i l i t y .
See a l s o : FATTY OILS.
An extended
zyxwvutsrqp
LARGE-END BEARINGS
LASER CLADDING
zyxwvutsr
complex-composition
substrate [ 16501.
form of surface melting in which
a l l o y s can be d e p o s i t e d d i r e c t l y
hard, wear-resistant,
on t o a n inexpensive
The method c o n s i d e r a b l y improves wear p r o p e r t i e s .
- l a s e r c l a d d i n g o f a t i t a n i u m a l l o y with boron n i t r i d e f o r improved wear
performance [ 16501.
LAURIC ACID zyxwvuts
zy 176
LAURIC A C I D
C$
Bp 298.goC;
) l o ~ ~ 2 ~
C o l o u r l e s s needles.
mp 44OC; zyxwvu
I n s o l u b l e i n water; s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l and e t h e r .
d e n s i t y 0.833. Commercial l a u r i c a c i d i s u s u a l l y a
zyxwvut
mixture of s o l i d a c i d s o b t a i n e d by s a p o n i f y i n g coconut o i l o r i t is t h e
r e s i d u e remaining a f t e r removal o f c a p r o i c , c a p r y l i c and c a p r i c a c i d s from t h e
mixed a c i d s by d i s t i l l a t i o n . The commercial g r a d e o f l a u r i c a c i d i s used i n
t h e production o f m e t a l l i c s a l t s and d e t e r g e n t s .
See also: FATTY ACIDS.
- f r i c t i o n a l behaviour of l a u r i c a c i d i n w h i t e o i l [93].
LAURYL ALCOHOL
CH~(CH~)~~CH~OH
Colourless s o l i d . I n s o l u b l e i n water; s o l u b l e i n two p a r t s o f 70% a l c o h o l .
Bp 259OC; mp 24OC; d e n s i t y 0.830-0.836. S l i g h t l y toxic. I t i s derived
by t h e r e d u c t i o n o f coconut o i l f a t t y a c i d s . Used f o r s y n t h e t i c d e t e r g e n t s
and l u b e a d d i t i v e s .
See a l s o : FATTY ALCOHOLS.
LAURYL mTHACRYLATE
CH2=C (CH3)C02 (CH,),,CH3
When commercial i t i s a mixture containing also lower and higher fatty
derivatives. B o i l i n g range 272-344OC. Used as a l u b r i c a n t and as an
i n t e r m e d i a t e f o r polymethacrylate a d d i t i v e s .
- antiwear behaviour o f l a u r y l m e t h a c r y l a t e [151].
LAY
The predominant d i r e c t i o n of the t o o l marks o r scratches i n the surface
t e x t u r e , u s u a l l y determined by t h e production technology used.
LAYER BEARINGS
Bearings made o f l a y e r e d m a t e r i a l s .
See a l s o : BIMETAL BEARINGS, STEEL-BACKED BEARINGS, TRIMETAL BEARINGS.
LAYER-LATTICE
A type of s t r u c t u r e found i n c r y s t a l s which t e n d s t o f o r m i n t h i n s h e e t s .
177
LAYER-LATTICE MATERIALS
LEAD DI-n-HEXYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
S o l i d l u b r i c a n t materials c h a r a c t e r i s e d by a l a y e r - t y p e c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e .
zy
LEAD (Pb)
Heavy, ductile, malleable, bluish-white metal. M.p. 327.5OC, density
11.35. The most c o r r o s i o n - r e s i s t a n t of t h e common metals. Poor e l e c t r i c a l
zyxwvut
conductor; good v i b r a t i o n a b s o r b e r . Lead has many a p p l i c a t i o n s , i n c l u d i n g
alloys. A s a very s o f t metal i t can be used as a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t bonded
s t r o n g l y on m e t a l l i c s u r f a c e s . Thin f i l m s of l e a d a p p l i e d t o hard s u b s t r a t e s
provide e f f e c t i v e boundary l u b r i c a t i o n .
See a l s o : METAL FILMS,
- s t u d y of ion-plated l e a d c o a t i n g s [472]
- l u b r i c a t i o n requirements i n forming and working l e a d [626]
- s t u d i e s of lead t h i n f i l m c o a t i n g s and l u b r i c a t i o n [1291]
- X-ray p h o t o e l e c t r o n s p e c t r a o f l e a d [1395].
- illustrated case histories concerning corrosion phenomena, causes and
remedies [1617].
LEADED BRONZE
A b e a r i n g a l l o y c o n t a i n i n g up t o 25% l e a d . Cast leaded bronze b e a r i n g s do
n o t r e q u i r e a s t e e l backing o r a s p e c i a l overlay. They e x h i b i t h i g h f a t i g u e
s t r e n g t h , good high-load c a p a c i t y and c o m p a t i b i l i t y .
LEAD DI-t-AMYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

([CH~CH*C(C$)201~Ps2 1 Pb
2
Antiwear and a n t i o x i d a n t a d d i t i v e .
See a l s o : METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES.
- i t s antioxidation, a n t i w e a r and a n t i c o r r o s i o n p r o p e r t i e s [43].
LEAD DI-n-HEXYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

[ (~-C6H130)2Ps212Pb
Antiwear a d d i t i v e and o x i d a t i o n i n h i b i t o r .
- its load c a r r y i n g performance and a n t i o x i d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s [43],
LEAD DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE
LEAD DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE

{[CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH(CH)3)12S2P02 } Pb
zyxwv 178
2
LEAD DI-n-OCTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
[ (n-C8H170) 2PS21 2Pb

-
zyxwvu
its antioxidation, antiwear and anticorrosion properties [43].
- its influence on pitting fatigue [155].
LEAD DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
([cH3cH(cH3)12s2P02 } Pb
L

-
zyxwvutsr
its tribological properties [173].
LEAD IODIDE
Pb12
Yellow crystals o r powder. M.p. 402’C, density 6.16. Insoluble in water
and alcohol. Highly toxic. Used as a solid lubricant.
LEAD DITHIOPHOSPHATES
See: METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES.
- load-carrying action o f organolead dithiophosphates [ 5001.
LEAD NAPHTHENATE
(CloH7C02) 2Pb
Soluble in alcohol. Mp appoximately 100°C. It is derived by addition of
a lead salt to aqueous sodium naphthenate solution. It is said to be toxic;
absorbed by the skin. Used as an EP and antiwear additive in mineral oils.
- lead naphthenate as an EP compound in aluminium complex soap-clay greases
[340].
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvutsrq
179 LEMON BEARINGS
LEAD OLEATE
[ CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7C02]2Pb
White powder o r ointment-like granules o r mass. Soluble in alcohol, ether,
turpentine and benzene. It is derived by the reaction of oleic acid with
lead hydrate o r carbonate. Highly toxic; absorbed by the skin. Used as an
EP additive.
LEAD-SOAP LUBRICANTS
Lead salts saponified with fats. They are hard at low temperatures, viscous
at ordinary temperatures, hut somewhat fluid under friction conditions. Used
in extreme pressure conditions but are not recommended f o r high speeds.
LEAD STEARATE
(C17H35C02)2Pb
White powder. Soluble in ether; slightly soluble in water; insoluble in
alcohol. Mp 100-115°C; density 1.4. It is derived by heating a solution
of lead acetate with sodium stearate. Highly toxic; absorbed by the skin.
Used as an EP additive, lubricant in extrusion processes, and component of
greases.
LECITHIN
Pure lecithin is a phosphatidyl choline:
CH2(R)CH(R')CH,0PO(OH)O(CH2)2N( OH) (CH9 I4
where R and R ' are fatty acid groups. Commercial lecithin is a mixture of
acetone-insoluble phosphatides.
Lecithin is a brown, viscous semi-liquid. Partly soluble in water and
acetone; soluble in chloroform and benzene. Usually it is derived from
soyabean oil. It has been used [@3] in lube oils, greases, corrosion
preventives, cutting oils, mineral textile oils, etc. It is added to
rust-inhibiting lube oils for fine machinery and instruments. In motor
lubricants lecithin is used as an additive to counteract the formation of
sludge, varnish and acid, as well as the deposition of carbon on the interior
surfaces of the cylinder and piston. In general, it also reduces bearing
corrosion and improves detergency.
LEMON BEARINGS
Bearings with two lobes.
LIFE-TIME PRELUBRICATION
LIFE-TIME PRELUBRICATION
A lubrication method in which the tribological system is lubricated
180 zy
e x c l u s i v e l y b e f o r e s t a r t i n g i t s o p e r a t i o n and never a f t e r .
LIGNUM VITAE
A g e n e r a l term r e f e r r i n g t o t h e Guaiacum t r e e s .
h a r d e s t and m o s t d u r a b l e woods. Density 1.1-1.3.
Lignum v i t a e i s one of t h e
a s el f-l ubri cat i n g bearing m a t e r i a l , e sp e c i a lly f o r s h i p p r o p eller sh af ts.

- a b r i e f h i s t o r y , d e s c r i p t i o n and wear of Lignum v i t a e [1292]
zy
I t h a s l o n g been used a s
LIMITING STATIC FRICTION

The resistance to the force tangential to the interface which is just
s u f f i c i e n t t o i n i t i a t e r e l a t i v e motion between two bodies under load [503].
LINEAR ALKYL SULPHONATE

A form o f a l k y l benzene sulphonate i n which t h e a l k y l group i s l i n e a r r a t h e r
t h a n a branched chain.
LINED BEARINGS
Bearings made from two d i f f e r e n t m a t e r i a l s i n which t h e b e a r i n g l i n i n g of
0 . 2 5 ~ t~o l3m t h i c k n e s s i s a t t a c h e d t o a s t r o n g e r b e a r i n g material.
LINER
See: BEARING LINER
LIP SEALS
Seals f o r rotating o r reciprocating shafts.
zyxwvut
See also: SEALS
- design, m a t e r i a l s , o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s [1649].
L I Q U I D CHROMATOGRAPHY
An a n a l y t i c a l method based on s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e components o f a mixture i n
s o l u t i o n by s e l e c t i v e a d s o r p t i o n . I t i s widely used t o s e p a r a t e l u b r i c a t i n g
o i l s , mostly mineral o i l s . By a p p l i c a t i o n o f v a r i o u s t y p e s o f adsorbent t h e
mineral o i l can be s e p a r a t e d i n t o s a t u r a t e d hydrocarbons and s e v e r a l f r a c t i o n s
of aromatic hydrocarbons comprising compounds with i n c r e a s i n g numbers of
aromatic r i n g s i n t h e molecule.
181 zyx
zyxwvutsrqpon
LIQUID LUBRICANTS
Lubricants used in the liquid phase.
LITHIUM GREASES
The term usually refers to lubricating

oils.
See also: LUBRICANTS, LUBRICATING OILS, MINERAL OILS, SYNTHETIC OILS.
LIQUID LUBRICATION
Lubrication in which the rubbing surfaces in relative motion are separated by
a liquid film lubricant.
Also known as "liquid-film lubrication".
LIQUID METAL LUBRICANTS

Liquid metals that act somewhat like lubricating oils, i.e. when hydrodynamic
conditions prevail, the liquid films will support moderate loads. Sodium-
calcium, calcium, rubidium and mercury may be used. At high temperatures at
which many lubricating oils break down, liquid metals can act as the
combination: working fluid-lubricant. Their low viscosity is a disadvantage.
zyxwvutsr
LIQUID PARAFFIN
zyxwv
See: WHITE OILS
LITHIUM GREASES
Greases using a lithium soap of the higher fatty acids as a base. They
consist of about 10% of a lithium soap in 90% of a lubricating oil. Usually
the lithium soap is prepared in situ. Depending on the composition lithium
greases are smooth o r slightly grainy in appearance. They have the highest
drop points (about 190°C) of the conventional greases and the highest
service temperatures. They can be made using a greater variety of types of
oil than most other greases. They are water-resistant and remain stable when
heated above their melting point and cooled. Modified lithium greases have
been made by co-crystallizing a lithium soap in a double cooking process. A
typical grease of this type is one made of lithium 12-hydroxystearic acid (one
mole) to 0.5 or more moles of dilithium azelate [j2j]. The resulting grease
has much better properties and performance characteristics. Lithium greases
are used in aircraft and other low temperature applications.
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
-
zyxwvut
zy
analytical methods for evaluation of the effect of corrosion inhibitors on
rheological properties of lithium grease [ 1711.
182
- properties of lithium complex grease [320].

- chemical and physical properties of lithium greases and their performance
characteristics [323].
- effect of MoS2 on the wear of lithium greases containing an abrasive
contaminant [333].
- a historical survey of the development of lithium complex greases [342],
- assessment of the properties and components of lithium greases to reduce
fretting corrosion [346].
- &ball tests on a lithium soap grease: its effect on wear and friction [605].
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE
Colourless crystals. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Bp 924OC,
(decomposes); mp 462OC; density 1.46. It is derived by the action of water
on metallic lithium. Water solutions of lithium hyroxide are strong
irritants. It is used for making lithium greases.
LITHIUM 12-HYDROXYSTEARATE
Li02C( CH2),,CHOH(CH2)5CH3
White powder. Mp 20pC. Slightly toxic. It is derived from
hydrogenated castor oil. It dissolves in hot petroleum oil to form
greases. Widely used for high-quality lithium greases. Formerly preformed
soap was used as a grease thickener. Nowadays lithium 12-hydroxystearate
greases are made by saponification in situ.
- three kinds of lithium hydroxy stearate greases: formation of a lubricating
film, behaviour of greases in relation to thickener structure and viscosity of
base oil [162].
- lithium hydroxystearate as a grease thickener: penetration and load-carrying
tests, effect on efficiency of additives in greases [176].
- possibilities of quantitative analysis of lubricating greases compounded
from lithium hydroxy stearate [252].
- results of tests on the superiority of lithium hydroxy stearate greases over
stearate-thickened greases [315].
183 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
LITHIUM STEARATE
C17HJ5C02Li
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY
White c r y s t a l s . I n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r , a l c o h o l and e t h y l a c e t a t e . Mp 22OOC;

density 1.025. It forms g e l s with mineral oils. Lithium stearate is
d e r i v e d from t h e r e a c t i o n of s t e a r i c a c i d with l i t h i u m carbonate. Formerly
l i t h i u m g r e a s e s were made from l i t h i u m stearate preformed soap. Lithium
zyx
stearate is used as a t h i c k e n e r f o r g r e a s e s , h i g h temperature l u b r i c a n t s and
a s a l u b r i c a n t i n powder metallurgy.
LITTLE-END BEARINGS
Bearings a t t h e smaller ( p i s t o n ) end of a connecting rod i n a n engine [ 5031.
LOAD CAPACITY
The a b i l i t y o f a b e a r i n g m a t e r i a l t o withstand t h e hydrodynamic p r e s s u r e s
a c t i n g upon i t d u r i n g l u b r i c a t i o n .
LOAD CARRYING ADDITIVES

They can be d i v i d e d i n t o two groups: (a) antiwear ad d itiv es, (b) extreme
pressure additives. There a r e two r e g i o n s of o p e r a t i o n f o r t h e s e a d d i t i v e s :
1. the region where penetration of the oil film by asperity tops is
i n t e r m i t t e n t , a s i n l i g h t l y loaded c o n t a c t s (mixed l u b r i c a t i o n ) ; f o r t h i s
r e g i o n a n t i w e a r a d d i t i v e s a r e used;
2. t h e r e g i o n where t h e number of m e t a l l i c c o n t a c t s i n c r e a s e s u n t i l t h e bulk
or s c u f f i n g ) ; f o r t h i s r e g i o n extreme p r e s s u r e a d d i t i v e s are used.

See a l s o : ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES, EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES.
LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY

zy
o i l f i l m c o l l a p s e s t o t a l l y and t h e r e i s a l a r g e i n c r e a s e i n wear ( s e i z u r e
A l u b r i c a n t a b i l i t y p r o v i d i n g s e p a r a t i o n o f t h e mating t r i b o l o g i c a l elements
and thus reducing wear and preventing seizure. This term relates to
l u b r i c i t y and can be expressed as t h e maximum p r e s s u r e o r load which can be
s u s t a i n e d by t h e l u b r i c a n t under g i v e n c o n d i t i o n s without damage of t h e mating
elements.
- experimental v e r i f i c a t i o n o f load-carrying c a p a c i t i e s of contacting p a i r s
"7901.
- influence of surface roughness on load-carrying capacity of contacting
s u r f a c e s [791].
LOAD LIMIT
LOAD LIMIT
zyxwvutsr
zy
The maximum f o r c e a body can withstand without damage.
184
LOBED BEARINGS
J o u r n a l b e a r i n g s with two o r more l o b e s around i t s p e r i p h e r y produced by
machining, o r by e l a s t i c d i s t o r t i o n , t o g i v e i n c r e a s e d s t a b i l i t y o r t o provide
ad j u s t a b l e c l e a r a n c e [ 5031.
LOW ENERGY ELECTRON DIFFRACTION (LEED)

A basic research tool for analysis of single-crystal surfaces i n which
low-energy e l e c t r o n s a r e s c a t t e r e d from t h e s u r f a c e s p r o v i d i n g a d i f f r a c t i o n
pattern that reveals surface structures,
LOW STRESS ABRASION

A type o f a b r a s i v e wear o c c u r r i n g mainly where a n a b r a s i v e m a t e r i a l s l i d e s
f r e e l y over a s u r f a c e , such a s i n c h u t e s , bunkers, hoppers, s k i p c a r s , o r i n
erosive conditions. Toughness requirements are low, and the attainable
a b r a s i o n r e s i s t a n c e i s high [367].
LUBE O I L ADDITIVES
Chemicals added in small amounts to lubricating oils to impart special
properties.
See: ADDITIVES.
LUBE OILS
See: LUBRICATING OILS.
LUBRICANTS
M a t e r i a l s used t o s e p a r a t e two s u r f a c e s i n r e l a t i v e motion which can be
r e a d i l y sheared while a d h e r i n g t o t h e s u r f a c e s . T h e i r major purpose i s t o
reduce f r i c t i o n and wear and/or prevent damage.
- review o f high-temperature l u b r i c a n t s [61].
- o p t i c a l elastohydrodynamics f o r l u b r i c a n t e v a l u a t i o n [66].
- c l a s s e s , composition and c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s [159].
- s t r u c t u r e , c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s [350].
- t r a n s m i s s i o n l u b r i c a n t s : p r o p e r t i e s , performance, e t c . [354].
- s e l e c t i o n of l u b r i c a n t s [404].
185 zy
zyxwvutsrqpo
- behaviour of lubricants on solid surfaces [411].
- non-petroleum liquids as lubricants [%I].
LUBRICANT
- gear lubricants [524, 6221.

- rear axle lubricants [524].
- function of lubricants and their properties [526].
- patent review on advances in lubricants since 1979 [529].
- properties of boundary lubricants and their selection [551].
- general discussion of lubricants [606, 6071.
- lubricants and their application: practical aspects [608].
- thermal and oxidative stabilities of liquid lubricants [609].
- lubricant characteristics at low sliding speed in relation to surface
topography [6101.
- lubricant effects in metalworking [611].
- lubricants used under space conditions [612].
- guide to lubricant selection [61j].
- lubricant consumption and conservation: economic aspects [614].
- lubricant deterioration in service: laboratory tests and analyses [615].
- property values of lubricants and testing methods [616],
- liquid lubricants and their properties [617].
- lubricant application methods [ 6181.
- handling and storage of lubricants [619].
- health and safety aspects of lubricants [620].
- lubricants for motor vehicles [621].
- lubricants in the food processing industries [623].
- lubricants in metalworking [624, 6251.
- lubricants for metal forming [626].
- grading of cold rolling lubricants [627].
- lubricants for rolling operations [628].
- lubricants for cold drawing of metals [629].
- lubricants for wire drawing [630, 6311.
- lubricants for metal cutting [632].
- types of lubricants and their selection [633].
- mode of lubricant action in forming and cutting processee [634].
- lubricant rheology in concentrated contacts [635].
- specifications and classifications for lubricants [636].
- lubricants for iron and stainless steel [637].
- lubricants for automotive chassis lubrication [669].
zyxwvuzy
zyx
LUBRICANT ADDITIVES 186
- lubricants for steel mills [673].

- effect of base stock composition on lubricant performance [792].
- lubricants for machine tools: appraisal of the IS0 classification [ 7 9 3 ] .
- evaluation of lubricants for forging aluminium "7941.
- lubricants in the plastics industry [795].
- lubricant selection in metalworking and cutting [951].
- characterisation of synthetic base oils and additives by fast-atom
-
-
-
zyxwvuts
bombardment mass spectrometry [994]
- compressor lubricants in petroleum and chemical plants [995]
condition monitoring of lubricants [996]
tribological properties o f 4 water based lubricants [997]
data on over 500 solid and liquid lubricants and on about 25 dry lubricant
systens [ 9981
- biological deterioration of lubricants [1512].
- radiation effects on lubricants [1568].
- properties and selection of lubricant types [1569].
- storage, handling and reconditioning of lubricants [1598].
- performance characteristics of gear lubricants [164j].
- physical properties of lubricants: a literature survey [1645].
- prelubes in automotive applications: requirements and advantages [1662].
LUBRICANT ADDITIVES
See: ADDITIVES.
LUBRICANT CARRIER
A coating such as a phosphate o r lime, used to increase the amount of
lubricant available at a loaded interface in metal-working operations [5Oj].
See also: CHEMICAL CONVERSION COATINGS.
LUBRICANT COMPATIBILITY
A measure of the degree to which lubricants or lubricant components can be
mixed without harmful effects such as formation of deposits [5Oj].
LUBRICATED FRICTION
Friction between two bodies with a lubricant applied on the rubbing surfaces.
187 zyxwvutsrqp LUBRICATING GREASES
zyxw
LUBRICATING COOLANTS
See: COOLANTS.
LUBRICATING GREASES
Plastic non-Newtonian materials consisting of one o r more thickening agents,
generally soaps, in a liquid mineral o r synthetic lubricant. Some other
substances improving existing properties o r imparting new ones may be added.
Greases usually range in consistency from semisolid to solid blocks and in
colour from transparent to black. The composition of a grease depends on the
speed, load, temperature, environment and metals encountered in the desired
application. The texture of the grease may be smooth, buttery, stringy,
fibrous, spongy o r rubbery. This does not indicate the viscosity, but is the
result of the formulation and manufacturing methods. Fluid is nearly always
the major component of greases. The fluid is usually lube oil. For special
applications, synthetic lubricating fluids are used, although their cost is
relatively high, Thickening agents used in greases include soap and non-soap
types, both organic and inorganic materials. The most common soaps are those
of sodium, calcium, lithium, barium, potassium and lead. Minor components of
lubricating greases may be additives o r compounds resulting from reactions of
ingredients. Additives are used to modify structure, enhance the desirable
properties and to minimize the deleterious properties of the lubricant. Most
lubricating greases contain oxidation inhibitors which may consist of various
amines, phenols, compounds of the oxygen and sulphur groups, organic
phosphites, o r dialkyl selenides o r tellurides. Other additives may include
metal deactivators, metal passivators, corrosion o r rust inhibitors, EP
compounds also called film strength additives, wear prevention agents,
stringiness additives (e.g. isobutylene polymers), and noise reducing
agents. Finely divided solids, functioning either as additives, like MoS2
o r PTFE, o r as fillers, like asbestos, metal flakes, etc., are sometimes
included in these lubricants. However, some such ingredients, e.g. certain
grades of asbestos o r of carbon black, actually provide a grease structure.
A satisfactory lubricating grease will flow into bearings by the application
of pressure, remain in contact with moving surfaces, and not leak out under
gravity o r centrifugal action. The value of a lubricating grease over a wide
temperature range depends upon both the apparent viscosity at low temperatures
and the resistance to deterioration at high temperatures [482],
LUBRICATING GREASES zy
zyxwvut
- additives for lubricating greases [l8].
- review of high-temperature lubricating greases [61].
188
- deuterium substituted synthetic hydrocarbon grease [ 1171.

- detailed review (227 refs.) of US publications on lubricating greases [142].
- use and structure of lubricating greases, effects of ingredients on
properties of lubricating greases and future trends [ 2001.
- lubicating greases during boundary lubrication [212].
- preparation and types of lubricating greases [238].
- oxidation inhibitor system for greases performing over the temperature range
of 225OC to -38OC [247].
- effect of acidity and basicity of lubricating greases on their performance
[248].
- experiments on the friction reducing properties of lubricating greases and
their base oil [251].
- possibilities of quantitative analysis of lubricating greases compounded
from lithium 12-hydroxystearate [252].
- dispersants for inorganic thickened greases [256].
- improved performance lubricating grease with MoS 2 [257].
- methods of measuring the static and kinetic coefficients of friction of
lubricating greases [ 2611.
- problems with infra-red analysis of lubricating greases [271].
- a method for providing good quantitative infra-red spectra with high
reproducibility [272].
- evaluation of commercial greases with and without MoS2 [279].
- effect of MoS2 on performance of model greases [287].
- characteristics of modern lubricating greases [323].
- evaluation of lubricating greases using a Falex test machine [335].
- effects of operating conditions and grease composition on grease life at
135-177OC [340].
- tests on dynamic oxidation stability of lubricating greases [348].
- structure, classification and properties of lubricating greases [35O].
- dithiocarbamate additives for lubricating greases [407].
- characteristics and selection [520].
- properties, application and testing [%?I].
- lubricating greases for motor vehicles [621].
- deuterated synthetic hydrocarbon grease [638].
189 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
- tribological characteristics in heavily loaded contacts [639].
- rheological properties of sodium-based and aluminium-based greases [6401
LUBRICATING OILS
- lubricating greases for mining machinery [641]

- guide to lubricating greases [642]
- greases for automotive chassis lubrication [664]
- rheological properties in elastohydrodynamic contacts [796]
- testing lubricating greases for rolling-element bearings [797]
- service performance [798]
- classification system for industrial lubricating greases [799]
- laboratory evaluation of greases for space and vacuum-application in ball
bearings [9981
- synthetic greases: types, properties, performance, applications [999]
- rheological properties of some greases and their performance in
elastohydrodynamic contacts [lo011
- chemical analysis of a specially formulated hydrocarbon grease [1487].
- molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate and calcium compounds in greases [~ 8 1 .
- some properties and selection of greases [1500].
- evaluation of 29 antiwear and extreme pressure additives in lithium soap -
mineral oil greases [ 15911.
- viscoelastic behaviour of a mixed soap and a complex soap grease [1613].
LUBRICATING OILS
zyxwvutsrq
Lubricating oils are fluids whose function is the reduction of friction and
wear between solid surfaces in relative motion. This function is
accomplished in either of two ways, (1) by formation of adsorbed films on the
two opposed surfaces, which can be more easily sheared than the solid
substrate, o r (2) by interposition of a fluid between the two opposed
surfaces, In the former case the shear strength of the film, and in the
latter, the viscosity of the fluid determine the magnitude of the work which
must be done to maintain the opposed surfaces in relative motion. Aside from
friction and wear control, lube oils often serve other purposes, such as
corrosion prevention and cooling, The latter is particularly important in
metal cutting and grinding. Lube oil fractions consist of some of the
largest and most complex hydrocarbon molecules to be found in crude
petroleum. Their molecular weight ranges from about 250 - 1000 o r more,
based on structures containing 20 - 70 carbon atoms [482]. Generally, they
include a selected fraction of refined mineral oil with amounts of additives
to impart special properties. Usually, an industrial machine may use a large
LUBRICATING OILS zyxwvuts
quantity of plain mineral oil without additives since it is adequate for
lightly loaded conditions. All mechanisms which have to deal with high power
190
and higher
characteristics.
additives.
zy
temperature demand lubricating oils with high
Therefore, plain mineral oils must be formulated with
zyxwvu
Industrial lubricants are derived, in the most
petroleum, but there is an important portion of lubricants that come from
other sources.
performance
part, from
The lubricants include, among others, synthetic hydrocarbons,

synthetic esters, natural liquid fatty esters, silicone oils, polyphenyl
esters, polyalkylene glycol oils, etc.
- review of high-temperature lubricating oils [61].
- effect of water in lubricating oils (SAE 20) on fatigue life of bearings
[1161.
- classes, composition and characteristics of lubricating oils [159].
- lubricating oil additives [232].
- thin-layer chromatography analysis of lubricating oils [2~].
- adhesive properties of lubricating oils [ 3781.
- pressure-viscosity characteristics [428].
- frictional data on lubricating oils as measured with thrust ball bearings
[467].
- manufacture of lubricating oils [483].
- general information [4951.
- petroleum lubricating oils [521, 6461.
- determination of iron in lube oils [643].
- determination of titanium in aircraft lube oils [644].
- effect of metal wear on oxidation of lube oils [645].
- behaviour of polymer-thickened oils [647].
- conservation and recovery of lube oils [648].
- high-temperature oxidation testing of lubricating oils "7411.
- analysis of metal deactivators in lubricating oils [800].
- diester compressor oils: properties, performance [995].
- lubricating oil air-release properties and their measurement [10021.
- assessment of lubricating oils by differential scanning calorimetry
[1471-1474].
- visual examination and lab tests of used oils [1501].
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxw
zyxwvuts
191 LUBRICATION
LUBRICATION
The application of a lubricant between two surfaces in relative motion for the
purpose of reducing friction and wear or other forms o f surface deterioration.
See also: TRIBOLOGY.
- lubrication systems: theory and practice[?I.
- fundamentals of lubrication [396, 495, 5041.
- surface effects in lubrication o f solid surfaces [411].
- general information on lubrication [w].
- mechanics and chemistry in lubrication [521].
- gear lubrication [524, 6221.
- rear axle lubrication [524].
- basic information on lubrication [549, 6061.
- review on theories of lubrication [591].
- practical aspects of lubrication [592, 607, 608, 6131.
- machines for lubrication evaluation [593].
- lubrication methods and systems [607].
- types and selection of lubrication systems [1505].
- lubrication maintenance planning [15061.
- design of centralised lubrication systems [1589].
- basic principles, application to specific types of machinery, special
applications [1598].
- knowledge of bearing lubrication: its application to bearing design [1599].
- lubrication under space conditions [ 6121.
- lubrication in metalworking [624, 625, 6551.
- lubrication requirements in forming and working non-ferrous metals [626].
- lubrication in wire drawing [631].
- lubrication in mining machinery [641].
- handbook of lubrication [649, 6501.
- transfer lubrication for high temperatures: a review [651].
- lubrication scheduling [652].
- lubrication systems in automobile engines [653].
- lubrication in paper machinery [654].
- lubrication in metal forming [656].
- lubrication in cold extrusion [657].
- effect of rotation in lubrication problems [658].
- lubrication of high-speed strip rolling [659].
- support of oil lubrication by solid lubricant coatings [660].
LUBRICITY zy
zyxwvuts
- lubrication of shaft couplings [661].
- lubrication in electric motors [662].
192
- design and lubrication of compressors and vacuum pumps [663].

- automotive chassis lubrication [664],
- lubrication of agricultural machinery [665, 6661,
- lubrication of marine equipment [667].
- lubrication of aviation piston and turbine engines [668].
- lubrication of machine tools [669].
- lubrication of heavy-duty gas turbines [670].
- lubrication of aircraft gas turbines [671].
- lubrication of turbines: oils, maintenance of oil systems etc. [672].
- steel mill lubrication: lubricants and their application methods [673].
- diesel engine lubrication [679].
- lubrication of piston rings [579, 801, 8021.
- limited oil supply in gear lubrication [758].
- review of gear lubrication: load capacity, lubricant effects, additives,
etc. [768].
- automotive piston lubrication model: analytical study [8O3].
- gear lubrication: 50 years of progress [809].
- lubrication of ceramics [848].
- lubrication of ball bearings [944].
- review of research and technology of luJrication in steel strip rolling
[lOOSI.
- lubrication in sheet-metal forming [1004].
- lubrication of miniature polymeric systems: a review [1005].
LUBRICITY
The property of a lubricant that causes a difference in friction under
conditions of boundary lubrication when all the known factors except the
lubricant itself are the same. The lower the friction the higher the
lubricity.
LUBRICITY ADDITIVES
See: TRIBOLOGICAL ADDITIVES.
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvu
zyxwvutsrq
193 MAGNESIUM OXIDE
MACHINABILITY
A measure of the ease with which a material can be shaped with the aid of
cutting o r abrasive tools.
MACHINING
See: METAL CUTTING.
[503].
See
zyxwvuts
UCROSLIP
A type of sliding in which all points on one side of the interface are moving
relatively to those on the other, in a direction parallel to the interface
also: MICROSLIP.
MAGNESIA
See: MAGNESIUM OXIDE.
MAGNESIUM (Mg)
Relatively soft, silver-white metal. Density 1.74; m.p. 65OoC. Soluble
in acids. Slightly toxic. It finds numerous applications, including a
variety of alloys having a wide range of useful properties, such as toughness,
strength o r thermal conductivity.
- lubrication requirements in forming and working magnesium [626].
- exoelectron emission from a magnesium crystal [960].
- illustrated case histories of corrosion phenomena in magnesium and its
alloys [16171.
MAGNESIUM OXIDE
ME0
Commonly called magnesia. White powder. M.p. 2852OC; density about
3.6. Slightly soluble i n water. Used in refractories, polycrystalline
ceramics, rubber, semiconductors, etc.
- frictional properties of MgO crystals related to load [1293].
- tribological properties of magnesia partially stabilized with zirconia
11294, 12951.
- rolling contact deformation of MgO single crystals [1296].
zyxwvu
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
MAGNESIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
194
MgSiF6.6H20
zyxwvut
zyxwvuts
White crystalline powder.
density 1.788.
Soluble in water. Decomposes at 12OoC;
Highly toxic and strongly irritating.
treating magnesium hydroxide o r
It is derived by
carbonate with hydrofluorosilicic acid.
Magnesium silicofluoride may be used as a dry film lubricant and a load-
carrying additive.
- tested in mixtures with fluorides as an EP and antiwear agent f o r titanium
rotating against steel [76].
MAGNESIUM STEARATE
( c i8H35C o2 12Mt3
Soft white powder. M.p. 88.5OC; density 1.028. Insoluble in water and
alcohol, Widely used as a dry powder in wire drawing and in plastics as a
stabilizer and lubricant.
MAGNETO-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION (MHD Lubrication)

Hydrodynamic lubrication in which a significant force contribution arises from
electromagnetic interaction. MHD bearings have been proposed for very high
temperature operation, f o r example in liquid sodium [5O3].
MAHOGANY ACIDS
A mixture of mineral oil-soluble, mahogany-coloured petroleum sulphonic acids
obtained as a by-product during white oil manufacture. Since medicinal and
technical white oils are produced over a wide range of viscosities, petroleum
sulphonic acids exhibit widely differing properties. A number of methods
have been developed for making alkaline earth neutral and basic petroleum
sulphonates since these find significant use as additives for lubricating
oils, especially engine oils, and cutting fluids. The most important ones
are alkaline calcium and barium petroleum sulphonates.
MAIN BEARINGS
Bearings supporting the main power-transmitting shaft.
195
MA1NTENANCE
zyx
zyxwvu
MATERIAL TRANSFER
Activities and operations carried out in order to keep a machine o r a device

in working order.
See also: CONDITION MONITORING.
- lubrication scheduling [652].
- diesel engine maintenance [ 6791.
- practical guide to optimal maintenance methods [ 12981.
- planning and control of maintenance [1299].
- preventive maintenance [ 1300].
- lubrication maintenance planning: lubricant rationalisation, lubrication
frequency [ 15061.
MASS SPECTROMETRY
An analytical method based on ion production from the analysed material and
their separation in either space o r time according to their mass-to-change
ratios. This technique provides an output in the form of a mass spectrum
indicating the intensities of the separate ions formed in the ion source of a
mass spectrometer.
See also: SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROMETRY.
- characterisation of lubricants by mass spectrometry [994].
MATERIAL TRANSFER
The carry over of material from one contact to the other of a mating pair of
contacts.
- in the case of aluminium rubbing on steel [674].
- metallic transfer [675].
- metal transfer of two abrasive materials in fine grinding [676].
- role of transfer and back transfer of metals [677].
- in adhesive wear [740].
- structure and chemistry of transfer material [1006].
- previous and recent observations on material transfer and factors
responsible for it [1007].
- metal transfer: steel sliding against aluminium alloys [lorn].
- metallic transfer in sliding: an autoradiographic study [1009].
- material transfer and film formation in polymeric materials [1646].
- definitions and selective transfer in tribological joints [1715].
MAXIMUM STATIC FRICTION FORCE
MAXIMUM STATIC FRICTION FORCE

The static friction force which, when exceeded, leads to macrodisplacement.
zy
zy
196
See also: STATIC FRICTION.
zy
MEASURED PROFILE
A representation of the profile obtained by inetrumental o r other means [1202].
MEASURED SURFACE
A representation of the surface obtained by instrumentation o r other means
[ 12021.
MECHANICAL ACTIVATION
The acceleration o r initiation of a chemical reaction by mechanical exposure
of a nascent solid surface [5O’j].
MECHANICAL SEAL
A seal obtained by mechanical force.
See also: SEALS.
MECHANICAL WEAR
Removal of material due to mechanical processes under conditions of sliding,
rolling o r repeated impact.
See also: ABRASIVE WEAR, ADHESIVE WEAR, FATIGUE WEAR.
MECHANO-CHEMICAL WEAR
Wear resulting from mechanical and chemical action on mating elements, each
facilitating the other.
See also: CORROSIVE WEAR.
MECHANOCHEMISTRY
A branch of chemistry dealing with the chemical and physical chemical changes
of substances of all states of aggregation due to the influence of mechanical
energy.
197 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsr
MELAMINE CYANURATE
C3N3(NH ) HNC
2 3
METAL CUTTING
An organic adduct compound composed of melamine and isocyanuric acid.

Thermally stable up to 3OO0C and chemically inert. It performs
s a t i s f a c t o r i l y as a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t when added t o w a t e r , o i l s , g r e a s e s and
pastes.
- a s a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t f o r some p l a s t i c s [1302].
- a s a n e f f e c t i v e s o l i d l u b r i c a n t when added t o water, oils, g r e a s e s and
p a s t e s [UOS].
zyxwvutsrq
MELTING
I n t r i b o l o g y , a mode of wear r e l a t i n g t o g e n e r a t i o n o f a molten i n t e r f a c i a l
f i l m due t o extreme rubbing v e l o c i t i e s .
MELT LUBRICATION
See: PHASE-CHANGE LUBRICATION.
2-MERCAPTOBENZOTHIAZOLE
C7H4NS. SH
Yellowish powder. Insoluble i n w a t e r and gasoline; soluble i n alcohol,
a c e t o n e and benzene. Melting range 164-175OC; density 1.52. Slightly
toxic. I t can be d e r i v e d by h e a t i n g a mixture of a n i l i n e , s u l p h u r and carbon
d i s u l p h i d e a t 200-275°C under p r e s s u r e . Used as a c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r i n
c u t t i n g f l u i d s and a n E
P a d d i t i v e i n greases.
MEFAL CUTTING
The term r e f e r s t o metalworking o p e r a t i o n s based on t h e use of carbon s t e e l ,
high-speed s t e e l or ceramic t o o l s o f a wedge shape with a c u t t i n g edge t h a t
removes a t h i n l a y e r from t h e s u r f a c e of a l a r g e r body being machined. There
are many t y p e s o f metal c u t t i n g o p e r a t i o n s , e.g. t u r n i n g , d r i l l i n g , boring,
m i l l i n g , shaping, grinding. The o p e r a t i o n s can be c a r r i e d o u t on a l l t h e
major groups of m e t a l s and a l l o y s ,
See a l s o s p e c i f i c metal c u t t i n g o p e r a t i o n s and CUTTING FLUIDS.
METAL-CUTTING FLUIDS
-
zyxwvu
zy
a detailed discussion of various aspects of metal cutting technology [509,
1310, 1570, 15711.
198
- tribology of metal cutting [625, 6321.

- mode of action of lubricants in cutting processes [634].
- additives for lubricating coolants in metal cutting [736].
- wear and fracture resistance of ceramic cutting tools [851].
- seizure in metal cutting [1051].
- temperatures in metal cutting [1052].
- machining cast iron: tool materials, lubricating fluids etc. [1158].
- cutting tool materials coated by CVD [1161].
- chemical wear during machining [ 1189, 14161.
- metal cutting principles: a detailed study [1572].
- metal cutting mechanics, tool wear and life, etc. [1573].
- measuring cutting tool wear by thin layer activation [1574].
- abrasive wear resistance of three classes of cutting tool materials [1575].
METAL-CUTTING FLUIDS
See: CUTTING FLUIDS.
METAL DEACTIVATORS
Certain metals, such a8 copper, can catalyse free radical oxidation chain
reactions. Additives which prevent or retard this catalytic action are
called metal deactivators. The most common of these are ethylene diamine and
propylene diamine derivatives of disalicylidene. They deactivate metal atoms
present in a lubricant by forming chelate complexes.
- analysis of metal deactivators in lubricating oils [800].
See also: METAL PASSIVATORS.
METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES (MDPs)
"%
zy
/OR
S= -S-M-S-P4
RO
The most widely used class of lubricating oil additives. The most important
ones are metal dialkyldithiophosphates, particularly zinc
diallcyldithiophosphate. Metal dithiophosphates are used as antiwear and
antioxidation agents. Generally, they are prepared by reacting an alcohol
with P2S5 to obtain an intermediate dithiophosphoric acid, which, in turn,
as the potassium salt is treated with metal-containing inorganic compounds,
199 METAL FILMS
e.g. ZnC12, SnC12, Pb(N03)2 etc., to make various metal

dithiophosphates (MDP's). Silver, gold, bismuth, cadmium, cobalt, iron,
molybdenum, lead, antimony, tin and zinc dithiophosphates are known. Usually
good antiwear performance means low thermal stability and good antioxidation
characteristics. Many investigations on their mechanism of action as
load-carrying additives have been carried out. A review on the subject
covering the period of up to about 1970 has been given in [173,400].
metal di-4-methylpentyl-2 dithiophosphates, diisopropyl dithiophosphates and
zinc di-n-nonyl dithiophosphates
load-carrying behaviour is described.
ZDDP's has been given [38].
are discussed in [173] and
Recently, the antiwear mechanism of
The effect on oxidation, thermal stability,
zy
Various
their
zyxwv
metal corrosion and antiwear performance of zinc-, lead-, tin-, and
cobalt-DDP's with primary and secondary alkyl groups have been studied in
[43]. Under mixed friction the antiwear efficiency of MDP's is not caused
completely by adsorption layers; deposition layers are also formed by thermal
decomposition of the MDP's [496].
See also: ZINC DIALKYLDITHIOPHOSPHATES.
- synthesis and some properties of MDP's [43].
- antiwear and Ep activity of MDP's [173].
- their load-carrying properties [184, 1851.
- decomposition of molybdenum DP [225].
- action of ZDDP in the presence of calcium sulphonate [347].
- tribochemistry of MDP's [496].
- deposition of gold with gold DP [497].
- as wear-reducing additives in engine valve train systems [1647].
- role of metal exchange under boundary lubrication by metal dithiophosphates
[ 16481.
METAL FILMS
Films of soft metals bonded strongly on metallic tribological surfaces that
reduce friction and wear. The properties of soft metals come close to the
properties needed for an ideal solid lubricant. They have good tribological
properties and high thermal stability. Such metals as gallium, gold, indium,
lead, silver, thallium and tin may be applied to produce metal films.
See also: BONDED LUBRICATING FILMS.
zy
zyxwvutsrqp zyxwvut
METAL FORMING 200
METAL FORMING
A machining o p e r a t i o n which c u t s o f f curved or i r r e g u l a r shapes i n a workpiece
revolving i n a l a t h e . There are e x t e r n a l and i n t e r n a l forming o p e r a t i o n s .
- l u b r i c a n t s f o r metal forming [626, 11941.
- mode o f a c t i o n o f l u b r i c a n t s i n forming p r o c e s s e s [634].
- t r i b o l o g y i n metal forming: test methods [656].
- l u b r i c a t i o n i n sheet-metal forming [ 10041.
- m e t a l forming o i l s : e f f e c t on l o n g e r t o o l l i f e [1304].
- handbook of m e t a l forming [l305, 13061.
- l a b o r a t o r y t e s t s on sheet-metal forming l u b r i c a n t s [urn].
- metal forming t h e o r y and a p p l i c a t i o n s [1309].
- f o r m a b i l i t y o f m e t a l s [lglo].
- metal forming l u b r i c a n t s : product review [1747].
METAL PASSIVATORS
Lubricant a d d i t i v e s t h a t a c t by d e p o s i t i n g a f i l m over a metal s u r f a c e . The
most common o f t h e s e are t r i a r y l phosphites and s u l p h u r compounds. Generally,
a p r o t e c t i v e f i l m is adsorbed on metal s u r f a c e s which p a s s i v a t e s c o n t a c t
between a medium and base metal; thus, t h e y can be regarded a s c o r r o s i o n
inhibitors. Because t h e y prevent t h e o x i d a t i o n of t h e bulk l u b r i c a n t by
c a t a l y t i c a c t i o n o f t h e m e t a l and r e t a r d c r e a t i o n o f c o r r o s i v e materials, t h e y
a c t a s c a t a l y t i c o x i d a t i o n i n h i b i t o r s as well.
See a l s o : METAL DEACTIVATORS.
- f i v e t h e o r i e s accounting f o r t h e behaviour o f o x i d i z i n g p a s s i v a t o r s [483].
MmAL PHENOXIDES
S ~ ( R C ~12~
H~O
R = C12 if S = 1 o r 2 t h e a d d i t i v e h a s good a n t i o x i d a n t p r o p e r t i e s .
S a l t s d e r i v e d by t h e r e a c t i o n o f phenol w i t h s t r o n g bases. Many o f them are
s o l u b l e i n water and a l l a r e e a s i l y decomposed by carbon d i o x i d e . They are
widely used as d e t e r g e n t s i n l u b e o i l s .
See a l s o : DETERGEWFS.
- metal phenoxides as high-temperature a n t i o x i d a n t s i n polyphenyl e t h e r [ 3041.
MmAL PHOSPHORODITHIOATES
See: METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES.
20 1
METALS zyxwvutsrqpon
Metals comprise major elements exhibiting the
METALLIC BEARING MATERIALS
following p r o p e r t i e s :
e l e c t r i c a l and thermal c o n d u c t i v i t y , high physical s t r e n g t h , f o r m a b i l i t y and
good
zyxwvuts
machinability. Chemically, metals tend t o form c a t i o n s i n s o l u t i o n and can
combine with oxygen t o form b a s i c oxides which, when dissolved i n a n a c i d ,
produce s a l t s of t h e s e metals. Metals and t h e i r a l l o y s , e s p e c i a l l y f e r r o u s
materials, are t h e p r i n c i p a l t y p e s of m a t e r i a l s f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s .
See a l s o i n d i v i d u a l metals and ALLOYS.
- a model f o r t h e a b r a s i o n process of metals [306].
- adhesion of metals [372-377, 536, 5371.
- l u b r i c a t i o n requirements i n forming and worki g non-ferrous metals [626
- f r i c t i o n a l behaviour of metals [702].
- s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t s of metals [820].
- s u r f a c e i n t e r a c t i o n s o f metals [852].
- a d e t a i l e d study of oxidation of metals [913]
- f r i c t i o n and wear of metals a t high s l i d i n g speeds [936].
- e f f e c t s of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e on f r i c t i o n and wear of m e t a l s [978].
- p l a s t i c deformation and s l i d i n g f r i c t i o n o f metals [1104].
- r e l a t i o n between t h e o r e t i c a l t e n s i l e and s h e a r s t r e n g t h s and f r i c t i o n a l
p r o p e r t i e s of metals [1576].
- mechanisms o f e r o s i o n in d u c t i l e metals subjected t o s o l i d p a r t i c l e impact
[1746].
METAL TRANSFER
See: MATERIAL TRANSFER.
METALLIC BEARING MATERIALS

Materials e l a b o r a t e d f o r t h e working s u r f a c e s o f p l a i n bearings. They are
mostly nonferrous a l l o y s ( b a b b i t t s , bronzes, aluminium and cadmium a l l o y s ) ,
metal overlays ( s i l v e r , indium), porous metals and c a s t i r o n .
METALLIC GLASSES 202 zy
zy
METALLIC GLASSES
A group of m a t e r i a l s which e x h i b i t h i g h hardness and high c o r r o s i o n and wear
resistance with properties depending on their composition. They are
a t t r a c t i v e f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l a p p l i c a t i o n s due t o s t r o n g adhesion, great shear
s t r e n g t h , impact p e n e t r a t i o n , toughness, d u c t i l i t y and c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e .
- friction and wear of ferrous-based metallic glasses in contact with
aluminium oxide [ 1311].
- t r i b o l o g i c a l behaviour of m e t a l l i c g l a s s e s [1312].
- c o e f f i c i e n t o f roughness, morphology and s u r f a c e composition of a m e t a l l i c
g l a s s [1313].
- effects of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e and s u r f a c e chemistry on t r i b o l o g i c a l behaviour o f
m e t a l l i c g l a s s e s [1314].
METALLIC SOAPS
Greases and heavy-duty l u b r i c a n t s can be made by h e a t i n g m i n e r a l o i l s o r
s y n t h e t i c o r g a n i c l i q u i d s w i t h m e t a l l i c soaps. Metallic soaps of t h e alkali
and a l k a l i n e e a r t h m e t a l s and aluminium have s t e e p s o l u b i l i t y curves. When
t h e s e soaps a r e heated w i t h m i n e r a l o i l and c e r t a i n p o l a r o r g a n i c l i q u i d s , a n
apparent s o l u t i o n r e s u l t s which, on c o o l i n g , sets t o a g e l . These g e l s are
the basis of many g r e a s e s and special lubricants. Soaps o f aluminium,
cadmium, calcium, c o b a l t , magnesium, n i c k e l , mercury, s t r o n t i u m , l i t h i u m and
sodium form g e l s with mineral oil. Lead naphthenate i s incorporated in
zyxwv
l u b r i c a n t s (made by h e a t i n g l u b r i c a t i n g o i l w i t h s u l p h u r ) f o r high-pressure
a p p l i c a t i o n s such a s hypoid gears. The amount of m e t a l l i c s o a p s used depends
on t h e s e r v i c e expected of t h e completed l u b r i c a n t . Light s p i n d l e o i l s are
made w i t h l e s s t h a n 1%soap. Heavy-bodied g r e a s e s c o n t a i n up t o 50% soap.
Calcium and cadmium s o a p s account f o r about 70% of m e t a l l i c s o a p s used i n
grease making [4831.
See a l s o : LUBRICATING CREASES.
MEPALLURGICAL COMPATIBILITY
A measure of t h e e x t e n t t o which m e t a l s a r e mutually s o l u b l e i n t h e s o l i d
s t a t e [503].
203 METHACRYLIC ACID
METALWORKING
zyxwvu
A generic term relating to any operation involved in engineering products.
One of the aims of metalworking operations is always that of producing a new
shape. This is associated with high friction, high temperature and tool
wear. Metalworking includes metal deformation and metal cutting processes.
See also: METALWORKING LUBRICANTS.
- tribology in metalworking [611, 6251.
- lubrication and lubricants in metalworking [624, 625, 655, 9511.
- lubrication requirements in working non-ferrous metals [626].
- surface roughness in metalworking [lg85].
- occupational airway diseases in metalworking: a literature survey [1579].
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrqp
METALWORKING LUBRICANTS
processes.
See also:
zyx
Fluids used as lubricants and/or coolants in metal forming and metal cutting
CUTTING FLUIDS, METALWORKING.

- some corrosion inhibitors for metalworking fluids [@I.
- biocides for aqueous metalworking fluids: types, selection, use [6g].
- phosphate ester acids as additives for metalworking fluids [218].
- properties and classification of metalworking fluids [258].
- development testing of metalworking lubricants [285].
- patent review on advances in metalworking compositions [529].
- lubrication and lubricants in metalworking: selection, performance,
evaluation [625].
- selection of metalworking lubricants [951].
- synthetic metalworking lubricants: a brief description [158O].
- rust protection and lubricity of synthetic metalworking fluids [1581].
- a brief review of metalworking fluids [1582].
- health hazards: microbes as pathogens and toxin producers [1583].
- metalworking fluids: product review [1747].
METHACRYLIC ACID
CH2=C (CH )C02H
3
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether and most organic
solvents. Bp 161-162OC; mp 15-16OC; d20 1.015.
4
Highly toxic by ingestion and inhalation; strong irritant to the skin. It is
used primarily for the preparation of alkyl methacrylates, which are typical
raw materials f o r the manufacture of viscosity improvers.
METHOXYPOLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
- tested as an additive for water-based cutting fluids [46],

- friction measurement of methacrylic acid with copolymers of n-hexadecyl
204 zy
methacrylate [471].
METHOXYPOLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
A series of compounds with properties similar to the polyethylene glycols of
comparable molecular weight. Slightly viscous liquids to soft wax-like
solids. Used for the manufacture of detergents and emulsifying and
dispersing agents through the preparation of the mono fatty acid derivatives
14841.
See also: POLYGLYCOLS
-
zyxwvutsrq
application as lubricants [49].
- general information, preparation, properties and applications [485].
METHYL ALKYL SILICONES
zyxwvu
A group of alkyl silicone fluids in which alkyl is octyl to tetradecyl.
are good lubricants, but their oxidative stability is relatively poor.
- as a new class of lubricants [ 3 5 3 ] .
<-METHYLBENZYL DIETHANOLAMINE
C~H~CH(CI~J
)N(CH~CH~OH)~
They
Dark, amber liquid. Moderately soluble in water. It sets to glass at

-7OC. Bp 244OC ( 5 0 mm); d y 1.0812. Slightly toxic. Used as an
emulsifying agent,
See a l s o : ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as an antimicrobial compound in a number of cutting fluids [48].
N-METHYL-N-BENZYL ETHANOLAMINE
C ~ H ~ C H ~ )(NCC HI ~~ CJ H ~ O H
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
2-(N-METHYL-N-BUTYL) ETHANOLAMINE
c ~ H C~ (
H )NCH~CH~OH
~
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
205 zyxw
zyxwvuts
METHYL CELLULOSE
Greyish white, fibrous powder,
4,4' -METHYLENEBIS( 2,6-DI-t-BUTYLPHENOL)
Stable up to about 3OO0C. Insoluble in

alcohol and ether. Used as a coupling agent.
METHYLCYCLOHEXANOL
CH3C6H100H
Colourless, viscous liquid. Bp 155-180?; density 0.924. It is derived
by catalytic oxidation of methylcyclohexane. Highly toxic by ingestion,
inhalation and skin absorption. Used as an antioxidant for lubricants.
METHYL DIBUTYLPHOSPHINATE
(C4H9)2CH3P02
See: ALKYL DIALKYLPHOSPHINATES.
N-METHYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

(C4Hg )PONHCH3
- tested as an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [270].
N-METHYL DIETHANOLAMINE
CH~N(CH~CH~OH)
Soluble in water at 25OC. Bp 247.2OC; fp -21OC; dz: 1.0418.
Used as an emulsifying agent and corrosion inhibitor.
zyxwv
- tested a6 an antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids [MI.
METHYL DIOCTYLPHOSPHINATE
(c~H~~)~cH~P~~
See: ALKYL DIALKYLF'HOSPHINATES.
water. zyxwvut
4,4'-METHYLENEBIS(2,6-DI-t-BUTYLPHENOL)
[ (C4H9)2C6H2 (OH)12CH2
A sterically hindered bisphenol.
Bp 217OC (1 mm); mp 155OC.
Light yellow powder. Insoluble in
Used as an antioxidant and antiwear
additive for motor oils, aviation piston engine oils etc.
METHYL ESTERS
METHYL ESTERS
zyxwvutsr
Fatty esters derived from coconut and other vegetable oils, tallow, etc.
206
They are used as lubricants for metal-cutting fluids, high temperature

grinding and cold rolling of steel.
N-METHYL ETHANOLAMINE
zyxwvut
CKJNHC2H40H
20
Water soluble liquid. Bp 159.9OC; fp -4.5OC; d20 0.9414.
Slightly toxic. It is a very good antimicrobial agent. Used as an
ingredient in metalworking fluids.
- tested as an antimicrobial agent in a variety of cutting fluids [48].
2- ( N-METHYL-N-ETHYL) ETHANOLAMINE
CH CH (C )NCH2CH20H
3 2 %
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
2-( N-METHYL-N-HEPTYL) ETHANOLAMINE
C H (CH3)NCH2CH20H
7 15
Very good antimicrobial agent for cutting fluids.
2- (N-METHYL-N-ISOPROPYL) ETHANOLAMINE
('2% )2CH(CKJ)NCH2CH20H
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
zyxwvutsrqp
d y 0.8702.
-
-
zyxw
METHYL LAURATE
C H (~C H)~ l o ~ ~ 2 ~ ~ s
Water-white liquid. Insoluble in water.
Slightly toxic.
Bp 262OC (766 mm); mp 4.8OC;
Non-corrosive. It is derived from
coconut oil. Used as a lubricant and as an intermediate f o r detergents.
thermal stability characteristics of methyl laurate at 37OoC [85].
methyl laurate as an EP additive in white oil and decalin: antiwear
behaviour studied and preparation described [loo].
207 METHYL STEARATE
zyxwvuts
1-METHYLNAPHTHALENE
C%C10H7
Colourless liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Bp 240-24JOC; mp -32OC; d y 1.025. It is derived from coal tar.
Thought to be toxic. Very often used as a model aromatic lubricant.
-
zyxwvu
determination of its friction and wear characteristics [lgq].
m-METHYLPHENYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

m-CH C H NH PO (OC4H9)2
3 6 4 3 2
Effective antiwear additive,
N-METHYL-N-PHENYL ETHANOLAMINE
C~H~(CH~)NCH~CH~OH
zyxwvu
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
METHYL RICINOLEATE
C$ (CH,)5CH(OH)CH2CH=CH(CH2)7C02CH3
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.
Bp 245°C(10mm); mp -4.9C; $2 0.9236. Slightly toxic. It is
derived by esterification of ricinoleic acid o r alcoholysis of castor oil;
purified by vacuum distillation. Used as a lubricant, lubricity additive and
cutting oil additive.
METHYL STEARATE
c$ (CH2)16c02c$
Semisolid o r liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in ether and alcohol.
Bp 234.5OC (30 mm); mp 37.8OC. It is derived by esterification of
stearic acid with methanol o r alcoholysis of stearin with methanol. Used as
a lubricant and as an intermediate for detergents. It is of value in
compounding lubricating oils, and as a lubricant for the textile industry.
- investigation of its effectiveness in overcoming deleterious effect of water
in mineral oil [119].
MICA
MICA
zyxwvutsr
Any of a group of silicates of varying chemical composition but with similar
208
physical properties and crystal structure. The micas are characterized

physically by a perfect basal cleavage. They can easily yield thin, tough
zyxwvuts
laminas having a high degree of flexibility. Their density is between
0
2.6-3.2. They are heat resistant up to 600 C. Irritant by inhalation
(damaging to lungs). Used as a solid lubricant.
MICHELL BEARINGS
See: TILTING-PAD BEARINGS.
MICROORGANISMS
zy
Living organisms contaminating lubricants, particularly metalworking fluids.
zyxwvu
They comprise bacteria and fungi. The clear symptoms of the metalworking
fluid damage caused by microorganisms are an increase in acidity, odour
development, emulsion stability changes, decreased tool life and an increase
in corrosion rates.
See also: BACTERIA, BIOCIDES, FUNGI.
- biological deterioration of lubricants and antimicrobial measures [1512].
- microbes in metalworking fluids as pathogens and toxin producers [1583].
- microbial degradation of transformer oils [1726].
MICROPOROUS POLYMER LUBRICANTS
Materials which can provide life-long lubrication for ball and roller bearings.
- description of this new class of materials [344].
MICROSCOPE
An optical instrument used to obtain greatly magnified images of objects o r of
selected microareas of the surface. It has been commonly used for
preliminary investigation of tribological surfaces, particularly friction
contact areas, in order to assess the degree and character of wear.
See also: ELECTRON MICROSCOPE.
209 MINERAL OILS
MICROSLIP
Microslip is the small relative tangential displacement in a contacting area
at an interface, when the remainder of the interface in the contacting area is
zyxwvut
not relatively displaced tangentially [503].
MILD WEAR
A type of wear in which the wear debris is predominantly in the form of small
zy
particles of metal oxide.
- role of oxide films in mild wear [692].
MILLING
zyxwv
A machining process of shaping metals by means of a rotating cutter having one
o r more cutting elements. The milling machine has a revolving cutter and a
sliding table which incorporates the workpiece to be fed under the cutter in
order to remove the metal. There are many modifications of this operation,
such as face milling, end milling, plain milling, side milling, slot milling,
and others.
zyxwvuts
- coated cemented carbides f o r milling [1161].
MINERAL OILS
Liquid products of crude oil within the viscosity range of products commonly
called oils.
See also: BASE OILS.
- effect of mineral oils and certain additives in rolling friction [log].
- effect of the chemical nature of mineral oils and their fractions on wear
reducing properties [ 18-21.
- fatigue tests on mineral oils [192].
- super-refined mineral oils: preparation, properties and application of
formulations based on them [ 2041.
- classification, refining, physical properties, deterioration [1511].
- a review of physical and chemical differences between synthetic and mineral
oils [1666].
-
-
zyxwvu
MIST LUBRICATION
- effects
-
zy
zyxwvut
zyxwvut
of m i n e r a l o i l s on f a t i g u e l i f e [205].
effect o f v o l a t i l i t y o f super-refined m i n e r a l o i l s on wear [210].
- c a r c i n o g e n i c a c t i o n of m i n e r a l o i l s [262].
composition; v i s c o s i t y and o t h e r p r o p e r t i e s o f m i n e r a l o i l s ; a p p l i c a t i o n s
and a d d i t i v e s f o r m i n e r a l o i l s [ 3 5 0 ] .
technology and p r o p e r t i e s of m i n e r a l o i l s [420].
- composition and p r o p e r t i e s o f m i n e r a l o i l s [422].
210
- m i n e r a l o i l s textbook [646].
- some m i n e r a l o i l s e v a l u a t e d by scanning e l e c t r o n microscopy [804].
- e f f e c t of molecular weight d i s t r i b u t i o n of l u b e o i l s on b a l l - b e a r i n g fatigue
l i f e [966].
- rates o f m i n e r a l o i l o x i d a t i o n i n c o n c e n t r a t e d c o n t a c t s [lolo].
MIST LUBRICATION
L u b r i c a t i o n by a n o i l m i s t produced by i n j e c t i n g o i l i n t o a g a s stream.
See a l s o : AEROSOL LUBRICATION.
- b e a r i n g f a i l u r e r e d u c t i o n due t o conversion from conventional t o o i l m i s t
l u b r i c a t i o n [805].
- mist systems: d e s i g n and i n s t a l l a t i o n [1516].
MIXED LUBRICATION
A lubrication regime between boundary lubrication and elastohydrodynamic
l u b r i c a t i o n i n which t h i n - f i l m l u b r i c a t i o n predominates.
zyxwvutsrqponm
- mixed l u b r i c a t i o n with a complex e s t e r as a f r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r
- theory and a p p l i c a t i o n t o p l a i n b e a r i n g s [8O6].
MIXED SOAP GREASES
sodium-calcium products. One of the soaps

The most
usually
[599].
Mixed soap g r e a s e s a r e u s u a l l y produced by s a p o n i f y i n g t h e f a t t y m a t e r i a l w i t h

mixed alkalies d e r i v e d from v a r i o u s metals. popular ones are
predominates and
determines t h e g e n e r a l c h a r a c t e r of t h e g r e a s e , w h i l e t h e o t h e r modifies t h e
s t r u c t u r e and improves mechanical s t a b i l i t y . Generally, mixed soap g r e a s e s
a r e used f o r r o l l i n g bearings.
- its v i s c o e l a s t i c behaviour [1613].
zyxwvutsrq
21 1 MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDE
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
The ratio of stress to strain within the proportional limit of a material in
tension o r compression. The coefficient is a measure of the softness o r
stiffness of the material. The modulus is also known as Young's modulus.
MOLYBDENUM (Mo)
zy
Hard grey metal o r black powder. Density 10.22; m.p. 2617OC. Added to
alloy steels it improves toughness, machinability and high temperature
strength. When added to stainless steels molybdenum improves corrosion
resistance, Molybdenum compounds are used as solid lubricants and/or
tribological additives, e.g. oil-soluble organometallics which reduce friction.
- performance of Mo compounds in motor vehicles [Sgg].
- molybdenum-sulphur compounds as friction and wear reducing additives and
antioxidants [498].
- fretting wear behaviour of Mo coatings [1066].
MOLYBDENUM DIALKYLDITHIOCARBAMATES
Obtained by the reaction of molybdenum trioxide and carbon disulphide with a
dialkylamine. Used as EP agents, wear inhibitors and antioxidants.
See also: DITHIOCARBAMATES.
- effect of its presence in gear oil on rolling contact fatigue [678].
- tribological properties and lubrication mechanism in greases [ 14881,
MOLYBDENUM DISELENIDE
MoSe2
Used as a solid lubricant.
- oxidation characteristics, crystal structure, electrical resistivity and
density of molybdenum diselenide [ 671.
- oxidation kinetics studies of synthetic MoSe2 [88].
properties of molybdenum diselenide and its intrinsic lubricating properties
[gal
MOLYBDENUM DISILICIDE
MoSi2
Grey, crystalline powder. Density 6.31; m.p. about 200OoC. Obtained by
fusion of hydrogen-reduced molybdenum with silicon. Used for high
temperature protective coatings.
MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE
MoS2
212 zy
zyxwvu
Widely used as a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t and an a d d i t i v e f o r petroleum and s y n t h e t i c
o i l s and g r e a s e s . Black c r y s t a l l i n e powder w i t h t y p i c a l f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t
o f 0.1, s p e c i f i c wear r a t e 10-6-10-5 mn?/Nm and temperature l i m i t i n a i r
350°C. Mp 1185'C; density 4.80. It is soluble in aqua regia and
s u l p h u r i c a c i d ( c o n c e n t r a t e d ) ; i n s o l u b l e i n water. Health hazard.
As used i n l u b r i c a t i o n i t has t h e l a m i n a r hexagonal s t r u c t u r e . The low
binding energy between t h e p l a n e s of t h e s u l p h u r a l l o w s molecular s l i d i n g
along t h e s e planes. I n a d d i t i o n t o t h e hexagonal s t r u c t u r e , a rhombohydral
c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e [398] i s p o s s i b l e i n h i g h p u r i t y s y n t h e t i c MoS2.
Molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e
(burnished
non-reducible
films). zyxwvut
is
A
derived by
friction
purification
r e a c t i o n of s u l p h u r o r hydrogen s u l p h i d e on molybdenum t r i o x i d e .
element
of
may
molybdenite
a r e formed by f r i c t i o n o f m e t a l l i c s u r f a c e s w i t h molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e powder

low be
and
D r y films
prepared
e l e c t r o p h o r e t i c a l l y co-depositing a reduceable m e t a l l i c o x i d e o r s u l p h i d e w i t h
l u b r i c a t i n g MoS2 followed by hydrogen r e d u c t i o n t o produce a
m e t a l l i c m a t r i x i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e MoS 2. Contrary t o g r a p h i t e , MoS2 does
by
by
not s i g n i f i c a n t l y depend on t h e presence of a d s o r b a t e s f o r i t s l u b r i c a t i n g

characteristics. However, i t l u b r i c a t e s b e t t e r i n t h e absence of adsorbed
surface films.
The i n c o r p o r a t i o n of MoS2 i n r e s i n binders represents an advance i n t h e
development of dry films (varnishes). The performance of MoS2 bonded
c o a t i n g s a t e l e v a t e d t e m p e r a t u r e s i s s t r o n g l y dependent on t h e t y p e of r e s i n
binder [37] and on the presence of additives in the formulation. As
additives, soft metals, graphite, lead phosphite, s u l p h i d e s and antimony
t r i o x i d e may be used. Molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e h a s been used i n composite
( s e l f - l u b r i c a t i n g ) materials. Petroleum o i l d i s p e r s i o n s o f molybdenum
disulphide find application in automotive and industrial lubrication.
Dispersions made with polyethylene g l y c o l s , 2-propanol and s y n t h e t i c o i l s are
used i n wire drawing, g e a r s etc.
Molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e as a l u b r i c a n t a d d i t i v e h a s been b r o a d l y d i s c u s s e d i n
[400] where important articles published on the subject in the period
1946-1966 a r e c i t e d , F u r t h e r d e t a i l s have been g i v e n i n [2,107, 399, 403,
4111.
213
-
zy MOLYBDENUM DISULPHIDE
oxidation characteristics, crystal structure, electrical resistivity and

density of molybdenum disulphide [67].
- performance of a synthetic molybdenum disulphide film examined under EP
conditions [68].
-
[751
-
-
zyxwvuts
friction and endurance characteristics of vacuum-deposited molybdenum films
tribological properties of molybdenum disulphide powders [89].

effect of film thickness on friction coefficient of molybdenum disulphide
[go].
- studies on abrasiveness of molybdenum disulphide in bonded solid lubricants
[971.
properties of molybdenum disulphide and its intrinsic lubricating properties
[981.
- optical microscopic observations on the dynamics of molybdenum disulphide
particles in a Hertzian contact [102].
- relationship between the proportions of individual surface sites and the
lubricating action of molybdenum disulphide [103].
- friction experiments and tensile tests on sputtered molybdenum disulphide
films [104].
- influence of particle size on lubricating effectiveness of molybdenum
disulphide [107].
- study of behaviour under friction of molybdenum disulphide adhering without
binder as a thin film on various metals and glass [108].
- chemical reaction of molybdenum disulphide powder during friction tests
[log].
- friction characteristics of binder-free molybdenum disulphide surface layers
[l31].
- lubricating properties of suspensions o f molybdenum disulphide particles
[132].
- corrosion of steel eurfaces in contact with molybdenum disulphide
[lgg].
- effect of the concentration of molybdenum disulphide alone and in the
presence of additives on antiwear performance of lubricant8 [143].
- mechanism of the lubricating action of molybdenum disulphide 11461.
- mechaniam of the action of molybdenum disulphide [147].
- scanning electron microscopic investigations on the lubricating mechanism of
molybdenum disulphide [ 1481.
- effectiveness of molybdenum disulphide under conditions of heavily loaded

rolling contact [1491.
214 z
- scanning electron microscopic studies of frictional properties of molybdenum
disulphide [ 1521.
- structure of molybdenum disulphide lubricant film formed under frictional
contact [153].
-
- review of literature with 202 references mainly structure, properties and
lubricant behaviour of molybdenum disulphide [w] .
- influence of molybdenum disulphide on pitting fatigue [155].
- surface chemistry of molybdenum disulphide (wettability) [ 1581.
- effect of forging speed on molybdenum disulphide in oil [165].
- molybdenum disulphide tested under boundary conditions in oils and greases
[168].
-comparison of properties of molybdenum disulphide refined by chemically
processing molybdenite to those of commercial molybdenum disulphide material
in the United States [169].
- abrasiveness of molybdenum disulphide powders and their Si02 contents
[177].
- increase in lubricating effectiveness of molybdenum disulphide with the
proportion of oleophilic sites in the surface [188].
- formation and endurance of molybdenum disulphide films [219].
- review with 113 references: mechanism of friction in molybdenum disulphide
adsorption mechanism theory, crystal structure of molybdenum disulphide,
behaviour of molybdenum disulphide as a lubricant [2221.
- formation of molybdenum disulphide deposits on steel balls [225].
- friction properties and endurance limits of molybdenum disulphide [227].
- performance of molybdenum disulphide and its compatibility with other
additives in lube oils [239],
- frictional behaviour of molybdenum disulphide [243].
- effect of concentration of molybdenum disulphide powder on wear reduction
[245].
- review of early uses of molybdenum diaulphide as a lubricant [249].
- improved performance characteristics of greases with addition of molybdenum
diaulphide [ 2571.
- characteristics of molybdenum disulphide and its lubrication mechanism “2631.
- evaluation of greases with and without molybdenum diaulphide [ng].
215
- zyxwvu
molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e
-
MOLYBDENUM DITELLURIDE
e f f e c t of l u b r i c a n t f i l m t h i c k n e s s on f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t and wear l i f e of
[ 2801.
chemical p u r i t y r e l a t e d t o l u b r i c a n t performance of molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e
[284].
- e f f e c t of molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e on performance o f g r e a s e s [287].
- e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f l u b r i c a t i o n o f s t e e l s u r f a c e s by molybdenum
d i s p e r s e d i n m i n e r a l o i l w i t h and without ZDDP [288].
disulphide
zy
- molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e added t o o i l t o determine i t s e f f e c t on l o a d - c a r r y i n g
c a p a c i t y and wear r a t e [311].
- tests on mutual behaviour of molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e and EP and d e t e r g e n t
d i s p e r s a n t a d d i t i v e s [324].
- molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e as an a d d i t i v e f o r l u b r i c a t i n g g r e a s e s [325].
- f a c t o r s r e l a t i n g t o t h e l u b r i c a n t performance of molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e [327].
- e f f e c t o f molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e on wear o f g r e a s e s c o n t a i n i n g a n a b r a s i v e
contaminant [ 3331.
- e f f e c t of MoS2 i n g e a r o i l on r o l l i n g c o n t a c t f a t i g u e [678].
- f r i c t i o n a l behaviour o f MoS2 f i l m s i n s p h e r i c a l c o n t a c t [689].
- e f f e c t of MoS c o n c e n t r a t i o n i n m i n e r a l o i l on f r i c t i o n [690].
2
- i n t e r f a c i a l s h e a r s t r e n g t h o f MoS2 f i l m s [772].
- f r i c t i o n and wear o f MoS2 p e l l e t s and s t e e l l u b r i c a t e d with MoS2 powder
[807].
zyxw
- e f f e c t of s u b s t r a t e s u r f a c e f i n i s h on l u b r i c a t i o n and f a i l u r e mechanisms o f
M O S ~f i l m s [eoe].
- s p u t t e r e d MoS2 f i l m s : l u b r i c a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s and s u r f a c e chemistry [gO6].
- a n a l y s i s of growth morphology o f s p u t t e r e d MoS2 f i l m s [loll].
- q u a l i t y c o n t r o l of s p u t t e r e d MoS2 f i l m s [1012].
- f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t , wear volume and s u r f a c e s o f s o l i d l u b r i c a n t compacts
based on MoS2 [1156].
MOLYBDENUM DITELLURIDE
MoTe2
It i s a v a i l a b l e i n t h e form of 40-micron powder. Used as a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t .
- oxidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s , crystal structure, e l e c t r i c a l r e s i s t i v i t y and
d e n s i t y o f molybdenum d i t e l l u r i d e [67].
MOLYBDENUM DITHIOPHOSPHATES
MOLYBDENUM DITHIOPHOSPHATES
zyxwvu
See: SULPHURIZED OXYMOLYBDENUM ORGANOPHOSPHORODITHIOATES.
216
zyxwvut
MONOETHANOLAMINE
NHCHOH
2 2 4
Soluble in water at 25OC. Bp 171OC; fp 10.3OC; ::d 1.0179.
Used as an ingredient for cutting fluids and a8 a rust and corrosion inhibitor.
- tested as an antimicrobial compound in a variety of cutting fluids [48].
MONOLAYER
The term mostly used in boundary lubrication to describe a film one molecular
unit in thickness.
See also: RETRACTED MONOLAYER.
MORPHOLINE
C4HgN0
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water and organic solvents. Bp 128.goC;
mp -4.90C; d20 20 1.002. It is derived by the reaction of ethylene
oxide and ammonia. Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation; irritant to
the skin. Morpholine is a typical corrosion inhibitor. Some of its
derivatives are used as antioxidants for lubricating oils, and as
bactericides. The derivatives find particularly wide application in the
textile industry.
in mineral oil [llg].
2-( 2-MORPHOLINO) ETHANOLAMINE
zyxwvutsr
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
- tested as an antimicrobial agent [@I.
MOTOR OILS
See: ENGINE OILS,
217 MUTUAL OVERLAP COEFFICIENT (MOC)
MULTIFUNCTIONAL ADDITIVES
zyxw
A group of additives which improve several properties of the lubricant
simultaneously. Usually, they are compounds which act as oxidation and
corrosion inhibitors and detergent-dispersant additives.
MULTIGRADE OIL
w
An oil having
temperature range.
zyxwvuts
relatively little change in viscosity over a
MUTUAL OVERLAP COEFFICIENT (MOC)

specified
A geometric parameter used in oscillating pin-on-disk contacts under dry

sliding of self-lubricating composites.
The MOC is the ratio of the area of contact of the pin to the area of the wear
track on the counterface [1315].
NAPHTHALENE
NAPHTHALENE
‘10H8
zyxwvuts
zy 218
zyxwvuts
White c $ y s t a l l i n e , v o l a t i l e f l a k e s . S o l u b l e i n benzene, a b s o l u t e a l c o h o l and
ether. Bp 217.96OC; mp 80.2OC; d20 1.145. I t i s d e r i v e d from c o a l -
4
t a r o i l s and from s p e c i a l petroleum f r a c t i o n s . Moderately t o x i c , Used a s a
c u t t i n g f l u i d and l u b r i c a n t . Very o f t e n a p p l i e d a s a model hydrocarbon of
aromatic l u b r i c a n t s .
- naphthalene t e s t e d as a n a d d i t i v e from t h e viewpoint of i t s e f f e c t on
f r i c t i o n and s u r f a c e c o a t i n g formation [65],
- d e t e r m i n a t i o n of wear c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f naphthalene [m].
NAPHTHENIC ACIDS
S a t u r a t e d h i g h e r f a t t y a c i d s d e r i v e d from t h e g a s - o i l f r a c t i o n of petroleum by
extraction with caustic soda solution followed by acidification. The
commercial grade i s a mixture. They a r e c o r r o s i v e t o metals. Used a s
d e t e r g e n t s and soap t h i c k e n e r s i n l u b r i c a t i n g g r e a s e s .
- a n t i f r i c t i o n behaviour o f naphthenic a c i d s added t o c h l o r i n a t e d wax b l e n d s
C651
NAPHTHENIC BASE OILS

When s t a b i l i z e d w i t h a n o x i d a t i o n i n h i b i t o r , naphthenes g i v e non-sludging o i l s
which a r e q u i t e s a t i s f a c t o r y f o r a number of a p p l i c a t i o n s . T h e i r low pour
p o i n t , low o x i d a t i o n s t a b i l i t y and o t h e r p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s are i n t e r m e d i a t e
t o t h o s e of t h e p a r a f f i n s and aromatics.
- naphthenic base o i l s as a c a r r i e r f l u i d f o r t e s t i n g a n t i w e a r a d d i t i v e s [loo].
- e f f e c t o f naphthenic base o i l s on f a t i g u e l i f e f o r a d d i t i v e b l e n d s [114].
- &ball f a t i g u e t e s t s on naphthenic mineral o i l [205].
2-NAPHTHOL
‘10H70H
White l e a f l e t s o r powder. Soluble i n alcohol, ether, glycerol, o i l s and
alkaline solutions. Bp 295OC; mp 121.6OC; d e n s i t y 1.217. It i s derived
by f u s i n g sodium 2-naphthalene s u l p h o n a t e w i t h c a u s t i c soda. The product i s
d i s t i l l e d i n vacuo and t h e n sublimed. Highly t o x i c by i n g e s t i o n and s k i n
a b s o r p t i o n ; i r r i t a t i n g t o eyes and mucous membranes. Used a s a n a n t i o x i d a n t .
O.5-l.O$ i s t h e common c o n c e n t r a t i o n used i n h i g h l y r e f i n e d p a r a f f i n i c o i l s
f o r l u b r i c a t i o n o f steam t u r b i n e s , e l e c t r i c motors, s t c .
219 NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
NASCENT SURFACE
See also:
-
EXOELECTRON EMMISSION. zyxwvu
A completely uncontaminated surface produced, for example, by friction o r
cleavage fracture under ideal vacuum conditions.
adsorption of model compounds of lubricant on nascent surfaces of steels

[ 17021.
NATURAL JOINTS
NEEDLE BEARINGS
Bearings in which small size rollers are applied to separate the relatively
moving parts. Usually, the length to diameter factor of the bearings is 2.5
to 5 or more, Some types of needle bearings are characterized by the absence
of a cage o r separator for retaining the individual long, thin rollers,
normally ranging below 5mm in diameter.
See also: ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS.
NEOPENTYL ESTER OILS

See: NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTERS.
NEOPENTYL GLYCOL
H O C H ~ C(CH~)~CH*OH
White, crystalline solid. Boiling range (95%) between 204-2OB0C;

mp 12O-lgO0C; d2’ 1.066. Commercially produced by a crossed
4
Cannizzaro reaction of isobutyraldehyde with two moles of formaldehyde. Used
in the synthesis of special polyester lubricants and thickening agents for
synthetic lubricants.
- its antiwear behaviour [151].
NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTERS
NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTERS

These p o l y e s t e r s a r e prepared by t h e e s t e r i f i c a t i o n o f 5-carbon p o l y f u n c t i o n a l
220 zy
a l c o h o l s with monofunctional a c i d s . Because t h e beta-carbon of t h e s t a r t i n g
alcohol does not contain hydrogen, these esters are superior in thermal
s t a b i l i t y t o the diesters.
those
neopentyl
turbine
of the diesters.
esters a r e
engines. zyx
zyxwvut
Most of t h e o t h e r c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s are similar t o
As a
finding increasing
result
They are a l s o important

s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s [482].
See a l s o :
-
POLYOL ESTERS.
of
use
their superior
as a l u b r i c a n t
commercially as base
r e s u l t s o f wear and f r i c t i o n s t u d i e s o f neopentyl polyol e s t e r s [Sl].

stability,
for aircraft
oils
the
for
- procedure f o r analysis of e s t e r composition of neopentyl polyol ester

l u b r i c a n t s [82].
- study of t h e i r thermal s t a b i l i t y a t 26OoC [ST].
- i n h i b i t i o n o f t h e thermal d e g r a d a t i o n of neopentyl polyol e s t e r based
lubricants [w].
- organophosphorus a n t i w e a r a d d i t i v e s s t u d i e d i n neopentyl p o l y o l e s t e r s [105].
- chemical and s t r u c t u r a l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n [lolg].
NEUTRALISATION
The r e a c t i o n i n which t h e hydrogen i o n o f a n a c i d and t h e hydroxyl i o n of a
base u n i t e t o produce w a t e r , t h e o t h e r product being a s a l t .
- n e u t r a l i s a t i o n of b a s i c o i l - s o l u b l e calcium s u l p h o n a t e s by c a r b o x y l i c a c i d s
[12651.
NEUTRALISATION NUMBER
A measure o f t h e a l k a l i n i t y o r a c i d i t y of a l u b r i c a t i n g o i l . The number
r e l a t e s t o t h e mass i n m i l l i g r a m s of t h e amount o f calcium hydroxide ( b a s e ) o r
h y d r o c h l o r i c a c i d r e q u i r e d t o n e u t r a l i s e one gram o f o i l .
NEUTRAL OIL
A lubricating oil having o r low v i s c o s i t y .
medium It i s o b t a i n e d by
d i s t i l l a t i o n and dewaxing o f crude petroleum o r i t s c r a c k i n g products.
NEWTONIAN FLOW
A l i q u i d flow i n which t h e s h e a r r a t e i s d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e s h e a r i n g
stress. Newtonian flow i s c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f o r l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s which do n o t
c o n t a i n a polymeric v i s c o s i t y improver o r a t h i c k e n e r .
22 1 NICKEL DI-4-METHYLPENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE
NEWTONIAN FLUID
zyxw
A fluid exhibiting Newtonian viscosity where the shear stress is proportional
to the rate of shear.
NICKEL (Ni)
zyxw
Silvery-white, ductile, malleable metal. Density 8.908; m.p. 1453OC.
zyxwvuts
Good thermal conductivity, high toughness, moderate strength and hardness.
Nickel protects itself against corrosion by forming a passive oxide film.
Used in alloys it gives the strength and both corrosion and wear resistance
required in certain applications. Nickel is also used f o r electroplated
protective coatings.
- abrasive wear tests on nickel [512].
- lubrication requirements on forming and working nickel [626].
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of nickel [840].
- friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with nickel [977].
- fretting wear behaviour of nickel coatings [1066].
- nickel, its alloys and wear-resistant coatings [1070].
- advantages of nickel coatings [1155].

- its tribochemistry [496].
zyxwvu
- friction and wear o f nickel in sodium hydroxide solutions [1277].
NICKEL DI-n-BUTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
NICKEL DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

zyxwv
NICKEL DI-4-METHYLPENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE
NIOBIUM DISELENIDE 222 zy
zyxwvuts
NIOBIUM DISELENIDE
NbSe2
Grey-black solid. Mp above 1316 "C. It has higher e l e c t r i c a l conductivity
than g r a p h i t e . Used as a l u b r i c a n t and conductor a t h i g h temperature and
high vacuum.
d e n s i t y [67].
- p r e l i m i n a r y s t u d y of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s t r u c t u r a l and chemical
p r o p e r t i e s of niobium d i s e l e n i d e and i t s i n t r i n s i c l u b r i c a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s [gel.
NITRIDES
Compounds of n i t r o g e n and c e r t a i n m e t a l s having r e f r a c t o r y p r o p e r t i e s . They
are produced d u r i n g m e t a l h e a t i n g i n t h e presence o f n i t r o g e n g a s o r ammonia
a t a given pressure, o r i n t h e presence o f s o l i d n i t r o g e n o u s m a t e r i a l s .
N i t r i d e s are b r i t t l e , have h i g h m e l t i n g p o i n t s and belong t o a group of hard
o r very hard wear-resistant materials. The most important are silicon
n i t r i d e , boron n i t r i d e and aluminium n i t r i d e . They a r e used as t r i b o l o g i c a l
m a t e r i a l s (ceramics, coatings, abrasives).
See a l s o s p e c i f i c n i t r i d e s .
- sliding characteristics of n i t r i d e s a t up t o 2000°F [1607].
NITRIDING
A s u r f a c e m o d i f i c a t i o n t r e a t m e n t based on i n t r o d u c i n g n i t r o g e n i n t o a s o l i d
ferrous alloy. This p r o v i d e s a very h a r d , w e a r - r e s i s t a n t surface. In t h e
process, components made of a s p e c i a l l y manufactured s t e e l ( N i t r a l l o y ) a r e
subjected
ammonia gas.
titanium al l oys.
-
to the thermochemical action of a
zyxw
n i t r o g e n o u s medium, usually
Plasma n i t r i d i n g i s a p p l i e d t o improve wear c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f
- e f f e c t of n i t r i d i n g on c a v i t a t i o n e r o s i o n o f t i t a n i u m [ 5 5 9 ] .
- comparison between i o n n i t r i d i n g and i o n i m p l a n t a t i o n [ 10141.
improved f r i c t i o n and wear c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of n i t r i d e d and N +
s t a i n l e s s s t e e l [1271].
- implanted
223
zyxwvutsr
2-NITRO-2-BROMO-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
HOCH2C ( Br)N02CH20H
NOISE-REDUCINGAGENTS
One of the most active antimicrobial additives used in cutting fluids.

- its inhibiting properties [6O].
zyxw
2-NITRO-2-ETHYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
HOCH2( C2H5)N02CH20H
White, crystalline solid. Soluble in water and organic solvents.

Mp 56-57OC. Moderately toxic. It may explode by heat o r shock. Used as
an antimicrobial agent. It is one of the most effective inhibitors used in
cutting fluids.
- its inhibitory properties [60].
2-NITRO-2-METHYL-1,3-PROPANEDIOL
HOCH2( CH3)N02CH20H
White, crystalline solid. Solubility in water 8Og/lOOml (2OOC).

Mp 147-14goC. It is said to be toxic, May be used as an effective
antimicrobial agent in cutting fluids.
- inhibitory properties of 2-nitro-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol [60].
NLGI NUMBER
A numerical scale for classification of the consistency of greases, based on
the ASTM D 217 test.
NOBLE METALS
Noble metals include iridium, osmium, palladium, platinum, rhodium and
ruthenium together with gold and silver. They do not readily tarnish in air.
- pin-on-disk tests on all noble metals.and rhenium sliding against each
other, wear coefficients [1318].
NOISE-REDUCING AGENTS
Additives used in lubricating greases, e.g. acrylic polymers.
NOMINAL AREA OF CONTACT
NOMINAL AREA OF CONTACT

zyxwvu
zy
The p r o j e c t e d area determined by t h e o u t l i n e of t h e macroscopic i n t e r f a c e o f
224
the contacting solids. Also c a l l e d apparent area of c o n t a c t .
NOMINAL PROFILE
zyxw
The p r o f i l e which i g n o r e s t h e p a t t e r n o f t h e s u r f a c e .
NOMINAL SURFACE
The intended s u r f a c e c o n t o u r , t h e shape and e x t e n t o f which i s u s u a l l y shown
and dimensioned on a drawing o r d e s c r i p t i v e s p e c i f i c a t i o n [ 12021.
NON-CONFORMAL SURFACES
S u r f a c e s whose c e n t r e s o f c u r v a t u r e a r e on o p p o s i t e s i d e s o f t h e i n t e r f a c e , a s
i n r o l l i n g element bearing8 o r g e a r t e e t h .
NON-DRYING O I L
An o i l which does not of i t s e l f possess t o a p e r c e p t i b l e degree t h e power t o
t a k e up oxygen from t h e a i r and lose i t s l i q u i d c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s .
NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
Alloys based on aluminium, copper, lead, magnesium, n i c k e l , t i n o r z i n c . The
most important are bronzes and b r a s s e s .
See a l s o : BRASSES. BRONZES.
NON-METALLIC BEARING MATERIALS

M a t e r i a l s e l a b o r a t e d f o r t h e working s u r f a c e s o f p l a i n b e a r i n g s . They are
mostly carbon-graphitea, p l a s t i c s , rubber, composites and ceramics.
NON-MEPALLIC BEARINGS
They are g e n e r a l l y used where there i s e i t h e r i n a d e q u a t e l u b r i c a n t p r e s e n t o r
t h e o p e r a t i n g c o n d i t i o n s make l u b r i c a t i o n d i f f i c u l t .
See a l s o : NON-METALLIC BEARING MATERIALS.
- industrial a p p l i c a t i o n s o f non-metallic b e a r i n g materials [ 13161.
225
NON-NEWTONIAN FLOW
NONYLPHENOL
A l i q u i d flow which occurs when t h e s h e a r r a t e i s n o t d i r e c t l y p r o p o r t i o n a l t o

zy
t h e s h e a r i n g stress. Usually, v i s c o s i t y improvers and/or t h i c k e n e r s change
zyxwv
Newtonian flow t o non-Newtonian flow.
NON-NEWTONIAN VISCOSITY
The apparent viscosity of a material i n which the s h e a r stress i s not
p r o p o r t i o n a l t o t h e rate of s h e a r .
See a l s o : NEWTONIAN FLUID.
NON-SOAP GREASES
There a r e two types of such g r e a s e s . The first one includes products
thickened w i t h c l a y , s i l i c a or carbon black ( i n o r g a n i c non-soap greases).
The second t y p e i n c l u d e s o r g a n i c non-aoap g r e a s e s (i) f o r g e n e r a l i n d u s t r i a l
use ( t e r e p h t h a l a m a t e s and polyureas are used as t h i c k e n e r s ) , and ( i i ) g r e a s e s
for special applications (made from the dyestuffs indanthrene and
phthalocyanine).
The l a t t e r p r o d u c t s are u s u a l l y combined w i t h d i e s t e r s , p o l y e s t e r s , p o l y e t h e r s
and s i l i c o n e s . If t h e o i l i s one o f t h e s y n t h e t i c s , t h e g r e a s e i s o f t e n
r e f e r r e d t o as a s y n t h e t i c g r e a s e .
1-NONYLENE
CgH1s
Colourless l i q u i d , I n s o l u b l e in water; s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l . Bp 149.goC;
d e n s i t y 0.7433. It i s d e r i v e d from propylene. Used t o p r e p a r e l u b r i c a t i n g
o i l additives.
NONYLPHENOL
CgH19C6H40H
P a l e yellow, v i s c o u s l i q u i d . It i s a mixture of i s o m e r i c m o n o a l b l phenols
which i s i n s o l u b l e i n water b u t s o l u b l e i n most o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s . Bp 3 1 5 O C ;
fp -lO°C; dgg 0.950. It is said to be toxic. Used as a n
antioxidant.
NONYLPHENOXYACETIC ACID
NONYLPHENOXYACETIC ACID
C H C H OCH2C02H
91964
Light amber liquid.
soluble in alkali.
zyxwvuts
Insoluble in water; miscible with organic solvents;
226
Used as a corrosion inhibitor in turbine oils, lubricants

and greases; also in cutting fluids and metal coolants.
NORMAL WEAR
Loss of material within the designed limits expected for the specific intended
application [503].
See also: LOAD CARRYING CAPACITY, MILD WEAR, SEVERE WEAR, TRANSITION WEAR
EFFECTS.
zyxwvut
NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROMETRY (NMR)
A modern analytical technique based on the absorption of electromagnetic
radiation by the magnetic nuclei of molecules, such as a proton 'H, carbon
13C, nitrogen 15N, fluorine I9F and phosphorus
a highly uniform and strong applied magnetic field.
'5 in the presence of
The NMR technique
provides much information about the chemical structure of hydrocarbons and
other chemicals, including lubricating oil additives.
NYLON
Generic term for a family of polyamides containing an amide group -CONH-.
Density 1.14; melting points vary from 180°C for nylon-12 to 27OoC for
nylon-66. Nylon exhibits relatively low friction, low wear rate and good
abrasion resistance. Its main disadvantage is cold flow under load.
Fillers used in nylon include graphite and molybdenum disulphide to improve
wear resistance and reduce friction and glass fibres to reduce cold flow.
Nylon finds a wide range of applications including composites, metal coatings,
gears and bearings, etc.
- tribological aspects of nylon [861].
- abrasive wear teste on nylon [862].
- surface durability of cast-nylon gears [986].
- effects of temperature, sliding speed and load on wear of nylon [1015].
- wear mechanism of Nylon-66 under dry sliding against stainless steel [1016].
- wear studies on polyamides [1037].
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsrqpon zyxw
227 n-OCTYLAMINE
OCTACHLOROPROPANE
c1 CCC12CC1
3
3
Used as a n EP a d d i t i v e , p a r t i c u l a r l y i n c u t t i n g f l u i d s .
- study on t r i b o c h e m i c a l r e a c t i o n s of octachloropropane [36].
n-OCTADECYLAMINE
n-C H NH
18 37 2
S o l u b l e i n methanol, e t h a n o l and benzene. Fp 53.060C. Used a s a f r i c t i o n
modifier.
- i t s e f f e c t on t h e performance of a ZDDP [39].
- i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n overcoming d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t of water i n m i n e r a l o i l
[119].
OCTADECYL MERCAPTAN
CH3(CH2)17SH
Also c a l l e d s t e a r y l mercaptan. Solid. Density 0.842 (25/4OC). Highly
toxic. As a n organosulphur compound i t provides a n t i w e a r and a n t i s e i z u r e
properties.
- tribological activity d u r i n g s l i d i n g of aluminium on s t e e l [1020].
2-OCTANOL
CH3 ( CH2)5CHOHCH3
C o l o u r l e s s o i l y l i q u i d s l i g h t l y s o l u b l e i n water; m i s c i b l e w i t h a l c o h o l and
ether. Bp 178-179OC; mp -38'C; di5 0.825. Low level of
toxicity. Commercially produced by p y r o l y s i s o f s o d i u m r i c i n o l e a t e . Used
as a n antifoaming agent and a s a component of h y d r a u l i c f l u i d s .
- t e s t e d as a n a d d i t i v e t o sulphurized terpene o i l blend; i t s e f f e c t on
f r i c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t [65].
n-OCTYLAMINE
CH3(CH2)7NH2
Water-white liquid. Boiling range 170-179°C;
20
d20 0.799. Slightly
toxic. Used as a f r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r .
- i t s e f f e c t on t h e performance o f a ZDDP [39].
t-OCTYLAMINE
t-OCTYLAMINE
zyxwvutsr
zyxwvuts
(CH3)gCCH2C(CH ) NH
3 2 2
228
Colourless l i q u i d . Insolubl water; s o l u b l e i n common o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s ,

especially petroleum hydrocarbons. Bp 137-14J°C; d:5 0.771. Skin
irritant. Used as a f r i c t i o n modifier.
- i t s e f f e c t on t h e performance of a ZDDP [39].
n-OCTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

See a l s o : AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATES.
- i t s load-carrying p r o p e r t i e s [145].
n-OCTYL CHLORIDE
C H (~C H) ~6 ~ ~ 2 ~ i
Colourless l i q u i d . S o l u b l e i n most o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s . Bp 181.6OC;

f p -62OC; d: 0.8697.
- its o i l solutions tested by t h e & b a l l procedure [289].
8-OCTYL CHLORIDE (2-CHLOROOCTANE)

C H (~c H ~ ) ~ cCHH( ~ ) C ~
Used a s a n EP agent.
- t e s t e d a s a n EP a d d i t i v e i n c u t t i n g f l u i d s [45].
t-OCTYL MERCAPTAN
'gH1TSH
Colourless liquid. Boiling range 154-166OC; dI5 0.848. It is said

15
t o be t o x i c . Used a s a n a n t i o x i d a n t and l o a d - c a r r y i n g a d d i t i v e .
OIL-BATH LUBRICATION
A method of l u b r i c a t i o n i n which t h e rubbing s u r f a c e s a r e p e r i o d i c a l l y dipped
o r permanently submerged in a l i q u i d l u b r i c a n t .
O I L cup
A device p r o v i d i n g a r e g u l a r flow o f l u b r i c a n t from a r e s e r v o i r u t i l i s i n g a
wick, v a l v e o r o t h e r means.
229 OLEIC ACID
OILINESS
See: LUBRICITY.
OILINESS ADDITIVES
See: TRIBOLOGICAL ADDITIVES.
OIL MIST LUBRICATION

OIL RING LUBRICATION

See: RING LUBRICATION.
OILS
The term refers to a wide range of substances of different chemical
character, Oils derived from living organisms are chemically almost
identical with fats. The only difference is consistency at room temperature.
They are composed largely of glycerides of the fatty acids, primarily oleic,
palmitic, stearic and linolenic. Generally, the more hydrogen the molecule
zyxwvut
contains the thicker the oil becomes. Petroleum oils are composed of complex
hydrocarbons comprising hundreds of chemical compounds.
zyxwvutsrqp
OLEIC ACID
C$(CH2)7CH=CH(CH 2 ) 7CO2H
A monounsaturated fatty acid derived mainly from tallow or vegetable oil.
When pure it is a water-white liquid. Bp 286OC (lob); mp lJ.2OC;
d$o 0.895. The commercial grades are yellow t o red and darken when
exposed to air. They are soluble in most organic solvents. Oleic acid is
used as an antiwear additive, lubricant and friction modifier,
- its effect on the performance of a ZDDP [39].
- tested as an additive to sulphurized terpene oil blend - its effect on
friction coefficient [65].
- tested as an antiwear additive [91].
- oleic acid in 4-ball studies on additive blend fatigue [114].
- effect of oleic acid on fatigue life [164].
- fatigue tests on oleic acid [192].
- 4-ball fatigue tests on oleic acid [205].
- oleic acid tested as a friction modifier [211].
OLEYL ALCOHOL
OLEXL ALCOHOL
zyxwvuts
zyxwvut
CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH 2) 7CH2 OH
230
Clear, viscous liquid at room temperature. Bp 333OC; mp -7.5OC;

d60 0.849. It is derived by the reduction of oleic acid. Used as a
4
lubricant, antifoaming agent and friction modifier.
- &ball fatigue tests on oleyl alcohol [205].
OLEYL AMINE
C H (CH~)~CH=CH(CH~)~CH,NH~
~
Used as a friction modifier.
See also: FATTY AMINES.
- interaction of oleyl amine with zinc dialkyldithiophosphates [39],
OLEYL DIAMINE
A typical friction modifier.
See also: FATTY AMINES.
- interaction of oleyl diamine with zinc dialkyldithiophoaphates [%I.
- its effect on fatigue life [164].
ONCE-THROUGH LUBRICATION
A method of lubrication in which the lubricant does not return to the
lubricating system after being applied,
ORGANIC ESTERS
Since 1950 the needs of jet engines have been met primarily with diesters of
the general formula ROOC(CH2 ),COOR derived from adipic (C6), azelaic
(C9) or sebacic (Clo) acids esterified with C8 to C
9 branched chain
alcohols. A widely used diester fluid for synthetic lubricants is e.g.
di( 2-ethylhexy1)sebacate. In commercial lubricants, these diester fluids are
modified with additives in much the same manner as petroleum oils. They are
frequently stabilised with an oxidation inhibitor such as 0.5 wt.%
phenothiazine. Improved load-carrying capacity is provided by 1-5% tricresyl
phosphate. The relatively low viscosity of diester fluids at high
temperatures is also improved by incorporating about 5% of a polpethacrylate
for thickening and obtaining more suitable viscosity temperature
characteristics.
23 1
petroleum oils [483].

-
zyxw
zyxwvu
ORGANOMOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS
Rust inhibitors are also used in some diester oils.
thermal characteristics of some organic esters [85].

The compounded diester
oils have very high viscosity indexes, high flash points, low volatility and
exceptionally low pour points as compared with low viscosity
- general information, properties, application, etc. [485].

ORGANOMETALLICS
A number of organometallics are as effective antiwear additives as the
commonly used zinc dialkyldithiophoephates. The former include, for example,
dimethyl cadmium, triphenyl lead thiomethoxide, and triphenyl tin chloride.
Such compounds as trimethyl tin chloride, triphenyl tin bromide, triphenyl
methyl tin and triphenyl bismuth reduce friction, but only the aforementioned
additives reduce wear to a level comparable to that observed with zinc
dialkyldithiophosphates.
- antiwear performance and tribochemistry of some organometallics [44].
- tribological behaviour and tribochemistry of some transition metal complexes
[ 10171.
- tribochemistry of Snf11) and Sn(1V) organic chelate compounds and their
tribological behaviour [lOlS].
- action mechanism of sulphurieed oxymolybdenum di-(2-ethylhexyl)
-phosphorodithioate [1019].
ORGANOMOLYBDENUM COMPOUNDS
A class of chemicals used as tribological additives. Their characteristic
features are good oil solubility and friction reducing properties. The
chemicals generally include molybdenum dithiophosphates and molybdenum
dithiocarbamstes.
See also individual compounds.
- tribological characteristics of organomolybdenum compounds [l317].
ORGANOPHOSPHORUSADDITIVES
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS ADDITIVES
zy
zyxwvu
A class of the most widely used load-carrying, especially antiwear, additives.
See also individual compounds.
- load-carrying properties of organophosphorus additives [40].
- load-carrying performance of some group of organophosphorus additives
232
[a].
- organophosphorus additives studied as antiwear additives in neopentyl ester
oils [105].
- antiwear and EP tests on organophosphorus compounds [270].
ORGANOSULPHUR COMPOUWDS
A class of the most widely used load-carrying additives for lubricating
oils. They have been applied for many years usually in the form of
sulphurized natural oils and sulphurized olefins, individual disulphide
compounds, dialkyl dithiophosphates, etc.
See also: SULPHUR-CONTAINING ADDITIVES, DISULPHIDES and individual compounds.
- organosulphur compounds as load-carrying additives and their mechanism of
action [lo, 12, 711.
- influence of chemical structure on the load-carrying action of some
organosulphur compounds [ 2411.
- their mechanism of reaction with metal surfaces [290].
- investigations of the reasons for the differences in the efficiency of
organosulphur compounds as antiwear additives ['J17].
- extreme pressure action of organosulphur compounds [m].
- tribological activity of organosulphur compounds during sliding of aluminium
on steel [1020].
- assessment of some organosulphur compounds as FP additives [1710].
OSCILLATORY JOURNAL BEARINGS
Spherical bearings normally used where the oscillatory motion results from an
intentional or unintentional misalignment. If designed for small rubbing
velocities, they are provided with axial grooves in the loaded zone,
especially when the load is undirectional.
- various types, design and materials [1496].
OVERBASING
A technique for increasing the basicity of lubricants. Such lubricants are
used in motor vehicles to assist in neutralising acidic oxidation products.
233
OVERLAY
OXIDATION INHIBITORS
A l a y e r o f b e a r i n g m a t e r i a l i n a m u l t i l a y e r l i n e r , which f u n c t i o n s as t h e
zy
working surface. Overlays must provide the bearing surface with good
frictional properties, improved load distribution and a degree of
embeddability.
OVERLAY-PLATED BEARINGS
Usually copper-lead b e a r i n g s p l a t e d w i t h a t h i n l e a d - t i n o v e r l a y t o improve
c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e and f r i c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s . Other o v e r l a y s may be used
[503].
OXIDATION
Reaction in which oxygen combines chemically w i t h a n o t h e r s u b s t a n c e , o r , more
zyxwvut
broadly speaking, any r e a c t i o n i n which e l e c t r o n s are t r a n s f e r r e d . Oxidation
i s t h e m o s t important chemical a s p e c t o f l u b r i c a t i o n i n t h e degree t o which
atmospheric oxygen can react with lubricants under various operating
conditions. The formation of o x i d e s by t h e r e a c t i o n o f oxygen w i t h m e t a l s
c o n t r o l s f r i c t i o n and wear.
- I R spectrophotometry f o r c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n o f l u b r i c a n t o x i d a t i o n p r o d u c t s
[909].
- det ai l ed study of
OXIDATIONAL WEAR
See: OXIDATIVE WEAR.
OXIDATION INHIBITORS
zyxwvut o x i d a t i o n o f m e t a l s and a l l o y s [gls].
See: ANTIOXIDANTS.
OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS
OXIDATION OF HYDROCARBONS
consists of a number of
zyxw
zyxwv
Hydrocarbon oxidation is known to be initiated by peroxide o r hydroperoxide
formation and interdependent simultaneous
sequential free radical reactions which make up chain-reaction mechanisms.
In the liquid phase under mild conditions ( 150-2OO0C) hydroperoxides and
234
or
other oxygenated species such as peroxides, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes,

acids etc. are formed. The nature of the hydrocarbons in the lubricants has
a considerable influence on the nature of the oxidation process. Metals such
as copper, lead and iron are notable for the catalytic influence they exert,
an effect which is especially marked if these metals are introduced into the
oil phase as metal soaps. They can be formed by an attack on metal surfaces
of the mating pair by the acids formed in the early stages of oxidation. To
reduce oxidation various types of chemicals are introduced. They include
antioxidants, metal deactivators and metal passivators.
- general information on oxidation of hydrocarbons [446].
- influence of aromatics on oxidation of hydrocarbons [447].
- oxidation o f saturated oil hydrocarbons [448].
- effects of composition changes on oxidation of hydrocarbons [449].
- zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) reactions in the presence of
hydroperoxides [ 10211.
OXIDATIVE WEAR
Oxidative wear is a corrosive wear process in which oxidation predominates.
- discussed in [466].
- review of dry wear by oxidation [477].
- tribochemistry of oxidative wear [691].
- origins and development of oxidative wear [692].
- thermal aspects of oxidative wear [693].
- oxidative wear of aluminium alloys [694].
- review of oxidative wear of metals: origins, mechanism, etc. [810].
- developments and future research trends [SU].
- mechanism of oxidative wear in lubricated contacts [1022].
OXIDE FILMS
Thin oxide layers formed on a majority of metal surfaces. They normally
reduce friction. The formation of an oxide film on the surface and its
preservation depend upon the operating conditions of the tribological system.
235
-
zyxwvu
- l u b r i c a t i o n of m e t a l s u r f a c e s by oxide films [465].
improved wear r e s i s t a n c e of zirconium by enhanced oxide f i l m s [688].
- r o l e of oxide f i l m s i n m i l d wear: u n l u b r i c a t e d wear of s t e e l s [692].
- n a t u r e and f u n c t i o n of oxide f i l m s i n wear and s c u f f i n g [703].
- r o l e of oxide f i l m s i n m e t a l l i c wear [810].
influence of surface
aluminium and i t s a l l o y s [842].
oxide characteristics on friction
OXIDES
behaviour of
zy
- oxide f i l m s and t h e wear of s t e e l s : oxide f i l m growth t h e o r y [1023].
- p r o p e r t i e s and f a i l u r e s of oxide f i l m s : a l i t e r a t u r e survey [1592].
O X I D E LAYERS
See: OXIDE FILMS.
OXIDES
Compounds o f oxygen w i t h some o t h e r element.
See also: O X I D E FILMS, RUST and s p e c i f i c oxides.
- nature and f u n c t i o n of oxides i n wear and s c u f f i n g [Tog].
PAD BEARINGS
PAD BEARINGS
Axial- o r radial-load t y p e b e a r i n g s i n which one o f t h e r e l a t i v e l y s l i d i n g
236 zy
s u r f a c e s i s d i v i d e d i n t o two o r more segments (pads o r shoes) [503].
See a l s o : TILTING-PAD BEARINGS.
PAD LUBRICATION
A method of l u b r i c a t i o n i n which t h e l u b r i c a n t i s s u p p l i e d by a c o n t a c t i n g pad
of f e l t or o t h e r m a t e r i a l moistened with t h e l u b r i c a n t .
PAD THRUST BEARINGS

A t y p e o f p l a i n t h r u s t b e a r i n g i n which t h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e c o n s i s t s o f one o r
more pads.
zyxwvut
PALLADIUM (Pd)
Silvery-white m e t a l which does not tarnish i n air. M.p. 1552OC d e n s i t y
12.02. Good electrical conductor. S o f t and d u c t i l e when annealed. Its
s t r e n g t h and hardness may be i n c r e a s e d by c o l d working. Used i n a l l o y s and
f o r p r o t e c t i v e coatings.
- e f f e c t of l u b r i c a n t s on f r i c t i o n a l p o l y m e r i s a t i o n o f palladium [765].
- f r i c t i o n and Wear of semiconductors i n c o n t a c t w i t h palladium [977].
- wear c o e f f i c i e n t s o f palladium s l i d i n g a g a i n s t some noble m e t a l s [1318].
One of t h e common f a t t y a c i d s . I t occurs i n n a t u r a l f a t s and o i l s and i n

tall oil. White c r y s t a l s . I n s o l u b l e i n w a t e r ; s o l u b l e i n a l c o h o l and e t h e r .
Bp 3 5 1 . 5 O C ; mp 62.9OC; d y 0.8414. It is derived from spermaceti by
saponification, o r by h y d r o l y s i s o f n a t u r a l f a t s . Then i t i s p u r i f i e d by
crystallization. Used i n s o a p s , l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s and as a l u b r i c i t y a d d i t i v e .
- a n t i w e a r p r o p e r t i e s of p a l m i t i c a c i d [992].
231
PALM OIL
zy
zyxwvutsrq
Yellow-brown buttery solid at room temperature.
ether, and carbon disulphide.
PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS
Soluble in alcohol,
Mp about 3OoC; density 0,952. Its main
constituents are triglycerides of oleic, palmitic and lauric acids. Palm
oil is derived from the nuts and fruits of West African palm trees. It
is a good lubricant but it exhibits poor chemical stability. Palm oil
zyxwvut
has found a continuous application as a lubricant in the manufacture of
tinplate. It is used with mineral oils when improved ability is
required, for example in neat cutting fluids. Also used in cold rolling
of steel.
See also: FATTY OILS.
- scanning-electron microscopic evaluation of boundary lubrication
characteristics of palm oil [479].
PARAFFIN HYDROCARBONS
‘nH2n+2
Saturated hydrocarbons formed by open chains. They are normal o r

straight-chain paraffins (n-alkanes) and branched-chain paraffins
(isoparaffins, isoalkanes) . n-Paraffins comprise a somewhat limited
number of members. Generally, most crude oils include n-paraffins up to
zy
approximately C
40’
They are important components of paraffinic crude oils and their
concentration decreases progressively with increasing molecular weight of
the fractions. As isoparaffin hydrocarbons represent the phenomenon of
isomerization, the number of individual compounds which can be present in
a fraction increases considerably with the boiling point. Similarly to
the n-paraffins, the abundance of isoparaffin diminishes rapidly in the
higher boiling fractions.
Paraffin hydrocarbons have the highest viscosity index amongst all
hydrocarbons. However, n-paraffins exhibit high pour-point, Thus,
isoparaffins are desirable compounds for lubricating oils.
PARAFFINIC OILS
PARAFFINIC OILS
O i l s of high v i s c o s i t y index which are u s u a l l y used f o r l u b r i c a t i o n o f
238 zy
automotive engines. They need dewaxing to reach the desired low
pour-point. This s t e p u s u a l l y follows s o l v e n t e x t r a c t i o n . To remove
t h e l a s t t r a c e s of u n s t a b l e s u b s t a n c e s and t o improve c o l o u r they a r e
zy
t r e a t e d with hydrogen o r a c l a y . P a r a f f i n i c o i l s c o n s i s t e s s e n t i a l l y of
complex mixtures of hydrocarbon molecules. Their physical properties
depend on t h e r e l a t i v e d i s t r i b u t i o n of p a r a f f i n i c , aromatic and naphthenic
components. Paraffinic oils have low oxidation resistance but when
i n h i b i t e d t h e y e x h i b i t high s t a b i l i t y w i t h l i t t l e tendency f o r sludging.
- e f f e c t of p a r a f f i n i c o i l s on f a t i g u e l i f e f o r a d d i t i v e blends [114].
- & b a l l f a t i g u e t e s t s on p a r a f f i n i c o i l s ( m i n e r a l ) [205].
- a d d i t i o n o f phosphate e s t e r s t o p a r a f f i n i c base o i l s and i t s e f f e c t on
l u b r i c a t i n g performance [695].
PARTIAL HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION

See: MIXED LUBRICATION.
PARTIAL JOURNAL BEARINGS

A type of r a d i a l s l i d i n g b e a r i n g ( s l e e v e b e a r i n g s ) having l e s s than 180°
c o n t a c t with t h e mating j o u r n a l . Also called p a r t i a l bearings.
See a l s o : JOURNAL BEARINGS.
- design d a t a f o r c e n t r a l l y loaded p a r t i a l a r c j o u r n a l b e a r i n g s [1121].
PARTICLE
A s m a l l d i s c r e t e mass o f s o l i d o r l i q u i d m a t t e r .
PARTICLE SIZE DISTRIBUTION

The r e l a t i v e percentage by weight or number o f each o f t h e d i f f e r e n t s i z e
f r a c t i o n s of p a r t i c u l a t e matter.
PARTING
See: CUTOFF.
PASSIVATING
A process f o r creating a property involving the loss of the normal
chemical a c t i v i t y of c e r t a i n m e t a l s a f t e r t r e a t m e n t w i t h s t r o n g o x i d i z i n g
agents.
239
PEAK-TO-VALLEY AVERAGE (PVA)

zy
zy PENETRATION (of a grease )
The difference between the average of a few of the highest peaks of a

surface profile and the average of a few of the deepest valleys of the
same profile.
zyxwv
It is recommended to take ten peaks and ten valleys to determine an
average peak-to-valley measure [503].
PEDESTAL BEARINGS
Bearings which are supported on a column o r pedestal rather than on the
main body of the machine.
PEENING WEAR
Removal of material caused by repeated point impacts.
PELARGONIC ACID
CH~(CH~)~CO~H
Colourless or yellowish oil. Soluble in alcohol, ether and organic
solvents; almost insoluble in water. Bp 255,6OC; mp 12.5OC; d$O
0.9052. Slightly toxic. It ie derived, e.g. by the oxidation of nonyl
alcohol o r nonyl aldehyde. Possible skin irritant. Used as an
intermediate to produce esters used as turbojet lubricants.
- &ball fatigue tests on pelargonic acid [205].
PENETRATION (of a grease)

The depth, in l/lOmm, that a standard cone penetrates the sample in a
standard cup under prescribed conditions of weight, time (5 seca) and
temperature (25OC).
1. The result depends upon whether o r not the grease has been subjected
to shear.
(a) Unworked penetration: The grease is transferred with as little
deformation as possible, o r tested in its container;
(b) Worked penetration: The grease is subjected to 60 double
strokes in a standard device;
(c) Prolonged worked penetration: The grease is worked for a
specified period before the 60 strokes.
2. The results may be quoted as Penetration Number o r Penetration Value
[5031.
See also: SHEAR STABILITY,
PENETRATION NUMBER
PENETRATION NUMBER
See: PENETRATION.
zyxwvu 240
PENETRATION VALUE
See: PENETRATION.
PENETROMETER
In grease technology, an instrument for measuring the consistency of a
grease by allowing a cone to penetrate into the grease under controlled
conditions.
PENTACHLORODIPHENYL
C12H5C15
Used as an EP agent. zyxwvut

- tests on EP performance and corrosivity of pentachlorodiphenyl [35].
PENTAERYTHRITOL
c (CH,OH>~
White, crystalline powder. Soluble in water; slightly soluble in

alcohol; insoluble in benzene, ether, and petroleum ether. Bp 276OC
(3Omm); mp 262OC; 5:d 1.399. Technical grade is approximately 88%
monopentaerythritol and 12% dipentaerythritol. Pentaerythritol is
derived by the reaction of acetaldehyde with an excess of formaldehyde in
an alkaline medium. Toxic. Used as a raw material for synthetic
lubricants.
- results of wear and friction studies [Sl].
- +ball fatigue tests on pentaerythritol ester [205].
PENTAERYTHRITOL ESTERS
Esters derived from pentaerythritol and fatty acids. Used as synthetic
oils.
- oxidation stability of pentaerythritol esters [1491].
241 zyxwvutsr
zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvu PERFLUOROALKYLPOLYETHER GREASES
zyxwvuts
PENTAMETHYLENE GLYCOL
See: 1,5-PENTANEDIOL.
1,5-PENTANEDIOL
HOCH2(CH ) CH OH
2 3 2
Colourless liquid. Miscible with water and alcohol. Bp 26OoC;

20
fp -15.6OC; d20 0.9921. Used as a hydraulic fluid, cutting fluid
and lubricating oil additive.
t-PENTYL CHLORIDE
CH3
CH CH2-C-C1
3-
CH3
Used as an EP agent.
-
zyxwvutsr
tested as an EP additive in cutting oils [45].
PERFLUOROALKYLPOLYETHER GREASES
Perfluoroalkylpolyethers are colourless liquids thermally stable up to
45OoC and oxidatively stable to 37OoC.
high dropping points and are chemically inert.
Greases based on them have
However, they have a
corrosive effect on titanium and ferrous alloys above 26OoC. Silica
gel, fluorotelomer, some organic dyes and fluorinated phosphinic acid are
used as thickeners. As anti-corrosive agents certain fluorine containing
benzoxazole, benzothiazole and benzimidazole compounds are used.
Diphosphatetriazine compounds have been applied as antioxidants and
corrosion inhibitors. Organophilic bentonite and sodium nitrite have
been added as rust inhibitors. Perfluoroalkylpolyether greases are used
as high temperature greases.
- general information and review of perfluoroalkylpolyether greases [61].
- preparation; physical, chemical and lubricating properties; applications
of perfluoroalkylpolyether greases [ 2741.
- chemical and physical properties and performance characteristics of
perfluoroalkylpolyether-PTFE telomer greases [323].
zyxwvut
PERFLUOROALKYLPOLYETHERS (PFAE)
PERFLUOROALKYLPOLYETHERS(PFAE)
Colourless synthetic lubricating oils which are the primary raw materials
for greases. They are unusually resistant to thermal and oxidative
242
zyxwvutsrq
attack and exhibit a high degree of chemical inertness. PFAE are
unreactive in liquid oxygen even under impact conditions [444]. Under
oxidizing conditions these fluids are unaffected at temperatures below
their thermal decomposition point ( 470OC).
See also: FLUORINATED GREASES.
- characteristics of fluorinated greases [274, 3231.
- properties and applications of PFAE [444].
- as a lubricant for ceramics in concentrated contacts [974].
- interaction of perfluoropolyalkylester oils with steel surfaces under
boundary lubrication conditions [1741].
- performance of perfluoropolyalkylester oils under boundary lubrication
conditions [1742].
PERFLUOROPOLYETHERS (PFPE)
1. CF [O-CF2-CF2Ix(OCF ) -0-CF3 ratio y/x is 0.6-0.7
3 2 Y
or
2. CF3 [O-CF-CF2]m-(OCF2)n-O-CF ratio m/n is 20-40
3
CF3
Synthetic lubricants produced by photo-oxidation of tetrafluoroethylene
(1) or hexafluoropropene (2) which gives rise to a linear chain structure
where the oxydifluoromethylene and oxytetrafluoroethylene units are
randomly distributed [443]. These fluids have properties which make them
very attractive as potential lubricants suitable for application under
arduous conditions and in the presence of chemicals and oxidizing
reagents. Their properties include excellent chemical stability, high
viscosity index, low vapour pressure, high temperature capability (up to
25OoC), and compatibility with plastics.
- chemical, thermal and lubricating properties of PFPE [144].
- lubrication of plastics by PFPE [443].
- tests of tribological behaviour of perfluoropolyethera [ 10241.
- properties and applications of perfluoropolyether fluids and greases
[ 10251.
PETRQFF BEARING
An idealised form of bearing in which the journal runs concentrically with
the bearing.
243 PETROLEUM WAXES
PETROLATUM
Colourless to amber, oily, amorphous mass. Soluble in oils and typical
organic solvents; insoluble in water. Mp 38-6OoC; density at 6OoC is
0.815-0.880. Petrolatum contains both solid and liquid hydrocarbons.
Basically it is a colloidal system: the solid hydrocarbon components are the
zyxwvutsr
external phase and the liquid components are the internal phase. Petrolatum
is derived by fractional distillation of still residues from the steam
distillation of paraffin-base petroleum, or from steam-reduced crude oils from
which the light fractions have been removed. Used as lubricants and rust
preventives.
- general information on petrolatum [ 4.201.
- its chemistry and application [490].
PETROLEUM
A very complex mixture of paraffinic, cycloparaffinic (naphthenic), and
aromatic hydrocarbons which contains low percentages of sulphur and trace
amounts of nitrogen and oxygen compounds. Petroleum vacuum distillates are
used to produce mineral base oils and typical hydrocarbon lubricating oils.
- general information on petroleum and technology of mineral oils [420].
- chemistry and physical chemistry of petroleum [422].
- specifications and classifications for petroleum products [6j6].
- extraction, processing and distribution of petroleum products [646].
PETROLEUM OILS
See:
zyxwvutsrq
MINERAL OILS.
PETROLEUM WAXES
Mixtures o f higher molecular weight solid hydrocarbons derived from vacuum
crude oil distillates or vacuum residues.
into three types:
waxes.
Petroleum waxes can be divided
paraffin waxes, microcrystalline waxes and petrolatum
Generally, they are produced by solvent dewaxing. However, pressing and

sweating processes are sometimes used to manufacture paraffin waxes from light
to medium distillates. Petroleum waxes are used as components of some
lubricants and rust protecting materials.
- petrolatum waxes [wI].
- composition and application of petroleum waxes [490-492].
zyxwvut
PHASE-CHANGELUBRICATION 244
PHASE-CHANGE LUBRICATION
Lubrication provided by melting the lubricant steadily. This term is used
loosely in metalworking, for example, relating to the softening of a glass
lubricant in extrusion [ 5031.
PHENANTHRENE
C14H10
zyxwvuts
A tricyclic hydrocarbon. Density 1.063; m.p. 100.35°C. Used as a
thickener in high-temperature greases. Tested as a high-temperature
lubricant.
PHENATES
See:
zyxwvut
METAL PHENOXIDES.
PHENOLIC RESINS
See: PHENOLICS
PHENOLICS
Synthetic thermosetting materials obtained by condensation of phenol or
substituted phenols with aldehydes. Density 1.32 - 1.45. In tribolagy they
are widely used for plastic bearings. Phenolics produce very strong physical
bonds with many materials at low concentrations and, as such, they are also
treated as binders. Normally, phenolics are used in the form of laminates
which exhibit excellent compatibility with various fluids, as well as atrength
and shock reskstance.
PHENOTHIAZINE
C12H9SN
Greyish-green to greenish-yellow powder, granules or flakes. Insoluble in

water and ether; soluble in acetone, Bp 371°C; mp 175-185OC. It is
derived by the reaction of diphenylamine and eulphur in the presence of an
oxidizing catalyat. It ie a akin irritant. Moderately toxic by ingestion.
Used as an antioxidant most generally employed in diester eynthetic oils.
- a8 an antioxidant in dieetere [138].
245 zyxwvutsrqp
PHENOXIDES
See also: METAL PHENOXIDES
N-PHENYL ETHANOLAMINE
PHENYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

C H NH PO (OC4H912
65 3 2
zyxwvu
zyxwvu
PHENYLCYCLOHEXANE
C6H5C6Hll
Colourless, oily liquid. Soluble in all typical organic solvents; insoluble
in water. Bp 237.5OC; mp 5OC;;:d 0.938. Slightly toxic.
- friction and wear characteristics o f phenylcyclohexane [m].
N-PHENYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE
C H NHPO(OC4Hg)2
6 5
- tested as an antiwear additive (load-carrying properties) [270].
N-PHENYL DIETHANOLAMINE
C6H5N(C2H40H l2
Colourless liquid. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol and
acetone. Slightly toxic. 60 1.1203.
Bp 190°C (lmm); mp 58OC; d20
Corrosion inhibitor. It may be used as an ingredient f o r cutting fluids.
N-PHEN y L ETHANOLAM1NE
C6H5NHCH2CH20H
Bp 19JoC; mp 10.6OC; density 1.0970. Moderately toxic. Used as a
corrosion inhibitor, ingredient for metalworking lubricants, antirust compound
etc.
zy
2-PHENYLETHYL MERCAPTAN 246
2-PHENYLETHYL MERCAPTAN
C6H5CH2CH2SH
An organosulphur compound which provides antiwear and antiseizure properties.
- tribological activity during sliding of aluminium on steel [1020].
PHENYL MERCAPTAN
See: THIOPHENOL.
N-PHENYL-1-NAPHTHYLAMINE
C10H7NHC6H5
White to yellowish. Soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene. Bp 335'C

(260mm); mp 62OC. Slightly toxic. It is derived from 1-naphthylamine and
aniline. Used as an antioxidant, particularly in turbine oils. It is
commonly used at 0.5-1.05 concentration in highly refined paraffinic oils for
lubrication of steam turbines, electric motors and hydraulic equipment. Most
useful at temperatures below llO°C.
p-PHENYLPHENOL
C6H5C6H40H
White crystals. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol, alkalies and most

organic solvents. Bp 308OC (pure compound 323OC); mp 164-166OC;
d y 1.24. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Used as an antioxidant.
3-PHENYLPROPYL MERCAPTAN
C6H5CH2CH2CH2SH
An organosulphur compound providing antiwear and antiseizure properties.

241 zyxwvutsrqpzy PHOSPHONATE ESTERS
zyxwvutsrqp
PHOSPHATE ESTERS
/OR
O=P-OR
\
OR
R may r e p r e s e n t a r y l , a l k y l or o t h e r groups.
Phosphate esters are prepared from phosphorus oxychloride or phosphoryl
c h l o r i d e s and phenols, a l c o h o l s o r t h e i r sodium salts. The t e r t i a r y phosphate
e s t e r s are o f t e n c l a s s i f i e d a8 t r i a r y l , t r i a l k y l and a l k y l a r y l phosphates.
The primary and secondary phosphates are used extensively as lubricant
a d d i t i v e s i n v a r i o u s chemical forms.
A number o f phosphate e s t e r s a r e used i n s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s , particularly
because of t h e i r good f i r e r e s i s t a n c e . Phosphate e s t e r s g e n e r a l l y d i s p l a y
low v o l a t i l i t y and a v i s c o s i t y index similar t o t h a t o f petroleum o i l s . The
phosphate e s t e r f l u i d s are used as l u b r i c a n t s f o r heavy d u t y i n d u s t r i a l g a s
t u r b i n e s , a l s o as a i r c r a f t l u b r i c a n t s , and i n l u b r i c a t i o n o f a i r compressors.
They a l s o f i n d a p p l i c a t i o n i n h y d r a u l i c f l u i d s i n m i l l s , f o u n d r i e s and o t h e r
p l a n t s where t h e f l u i d could l e a k on t o h o t s u r f a c e s .
- phosphate e s t e r s t e s t e d a s EP a d d i t i v e s ; a l s o t h e i r p r e p a r a t i o n [41].
- & b a l l f a t i g u e t e s t s on phosphate e s t e r s [205].
- d e s c r i p t i o n o f phosphate e s t e r s [264].
- g e n e r a l review of phosphate esters [275].
- s y n t h e s i s and p r o p e r t i e s of phosphate e s t e r s [359].
- a d d i t i o n of phosphate e s t e r s t o p a r a f f i n i c base o i l s and t h e i r e f f e c t on
l u b r i c a t i n g performance [695].
- frictional c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f 2 phosphate e s t e r s : c o r r o s i o n and 4 - b a l l tests
[ 10261.
PHOSPHONATE ESTERS
Chemicals derived from phosphonic a c i d which a r e commonly regarded a s a n t i w e a r

additives. Compounds having t h e same a l k y l groups (R) a r e normally used as
lubricant additives. The a l k y l c h a i n s u s u a l l y i n c l u d e up t o 1 2 carbon atoms.
PHOSPHOR BRONZES
- antiwear and antiseizure properties of phosphonate esters [4O].

- testing of a didodecyl phosphonate ester in roller bearings [l319].
248 zy
- performance of phosphonate esters in rolling contacts [1320].
PHOSPHOR BRONZES
Alloys of copper and tin containing up to 0.5% phosphorus as antioxidant.
Relatively hard and corrosion-resistant. Their antiwear properties are
low. Used for bearing and gear applications.
- an extreme pressure film formed on a phosphor bronze sliding against steel,
with a sulphur-phosphorus additive in mineral oil [1321].
PHOSPHORIC ACID
H PO
alcohol.
3 4
d y 1.834.
zyxwvutsr
Colourless liquid o r transparent, crystalline solid.
Corrosive to ferrous metals and alloys.
Soluble in water and
Mp 42.35OC;
Moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation.
intermediate f o r phosphate antiwear additives.
Used as an
- as an antiwear additive in neopentyl ester oils and pentaerythritol esters

[105].
PHOSPHORUS ADDITIVES
The organic phosphorus compounds are incorporated in the additives to impart
antiwear properties, corrosion inhibition, and some EP characteristics.
The phosphorus additives build up a hard, highly polished, phosphorus-
containing surface on the gears which prevents direct metal-to-metal contact
and holds in the hydrocarbon lubricant through chemisorption. The organic
phosphorus additives retard bearing corrosion by accelerating the
decomposition of the peroxides involved in air oxidation to hydrocarbons, as
well as acting as a reaction chain-terminating agent through recombination of
zyxwvu
free radicals. The major groups used are the zinc 0,O' -dialel
phosphorodithioates. In addition to these zinc salts, lube additives
sometimes contain organic phosphorus compounds of indeterminate composition.
In crankcase oils, these compounds are primarily effective as antioxidants and
corrosion inhibitors [483],
See also specific compounds.
- phosphates and phosphonates as antiwear and extreme pressure additives
[15961.
249 zy
zyxwvutsrq
PHOSPHOSULPHURIZED POLYALKENES
PHYSISORPTION
zyxwvutsrq
Their s a l t s a r e used as d e t e r g e n t a d d i t i v e s . Usually t h e y a r e prepared by
h e a t i n g polybutenes o f molecular weight of about 1000 with a phosphorus
reagent, generally phosphorus pentasulphide, to form complex organic
phosphorus-sulphur compounds which are t h e n n e u t r a l i z e d w i t h a s u i t a b l e m e t a l
base.
- g e n e r a l information and a p p l i c a t i o n [l].
- s t r u c t u r e of phoaphosulphurized polyalkenes [ 2321.
PHTHALOCYANINES
A group o f o r g a n i c c o l o r a n t s o r pigments whose b a s i c s t r u c t u r a l p a r t i s a

t e t r a b e n e o t e t r a azoporphyrin system.. There are four commercially i m p o r t a n t
types: metal-free, copper, chlorinated copper and sulphonated copper
phthalocyanines. Apart from t h e i r main a p p l i c a t i o n s , phthalocyanines have
been used a s t h i c k e n e r s i n high-temperature greases. Metal-free and copper
m o d i f i c a t i o n s have been e x t e n s i v e l y used a s high-temperature l u b r i c a n t s .
- f r i c t i o n p r o p e r t i e s o f phthalocyanines [221].
- as l u b r i c a n t s i n t h e temperature range o f 800' t o 1300'F [1651].
PHYSICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION (PVD)

A s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t process used t o improve wear r e s i s t a n c e o f t r i b o l o g i c a l
mating elements by t h e d e p o s i t i o n o f a c o a t i n g a t low p r e s s u r e . The vapour
is formed by thermal evaporation or electrical emission of suitable
material, A chemically a c t i v e g a s may a l s o be p r e s e n t . The equipment for
t h e PVD process i s much more expensive t h a n t h e one used f o r t h e chemical
vapour d e p o s i t i o n (CVD) process.
- tribological behaviour of hard c o a t i n g s d e p o s i t e d by CVD and PVD [1064].
PHYSISORPTION
See: ADSORPTION.
PICKLING
PICKLING
zyxwvuts 250
Removal of impurities, including oxides, from metal surfaces by immersion in

sulphuric, hydrochloric or phosphoric acid.
PICK-UP
Transfer of material, or the material transferred, from one surface to the
other due to strong adhesive forces in the sliding or rolling interface [503].
zyxw
o(-PINENE
'10*16
A terpene hydrocarbon derived from sulphate wood turpentine. It is a

colourless, transparent liquid. Bp 155 "C. Irritating and moderately
toxic. It has been used to produce load-carrying additives by sulphurization.
PINION
See: GEARS.
PISTON-CYLINDER SYSTEMS
One of the most important tribological systems in which a piston reciprocates
zy
in a cylinder. The cylinder confines the pressure so that it can be exerted
against the head of the piston. There are three main types of system for
transmitting energy in (a) internal combustion engines, (b) compressors and
(c) hydraulic arrangements. From the tribological viewpoint the most
important problems relate to the system in internal combustion engines.
- plasma spraying for application of solid film lubricants [244].
- factors responsible for wear of piston rings [787].
- historical development of piston ring lubrication [801].
- friction and wear of plasma-sprayed ceramic coatings [926].
- role of wear in the failure of piston-cylinder systems [gas].
-
zyxwv
causes of piston ring scuffing and its prevention [1050].
- self-lubricating coatings prepared by plasma spraying [ 11671.
- design of three types of pistons [1584].
- piston rings: design, materials, performance [1585].
- materials for cylinders and cylinder l i n e r s [1586].
- piston ring materials: a literature survey [1592].
25 Izyxwvutsrqpo
PISTON-PIN BEARINGS
See: LITTLE-END BEARINGS.
PLAIN BEARINGS
PISTON RING
zyxwvutsrq
See: PISTON-CYLINDER SYSTEMS.
PITTING
Removal or displacement of material resulting in the formation of surface
cavities .
- effect of stress induced by a spherical asperity on surface pitting in
elastohydrodynamic lubrication contacts [ 5841.
- pitting in gears [1027].
- role of near-surface inclusions on the pitting of gears [1028].
zyxwv
- illustrated case histories [ 16171.
PIVOT BEARINGS
Bearings supporting the end of a rotating shaft o r pivot.
PLAIN BEARINGS
Simple bearings providing sliding contact between mating surfaces. There are
three general types of plain bearings: radial bearings, thrust bearings and
guide bearings. IS0 divides plain bearings into three types: journal
bearings, thrust bearings and thrust journal bearings.
See also specific types of bearings.
- lubrication of plain bearings [549].
- fatigue, wear and other forms of damage [586].
- materials f o r plain bearings [686, 10621.
- bearing calculations, design, materials, lubrication [767].
- mixed lubrication in plain bearings [8O6].
- self-lubricating materials for plain bearings [815].
- plain bearing materials: properties, forme, applications [952].
- causes of failure in plain bearings [985].
- extensive survey of papers on the thermal effects in plain bearings [1263].
- slider bearing lubricated with oils containing additives and contaminants
[13241.
- metallic and nonmetallic materials: properties and bearing construction
[13251.
-
zyxwvu
PLAIN CARBON STEELS
- design o f hydrodynamic p l a i n b e a r i n g s [1326].

design o f p l a i n bearings: a handbook [1727].
- types of r e p l a c e a b l e p l a i n b e a r i n g s , p l a i n b e a r i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n [ 15191.
- l u b r i c a t i o n o f p l a i n bearings: s e l e c t i o n of l u b r i c a n t s and a d d i t i v e s [1520].
- p l a i n b e a r i n g f a i l u r e s : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and c a u s e s [1521].
PLAIN CARBON STEELS
252 zy
S t e e l s c o n t a i n i n g up t o about 1%C , l e s s t h a n 1.65% Mn, 0.60% S i , 0.60% Cu,
and not more than 0.05% S and 0.04% P. They a r e a l s o known a s wrought carbon
steels. There are t h r e e g e n e r a l groups o f p l a i n carbon steels: low-carbon
steels, medium-carbon s t e e l s and hard-carbon steels.
PLAIN JOURNAL BEARINGS

P l a i n b e a r i n g s i n which t h e r e l a t i v e l y s l i d i n g s u r f a c e s are c y l i n d r i c a l and i n
which t h e r e i s r e l a t i v e a n g u l a r motion. One s u r f a c e i s u s u a l l y s t a t i o n a r y
and t h e f o r c e a c t s p e r p e n d i c u l a r l y t o t h e a x i s o f r o t a t i o n [50g].
See a l s o : JOURNAL BEARINGS.
PLAIN RUBBING BEARINGS

Bearings i n which t h e s u r f a c e s are i n d i r e c t rubbing c o n t a c t . The r e l a t i v e l y
moving elements slide without typical lubrication. They should not be
confused w i t h b e a r i n g s i n which a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t i s used.
See a l s o : DRY BEARINGS, SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS.
PLAIN THRUST BEARINGS

Bearings a p p l y i n g t h r u s t washers w i t h or without grooves. Usually, washers
w i t h r a d i a l grooves encourage hydrodynamic a c t i o n ,
PLASMA CARBURIZING
See: CARBURIZING.
PLASMA N I T R I D I N G
See: NITRIDING.
253 PLASTICS
zyx
PLASPIA SPRAYING
A surface engineering technique employing plasma for deposition of coatings of
continually changing structure and/or composition. In the plasma process
very high temperatures are generated. They are necessary for melting and/or
softening of high melting point carbides or other materials f o r which flame
spraying would not be sufficient. Plasma provides the spray particles with
velocities of up to 600 m/s which yields high strength coatings.
zyxwvu
PLASTIC BEARINGS
Bearings made from polymeric materials. They are used under abrasive and
corrosive conditions and where lubrication is difficult. Their advantages
are wear, corrosion and indentation resistance and self-lubricating properties.
zyxwvu
See also: BEARING MATERIALS.
- design of plastic bearings [a%].
- plastic bearing materials [1062].
- lubricated wear of plastic-lined bearings [1328].
- a review of plastics for use as bearing materials [1652].
PLASTIC LAMINATE BEARINGS
Plain bearings made of laminated phenolics, nylon o r polytetrafluoroethylene.
See also: PLASTIC BEARINGS.
PLASTICS
High polymers combined with other substances, such as plasticizers, fillers,
reinforcing agents, etc. Generally, they can be divided into thermoplastic
and thermosetting types. The former can be resoftened by heat to their
original condition, the latter cannot, Usually, plastics have high strength
and high resistance to chemicals. In tribological applications they have
been used as low friction materials in bearings, gears, rollers and seals.
Because of their low stiffness they have been applied in low-load o r no-load
carrying parts. The stiffness of plastics can be enhanced by producing
certain composites.
See also: POLYMERS and individual plastics.
PLUTO-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
- lubrication of plastics by perfluoropolyether fluids [443].

- additives for plastics: plasticizers, fillers, reinforcing fibres etc. [519].
254 zy
- effect of surface roughness, material transfer and fillers on the wear of
plastics [686].
- lubricants in the plastics industry [795].
- tribological aspects of unfilled plastics [861].
- reinforced plastics: achievements and prospects [887].
- plastics for use as bearing materials: a review [1652].
- study of the frictional characteristics of 17 plastics [1654].
PLASTO-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
A condition of lubrication in which the friction and film thickness between
two bodies in relative motion are determined by plastic deformation of the
bodies in combination with the viscous properties of the lubricant at the
prevailing pressure, temperature and rate of shear [503].
PLATING
Deposition of a thin metallic layer on a tribological surface in order to
reduce friction and wear.
See also: CHROMIUM PLATING, ELECTROPLATING, ION PLATING.
- influence of metal-plated carbon steel on cavitation erosion [927].
- cavitation erosion of hard chromium plating on steel [924].
PLATINUM (Pt)
Silvery-white ductile and malleable metal. M.p. 1772OC; density 21.45.
It does not oxidize in air. Platinum has numerous applications, including
alloys and coatings on elements which must perform properly at high
temperatures for long periods of time.
- friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with platinum [977].
-
zyxwvut
adsorption of sulphur on a platinum surface [1329].
PLOUGHING
The formation of grooves by plastic deformation of the softer of two surfaces
in relative motion.
See also: SCRATCHING.
- as a friction mechanism in boundary lubrication [550].
- investigation of ploughing during abrasive wear [895,1029].
zy
zy
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255 POLYALKYLENEGLYCOL LUBRICANTS
POCKET THRUST BEARINGS

E x t e r n a l l y p r e s s u r i z e d t h r u s t b e a r i n g s having t h r e e o r more h y d r o s t a t i c pads
w i t h c e n t r a l r e l i e v e d chambers o r pockets s u p p l i e d w i t h p r e s s u r i z e d o i l [ 5 0 3 ] .
See a l s o : CHAMBERED BEARINGS, EXTERNALLY PRESSURIZED BEARINGS.
POISSON'S RATIO
The r a t i o o f l a t e r a l s t r a i n t o l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r a i n f o r a m a t e r i a l s u b j e c t e d t o
uniform l o n g i t u d i n a l s t r e s s e s w i t h i n t h e p r o p o r t i o n a l l i m i t .
POLISHING
1. A process of s u r f a c e metal removal improving t h e f i n i s h without r e g a r d t o
dimensional tolerances. Successive g r a d e s o f a b r a s i v e materials a r e
used. P o l i s h i n g reduces s u r f a c e i r r e g u l a t i t i e s by removing t h e peaks o f
material l e f t a f t e r machining o p e r a t i o n s .
2. Superfluous smoothing o u t o f t h e s u r f a c e f i n i s h o f t h e c y l i n d e r b o r e i n
a n engine t o a m i r r o r - l i k e appearance, r e s u l t i n g i n a d e c r e a s e of r i n g
s e a l i n g and a n i n c r e a s e i n l u b r i c a t i n g o i l consumption.
POLISHING POWDERS
Various g r a d e s o f a b r a s i v e s used i n s u r f a c e f i n i s h i n g processes.
See a l s o : ABRASIVES.
POLYACRYLAMIDES
(CH,-:H),
corn2
White s o l i d s . S o l u b l e i n water; s l i g h t l y s o l u b l e i n g l y c e r o l ; i n s o l u b l e i n
methanol, e t h a n o l , acetone and hexane.
Used a s pour-point d e p r e s s a n t s .
zyxw
POLYALKYLENE GLYCOL LUBRICANTS
They a r e produced by r e a c t i o n of alcohols with polymerized e t h y l e n e and
propylene g l y c o l s . They a r e e i t h e r water-soluble o r -insoluble. They have
s u f f i c i e n t s t a b i l i t y , which can be improved w i t h a d d i t i v e s , good v i s c o s i t y -
temperature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and good l u b r i c a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s .
- g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n on polyalkylene g l y c o l l u b r i c a n t s and t h e i r a p p l i c a t i o n
[49,4851,
- p r o p e r t i e s and a p p l i c a t i o n s o f polyalkylene g l y c o l s [812].
approximate structure:
?%
( CH2-CH),&
I
COOR
zyxwvut
POLYALKYLMETHACRYLATE-N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE
zyxwvu
zyxwvu
CH -CH),
2 1
NC4H60
COPOLYMER
POLYALKYLMETHACRYLATE-N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONECOPOLYMER
256
zyxwvutsr
A typical copolymeric ashless (metal-free) dispersant commercially used as an
automotive lubricant additive.
- studied in [96].
POLYALKYLMETHACRYLATES
7%
(CH2f)n
COOR
Widely used as viscosity index (VI) improvers and pour-point depressants.

They are prepared by the free-radical initiated polymerization of alkyl
methacrylates in which R is generally C to C18. Solvent, temperature
4
and monomer concentration are varied to yield products of desired molecular
weights, usually ranging from approximately 50,000 to 1,000,000when used aa
viscosity index improvers. The molecular weight range of polyalkyl-
methacrylates effective as pour-point depressants is usually below that of
products used as VI improvers (about 500 to 100,000). The performance of
polyalkylmethacrylates as VI improvers depends on the resistance to shear and
on their chemical and thermal stability. The resistance to shear decreases
zyxw
with an increaee in molecular weight of a given material. Friction
measurements on steel, glass and copper with a stainless steel rider in
solutions of polyalkylmethacrylates show [471] that as the length of the alkyl
group is increased, the coefficient of friction IS reduced,
- polyalkylmethacrylates in engine oils; their influence on the rheological
properties at subzero temperatures [123].
- effective viscosity of oils containing polyalkylmethacrylate additives [418].
- application of polyalkylmethacrylates and a review of technical literature
on polyalkylmethacrylates [ 4191.
- wear studies on polymethyl methacrylate [1037].
251
POLYALPHAOLEFINS
R
I
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsrq POLYCARBONATE
(cH-cH~)~
Alphaolefins are s t r a i g h t c h a i n hydrocarbons w i t h a r e a c t i v e o l e f i n i c t a i l .
The monomers produced commercially by f r a c t i o n a t i o n of oligomerised e t h y l e n e
are polymerised t o y i e l d branched c h a i n hydrocarbons, These hydrocarbons
have long c h a i n a l k y l groups on a l t e r n a t e carbons w i t h a polymer c h a i n l e n g t h
dependent on t h e number of monomer u n i t s i n c o r p o r a t e d . Viscosity increases
and v o l a t i l i t y d e c r e a s e s with polymer c h a i n l e n g t h . The l e n g t h of t h e a l k y l
branches depends on t h e c h a i n l e n g t h o f t h e o r i g i n a l a l p h a o l e f i n . Viscosity
index improves and pour p o i n t i n c r e a s e s with i n c r e a s i n g c h a i n l e n g t h of t h e
alkyl branches. The b e s t compromise i s obtained by s t a r t i n g w i t h 1-decene.
Polydscenes form t h e l a r g e s t segment of t h e p o l y a l p h a o l e f i n market.
POLYMIDE
See: NYLON.
POLYBASIC ACIDS
Viscous l i q u i d s produced by p o l y m e r i e a t i o n o f C unsaturated f a t t y acids.
18
Esters of p o l y b a s i c a c i d s e x h i b i t i n t e r e s t i n g p r o p e r t i e s and are used a s
s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s having s u p e r i o r low temperature c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s . These
e s t e r s a r e a l s o used a s l u b r i c a n t s i n metal working.
See a l s o : DILINOLEIC ACID.
zyx
POLYBENZIHIDAZOLE
(C7H6N2)n
S y n t h e t i c polymer designed for h i g h temperature s p a c e technology. It i s
prepared by t h e r e a c t i o n of diphenyl i s o p h t h a l a t e with a t e t r a - m i n e . It i s
s a i d t o withstand temperatures of up t o 26OoC f o r 1000 hours.
- s y n t h e s i s of t h e polymer, f i l m p r e p a r a t i o n and f o r m u l a t i o n s t u d i e s , wear-
l i f e tests [ 1601.
POLYC ARBONATE
A s y n t h e t i c t h e r m o p l a s t i c r e s i n d e r i v e d from b i s p h e n o l A and phosgene. It
e x h i b i t s a number of t r i b o l o g i c a l l y attractive p r o p e r t i e s , i n c l u d i n g weather
and h e a t r e s i s t a n c e , high impact s t r e n g t h and n o n c o r r o s i v i t y .
- f r i c t i o n and wear tests o f polycarbonate sliding against a polymeric
composite [13371.
POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHENE (PCTFE)
POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHENE (PCTFE)
( ~ 1 ~ c . c ~ ~ ) ~
zyxwv
zyxw 2 58
It is a fluorochemical oil. PCTFE has relatively poor low-temperature

properties and viscosity-temperature characteristics. It can be used as a
grease or wax. The greases find use in corrosive and oxidative environments
(such as liquid oxygen) in which the more common lubricants are ineffective.
Slightly less inert chemically than polytetrafluoroethylene. Soluble in some
0
solvents above 100 C. PCTFE polymers have been used as corrosion-resistant
coatings. PCTFE oils have been used as compressor lubricants.
- as a lubricant in extrusion of aluminium [401].
- general information on polychlorotrifluoroethene and its application [4851.
- wear of PCTFE on steel: effect of crystallinity on polymer transfer [1330].
POLYDECENES
See: POLYALPHAOLEFINS
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
Available in many forms ranging from low viscosity fluids to gums. It may be
dispersed in organic thermoplastics to reduce their coefficient of friction
and wear. Used as a lubricant for plastic systems.
See also: POLYMETHYLSILOXANES, SILOXANES.
- wear characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane-modified polystyrene [1655].
POLYETHERETHERKETONE (PEEK)
(C6H40CgH4oCgH4CO),
Tough high-temperature engineering polymer. Carbon-fibre-reinforced PEEK

composite is an attractive tribological material.
- effect of speed on friction and wear of PEEK [1035].
- friction and wear of PEEK-PTFE composites [1103].
- effect of fibre orientation on abrasive wear of continuous-carbon-fibre-
reinforced PEEK [ 11701.
- erosion of PEEK [1331].
- wear behaviour of short-glass- and carbon-fibre-reinforced composites of
PEEK [1332].
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsr
259 POLYETHYLENE (PE)
zyxwv
POLYETHERS
Polymers in which the repeating unit contains a carbon-oxygen bond derived
from aldehydes o r epoxides o r similar materials. They are used as Synthetic
lubricants.
See also: SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS AND C-ETHERS.
- description [ 2641.
- chemical, physical and technological properties of polyethere as synthetic
lubricants, effect of structure on physical properties [1656],
POLYETHYLENE (PE)
A high polymer of ethylene. Thermoplastic white solid. Density 0.915 -
0.95. PE is used as a tribological material and as a film lubricant in metal
forming, especially in cases where liquid o r other solid lubricants are
undesirable. In combination with mineral lubricating oils, thin polyethylene
sheets provide very good lubrication. Used in the manufacture of artificial
zyxw
human joints.
See also: POLYNERS.
- low- and high-density PE as a lubricant for extrusion of aluminium [401].
- low and high speed sliding of high-density PE: a brief review [436].
- wear tests of high-molecular-weight PE and its use in artificial human
joints [468, 16061.
- abrasive wear tests on a filled ultra high molecular weight PE [862].
- wear studies on high-density PE [1037].
- PE film lubricants for deep drawing [1099].
- wear of ultra high molecular weight PE against stainless steel [1333, 13341.
- friction of PE sliding against itself and various metals [l335].
- review of wear properties and bearing applications of PE [1336].
- ultra high molecular weight PE sliding against a polymeric composite [1337].
- PE as a lubricant for metal forming at high contact pressures [l338].
- wear of high-molecular weight PE [ 14191.
- study of friction, wear and surface melting of PE [1657].
- transfer experiments on low-density PE doped with 2% dysprosium oxide [1658].
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrq
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
POLYETHYLENE GLYCOLS
HO (C H ~ C H)~ nO ~
260
These are the ethylene glycols having average molecular weights above
approximately 200. They range from water-white liquids at ambient temperature
zyxwvuts
(up to a molecular weight of about 700) to greases and waxes (molecular weight
from 1000-20,000). The numerical designation (400, 800 etc.) of commercial
products refers to the average molecular weight of the derivatives. These
compounds are widely used as lubricants.
- general information on polyethylene glycols and their application [49, 4851.
- antiwear behaviour of polyethylene glycols [151].
POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE (PET)
A polyester formed from ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid o r its dimethyl
ester. Its melting point is 265OC. Used for textile fabrics, packaging
films and recording tapes.
- tests on wear of polyethylene terephthalate by abrasive papers [863].
- tests on viscoelastic behaviour of PET [1030].
POLYFLUOROALKYL-ALKYL POLYSILOXANE GREASE

It is used for precision instrument lubrication.
- its properties, antiwear and EP capabilities [310].
POLYGLYCOLS
RO(CH2CHR1'O),R2, where R's can be hydrogen and/or organic groups.
Terminal groups determine the type of polyglycol such as diol, monoether,
ether-ester, etc. [482]. Various alkylene oxides including mixtures are the
basic raw materials. Polyglycols range from clear, colourleas, viscous
zyx
liquid6 to waxy solids; soluble o r miscible with water, alcohol and other
organic solvents, inert to many chemical reagents. The major attributes of
the polyglycols are low pour-point, high viscosity index ranging from 135 to
155, volatility of decomposition products, relatively low cost, and the wide
variety of properties obtainable by structural variations. Main uses are as
lubricants in automotive hydraulic brake fluids and water-based hydraulic
fluids, as compressor lubricants, textile lubricants and i n greases where the
polyglycol is the carrier for the thickener.
- &ball fatigue testa on [205].
- general review of [275].
- general information, properties, applications [@5].
- properties and applications [1666].
26 1zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsrqpon
POLYIMIDES
Polymers having an imide group -CONHCO- in the polymer chain.
POLYISOBUTENES
Density
1.42. Polyimides exhibit good wear resistance at high temperatures and very
good frictional characteristics. They are important tribological materials
zyxwvu
which can be used in a wide temperature range, from -24OoC to +370°C, and
have,excellent pressure-viscosity rating. To improve their friction and wear
characteristics graphite fillers are used. Polyimides are used for
high-temperature antiwear coatings, composites for aerospace tribological
applications, bearings, adhesives, etc.
- friction characteristics of polyimide films bonded to stainless steel [ill,
1221.
-
-
-
-
zyxwvuts
friction and wear of polyimides as a function of temperature [170].
- effect of thermal ageing on tribological properties of polyimide films [341].
- general information on polyimides [482].
polyimides and their composites as solid lubricants [817].
tribological properties and use as lubricants [864],
graphite fibre reinforced polyimide composites: design and application [865].
- wear at elevated temperatures [866].
- polyimide and its composites for aerospace tribological applications [867].
- investigations on friction, film wear rates and mechanisms, and transfer
films of seven polyimide films [868].
- graphite fibre reinforced polyimides: effect of temperature, load and
sliding speed on their tribological properties [869].
- environmental effects on fretting behaviour of polyimides [973].
- friction and wear of a bismaleimide [l031].
- aromatic polyimide compositions for solid lubrication [1032].
- friction and wear of graphite-fibre-reinforced polyimide composites [1033].
- friction and wear o f thin polyimide films as a function of structure,
sliding speed and temperature [ 10341.
- sliding wear studies on polyimide formulations against hardened steels
[14921.
POLYISOBUTENES
See: POLYISOBUTYLENES.
zyxwvuts
zyxw
POLYISOBUTYLENES
POLYISOBUTYLENES (POLYBUTENES)
Any of several thermoplastic isotactic (stereoregular) polymers of isobutene
of varying molecular weight (50,000 - 1 million); also polymers of butene-1
262
and butene-2. They are used as viscosity index improvers and lubricants.
zyxw
In the latter case they are used in various high temperature conveyors, ovens,
dryers and furnaces: in such applications the polyisobutylenes decompose and
oxidize to volatile products leaving no carbon residue which is encountered
with conventional petroleum oils.
- polyisobutylenes in engine oils: their influence on the rheological
properties at subzero temperatures [ 1231.
- analysis of polyisobutylenes using spectroscopy and physical methods of
separation [2403.
POLYMER FILMS
See: FRICTION RESINS, TRIBOPOLYMERS.
POLYMERIC SURFACE FILMS

The term refers to intentional and planned formation of tribopolymers directly
on the rubbing surfaces to reduce wear.
- polycondensation reaction of selected monomers directly onto rubbing
surfaces [ 1723, 17241.
POLYMERS
A wide variety of high molecular weight organic o r inorganic materials which
are used in tribological applications. They include thermoplastics and
thermosetting plastics. Polymers are mostly used in bearing applications.
zyxwvu
Thermoplastics are of interest for metalworking purposes. Some properties of
polymers can be improved by special fillers. Filled polymers are used as low
friction materials for dry rubbing bearings. The most important polymers are
those providing low friction, 6.g. polytetrafluoroethylene, nylon, polyimides,
phenolics, polyethylene, etc.
See also individual polymeric materials.
263
-
-
zy
zyxwv
environmental effects on polymeric materials [246].
POLYMERS
detailed discussion of the fundamental aspects of polymer friction and wear

[3661.
- mechanical properties of polymers [395].
- as lubricants for extrusion of aluminium [401].
- polymer adhesion mechanisms [4111.
- low speed sliding of polymers: a brief review [436].
- wear of organic polymers: fundamental aspects and literature review with 100
references [m].
- friction of polymer solutions [471].
- basic information on organic and inorganic polymers [482].
- polymer formation on sliding metals [500].
- friction and wear of polymers [510].
- adhesion and friction of polymers [537].
- tests on friction of polymers [595].
- polymers as bearing materials for space applications [612].
- sliding friction of polymer-polymer combinations [683],
- wear of polymeric composites [686].
- influence of surface topography on polymer friction [716].
- polymer surfaces: adhesion, surface tension, modifications etc. [739],
- surface interactions of polymers [852].
- erosion of polymers: a review [860].
- abrasive wear tests on some polymers (nylons, PE, PU) [862].
- data on polymer-based dry bearing materials [870].
- structures and properties of polymers affecting their wear behaviour [871].
- temperature rise in polymer-metal sliding [872].
- transfer wear of polymers [87’j].
- wear study on crystalline polymers [874].
- wear of unfilled polymers [875].
- polymers and polymer-based materials in machine friction assemblies [876].
- tribology of polymers: fundamental knowledge and applications [877].
- cohesive and interfacial wear of polymers [878].
- wear in metal-polymer and polymer-polymer micropairs [879].
- water lubricated polymer composites tested in sliding wear against steel
LBO1
- role of wear debris in the wear of some filled polymer composites [88l].
-
zy
zyxwvuts
zyxwvu
POLYMETHACRYLATES
scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigations of morphology of

friction-transferred products of polymers [882].
264
- microstructure effects on wear of polymers [933].

- a comprehensive study of various kinds and aspects of polymer composites
[9551.
- polymer-on-polymer and polymer-on-metal friction studies [9831.
- review of lubrication and wear of miniature polymeric systems [1005].
- effect of speed on friction and wear of three polymers [1035].
- wear rates of fibrous polymer composites in water and oil lubricants [1036].
- wear studies on seven polymers [1037].
- friction and wear tests of several polymers sliding against steel [1038].
- polymer-fluid interactions related to wear; surface examination of polymer
wear [1039].
- friction, adhesion and boundary lubrication of polymers [1468].
- role of molecular and supermolecular structures of polymers in the mechanism
of frictional interaction [ 16351.
- chemical and physical effects in polymer tribology: a review with 97
references [ 16461.
- studies on friction, wear and surface melting of crystalline polymers [1657].
- a model predicting the transfer of three polymers to rough, hard surfaces
116581.
zy
- friction and wear of polymers used in cryogenic valves [1659].
- friction and wear of polymeric materials, experiments on boundary
lubrication of polymers [1660].
- wear of polymers: surface topography characterization [1661].
POLYMETHACRYLATES
(CH -CH),
21
c02cKJ
Typical viscosity index improvers. Oils of higher viscosity index can be

obtained by adding a few percent of polymethacrylates .
See also: VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVERS.
265 POLYOXYMETHYLENES
- properties of polymethacrylates with various oils evaluated by using optical

elastohydrodynamics [66].
- polymethacrylates analysed using spectroscopy and physical methods of
z
separation [240],
- behaviour of polymethacrylate-thickened lubricating oils [647].
-
POLYMETHYLSILOXANES
7%
( o-si-o)n
I
zyxwvuts
solution properties of polymethacrylate VI improvers: intrinsic viscosity of
the polymer in a given solvent at a given temperature [1727].
c$
The most important antifoaming agents. They have low solubility in oils.
Polymethylsiloxanes are used at 3-5 ppm in motor oils and up to 15-20 ppm in
automatic transmission-fluids.
- some properties of polymethylsiloxanes [226].
POLYOL ESTERS
Polyol esters are synthesized by reacting a monobasic acid with a polyhydric
alcohol, Fluid properties are a function of the type of acid and alcohol
used [421, 4871. Polyol esters have much better high temperature stability
zyxw
when used with heat resistant antioxidants and metal passivators, and the
ability to generate reaction films than dibasic acid esters. Compounds with
similar volatility and low temperature properties but slightly lower viscosity
indexes than dibasic acid esters can be produced; however, they are more
damaging to painted surfaces and seals. Their main use is in advanced
aviation engines but they are also used as air-compressor oils, hydraulic
fluids, heat-exchange fluids, gear oils, high temperature grease-stocks and,
at low concentrations, in polyalphaolefin products, silicones, silicate esters
and rolling oils.
See also: NEOPENTYL POLYOL ESTERS,
POLYOXYMETHYLENES
( OCH2 In
A tribological material being a polymer of formaldehyde and trioxane.
- wear studies on polyoxymethylenes [1037].
- dry friction of polyoxymethylenes against steel [1339].
zyxwvutsrq
POLYOXYPROPYLENE DIAMINE
POLYOXYPROPYLENE DIAM1NE
266
Any of six high-molecular weight amines of low viscosity and vapour pressure,
high primary amine content and light colour.
improvers.
Used as viscosity index
POLYFHENYLENE OXIDE (PPO)

[C6H2(CHg)201n
Light beige, opaque. Insoluble in alcohols, ketones, aliphatic hydrocarbons
zyx
and water; soluble in most aromatic and chlorinated hydrocarbons. Highly
resistant to hydrolysis, acids, bases and detergents. Its useful temperature
range is more than 320°C. Polyphenylene oxide is produced by oxidative
polymerization of 2,6-dimethylphenols in the presence of a copper-amine-complex
catalyst. It has excellent thermal and corrosion resistance as well as
excellent electrical properties. Used as a high temperature lubricant.
- application of polyphenylene oxide [61].
- effect of speed on friction and wear of polyphenylene oxide [1035].
POLYPHENYL ETHERS
(C6H40)n
The polyphenyl ethers are very stable organic structures synthesized in a

search for lubricants to meet the needs of jet engines, high temperature
hydraulic systems, and for the fluid component of high-temperature greases.
Both allcyl-substituted and unsubstituted polyphenyl ethers are included in
this class of synthetic lubricant, They can be used f o r significant periods
at temperatures as high as 5Oo0C, although like the silicones, they do not
have good boundary lubrication properties. However, it is thought that they
can be improved by means of suitable additives. Generally, polyphenyl ethers
are prepared by the Ullman ether synthesis. The unsubstituted polyphenyl
ethers have outstanding thermal, oxidative and radiation reeistance. They
will lubricate even after absorbing gamma-ray doses which solidify mineral
zyxw
oils. Unfortunately, polyphenyl ethers have poor low-temperature
characteristics. Alkyl substitution improves low-temperature viscosity, but
diminishes stability. Polyphenyl ethers are mainly used in aircraft and
aerospace applications.
- tested in high-temperature lubricating greases [74].
261
-
zy
zyxwvutsrq POLYSTYRENE
sliding wear of bearing aluminium lubricated with polyphenyl ethers in the

boundary region [ 1301.
- assessment of rolling contact fatigue with different polyphenyl ethers and
effect of composition and purity of the lubricant on wear [197].
- 4-ball fatigue tests on polyphenyl ethers [205].
- lubricity additives for polyphenyl ethers [208].
- attempt to improve oxidative stability of polyphenyl ethers by using
additives [214].
- assessment of polyphenyl ethers for rolling elements [294].
- soluble metal phenoxides as high-temperature antioxidants in polyphenyl
ethers [3041.
- properties of polyphenyl ethers [352].
- a review of synthesis, properties and applications [359, 4871.
- effect of oxygen on boundary lubrication of polyphenyl ethers [&TI.
- effect of atmosphere and a wettability additive on boundary lubrication of
steel lubricated with polyphenyl ethers [441].
- action mechanism of polyphenyl ethers in different atmospheres [442].
POLYPHENYLQUINOXALINE
A polyheteroarylene compound having high thermal and strength properties. It
is of considerable interest in the preparation of antifriction plastics.
- friction and wear properties of polyphenylquinoxaline and a
polyphenylquinoxaline-based antifriction self-lubricating plastic [14941.
POLYPROPYLENE
A synthetic thermoplastic polymer. M.p. about 17OoC; density 0.90. It
exhibits good resistance to abrasion if properly modified. To avoid
degradation by heat or light, antioxidants should be used.
zyxwvuts
- impact erosion damage on polypropylene [86O].
- wear of isotactic polypropylene sliding against steel [874].
- wear studies on polypropylene [1037].
POLYSTYRENE
A synthetic thermoplastic resin. It is a transparent, hard solid
characterized by relatively high strength and impact resistance.
- wear characteristics of polydimethylsiloxane-modified polystyrene [1655].
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)
POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE (PTFE)
(C2F4)n
zyxwvu
zy 268
Milk-white, s o f t and waxy. Highly resistant to o x i d a t i o n and a c t i o n of

chemicals, i n c l u d i n g s t r o n g a c i d s , a l k a l i e s and o x i d i z i n g a g e n t s . It h a s a
low c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n and r e t a i n s u s e f u l p r o p e r t i e s from -232OC t o
+288OC. PTFE-impregnated metal bearings, which need no lubrication in
light-duty applications, are important to the automobile industry i n its
e f f o r t s t o reduce maintenance c o s t s . PTFE i s used as a low f r i c t i o n material
and load-carrying additive. PTFE i s a poor thermal conductor and h a s a
tendency to cold flow under load. To improve its tribological and/or
physical properties, a variety of fillers (glass, mica, bronze, carbon,
c o t t o n ) may be used. I t i s a l s o used t o impregnate a b e a r i n g m a t e r i a l made
of a poroua bronze l a y e r s i n t e r e d t o a s t e e l bearing.
- e l e c t r o n microscopic i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e of PTFE [l36].
- t e s t r e s u l t s o f wear o f a j o u r n a l b e a r i n g l u b r i c a t e d by a g r e a s e c o n t a i n i n g
a powdered PTFE a d d i t i v e [l81].
- e v a l u a t i o n o f PTFE as a g r e a s e a d d i t i v e [269].
- e v a l u a t i o n and p r o p e r t i e s o f PTFE powder [303].
- a s a l u b r i c a n t i n e x t r u s i o n o f aluminium [401].
- t r i b o l o g i c a l a s p e c t s of PTFE [861].
- e f f e c t o f speed on f r i c t i o n and wear of PTFE [1035].
- wear s t u d i e s on PTFE [ 10371.
- f r i c t i o n and wear of PTFE-based composites rubbed a g a i n s t steel [1095].
- f r i c t i o n and wear of gamma-irradiated PTFE [1096].
- c r y s t a l l i n i t y of PTFE [lo%'].
- f r i c t i o n o f s p u t t e r e d PTFE f i l m s [1098].
- PTFE f i l m l u b r i c a n t s f o r deep drawing [1099].
- e f f e c t of molecular weight o f PTFE r e s i n and c o o l i n g r a t e on i t s fine
s t r u c t u r e , s t r e s s - s t r a i n behaviour and wear r a t e s [ l l O O ]
- wear of PTFE f i l l e d with g r a p h i t e , l e a d oxide and molybdenum d i e u l p h i d e
[11011.
- microscopic study of the tribological failure of PTFE and carbon
f i b r e - r e i n f o r c e d PTFE [1102].
- f r i c t i o n and wear o f PTFE-PEEK composites [1103].
- wear c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of f i l l e d PTFE [1627].
- friction and wear of unfilled and glass-filled PTFE at cryogenic
temperatures [1659].
zy
269 POLYURETHANE (PU)
POLYUREA GREASES
The most popular organic non-soap greases,. The first products were oils
thickened with aryl-substituted ureas (ASU greases) [439], and diamidocarbonyl
(DAC greases) [440]. A new class of polyureas has been derived using
appropriate amines and isocyanates to give predominantly tetraureas. An
example of such a thickener is made by reacting a mixture of an oil solution
of ethylene-diamine and an octadecylamine with an oil solution of isocyanates,
zyxw
such as 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediisocyanate [268]. Polyurea greases have the
unique property of becoming more viscous at elevated temperatures and then
reverting back to normal conditions at ambient temperatures [323]. This
property and good oxidation characteristics account for their ability to
provide long bearing life performance at high temperatures.
- polyurea greases as high-temperature lubricants [61].
- properties of polyurea greases compared with those of other greases [268].
- chemical and physical properties of polyurea greases and their performance
- effect of MoS2 on wear of polyurea greases containing an abrasive
contaminant [3331.
- a polyurea grease for the food processing industry [339].
- assessment of properties of polyurea greases and components which may reduce
fretting corrosion [346].
- review of manufacture and properties [696].
- properties, application, importance [746].
POLYURETHANE (PU)
Linear o r cross-linked thermoplastic polymers containing in the main chain the
urethane groups:
zy
0
II
-N-C-0-
I
Polyurethanes are produced in a number of forms, including fibres, resins,

elastomers, foams and coatings. The polymer can be made thermosetting.
See also: PLASTICS, POLYMERS.
- abrasive wear tests on 3 polyurethanes [862].
POLY (VINYL CHLORIDE) (PVC) 270
zyxwvu
POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE) (PVC)
A synthetic thermoplastic polymer. Resistant to weather, moisture and to the
action of most acids, fats and petroleum hydrocarbons. PVC can be easily
zyxwvutsr
compounded by means of various modifiers.
- PVC as a lubricant for extrusion of aluminium [401].
- PVC sliding on metals: AES study [475].
- wear studies oh PVC [1037].
- effect of molecular weight, surface roughness and sliding speed on wear of
PVC 114951.
- wear rate of rigid PVC sliding against various materials in dry and wet
conditions [1498].
- influence of humidity on the mean film life of PVC coatings during fretting
[14991.
- friction of PVC on mild steel: chemical and physical wear mechanisms [1663].
zyxwvuts
POLYVINYL ISOBUTYL ETHER
White, opaque elastomer o r viscous liquid depending on molecular weight.

Insoluble in water, ethanol and acetone; soluble in most other organic
solvents. It is derived by polymerization of vinyl isobutyl ether by
peroxides o r acid catalysts. Used as a lubricating oil.
POROUS BEARINGS
Bearings usually made from compressed and sintered metal powder (bronze, iron,
stainless steel). The sintering produces a porous structure which can absorb
lubricant oil. The pores also act as passages for supplying oil. They are
used where lubrication is difficult and/or inadequate.
- stability of externally pressurized gas-lubricated porous thrust bearings
[12191.
- flow and thermal characteristics of a circular porous elider bearing [1322].
- hydrodynamic lubrication of a poroue slider bearing [1323].
- investigation on causes of problems with porous bearings [1340].
- tests on porous bearings with reduced oil contents [1341].
- theoretical analysis and experimental study of a porous metal bearing [ 14611.
- design, materials, lubrication and installation [1509].
zy
27 I POUR-POINT DEPRESSANTS
zyxwvutsrqp
PORPOISE OIL
Pale yellow liquid. Soluble in ether, benzene and chloroform. Density
0.926-0.929. Due to uniquely low pour-point and high lubricity it has been
used as a lubricant for precision instruments, including watches.
zyxwvutsrq
POTASSIUM FLUORIDE
KF
White, crystalline powder. Soluble in water and hydrofluoric acid; insoluble
in alcohol. Mp 846OC; density 2.454. Commercially derived by the
reaction o f hydrofluoric acid with potassium carbonate. Highly toxic by
ingestion and inhalation; strong irritant to the tissue.
- tested as an EP additive in lubricants for titanium [76].
POTASSIUM POLYSULPHIDE
K2(Sln
Crystals; soluble in water and alcohol. Toxic by ingestion. Irritant to

the skin and eyes.
- examined as an EP additive for water-based cutting fluids [46].
POUR POINT
The lowest temperature at which a lubricant can be observed to flow under
specified conditions [503].
POUR-POINT DEPRESSANTS
zyxwvu
Additives for lubricating oils which lower the pour-point. They are
essential for mineral lubricating oils since almost all of them contain
paraffin wax which, as the temperature is lowered, crystallizes and prevents
the free flow of the oil. These additives are materials which modify the wax
crystallization process in such a way that the oil will pour at low
temperatures. The additives are commonly of two general types, condensation
products of chlorinated wax and aromatic compounds such as naphthalene o r
phenol and polymers: alkyl methacrylate polymers and alpha-olefin polymers.
Some copolymers, e.g. vinyl carboxylate - dialkyl fumarate copolymers, have
been used as well. The most widely used pour-point depressants are alkyl
methacrylate polymers which also function as viscosity-index improvers.
zyxwvutsr
POWDER METALLURGY
zyxw
The pour-point of a low-viscosity paraffinic oil may be lowered as much as
10°C by 1% o r less of added polymethacrylate o r polymers formed by
condensation of wax with naphthalene o r phenols.
272
As wax crystallizes out of

solution from the liquid oil when it is cooled below its normal pour-point,
zyxw
these additives appear to adsorb on crystal faces so as to prevent the
crystals from growing into an interlocking network to immobilize the oil.
The effectiveness of these additives becomes less pronounced with
nonparaffinic and higher viscosity oils where high viscosity in itself at low
temperatures plays an important role in immobilizing the oil [ 4831.
- general remarks on pour-point depressants [159].
- mechanism of action of pour-point depressants [232].
- application and performance in lubricants [5JO].
POWDER METALLURGY
The production of metal powders and their utilization f o r the manufacture of
specific materials and objects. Powder metallurgy techniques can be used to
produce composite materials (for friction clutches, brakes, bearings etc.),
porous metals (for self-lubricating bearings), cemented compounds (for metal
cutting tools, etc.) and refractory metals.
- bearing materials produced by powder metallurgy [1135].
- powder metallurgy handbook: materials, friction lubrication, etc. [ 15021.
- effect of powder metallurgy on life of high speed steel tools [1503].
PRELUBER
A recently developed electronically controlled pump which circulates
pressurized oil to vital parts of a car engine before it is started. Its aim
is to minimize engine wear caused by cold starts.
PRESSURE LUBRICATION
See: FORCE FEED LUBRICATION.
PRESSURE SEAL
A seal obtained by means of fluid pressure.
See also: SEALS.
213 zyxw
zyxwvutsrqp
PRESSURE-VISCOSITY COEFFICIENT
PRESSURISED GAS LUBRICATION
P r e ss u r e h a s some e f f e c t on t h e v i s c o s i t y of l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s . For example,

a p r e ss u r e o f approximately 7 MPa w i l l i n c r e a s e t h e v i s c o s i t y by about 15%.
I t means that i n p l a i n hydrodynamic or e x t e r n a l l y p r e s s u r i z e d be arings i t can
usually be neglected. However, in elastohydrodynamic l u b r i c a t i o n which
generates very high pressures, an increase in lubricant viscosity is
significant; thus, it is an important factor in ensuring successful
zyxwvutsr
l u b r i c a t i o n o f r o l l i n g b ear i n g s and g ear s . The most commonly used e quation
f o r t h e r e l a t i o n s between v i s c o s i t y and p r e s s u r e is:
r\ ~ e @
where r\ i s t h e dynamic v i s c o s i t y a t p r essure P, “0 i s t h e dynamic

v i s c o s i t y a t atmospheric p r e s s u r e , and u i s a temperature-
dependent and pressure-independent co n s ta nt c a l l e d t h e pressure-
viscosity coefficient.
This c o e f f i c i e n t i s used i n many mathematical equations for fluid flow,
l u b r i c a n t f i l m t h i c k n e s s and MD a n a l y s i s . Pre ssure -viscosity d a t a on a
v a r i e t y of f l u i d s have been r ep o r t ed by a number of i n v e s t i g a t o r s [ l l g ,
425-4901.
- experimental d a t a on p r e s s u r e - v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t s f o r l i q u i d l u b r i c a n t s
[424, 4.251.
- p r e ss u r e - v i sc o s i t y c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s f o r hydrocarbons and lube o i l s [ 426-4301.
- in f l u e n c e of f e r r o c e n y l a l c o h o l s on p r e s s u r e - v i s c o s i t y c o e f f i c i e n t [431].
- p r e ss u r e viscometers [113, 4321.
- a review o f l i t e r a t u r e on t h e s u b j e c t (up t o 1971) [433].
PRESSURE WEDGE
I n hydrodynamic l u b r i c a t i o n t h e es t ab l i s h ment of a p r e s s u r e g r a d i e n t due t o
flow i n t o a converging channel.
PRESSURISED GAS LUBRICATION

A system of l u b r i c a t i o n i n which a gaseous l u b r i c a n t i s supplie d under
s u f f i c i e n t e x t e r n a l p r es s u r e t o s e p a r a t e t h e opposing s u r f a c e s by a g a s f i l m
[503].
PRISTANE
PRISTANE
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrq
‘1gH40
214
Colourless, transparent, stable, homogeneous liquid, Soluble in most organic

solvents. Bp 3 3 2 O C ; fp below -7OOC; ’:d 0.7845. A component of
some types of crude oils. It is known to be synthesized only by living
organisms and to withstand heat and pressure. Used as a precision lubricant
and anticorrosion agent.
PROFILE
See
-
zyxwv
The contour of a surface in a plane perpendicular to the surface, unless some
other angle is specified [1202].
also: MEASURED PROFILE, NOMINAL PROFILE.
surface profile parameters for surface characterization in polymer wear
tests [1661].
- development of information contents of surface profile measurements and
profile characterization [1667].
PROFILOMETER
A device that measures and records the surface roughness. Normally, the
roughness measured is in the range of 0.04 to 30 a. The device is widely
used for an assessment of wear tracks and scars.
- wear measurement on a computerized profilometer [ 14271.
193 -PROPANEDIOL
CH2 ( OH)CH2CH20H
C o l ourl es s liquid.Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Bp 21O-21l0C;

5:d 1.0537. Slightly toxic. It may be derived from the fermentation
of glycerol, and from acrolein. Used as an inhibitor in metalworking fluide.
- its inhibitory properties in cutting fluids [60].
275 PYRIDINE
PROPIONIC ACID
zyxwvutsrq
CH3CH2C02H
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether. Bp 140.7°C;

mp -20.8'C; d y 0.9942. Slightly toxic. Used as an emulsifying
zyxwvutsr
agent.
- propionic acid tested as an EP additive in water-based cutting fluids [46].
PROPYLENE OXIDE
CH CHCH
3\l. 2
0
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water, alcohol and ether. Bp 33.9OC;
20
fp -104.4°C; d20 0.8304. It is derived by oxidation of propylene.
Moderately toxic and irritant. Used as a raw material for the manufacture of
synthetic lubricants and detergents.
PROPYL GALLATE
C35O2CC6H2 (OHl3
Colourless crystals. Almost insoluble in water; slightly soluble in oils.
Mp 15OoC. Low toxicity. Used as an antioxidant.
PROW FORMATION
See: PRESSURE WEDGE.
PSEUDOPLASTIC BEHAVIOUR
A decrease in viscosity with increasing shear stress.
- pseudoplastic behaviour of lubricants: a literature survey [1645].
PSEUDO-STATIC SEAL
A seal used where limited relative motion is possible at the sealing surfaces,
o r the seal itself allows limited motion [163?].
See also: SEALS.
zy
PYRIDINE
C5H5N
Slightly yellow or colourless liquid. Soluble in water, alcohol, ether,
benzene and fatty acids. Bp 115.5OC; mp -42OC; d20 0.978. Toxic.
4
- tested as a load-carrying additive in hydrocarbons [292].
QUASI-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
QUASI-HYDRODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
See: MIXED LUBRICATION.
276 zy
QUENCHING
Rapid c o o l i n g o f a heated metal by c o n t a c t with a s p e c i a l f l u i d t o o b t a i n t h e
necessary hardness of t h e metal.
See a l s o : QUENCHING OILS.
zyxwvu
QUENCHING OILS
O i l s normally based on m i n e r a l hydrocarbons used f o r quenching o f heated
m e t a l s t o a c h i e v e t h e n e c e s s a r y hardness. Mineral o i l s have b e t t e r o x i d a t i o n
s t a b i l i t y and a r e less expensive t h a n t h o s e o f animal o r v e g e t a b l e o r i g i n
i n i t i a l l y used f o r t h i s purpose.
- mineral base o i l s for quenching oils: t e c h n o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n and
p r e l i m i n a r y s c r e e n i n g tests [883].
- mineral base oils f o r quenching o i l s : t h e i r d e g r a d a t i o n w i t h use [EB~].
- a p p l i c a t i o n o f water-miscible quenching f l u i d s [885],
- development t r e n d s i n quenching f l u i d s [886].
Q U I N I ZARIN
Cl4H6o2 ( OH l2
Red o r yellow red c r y s t a l s . S o l u b l e i n h o t w a t e r , a l c o h o l , e t h e r and benzene.
Mp approximately 2OO0C. Used as a n a n t i o x i d a n t i n s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s .
QUINOLINE
‘lOHTN
An o r g a n i c base o c c u r r i n g i n c o a l t a r and u s u a l l y obtained from it. It is a

c o l o u r l e s s l i q u i d which darkens with age. S o l u b l e i n water, a l c o h o l and
ether. Bp 238OC; mp -15.6OC; d y 1.0899. Highly toxic by
i n g e s t i o n and i n h a l a t i o n .
- t e s t e d a s a n a d d i t i v e t o c h l o r i n a t e d wax blend, sulphurized terpene o i l
blend and didodecyl phosphite blend from t h e viewpoint of i t s e f f e c t on t h e
c o e f f i c i e n t o f f r i c t i o n [65].
- determination of i t s wear c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s [134].
211 zyxwvutsrqp
RACEWAY
zyxwvutsrq RATING-LIFE
The groove o r path in which the rolling elements in a rolling contact bearing
operate [50?].
zyxw
RADIAL BEARINGS
A class of plain bearings which support rotating shafts o r journals. Radial
sliding bearings, often called sleeve bearings, may be of several types, the
most common being full journal bearings and partial journal bearings.
See also: FULL JOURNAL BEARINGS, PARTIAL JOURNAL BEARINGS.
- tests on 12 radial elastomeric bearings to determine indications of failure
and life [1203].
zyxwv
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
A surface analysis technique employing inelastic scattering of a laser beam to
identify molecular species, especially organic films. The maximum depth
0
penetration equals 4000 to 5000A. Since the technique can be used in room
air, it is suitable for exploratory analysis.
RAPE-SEED OIL
Dark brown (crude), pale yellow (refined) viscous liquid containing about 50%
erucic acid. Soluble in ether and carbon disulphide. Solidifying point
-2 to -lO°C; density 0.9132-0.9168. Slightly toxic. It is derived by the
expression or solvent extraction of rape-seed. Rape-seed oil has been used
as a component of lubricants. Sulphurized rape-seed oil is used as an EP
additive,
See also: FATTY OILS.
- SEM evaluation of its boundary lubrication characteristics [479].
RATING-LIFE
Currently, the fatigue life in millions of revolutions o r hours at a given
operating speed which 90 per cent of a group of substantially identical
rolling element bearings will survive under a given load.
The 90 per cent rating life is frequently referred to as "LlO-life" or
"BlO-life" [503].
RAYLEIGH-STEPBEARING
RAYLEIGH-STEP BEARING
A stepped pad b e a r i n g having one s t e p only i n each pad.
278 zy
RAYON CONING O I L
zyxwvut
An o i l used t o l u b r i c a t e and reduce t h e s t a t i c o f y a r n s wound by a coning
machine. Usually composed of m i n e r a l o i l s of low v i s c o s i t y , s o compounded a s
zyxw
t o emulsify i n water [@4].
REACTION F I L M S
Films formed on s o l i d s u r f a c e s a s a r e s u l t of a chemical o r t r i b o c h e m i c a l
r e a c t i o n , e s p e c i a l l y under boundary l u b r i c a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s .
- study of reaction films formed under boundary lubrication conditions,
including t h e i r p r o p e r t i e s [ 4061.
REAL A m A O F CONTACT
The sum o f a l l microscopic s p o t s due t o a s p e r i t i e s o f t h e s o l i d s being i n
contact, This c o n t a c t t r a n s m i t s a n i n t e r f a c i a l f o r c e between t h e c o n t a c t i n g
solids.
See a l s o : H E R T Z I A N CONTACT AREA.
REAMING
A metal c u t t i n g o p e r a t i o n aimed a t e n l a r g i n g and f i n i s h i n g a formed h o l e t o
p r e c i s e dimensions by a r o t a r y c u t t i n g t o o l c a l l e d a reamer. Contrary t o t h e
boring o p e r a t i o n which employs s i n g l e p o i n t t o o l a , reaming usea end c u t t i n g
tools, g e n e r a l l y having more t h a n one c u t t i n g element and f l u t e s a l o n g t h e
l o n g i t u d i n a l a x i s f o r t h e passage of c u t t i n g f l u i d and c h i p removal.
REC IRCULATING LUBRICATION

A method of l u b r i c a t i o n i n which t h e l u b r i c a n t r e p e a t e d l y p a s a e s t h e rubbing
surfacea.
REFRACTORY METALS
Metals having an extremely high melting point, eg tungsten, molybdenum,
tantalum, niobum, chromium, vanadium and rhenium.
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwv
219 RESINS
REHBINDER EFFECT
Modification o f t h e mechanical p r o p e r t i e s a t o r n e a r t h e s u r f a c e o f a s o l i d ,
a t t r i b u t a b l e t o i n t e r a c t i o n with a s u r f a c t a n t [5O’j].
REINFORCED PLASTICS
Materials c o n s i s t i n g of a thermosetting resin strengthened by fibres or
f i l a m e n t s of m e t a l o r g l a s s . They belong t o composite m a t e r i a l s .
See a l s o : COMPOSITES,
- c u r r e n t achievements and f u t u r e p r o s p e c t s [887].
RELATIVE WEAR RESISTANCE

The r a t i o of wear r e s i s t a n c e s o f two m a t e r i a l s undergoing wear i n similar
conditions.
See a l s o : WEAR RESISTANCE.
REPLICA TECHNIQUES
Modes of making a model of a n etched m e t a l l i c s u r f a c e f o r f u r t h e r e l e c t r o n
microscopic i n v e s t i g a t i o n s .
REREFINED BASE OILS

Base o i l s obtained from r e r e f i n i n g of used lube oils. The reprocessing
zyxwvutsr
removes a l l t h e unwanted contaminants and oxidized products.
REREFINING
The use of r e f i n i n g p r o c e s s e s t o r e c o v e r used o i l s by p r o v i d i n g them w i t h
p r o p e r t i e s o f base s t o c k s .
RESINS
1. S o l i d o r semi-solid v i s c o u s s u b s t a n c e s o f p l a n t o r i g i n used mainly i n
l a c q u e r s , a d h e s i v e s and p l a s t i c s .
2. P h y s i c a l l y similar polymerised s y n t h e t i c materials o r chemically modified
n a t u r a l r e s i n s i n c l u d i n g t h e r m o p l a s t i c and t h e r m o s e t t i n g m a t e r i a l s which
are used w i t h f i l l e r s , s t a b i l i z e r s , c u r a t i v e s , etc t o form composites.
- wear of m i n e r a l - f i l l e d and c e r a m i c - f i l l e d resins [w].
- development, p r o p e r t i e s , f r i c t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n o f t r i a z i n e r e s i n s [1664].
RETRACTED MONOLAYER
RETRACTED MONOLAYER
zyxw 280
A monolayer that may be formed by retraction from a solution o r from the melt.
RETROFIT OIL ADDITIVES
are mostly organolead-based products. zyxwv

Supplemental additives used in automotive engine oils to reduce friction, wear
and running temperature and to increase engine power and fuel economy. They
- assessment of doping crankcase lubricants with retrofit oil additives [1342].

REYNOLD' S EQUATION
A basic equation of hydrodynamic lubrication.
- various solutions of the equation [1475].
RHEODYNAMIC LUBRICATION
A regime of lubrication in which the rheological (non-Newtonian) properties of
the lubricant predominate. This term is applied especially to lubrication
with grease [503].
zyxwvu
RHEOLOGY
The study of the deformation and/or flow of matter in terms of stress, strain,
temperature and time.
- rheology of lubricants [5261.
- rheological properties of some greases [1001].
RHEOPECTIC GREASE
A grease which increases permanently in consistency upon being subjected to
shear.
RHEOPECTIC MATERIAL
A material which shows an increase in viscosity with time under a constant
shear stress. After the removal of the shear stress, the viscosity slowly
returns to its original level [ 5031.
28 I
R I C I N O L E I C ACID
zy
zyxwvu ROLLER BEARINGS
zyxwvuts
c$( CH,)~CH(OH)CH,CH=CH(CH~)~CO~H
An u n s a t u r a t e d fatty a c i d which is the main component of castor oil.
C o l o u r l e s s t o yellow viscous l i q u i d . I n s o l u b l e in w a t e r ; s o l u b l e i n most
organic solvents. Bp 226OC (10mm); mp 5.5OC; d:7*4 0.940.
Slightly toxic, Used f o r t h e manufacture of 12-hydroxystearic a c i d .
- l u b r i c a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s and a c t i o n mechanism of r i c i n o l e i c a c i d [438].
- i t s a n t i w e a r p r o p e r t i e s [992].
R I D G I N G ( a l s o : Ridging Wear)
A deep form of s c r a t c h i n g i n p a r a l l e l r i d g e s u s u a l l y caused by p l a s t i c flow o f
t h e sub-surface l a y e r .
RING LUBRICATION
A method of l u b r i c a t i o n i n which t h e l u b r i c a n t i s s u p p l i e d t o t h e rubbing
s u r f a c e s by a r i n g .
RING-OILED BEARINGS
Bearings c a r r y i n g a r i n g of l a r g e r diameter, which can r o t a t e w i t h t h e s h a f t
and d i p s i n t o a l u b r i c a n t r e s e r v o i r [503].
RIPPLE FORMATION ( a l s o : Rippling)

Formation of p e r i o d i c r i d g e s and v a l l e y s t r a n s v e r s e t o t h e d i r e c t i o n o f motion
c5031.
ROLLER BEARINGS
A type of r o l l i n g - e l e m e n t b e a r i n g i n which t h e r e l a t i v e l y moving p a r t s a r e
s e p a r a t e d by rollers. Depending on t h e d e s i g n of r o l l e r s and raceways,
r o l l e r b e a r i n g s may be g e n e r a l l y divided i n t o c y l i n d r i c a l r o l l e r , tapered
r o l l e r , b a r r e l r o l l e r and s p h e r i c a l r o l l e r bearings.
See a l s o : ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS.
- l u b r i c a t i o n of r o l l e r b e a r i n g s [549].
- t i t a n i u m c a r b i d e and n i t r i d e c o a t i n g s a p p l i e d t o roller b e a r i n g s [ 10711.
- b a s i c f e a t u r e s o f t a p e r e d r o l l e r b e a r i n g [1343].
- s t u d y of wear and f a i l u r e mechanisms i n high-speed r o l l e r b e a r i n g s [l344].
ROLL FORMATION
ROLL FORMATION
A mechanism of wear i n h i g h l y e l a s t i c and s o f t m a t e r i a l s .
282
It i n v o l v e s t h e
zy
formation o f r o l l e d s h r e d s a t t h e s l i d i n g i n t e r f a c e , followed by t e a r i n g of
t h e r o l l e d fragment.
ROLLING
1. A metalworking p r o ces s i n which t h e metal passes between rolls re volving
i n opposite directions. For s e c t i o n s of various shapes the rolls are
grooved, but f o r t y p i c a l s h e e t r o l l i n g t h ey a r e plain. The proc ess can be
zy
carried o u t cold or h o t . Its c h a r a c t e r i s t i c f e a t u r e i s t h a t t h e m etal i s
compressed and reduced i n s e c t i o n and changed i n shape. A number of passes
a r e r e q u i r e d , a s t h e metal ha8 t o be reduced gra dually. I n t h i s process too
low a f r i c t i o n i s n o t d e s i r a b l e as i t may decrease t h e r o l l b i t e . Steady and
adequate c o o l i n g o f t h e rolls i s a very important f u n c t i o n of t h e l u b r i c a n t .
- d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f r o l l i n g p r o ces s es [625].
- grading o f cold r o l l i n g l u b r i c a n t s [627].
- l u b r i c a n t s f o r r o l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s [628].
- l u b r i c a t i o n o f high-speed s t r i p r o l l i n g [659].
- theory and p r a c t i c e [697].
- maintenance of l i q u i d l u b r i c a n t s i n r o l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s [698].
- hot r o l l i n g o f s t e e l [699].
- f r i c t i o n i n c o l d s t r i p r o l l i n g [700].
- l u b r i c a n t s f o r s h e e t s t e e l cold r o l l i n g [Toll.
- e f f e c t s of s u r f a c e roughness on l u b r i c a t i o n i n cold r o l l i n g [702].
- l u b r i c a t i o n i n s t e e l s t r i p r o l l i n g [l003].
2. A motion of two r e l a t i v e l y moving b odies of opposite c u r v a t u r e whose
s u r f a c e v e l o c i t i e s i n t h e common c o n t a c t a r e a are i d e n t i c a l as re ga rds both
magnitude and d i r e c t i o n [503].
ROLLING AND SLIDING FRICTION (COMBINED)

F r i c t i o n between two c o n t a c t i n g bodies when both r o l l i n g and s l i d i n g f r i c t i o n
occur simultaneously w i t h i n t h e same c o n t a c t area.
ROLLING BEARINGS
See: ROLLING ELEMENT BEARINGS.
283 ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS
ROLLING-CONTACT BEARINGS
zyx
See: ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS.
ROLLING-CONTACT FATIGUE
Surface damage caused by fatigue during rolling contact and leading to
irreversible, destructive and, at times, catastrophic effects.
- inhibition of water-accelerated rolling contact fatigue [ 1631.
- effect of two molybdenum compounds in gear oil on rolling contact fatigue
[678].
- rolling contact fatigue resistance of bearing steels [775, 1346, 13471.
- cracking in metals under repeated rolling contact [857].
- a new system for the study of rolling contact fatigue [1345].
- a collection of papers on various aspects of rolling contact fatigue testing
[13481.
zyxwvu
- influence of wear debris on rolling contact fatigue [1349].
- lubricant effects in rolling-contact water-accelerated fatigue [1350].
- rolling contact fatigue evaluation o f
ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS
advanced bearing steels [1351].
Bearings in which the surfaces are separated by rolling elements of circular

cross-section and thus the load is transmitted over a very small area. The
main types are usually determined by the shape of the rolling elements.
See also: BALL BEARINGS, NEEDLE BEARINGS, ROLLER BEARINGS,
- application of elastohydrodynamic lubrication to rolling-element bearings
[756].
- testing lubricating greases for rolling-element bearings [797].
- application of ceramics to rolling-element bearings [850].
- rolling bearing materials: composition, properties, materials [953].
- causes of failure in rolling-element bearings [985].
- materials for rolling-element bearings [1062].
- types, materials, lubrication, failures, rolling bearing theory [1353].
- types, technology, selection, applications [1354].
- low friction rolling-element bearings: a survey of special designs [l355].
- analysis of rolling-element bearings [13561.
- selection, friction and lubrication, performance, maintenance, failurea
[1357].
- zyxwvu
zy
ROLLING FRICTION
v i b r a t i o n monitoring of rolling-element bearings: a review [1358].

284
- s i l i c o n n i t r i d e bearings: a p p l i c a t i o n design g u i d e l i n e s and t e s t data [1359].

- d i r e c t measurement of l u b r i c a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s i n rolling-element bearings
[13601.
- b a s i c dynamic loading r a t i n g , s e l e c t i o n of type required,
l u b r i c a t i o n [1525].
grease and o i l
- r o l l i n g bearing installation: shaft and housing design, mountings and

f i t t i n g s [1526].
- l u b r i c a n t s e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a and l u b r i c a t i o n methods [1527]
- r o l l i n g bearing f a i l u r e s : c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and causes [1528].
- rolling bearing noise: cause and cure [1588].
- r o l l i n g bearing material requirements: a l i t e r a t u r e survey [1592].
ROLLING FRICTION
A resisting force tangential to the contact surfaces during rolling.
Normally, t h e r o l l i n g f r i c t i o n i s much lower than s l i d i n g f r i c t i o n .
- d e s c r i p t i o n of r o l l i n g f r i c t i o n [567].
-
zyxwvut
review of wear t h e o r i e s of l u b r i c a t e d r o l l i n g contact and causes of wear i n
r o l l i n g c o n t a c t s [1352].
- s t u d i e s of r o l l i n g f r i c t i o n [1361, 13621.
ROLLING RESISTANCE
See: ROLLING FRICTION.
ROSCOE EFFECT
An i n c r e a s e i n hardness of some metals due t o t h e presence of a n oxide. The
e f f e c t was discovered f o r s i n g l e c r y s t a l s of cadmium c o n t a i n i n g a n oxide
layer. Roscoe e f f e c t i s observed i n t r i b o l o g i c a l systems i n r o l l i n g and
sliding contacts.
- d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e e f f e c t [1665].
- s u r f a c e hardening e f f e c t of zinc [1668, 16691.
285 RUBBER
ROSIN
Angular, translucent, amber-coloured fragments derived from pine trees. Hard
at room temperature but soft and sticky when warm. Insoluble in water;
soluble in alcohol, benzene, ether and oils. Slightly toxic. Main
constituents of rosin are resin acids of the abietic and primaric types,
having the general formula C H CO H and a phenanthrene nucleus.
19 29 2
zyxwvutsrq
Rosin may be used as a soap thickener in lubricating greases. Because of its
good electrical insulating properties, rosin is used in cable oils for
high-tension electrical lines.
ROSIN OIL
Water-white to brown viscous liquid, Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in
alcohol; soluble in ether and fatty oils. Density 0.980-1.110. Essentially
decarboxylated rosin acids. Rosin oil is derived by fractional distillation
of rosin; the portion distilling above 360°C is resin oil. Used as a
lubricant.
zyxwvuts
ROTAPRINT LUBRICATION
A lubrication method in which the solid lubricant applied to the surface is
detached from a special lubricating solid body pressed to the surface.
ROUGHNESS
See: SURFACE ROUGHNESS.
ROUGHNESS HEIGHT
Roughness height is rated as the arithmetical average deviation expressed in
microinches measured normal to the centre line [1202].
ROUGHNESS WIDTH
zyxwvutsr
The distance parallel to the nominal surface between successive peaks or
ridges which constitute the predominant pattern o f the roughness. Roughness
width is rated in inches [1202].
RUBBER
See: ELASTOMERS,
RUBBER BEARINGS
RUBBER BEARINGS
Bearings made from rubber which, due to its resilience, provide
286
quiet
zy
o p e r a t i o n by i s o l a t i n g v i b r a t i o n s . They perform v e r y well on equipment being
i n c o n t a c t w i t h water, e.g. pumps, h y d r a u l i c turbines, p r o p eller s h a f t s of
ships etc.
RUBBING BEARINGS
See: DRY BEARINGS.
zyxw
RUNNING-IN
The p r o c e s s by which machine p a r t s improve i n conformity, s u r f a c e topography
and frictional compatibility during the initial stage of use. Chemical
processes, including the formation of an oxide skin, and metallurgical
p r o c e s s e s , such a s s t r a i n hardening, may c o n t r i b u t e [5O3].
- review o f running-in o f l u b r i c a t e d s u r f a c e s [703].
- 28 papers on v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of running-in [1040].
- e f f e c t s of running-in on s u r f a c e d u r a b i l i t y o f s t e e l and bronze [1041].
- improvement i n t h e running-in p r o c e s s by u s i n g f r i c t i o n polymer forming
additives [lo@].
- running-in requirements and procedures f o r v a r i o u s systems [1533].
RUSSELL EFFECT
The formation o f hydrogen peroxide when a n a s c e n t s u r f a c e i s exposed t o w a t e r
vapour and oxygen. V o l a t i l e o r g a n i c peroxides can be formed a t t h e s u r f a c e
of a polymer.
RUST
Oxides formed on t h e s u r f a c e of f e r r o u s m a t e r i a l s by c o n t a c t w i t h water and
air. Rust can d i f f u s e deep enough t o d i s i n t e g r a t e t h e m a t e r i a l .
See a l s o : RUST INHIBITORS, RUST REMOVER.
281
RUST INHIBITORS
zy
zy RUST INHIBITORS
zyxwv
Rusting of ferrous metals that are in contact with lubricating oils, greases
o r metalworking fluids may be due either to some admixture present in o r
formed by the lubricant o r to a contaminant, most often water. The presence
of water in lubricants varies between very small levels to values as high as
40% in invert emulsion hydraulic fluids and 95% in emulsion fluids [404].
zyxwvutsr
Thus, inhibiting ferrous surfaces against rusting is a requirement in all
types of oil. Rust inhibitors protect the surfaces against rust. They are
polar, surface-active compounds which tend to coat iron o r steel with a
water-repellent film. These surface active materials are preferentially
adsorbed as a film on iron and steel surfaces to protect them from attack by
moisture. For mild conditions where a small amount of water is present in a
large quantity of circulating oil, mildly polar organic acids such as those of
the alkylsuccinic type and organic amines are often used. For the severe
conditions encountered in shipping machinery, in long storage, o r in outdoor
weather more strongly adherent organic phosphates, polyhydric alcohols and
sodium and calcium sulphonates are used [483]. Typical rust inhibitors used
in practice for soluble systems include the following [404]:
(1) for turbine, hydraulic and circulating oil alkenyl succinic acids
and derivatives as well as alkyl thioacetic acids and derivatives,
(2) substituted imidazolines f o r gear oils,
(3) amine-phosphates for preservative oils,
(4) neutral o r low base sulphonates f o r engine preservative oils,
storage etc.
Additional film strength is achieved by the addition of fatty materials in the
case of a thick composition f o r storage. Barium, calcium o r sodium
zyxwvuts
sulphonates are commonly used in 0.1 to 2.0% concentrations. Fatty amines
such as those produced from tallow fatty acids, if present in concentrations
of 1.5 to 2.0% will act as rust inhibitors. In turbine oils 0.02% glyoxal
monoureine o r a similar amount of alkyl succinic acid are added as rust
inhibitors. Also, 0.05% of the monobutyl ether of stearyl glyoxal, when used
in gear oils, prevented rusting due to salt water [354]. Action mechanism of
ruet inhibitors is that polar additive molecules are adsorbed preferentially
on the ferrous metal surface and serve as a barrier against water.
Generally, rust inhibitors neutralize acids as well.
RUST REMOVER zy
- some rust inhibitors for metal working fluids [218].
- mechanism of action of rust inhibitors [232].
288
-
-
RUST REMOVER zyxwvuts
thin-layer chromatographic analysis of rust inhibitors [234].
zyxw
application and performance in lubricants [SSO].
A mixture composed of a hydrocarbon grease, fine abrasive material and light

oil used for the removal of oxide films from iron o r steel surfaces.
RUTHERFORD BACKSCATTERING
A surface analysis technique used for determining composition as a function of
depth. The analyaed surface is bombarded by particles o r high energy photon
beams causing emission of the backscattered particles. Measurement of the
energy of the particles emitted provides detailed information on the elements
present in the specimen. The maximum depth of penetration ie about 2 m.
- a study of ion-implanted atoms [1714].
289 SCANNING AUGER MICROSCOPY (SAM)
SAPPHIRE
Transparent corundum containing oxides of cobalt, chromium and titanium. It
zyxwvutsrq
is blue due to these impurities. Density 3.98; mp 204OOC; coefficient of
friction 0.05 x lo-'. Synthetic sapphire is produced by crystal-growing
techniques. Sapphire is used in abrasives and for precision instrument
bearings.
See also: ABRASIVES.
- wear of sapphire [1043].
- friction of ion-implanted sapphire [1044].
-
zyxwvu
friction and wear of single crystal sapphire sliding on steel [1045].
- sliding behaviour of synthetic sapphire against pure metals [1671].
SAWING
A machining operation which uses equipment t o cut material to a desired size.
There are three kinds of machines: the power hacksaw, the circular saw and the
band saw.
SCABBING
See: SPALLING.
SCALING
zyxwvu
The formation of a thick oxide on the surface of a heated metal.
Scaling should be distinguished from rusting which involves the formation of
hydrated oxides.
SCANNING AUGER MICROSCOPY (SAM)

The term describes a surface analytic tool, being a combination of SEM and
AES, which rasters the electron beam over a given region of a surface in a
similar manner as in a scanning electron microscope. This technique overcomes
zyxwvut
difficulties that AES meets in analysing rough surfaces and in depth
profiling. The results are obtained in the form of composition maps which are
similar to those obtained from X-ray energy dispersive analysis; however, SAM
maps are much more surface sensitive than the latter.
- SAM analysis of bearings run in lubricated wear tests [733, 15223.
- SAM analysis of surfaces obtained in wear tests [1523].
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE (SEM)

An e l e c t r o n microscope i n which a h i g h l y focused beam i s r a s t e r e d over a
290 zy
s u r f a c e and t h e secondary e l e c t r o n s e m i t t e d by t h e s u r f a c e a r e d e t e c t e d u s i n g
a system based on e l e c t r o n o p t i c s . The number o f e m i t t e d e l e c t r o n s modulates
t h e i n t e n s i t y of t h e image d i s p l a y e d on a cathode r a y t u b e (CRT). As a
technique p r o v i d i n g high m a g n i f i c a t i o n and h i g h r e s o l u t i o n image of a s u r f a c e
zyxwvu
SEM i s i d e a l l y s u i t e d f o r examining wear s u r f a c e s and g e n e r a l s u r f a c e s i n
topographical tribological studies. Usually, an energy-dispersive X-ray
a n a l y s i s system (EDX) i s mounted on t h e SEN. This combination e n a b l e s a
d i r e c t elemental a n a l y s i s o f t h e f r i c t i o n and wear s u r f a c e , a s well as an
i n v e s t i g a t i o n of wear p a r t i c l e s .
- SEM e v a l u a t i o n o f boundary l u b r i c a t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s [479].
- SEM e v a l u a t i o n of some s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s and m i n e r a l o i l s [804].
- a nal ysi s of ceramic c o a t i n g s [916].
- SEM i n wear s t u d i e s : a review of advantages [1524].
SCHALLAMACH WAVES
A type of deformation o c c u r r i n g when a r i g i d s p h e r e s l i d e s over a s o f t r u b b e r
surface. Schallamach waves are small a i r - f i l l e d folds crossing the contact
area. They were d e s c r i b e d by A. Schallamach a s "waves of detachment".
- a d e s c r i p t i o n o f Schallamach waves [680].
- energy d i s s i p a t i o n i n Schallamach waves [1046].
- g e n e r a l information on Schallamach waves [1206].
- f r i c t i o n and a b r a s i o n o f r u b b e r [1211].
SCORING
The formation o f s e v e r e s c r a t c h e s i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f s l i d i n g [503].
See also: GALLING, SCRATCHING, SCUFFING.
- t i t a n i u m c a r b i d e and n i t r i d e c o a t i n g s i n c r e a s i n g s c o r i n g r e s i s t a n c e of g e a r s
[1047].
SCOURING
See: ABRASION.
29 1zyxwvutsr
SCRATCHING
zy
Formation of f i n e s c r a t c h e s on t h e s u r f a c e s under s l i d i n g c o n d i t i o n s .
SEALS
The
s c r a t c h e s may be generated e i t h e r by i r r e g u l a r i t i e s on t h e h a r d e r s u r f a c e o r
by hard p a r t i c l e s p r e s e n t between t h e s l i d i n g s u r f a c e s [5Og].
See a l s o : ABRASION, PLOUGHING, R I D G I N G , SCORING.
SCUFFING
Localised damage caused
GALLING, SCORING.
by
zyxwvu
the occurrence
- e f f e c t of oxygen and moisture on s c u f f i n g [86].

- review of s c u f f i n g o f l u b r i c a t e d s u r f a c e s [Tog].
- e f f e c t of c o n t a c t geometry on s c u f f i n g damage [704].
of solid-phase
s l i d i n g s u r f a c e s , without l o c a l s u r f a c e m e l t i n g [503].
See a l s o :
welding between
- r o l e o f s u r f a c e chemistry i n s c u f f i n g , i n c l u d i n g a mechanism f o r s c u f f i n g
[8131-
- s c u f f i n g of i n d u s t r i a l gears: mechanism and p r e v e n t i o n [987].
- s c u f f i n g of automobile g e a r s : a p r a c t i c a l approach [gee].
- e f f e c t of s u r f a c e hardness on s c u f f i n g r e s i s t a n c e [lo483
- causes of s c u f f i n g and i t s p r e v e n t i o n [1049].
- mechanism o f p i s t o n r i n g s c u f f i n g and i t s p r e v e n t i o n [1050].
SEALS
I n tribology, d e v i c e s used t o p r e v e n t passage o f g a s e s or l i q u i d s between
r e l a t i v e l y moving o r s t a t i o n a r y components o f a t r i b o l o g i c a l system. Seals
a r e g e n e r a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o f o u r b a s i c t y p e s : dynamic, s t a t i c , p s e u d o s t a t i c and
exclusion s e a l s . In most c a s e s t h e y a r e made of r u b b e r , n a t u r a l f i b r e s or
plastics.
See a l s o s p e c i f i c t y p e s of seals.
- MD l u b r i c a t i o n i n s o f t s e a l s [580].
- r o l e o f wear i n t h e f a i l u r e of seals [985].
- e l a s t o m e r s a s s e a l i n g m a t e r i a l s i n engines [1204].
- grooved c o n f i g u r a t i o n s f o r seal8 [1460].
- s e l e c t i o n , c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and u s e o f s e a l s [16gg].
- mechanical s e a l s : t y p e s , e e l e c t i o n , performance [ 16701.
- a guide t o s e a l s [1672].
- optimum d e s i g n o f m e t a l l i c r e c i p r o c a t i n g s e a l s [167J].
SEBACIC ACID
- seals for fluid power equipment:

lubrication, selection, handling [1674].
materials, design, friction
292
and
zy
- contact patches, surface roughness and wear in face seals [1676].
- thermocracking of a mechanical face seal: microscopic study and analysis
[1677].
- design, materials and applications of various types of ,dynamic seals [1678].
- tests on friction in high-speed face seals [1679].
- reciprocating seals: a review and selection of seal types and materials
[ 16801.
- practical seal design [1682].
- lip seals: design, materials and operating conditions [1683].
- seal failures: mechanisms, causes, remedies [1684].
zyxwvutsrq
SEBACIC ACID
H02C(CH2)8C02H
zyxwvutsr
White leaflets. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in water. Bp
295OC (100mm); mp 13$C; di5
lubricant and in hydraulic fluids.
1.110.
SECONDARY ION MASS SPECTROSCOPY (SIMS)

Used as a low-temperature
A technique for chemical and elemental surface analysis in which a beam of

ions bombard a surface producing sputtered ions which are analysed by means of
a mass spectrometer, usually a quadruple mass spectrometer.
- SIMS analysis of ion-implanted tribological surfaces [10141.
- SIMS for surface characterization of particulate video tapes [1735],
- development in SIMS and its application in surface analysis [1736].
SEIZURE
The phenomenon of joining of metals in the solid state is very common in the
friction of machine parts and also in the technological processes of cutting
and plastic deformation of metals. It is in fact the basis of some
technological processes of joining metals. This phenomenon can be divided
into two parts [505], sintering and seizure. Sintering has the nature of a
diffusion process. No diffusion takes place in seizure; it is a result of
initial plastic deformation of metals.
- hypotheses of seizure; influence of chemical composition on seizure [505].
- review of seizure research in Japan [589].
- tribology of seizure in metal cutting [1051, 10521.
293 SELF-LUBRICATING COMPOSITE MATERIALS
zyxwvut
SELECTIVE PLATING
zyxwvutsr
Selective plating involves the electrodeposition of a platable metal upon
partial, selected areas of components (shafts, housings, bearings, etc.) by a
brush-on approach. This is a highly engineered modern "brush plating" and it
should be distinguished from the old doctoring technique of "brush plating"
b6851.
- description and applications of selective plating [1685].
zyxwvut
SELENIUM DIOXIDE
SeOp
White to slightly reddish crystalline powder or needles. Soluble in water and
alcohol. Mp 34O-35O0C (sublimes); dtz 3.954. Highly toxic by
inhalation. Used as an antioxidant in lubricating oils.
SELF-ACTING BEARINGS
See: GAS BEARINGS, SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS.
SELF-ALIGNING BEARINGS
Rolling-element bearings with one spherical raceway which provides
compensation for a misalignment between shaft and housing. This may be caused
by shaft deflection, mounting inaccuracies, etc.
SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS
Bearings operating without any external lubrication. They may contain a
Self-lubricating tribological material, or may be sealed for life having been
packed with grease.
See also: BEARING MATERIALS.
- self-lubricating materials for plain bearings [815],
SELF-LUBRICATING COMPOSITE MATERIALS

See: COMPOSITE BEARING MATERIALS, COMPOSITES.
SELF-LUBRICATING MATERIALS
SELF-LUBRICATING MATERIALS
zyx 294
zyxwvut
Materials based on solid lubricants, polymers and some metals (e.g. silver,
copper, lead, tin), mostly used in the form of low friction composites. The
best self-lubricating materials include carbon-graphite6 and
polytetrafluoroethylene.
See also: SOLID LUBRICANTS.
- as bearing materials for space applications [ 6121.
- general discussion on self-lubricating composites [705].
- friction and wear of self-lubricating composites [706].
- self-lubricating composites sliding in vacuum and at high temperatures [814].
- self-lubricating materials for plain bearings [815].
SEMISYNTHETIC OILS
zyxwvutsrq
Base oils produced by e.g. hydrocracking of selected paraffinic cuts. They
have good viscosity-temperature characteristics that are important for cold
starting properties and fuel consumption.
SEYERE WEAR
A form of wear characterized by removal of material in relatively large
fragments.
(1) Severe wear is an imprecise term, frequently used in research, and
contrasted with mild wear. In fact, the phenomena studied usually
involve the transition from mild to severe wear and the factors that
influence this transition.
( 2 ) With metals the fragments are usually predominantly metallic rather than
oxidic.
( 3 ) Severe wear is frequently associated with heavy loads and/or adhesive
contact [503],
See also: MILD WEAR, NORMAL WEAR, TRANSITION WEAR EFFECTS.
SHEAR STABILITY
The ability of a lubricant to withstand shearing without degradation.
See also: PENETRATION.
SHEAR THICKENING
An increase in viscosity with an increase in shear stress or time.
See also: SHEAR THINNING.
295 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
SHEAR T H I N N I N G
A decrease i n v i s c o s i t y with a n i n c r e a s e i n s h e a r s t r e s s or time.
SILICIDES
The
d e c r e a s e i n v i s c o s i t y may be temporary o r permanent. The l a t t e r happens when
t h e s h e a r stress i s s u f f i c i e n t l y l a r g e t o r u p t u r e a chemical bond, s o t h a t t h e
sheared l i q u i d has a lower v i s c o s i t y t h a n i t had p r i o r t o s h e a r i n g [503].
See a l s o : SHEAR THICKENING.
SILICA GREASES
S i l i c a g r e a s e s a r e produced on amorphous s i l i c a g e l . Due t o t h e p r e s e n c e of
s i l a n o l groups which form hydrogen bonds with w a t e r , t h e s u r f a c e of s i l i c a g e l
zyxwvuts
i s hydrophilic. Hydrophilic s u r f a c e s may be produced by t h e r e a c t i o n o f
primary or secondary a l c o h o l s , u s u a l l y b u t y l a l c o h o l . S i l i c a g r e a s e s may have
a smooth t e x t u r e and do not melt. T h e i r mechanical s t a b i l i t y and r e s i s t a n c e
t o o x i d a t i o n depend p r i m a r i l y on t h e q u a l i t y of t h e o i l and t h e amount of
t h i c k e n e r used.
- e f f e c t o f t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f s i l i c a t h i c k e n e r and t y p e o f s i l i c a on t h e
p e r m e a b i l i t y of t h e g r e a s e s [266].
- properties, a p p l i c a t i o n , importance [746].
SILICATE ESTERS
ROSi(OR')(OR")(OR"'); t h e R ' s may be similar or d i s s i m i l a r groups. The b e s t
known t y p e s of silicate esters a r e the tetraalkyl, tetraaryl and mixed
alkylaryl orthosilicates. They are d e r i v e d by t h e r e a c t i o n o f phenol or
a l c o h o l with silicon tetrachloride. Silicate esters have low v o l a t i l i t y ,
low-temperature f l u i d i t y and high-temperature stability. They a l s o have good
v i s c o s i t y - t e m p e r a t u r e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and low pour p o i n t s . Silicate esters
are used a s s p e c i a l l u b r i c a n t s and f o r high-temperature hydraulic fluids
which c a n o p e r a t e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y a t up t o 2OO0C and h i g h e r .
- d e s c r i p t i o n o f s i l i c a t e e s t e r s [264].
- as a c l a s s of s p e c i a l s y n t h e t i c l u b r i c a n t s [359].
SILICIDES
Interstitial compounds of s i l i c o n and a metal. They a r e used as very
e f f e c t i v e c o a t i n g s p r o v i d i n g good wear r e s i s t a n c e t o s u b s t r a t e s .
- f r i c t i o n and wear o f RF-sputtered s i l i c i d e s [1143].
- s l i d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s i l i c i d e s a t up t o 2000°F [1607].
zyxwvut
SILICOFLUORIDES
SILICOFLUORIDES
See: FLUORIDES.
SILICON CARBIDE
296
Sic
zyxwvuts
Black crystalline refractory material. Also called Carborundum. Density
zyxwvut
3.217; sublimes and decomposes at 2708C. It is formed by heating carbon
and silica in an electric furnace, and has excellent heat conductivity. As it
is almost as hard as diamond, Sic is used as a ceramic and replaces emery as
an abrasive.
See also: CERAMICS.
- lubrication of Sic ceramic at 6OO0C [927].
- friction and wear of steel sliding against Sic lubricated with zinc
dialkyldithiophosphate [1094].
- tribological properties and surface chemistry of SIC at up to 15OO0C
[13631.
- friction and wear of Sic in water [1364].
- friction and wear of a single-crystal Sic sliding against metals [1365].
SILICONE GREASES
Greases composed of silicone fluids and particulate solids and other
thickeners. They are used in many non-load bearing applications, eg electric
clock motors, where the important factors are chemical inertness and
resistance to ageing, High-temperature greases are used in oven conveyors and
similar systems. Applications of silicone greases are gradually increasing in
the automotive and aerospace industries for products based on a few silicones.
- application of silicone greases as high-temperature lubricants [61].
- review of applications of silicone lubricants [Yoel.
- description of qualitative formulations of silicone greases, their
applications and new technology [312].
- chemical and physical properties of silicone greases and their performance
291 zyxwvutsrq
SILICONE OILS
(SiR20),
SILICONES
zyxwvutsrq
Linear and cyclic siloxane polymers having good thermal and oxidative
stability as well as good viscosity-temperature characteristics. When -R is a
hydrocarbon substituent the lubricating ability of silicone oils is poor;
however, this can be slightly improved by the introduction of aromatic halogen
zyxwvut
in -R.
- general information on silicone oils and their application [485].
- analysis of silicone fluids as boundary lubricants [1622].
SILICONE POLYMERS
See: SILICONES.
SILICONF3
zyxwvuts
R R R
I l l
RSiO( Si0)SiR
I l l
R R R
The R's may be the same or different organic groups.
Liquids, semisolids, o r solids depending on molecular weight and degree of
polymerisation. Soluble in most organic solvents. Their viscosity ranges
from less than 1 to over 1 million mm 2/a. Stable over temperature range
from -5OOC to 25OoC. They have very low surface tension and are resistant
to oxidation and high temperature. The properties can be varied depending on
the use of organic substituents. Silicones have the best viscosity-
temperature characteristics of any lubricant.
This has led to their use in applications where very low temperatures are
encountered o r where high temperature stability is required (up to 26OOC).
Their lubricity is poor in the case of steel rubbing against steel and other
common metal combinations. Silicone oils and greases have been very useful in
those applications where lubricity requirements are not severe. They are used
as lubricants for precision equipment, electric motors, plastic and rubber
surfaces and as antifoaming agents for lubricating oils.
- preliminary study of lubricating properties of eilicone fluids [129].
- chemistry of silicones; effect of structure and temperature on their
lubricating performance [ 1391.
- review of silicone research [140].
- lubricating properties of silicones and their action mechanism [183].
SILICON NITRIDE
- &ball fatigue tests on silicones [205].

- description of silicones [2641.
298 zy
- general review of silicones [275].
- assessment of silicones for rolling elements [294].
- as a class of special synthetic lubricants [359].
- derivation, properties and applications of silicones [450],
- general information on silicones, their properties and applications [485,
4871.
- effect of silicones on lubricating oil air-release [1002].
- a review of the synthesis and properties of silicones [1686].
SILICON NITRIDE
Si N
34
zyxwv
Hard, grey-white powder. Density 3.44; sublimes at 1900°C. mcellent
oxidation and corrosion resistance. It is a promising material for
high-temperature engineering applications. Its friction and elastic modulus
are the lowest of all the available ceramics. Used in refractory coatings,
abrasives and many other applications.
See also: CERAMICS.
-
zyxwvuts
sputtered silicon nitride coatings for wear protection [825].
- friction and wear of steel sliding against silicon nitride lubricated with
zinc dialkyldithiophosphate [1094].
- silicon nitride as a bearing material [1359].
- friction and wear of silicon nitride in water [l364].
- effect of oxygen on wear of silicon nitride against cast iron and steel
[1366].
- study of the friction coefficient of silicon nitride at 150 to 8OO0C
[l367].
- physical propertiee and cutting performance of a silicon nitride-based
ceramic [ 13681.
- friction and wear of silicon nitride sliding on itself in various
environments [l369].
- lubricated friction and wear of silicon nitride [1370].
- wear of silicon nitride in rolling contact [1371].
299 SILVER ACETATE
SILOXANES
zyxwv
zyxwv
Straight-chain compounds in which silicon atoms are single bonded to four
oxygen atoms. They are high temperature lubricating oils exhibiting good
thermal and oxidation stability. Their tribological characteristics can be
considerably improved by application of suitable additives. Siloxanes may be
0
used in the temperature range from -40 to +ZOO C.
- antiwear and antifriction properties of polyorganosiloxanes [ 2261.
- friction and wear of siloxane-modified epoxy resins [1214].
- wear characteristics of polydimethyleiloxane-modified polystyrene [ 16551.
SILVER (Ag)
Soft, very ductile and malleable metal, Density 10.50; mp 961OC. Excellent
thermal conductivty. Silver does not oxidise in the atmosphere but tarnishes
in air. Its good corrosion resistance and a transfer-film forming tendency
make it useful as a solid lubricant. Due to the high melting point,
plasticity and thermochemical stability it can be used in solid lubricant
coatings over a relatively wide temperature range, Silver finds numerous
applications, including silver brazing, bearing alloys, silver plating and
bearings which, due to high fatigue resistance of silver, have been used in
heavy-duty applications.
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of silver [840].
- friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with silver [977].
- tribological properties of silver films produced by ion enhanced
zyxwvutsrq
deposition
[1274].
- effect of temperature and atmospheric pressure on the tribological behaviour
of silver [13721.
- study of PVD silver films, including friction, wear and fretting resistance
[ 13731.
- advantages and disadvantages of pure silver and silver composites a8
tribological materials [13741.
SILVER ACETATE
zyxwvu
CHgCOZAg
White crystal o r powder, Moderately soluble in hot water; soluble in nitric
acid. Density 3.26. It is prepared by the reaction of a soluble acetate and
silver nitrate. Highly toxic.
- effect of silver acetate as an inhibitor on corrosion of steel by molybdenum
disu1phi.de [1351.
zyxwvutsr
SILVER DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
SILVER DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

(C H ) S PO Ag
3 7 2 2 2
300
SILVER DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE

(C6H13)2S2P02 Ag
SINTERED BEARINGS
See: POROUS BEARINGS.
SLEEVE BEARINGS
Cylindrical plain bearings used to provide radial location for a shaft which
moves axially. Sleeve bearings are sometimes used to denote journal bearings
15031.
SLIDEWAY OILS
zyxwvu
Oils used for carriages of machine tools moving at slow feed rates and
subjected to high loads. Usually, the oils contain friction modifiers to
prevent stick-slip, oxidation inhibitors and antiwear additives.
SLIDING (Pure sliding with no rolling o r spin)

A motion of two relatively moving bodies, in which their surface velocities in
the common contact area are different as regards magnitude and/or direction
bog].
SLIDING BEARINGS
See: PLAIN BEARINGS.
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsr
30 I SLIP
SLIDING FRICTION
A resisting force tangential to sliding contacting surfaces; the resisting
force (friction force) is proportional to the normal force of the sliding
system.
- mechanism6 of sliding friction [567].
- eliding friction of rubber [68O].
- thermal and thermochemical effects in dry sliding [68l].
- analysis of contacts in metallic sliding friction [682].
- sliding friction of polymer-polymer material combinations [683].
- metal-metal adhesion under dry sliding friction [738],
- plastic deformation and eliding friction of metals [1104].
- effect of various factors on unlubricated sliding: a literature survey
[1636].
SLIDING VELOCITY
The difference between tangential velocities of the bodies at the point of
zyxwvuts
their contact under sliding conditions.
SLIDING WEAR
Normal or destructive deterioration of tribological surfaces subjected t o
sliding.
See also: WEAR.
- sliding wear of metals: a literature review [477].
- sliding wear of metals [510].
- new alloys resistant to sliding wear [555].
- prediction of wear rates and coefficients in sliding wear [824].
- sliding wear damage in metals [888].
- eliding wear and residual stresses [889].
- sliding wear of unlubricated 316 stainless steel on itself [890].
- sliding wear of ceramics [930].
- sliding wear and transfer: structure and chemistry of transfer material
[ 11061.
- description of sliding wear [1152].
SLIP
See: MACROSLIP, MICROSLIP.
SLIPPER BEARINGS
SLIPPER BEARINGS
302 zy
zy
See: GUIDE BEARINGS.
SLUDGE
A coagulated mass formed a t low temperature i n combustion engines from o i l
o x i d a t i o n r e s i d u e s , carbon and water, o f t e n c o n t a i n i n g f o r e i g n m a t e r i a l [503].
- sludge d i s p e r s a n t s : developments s i n c e 1978 [6OO].
- i n f l u e n c e o f m e t a l s on i t s formation [816].
SLUDGE DISPERSANTS
See: DETERGENTS, DISPERSANTS, SLUDGE.
SMEARING
Removal of m a t e r i a l from a s u r f a c e and r e d e p o s i t i o n as a t h i n l a y e r on one o r
both s u r f a c e s .
SOAP
The product formed by t h e s a p o n i f i c a t i o n or n e u t r a l i s a t i o n of f a t s , oils,
waxes, r o s i n s o r t h e i r a c i d s with o r g a n i c o r i n o r g a n i c bases.
- o r i e n t a t i o n o f soap f i l m s on metal s u r f a c e s [32].
- f r i c t i o n a l p r o p e r t i e s o f soaps: s h e a r s t r e n g t h of fatty-acid soaps at h i g h
pressures [ 16871.
zyxwvu
SODIUM BENZOATE
C H CO Na
6 5 2
White, c r y s t a l l i n e powder. S o l u b l e i n water and a l c o h o l . Slightly toxic. It
i s d e r i v e d by beneoic a c i d n e u t r a l i s a t i o n w i t h sodium b i c a r b o n a t e s o l u t i o n .
Sodium benzoate i a used as a r u s t and c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r . For example, i t
may be added i n q u a n t i t i e s o f about 1.5% t o t h e c o o l a n t i n automobiles t o
prevent r u s t and corrosion.
- t e s t e d as a n a d d i t i v e for water-based f l u i d s [46].
SODIUM DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE
(CH ) NCS2Na
3 2
Amber t o l i g h t green (40% s o l u t i o n ) ; d; 1.17-1.20. Moderately t o x i c .
It i s d e r i v e d by t h e r e a c t i o n of dimethylamine, carbon d i s u l p h i d e and sodium
hydroxide. Used as a f u n g i c i d e and c o r r o s i o n i n h i b i t o r .
zyxwvutsr
303 SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
SODIUM FLUORIDE
zyxwv
NaF
Clear crystals o r white powder, Soluble in water; very slightly soluble in
alcohol. Bp 1695OC; mp 9B0C; dil 2.558. It is derived by adding
sodium carbonate to hydrofluoric acid. Highly toxic by ingestion and
inhalation; strong irritant to the tissue.
- studied as an EP additive in lubricants for titanium [76].
SODIUM GREASES
Sodium greases are often fibrous in texture (high unsaturation of the fatty
material yielded very fibrous greases) and adhere to bearings under normal
conditions of pressure and temperature. The dropping points of these greases
are usually not lower than 1 5 8 C and sometimes as high as 200°C. They
also have inherent rust preventing properties. Because of the solubility of
the soaps in water, they are not water-resistant.
- effect of heat on the direction of steel sliding on steel lubricated with
sodium greases [ 2121.
zyxwvutsr
SODIUM PENTACHLOROPHENATE
C6C150Na
White or tan powder; soluble in water, ethanol and acetone; insoluble in
benzene, Slightly toxic by ingestion and inhilation; irritant t o the skin and
tissue [@4]. Used as a fungicide in cutting fluids.
SODIUM PROPIONATE
CHgCH2C02Na
Transparent crystals or granules; deliquescent in moist air; soluble in water
and alcohol. Combustible; low toxicity.
- tested as an EP additive for water-based cutting fluids [46].
zyxwvutsrq
SODIUM SILICOFLUORIDE
Na2SiF6
White powder, Very slightly soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol, density
2.7. It is derived from fluosilicic acid and sodium carbonate; o r sodium
chloride. Highly toxic by ingestion and inhilation; strong irritant to the
tiasue.
- tested in mixtures with fluorides aa an EP and antiwear agent for titanium
rotating against steel [76].
zyx
SODIUM STEARATE 304
SODIUM STEARATE
Na02CC17H35
zyxw
White powder. Slightly soluble in water and alcohol. Widely used as a dry
zyxwvutsrq
powder in wire drawing.
SODIUM SULPHIDE
(i) Na2S; (ii) Na2S.9H 0
2
Yellow o r brick red lumps o r flakes o r deliquescent crystals; (i) mp 118OOC;
(ii) decomposes at 92OoC.
Soluble in water, slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether; largely
hydrolysed to sodium hydrogen sulphide and sodium hydroxide. Flammable;
dangerous fire risk. Strong irritant to the skin and tissue.
- examined as an EP additive for water-based cutting fluids [46].
SODIUM SULPHONATES
Class name for various sulphonates derived from petroleum, They a r e used as
rust inhibitors and emulsifying agents in textile processing oils, metal
working and lubricating oils.
zy
SOFT COATINGS
See: SURFACE COATINGS.
SOLID BEARINGS
Bearings manufactured by machining directly from a given bearing material, eg
aluminium alloys, bronzes, cast iron, porous metals.
SOLID-FILM BEARINGS
Plain bearings operating with a solid lubricant,
SOLID-FILM LUBRICANTS
Lubricating films deposited by special techniques involving plasma physics.
Ion implantation, ion plating and sputtering are used to produce these films
which improve wear characteristics of metal surfaces,
The term is often incorrectly applied to tribological surfaces coated by a
layer of conventional solid lubricants. Such lagers are known as bonded eolid
film lubricants.
See also: SOLID LUBRICANTS, SURFACE COATINGS.
305 zy
zyxwvutsrq
- plasma physics used to define solid film lubricants [411].
SOLID LUBRICANTS
- selection and qualification of solid lubricants for spacecraft applications

b5291.
- classes, properties, testing, application methods: a literature survey
[ 16001.
- bonded solid lubricants: classification, properties [1611].
zyxwvu
- classification, preparation, applications [1637].
- lead-monoxide-based solid lubricant films: high temperature friction and
wear properties [ 16881.
SOLID-FILM LUBRICATION
See: SOLID LUBRICATION.
SOLID LUBRICANT BEARINGS

See: SELF-LUBRICATING BEARINGS.
- carbon, graphite and metal-bonded solid lubricant bearings [1201].
SOLID LUBRICANT BINDER

See: BINDER.
SOLID LUBRICANTS
They are materials having a characteristic crystal habit which causes it to
shear into thin, flat plates, which readily slide over one another and thus
provide protection from damage during relative movement and reduce friction
zyx
and wear. Typical solid lubricants are the layer lattice crystals graphite
and molybdenum disulphide, the soft metals lead, indium, and tin, many soft
organic solids, such as metallic soaps and waxes, as well as crystalline
polymers, eg polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and nylon. They can all be used
in a variety of forms, including powder, rubbed film, bonded film o r sputtered
film. Some of them (PTFE and other polymers, graphite) may also be used in
the form of solid blocks and in this form they are commonly known as dry
bearing materials. The bonding is accomplished by a number of methods:
alloying (copper-lead bearing metals), flash coating, introduction of the
lubricating solid into the interstices of the sintered metal bearing, chemical
coating, and anchorage to a phosphate or bonded plastic coating.
SOLID LUBRICANTS
The advantages of
ranges (eg temperature
zy
zyxwvutsr
t h e common s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s a r e t h e i r wide temperature
limit for molybdenum trioxide is 800°C),
306
low
v o l a t i l i t y , chemical i n e r t n e s s , and t h e f a c t t h a t the y do not need s e a l i n g o r
feed systems and g e n e r a l l y do not cause contamination. The ir disadvanta ge s,
compared with greases or lubricating oils, are s t e a d y wear in service,
r e l a t i v e l y high f r i c t i o n , f a i l u r e t o prevent corrosion, and l a c k of h e a t
zyxwvut
removal [404]. Thus, t h ey can be g e n e r a l l y used i n vacuum, a t high o r very
low temperatures, and where v er y long l i f e i s r e q u i r e d w ithout r e l u b r i c a t i o n .
They are very good lubricants for those lubrication conditions where
contamination i s c r i t i c a l .
See a l s o : BONDED SOLID LUBRICANTS.
- i n f o r m a t i o n on s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [ 2 , 411, 482, 4831.
- d e t e c t i o n of i m p u r i t i e s i n s y n t h e t i c s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [73].
- review of chemical r e a c t i o n s of s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s during f r i c t i o n [log].
- v a r i a t i o n s i n l u b r i c a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s among s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s w ith similar
c r y s t a l s t r u c t u r e s [110].
- s o l i d l u b r i c a t i o n i n o i l s and g r eas es under boundary l u b r i c a t i o n [147].
- e f f e c t i v e n e s s of a solid l u b r i c a n t under c o n d i t i o n s of heavily loaded
r o l l i n g c o n t a c t [149],
- c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [172].
- s t u d i e s on f r i c t i o n a l behaviour of s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [243].
- i n v e s t i g a t i o n s on t h e f e a s i b i l i t y of ap plying s o l i d l u b r i c a n t f i l m s w ith a
plasma s p r a y gun [244].
- g e n e r a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n , methods o f p r e p a r a t i o n and te chniques f o r studying
p r o p e r t i e s o f s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [246].
- e f f e c t of f i l m t h i c k n e s s on s o l i d l u b r i c a n t performance [208].
- s o l i d fluorocarbon l u b r i c a n t s [ 2811.
- a c c e l e r a t e d c or r o s i o n t e s t method f o r t h e study of causes of c o r r o s i o n and
evaluation of s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [Toll.
- d e s c r i p t i o n and a p p l i c a t i o n s o f s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [319].
- g e n e r a l C h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n o f s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [35O].
- s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s modified by polymer g r a f t i n g [415].
- s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s and bonded s o l i d l u b r i c a n t f i l m s [521].
- performance of s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [526].
- p a t e n t review on advances s i n c e '79 [529].
- b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s [TO51
301 zy
zyxwvutsrq
- effectiveness of solid lubricants dispersed in mineral oils [TOT].
- applications of solid lubricant coatings [7O8].
SOOT
- graphite intercalation compounds as solid lubricants [773].

- review of solid lubricant materials for high temperatures [817].
- classification and application of solid lubricants [818].
- data on solid lubricants [998].
- friction and wear characteristics of solid lubricant compacts based on
MoS2 [1156].
SOLID LUBRICATION
Lubrication by means of a solid lubricant.
See also: SOLID LUBRICANTS.
- traction forces at solid-lubricated rolling/sliding contacts [1086].
- a brief history of solid lubrication from the mid-1940's [1611].
SOLID PARTICLE EROSION
A surface degradation mechanism involving erosion of materials by particles
moving at a considerable velocity.
See also: EROSION.
- solid particle erosion of an austenitic stainless steel [761].
- single solid particle impact erosion on polypropylene [860].
SOLUBLE OILS
Lube oil emulsions used mainly in machining operations.
This term is not recommended.
SOLVENT EXTRACTION
The selective separation of one or more constituents contained in a given
solvent by intimately contacting the solvent with a second immiscible solvent
in which the selected constituent(s) is more soluble.
SOOT
A fine dispersion of black particles, chiefly carbon, produced by the
incomplete combustion of oil or other fuels. Soot formed in engines,
especially diesel engines, significantly affects engine oils.
SORBENT
SORBENT
zyxwvutsrq 308
A liquid o r solid medium in o r upon which materials are retained by absorption

o r adsorption.
SORPTION
A process consisting of either absorption o r adsorption.
SPALLING
Separation of particles from a surface in the form of flakes.
(1) The term Spalling is commonly associated with rolling element bearings
and with gear teeth.
(2) Spalling is usually a result of subsurface fatigue, more extensive than
pitting [503].
See also: FATIGUE WEAR.
SPERM OIL
of fatty acids
lubricants known.
zyxwvuts
Light yellow liquid. Soluble in ether and benzene. D Y 0.878-0.884.
It has a very low fatty acid content. It ie a monohydric fatty alcohol ester
-not a triglyceride. Slightly toxic. Sperm oil is derived
from the head cavity of the sperm whale. This oil is one of the best natural
It finds application as a component in a number of
lubricants because of its pronounced lubricating ability connected with a
zyxw
fairly good resistance to oxidation, which is coupled to its chemical
composition (it is principally composed of fatty acid esters of cetyl
alcohol). Sulphurized sperm oil has been widely used as an EP additive.
Sperm oil has also been used as a high-grade lubricating oil for precision
machinery and in automatic transmission fluids.
See also: SULPHURIZED SPERM OIL.
- a8 an additive to mineral oil to improve boundary lubrication properties
[1624].
SPHERICAL BEARINGS
Bearings which are self-aligning by virtue of their partially spherical form.
309 SPREADER
SPHERICAL ROLLER BEARINGS

A type of roller bearing having two rows of spherical barrel-shaped rollers
with a common spherical outer raceway.
SPINDLE OIL
A lubricating oil characterized by low viscosity and employed for lubrication
of textile and other high-speed machinery.
SPOT FACING
zy
See: BORING.
SPRAGGING
zyxwvutsr
Intermittent motion arising from design features which allow an increase in
tangential force o r displacement to produce an increase in normal force [ 5 O g ] .
zyxwv
SPRAY/FUSION DEPOSITION
A surface coating technique involving the deposition of powder alloys, usually
through an oxy-fuel gas flame, on to a prepared surface to form a coating
which is subsequently fused to the component using either a furnace, a
separate oxy-fuel flame o r induction coil [ 16391.
- selection and application of spray/fusion deposited coatings [1639].
SPRAY LUBRICATION
SPREADABILITY
Ability of oils to form a fine dispersion with air o r to form a thin film on a
surface.
SPREADER
An axial oil groove in a plain bearing designed to spread oil along the
bearing.
SPUTTER CLEANING
SPUTTER CLEANING
The term r e f e r s t o i o n bombardment which g r a d u a l l y s t r i p s away l a y e r s from t h e
310 zy
surface. An argon i o n sputter cleaning technique i s mostly used. In
c o n j u n c t i o n w i t h s u r f a c e a n a l y s t i c a l methods, such as AES and XPS, sputter
cleaning provides the possibility of determining the concentration of an
element a s a f u n c t i o n o f depth. The depth i s u s u a l l y expressed i n s p u t t e r i n g
time.
SPUTTERED SOFT SOLID LUBRICANT FILMS

The most common vacuum-deposited tribological coatings are sputtered
d i c h a l c o g e n i d e s , e s p e c i a l l y molybdebum d i s u l p h i d e and ion-plated s o f t metals,
such a s g o l d , s i l v e r and l e a d . These c o a t i n g s are o f t e n v e r y t h i n , o f t h e
o r d e r o f 200 t o 500 nm.
SPUTTERING
solid surface.
characteristics. zyxwvuts
A method of c a t h o d i c s p r a y i n g o f material i n t h e form of a t h i n f i l m on t o t h e
Sputtered surfaces exhibit
- l u b r i c a t i o n w i t h s p u t t e r e d MoS2 f i l m s [104].
anti-friction
- morphological p r o p e r t i e s of s p u t t e r e d MoS2 f i l m s [loll].

and antiwear
- f r i c t i o n and wear o f RF-sputtered b o r i d e s , c a r b i d e s and s i l i c i d e s [1143].

SQUALANE
‘30H62
An i s o p r e n o i d hydrocarbon. Colourlesa liquid. Miscible w i t h m i n e r a l and

v e g e t a b l e o i l s , o r g a n i c s o l v e n t s and l i p o p h i l i c substances. Bp approximately
35OoC;
[651.
- properties
fp approximately -38%; d2’
4
0,805-0.812.
hydrogenation of s q u a l e n e , b u t may a l s o occur n a t u r a l l y i n sebum.
high-grade l u b r i c a t i n g o i l .
- t e s t e d as a n a d d i t i v e :
It is derived
Used as a
by
i t s e f f e c t on f r i c t i o n and s u r f a c e c o a t i n g formation
of squalane e v a l u a t e d by u s i n g o p t i c a l elastohydrodynamics [66].

- e f f e c t o f squalane on f a t i g u e l i f e f o r a d d i t i v e blends [114].
zy
- effect o f water i n squalane on r o l l i n g c o n t a c t f a t i g u e l i f e [137].
31 1 zyxwvutsrqponm STAINLESS STEELS
SQUALENE
'3OH5O
water. zyx
zyxwvuts
Oil. Soluble in organic solvents; slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in
Bp approximately 225OC; fp -6OOC;':d
model lubricant.
-
0.858-0.860. Used as a
its properties evaluated by using optical elastohydrodynamics [66].
SQUEEZE FILM
A fluid film contained between two moving parallel surfaces the velocity of
which is normal to the plane of containment. The motion is called "negative
squeeze" when the surfaces are separating, or "positive squeeze" when they are
approaching each other.
- squeeze film action in EHD lubrication [582].
- squeeze film and bearing dynamics [1459].
- a discuseion of isothermal squeeze films [1689].
- squeeze films under boundary lubrication conditions [1690].
- theoretical and experimental determination of characteristics of an oil
squeeze film [1691].
STAINLESS IRON
A corrosion-resistant ferrous a l l o y containing 11 to 14% chromium and less
than 0.15% carbon. Stainless iron contains not more than 1.0% silicon and
manganese.
STAINLESS STEELS
Generic name for corrosion-resistant alloy steels usually containing over 10%
chromium. Their corrosion resistance can be further improved by adding nickel
and small amounts of molybdenum and copper. There are three groups of
stainless steels: martensitic, ferritic and austenitic.
See also: ALLOY STEELS, STEELS.
- evaluation of cavitation erosion of stainleas steels [558].
- abrasive-corrosive wear of stainless steels [750].
- material removal during solid particle erosion of an austenitic stainless
steel [761].
- friction and sliding wear of unlubricated 316 stainless steel [890].
- lubricants for metalworking and cutting stainless steels [951].
- unsaturated hydrocarbons as boundary lubricants for stainless steels [1054].
- illustrated c a m histories of corrosion phenomena [1617].
STARVED LUBRICATION
STARVED LUBRICATION
zyxwvut 312
zyx
Lubrication in which the lubricant is not supplied in sufficient quantity to
maintain the required lubrication regime.
STATIC FRICTION
-
-
zyxw
The force required to initiate motion between two solid surfaces, o r the force
necessary to break the junctions (the adhesive bonds) that form at the
interface between two solid surfaces [411].
broad description of static friction [411].
influence of lubricants on static friction characteristics under boundary
lubrication [610].
- static friction under dynamic loads and vibration (tests on steel - steel
pairs) [684].
- static friction coefficient data for various metals and nonmetals [lj96].
- nature of static friction: a research report [1397].
- determination of the coefficient of static friction for various combinations
of metallic surfaces [1610].
STATIC SEAL
A seal designed to be used between surfaces which do not move relative to each
other.
See also: SEALS.
STAVE BEARINGS
Sleeve bearings consisting of several axially held slats o r staves on the
outer surface of which the bearing material is bonded) [50g].
STEAFtAMIDE
n-CI7Hg3CONH2
Colourless leaflets. Insoluble in water; slightly soluble in alcohol and
ether. Bp 25l0C (12~); mp 109°C. Used as a boundary lubricant and a
friction modifier.
in mineral oil [119].
313
STEARIC A C I D
CH3(CH2)16C02H
STEELS zy
C o l o u r l e s s , wax-like solid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in
zyxwvut
water. Bp 361.1OC; mp 69.6OC; d y 0.8390. It is derived from oleic
a c i d by hydrogenation. Most commercial s t e a r i c a c i d i s composed of about 50%
s t e a r i c a c i d , 45% p a l m i t i c a c i d and 5% o l e i c a c i d . S t e a r i c a c i d i s used a s a n
a n t i w e a r a d d i t i v e , boundary l u b r i c a n t and f r i c t i o n m o d i f i e r .
See a l s o : FATTY ACIDS.
- f r i c t i o n a l behaviour o f s t e a r i c a c i d i n white o i l [93].
- i n v e s t i g a t i o n o f i t s e f f e c t i v e n e s s i n overcoming d e l e t e r i o u s e f f e c t o f water
i n mineral o i l [1191.
- f a t i g u e t e s t s on s t e a r i c a c i d [192].
- i n v e s t i g a t i o n of t h e a c t i o n o f s t e a r i c a c i d by u s i n g r a d i o i s o t o p e s [202].
STEARYL MERCAPTAN
See: OCTADECYL MERCAPTAN.
STEEL-BACKED BEARINGS
Layer-type b e a r i n g s backed by a s t e e l s h e l l .
STEELS
Malleable a l l o y s o f i r o n and carbon. There a r e many t y p e s of s t e e l s i n which
a l l o y i n g m e t a l s a r e used. Generally t h e y may be d i v i d e d i n t o carbon s t e e l s ,
low-alloy steels, tool steels, s t a i n l e s s s t e e l s and h e a t - r e s i s t a n t steels.
S t e e l s f i n d e x t e n s i v e u s e i n t h e manufacture of f r i c t i o n elements.
See a l s o : ALLOY STEELS, BEARING STEELS, STAINLESS STEELS, TOOL STEELS.
- c o r r o s i o n o f s t e e l i n c o n t a c t w i t h molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e [135].
- e f f e c t of l u b r i c a n t s on t h e f a t i g u e of s t e e l [192].
- e f f e c t s of a d d i t i v e s on s t e e l - o n - s t e e l f r i c t i o n [211].
- g e n e r a l i n f o r m a t i o n and c l a s s i f i c a t i o n o f s t e e l s [482].
- e f f e c t of s t r u c t u r a l changes on improving a b r a s i v e r e s i s t a n c e o f steels
[516].
- a b r a s i v e wear i n steels [540, 8981.
- e r o s i o n o f h e a t - t r e a t e d s t e e l s [585].
- r o l e o f h e a t t r e a t m e n t on e r o s i o n behaviour o f steel [587].
- pin-on-disc tests w i t h s i l v e r steel [594].
- making, shaping and f i n i s h i n g o f steels [637].
zyxwvu
STEP BEARINGS zy
zyxwvuts
- e f f e c t s of n i t r o g e n i o n implantation on wear p r o p e r t i e s of s t e e l
- wear p r o t e c t i o n of steel: m a t e r i a l s e l e c t i o n , c o a t i n g s e t c [892].
- developing improved a b r a s i o n - r e s i s t a n t s t e e l [893].
- r e s u l t s of wear t e a t s of s t e e l - o n - s t e e l [894].
- a b r a s i v e wear of u l t r a high s t r e n g t h s t e e l
- t e s t s on corrosion f a t i g u e of s t e e l [896].
- f r e t t i n g wear of mild s t e e l i n a i r [897].
[895].
[891].
314
- impact wear o f steels: r o l e of m i c r o s t r u c t u r e [egg].

- steels tested and c l a s s i f i e d with r e s p e c t t o e r o s i o n response [945].
- e r o s i o n of s e v e r a l commercial s t e e l s a t up t o ~OOOC [ g ~ ] .
- r e l a t i o n s h i p between oxide f i l m s and wear o f s t e e l s [1023].
- e f f e c t s of running-in on s u r f a c e d u r a b i l i t y of s t e e l [1041].
- s u p e r i o r t r i b o l o g i c a l s u r f a c e s on hardened s t e e l s produced by t i t a n i u m
implantation [1055].
- i o n implantation and t r i b o l o g i c a l processes a f f e c t i n g s t e e l s [1056].
- f r e t t i n g wear of hard s t e e l under l u b r i c a t i o n c o n d i t i o n s [1057].
- 2-body and 3-body a b r a s i v e wear r e s i s t a n c e s of s t e e l s [1153].
S T E P BEARINGS
A group of t h r u s t bearings used t o support t h e lower end o f a v e r t i c a l s h a f t .
See a l s o : RAYLEIGH-STEP BEARING, S T E P P E D BEARINGS.
- e f f e c t of l u b r i c a n t a d d i t i v e s on f i n i t e s t e p b e a r i n g s [525].
STEPPED BEARINGS
Thrust bearings i n which t h e working f a c e c o n s i s t s o f one o r more shallow
steps.
- design c r i t e r i a f o r stepped bearings [1375].
STEPPED-PAD BEARINGS
See: S T E P P E D BEARINGS.
STERN TUBE BEARINGS

Bearings supporting t h e p r o p e l l e r s h a f t i n boats.
- a brief d i s c u s s i o n o f s t e r n tube bearings [1316].
315
STICK-SLIP
STRINGINESS ADDITIVES zy
zy
A phenomenon t h a t occurs when boundary l u b r i c a t i o n i s d e f i c i e n t and m a n i f e s t s
itself by a l t e r n a t e p e r i o d s of sticking, d u r i n g which time the frictional
f o r c e slowly r i s e s t o a peak v a l u e , and s l i p p i n g where t h e f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e
r a p i d l y decreases to a minumum value. At the specified sliding speed,
s t i c k - s l i p c y c l e s are long enough s o t h a t they can be r e a d i l y recorded.
- mechanism o f s t i c k - s l i p s l i d i n g [521].
- a technique f o r s t i c k - s l i p i n v e s t i g a t i o n [709].
- influence of friction-speed r e l a t i o n on c r i t i c a l v e l o c i t y of stick-slip
E7101.
- a b r a s i v e wear i n s t i c k - s l i p motion [819].
- f r i c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s i n a s t i c k - s l i p process [iO58].
- q u a l i t a t i v e d e s c r i p t i o n of s t i c k - s l i p s l i d i n g [1059].
STRAIGHT MINERAL OILS

See: BASE OILS.
STRAIN
The amount by which a dimension of a body changes when t h e body i s s u b j e c t e d
t o a l o a d , d i v i d e d by t h e o r i g i n a l v a l u e of t h e dimension [1202].
STRENGTH
Maximum s t r e s s which a m a t e r i a l can r e s i s t without f a i l i n g f o r any g i v e n type
of loading.
STRESS
S t r e s s i s f o r c e p e r u n i t area. If t h e s t r e s s t e n d s t o s t r e t c h o r l e n g t h e n t h e
m a t e r i a l , i t i s c a l l e d t e n s i l e s t r e s s ; i f t o compress o r s h o r t e n t h e m a t e r i a l ,
a compressive stress; and if to shear the material, a s h e a r i n g stress.
T e n s i l e and compressive s t r e s s e s always a c t a t r i g h t a n g l e s t o t h e a r e a being
considered; s h e a r i n g s t r e s s e s a r e always i n t h e p l a n e o f t h e a r e a ( a t r i g h t
a n g l e s t o compressive o r t e n s i l e s t r e s s e s ) [1202].
STRINGINESS ADDITIVES
S t r i n g y eUbatanCeS, eg isobutylene polymers, used in greaaes to provide
g r e a t e r cohesion.
See also: TACKINESS AGENTS.
STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE 316
STRONTIUM HYDROXIDE
(a) Sr(OH)2;
soluble in cold water.

(b) 1.90.
in steam.
greases.
Slightly toxic.
(b)
Colourless, deliquescent crystals.
Sr(OH)2.8H20
zyx
Soluble in hot water and acids; slightly
Mp 37eC; decomposes at 71OoC; density (a) 3.625,
It is derived by heating of carbonate o r sulphide
Strontium hydroxide is used to produce lubricant soaps and soap
STRUCTURE MODIFIERS
Used in lubricating greases. Their main purpose is to change the solubility
characteristics of thickeners, mainly soap, or to control their
Crystallization during processing. The most widely used structure modifiers
zyxwvu
are water, higher alcohols, fatty acids, glycols and salts o f low molecular
weight acids. Amines, esters and phenols have also been suggested.
STYRENE-BUTADIENE COPOLYMER
See: VISCOSITY INDEX IKPROVERS.
- styrene-butadiene copolymer in engine oils: its influence on the
rheological properties at subzero temperatures [123].
SUCCINIMIDES
(CH~CO)~NR
Where R has more than 50 carbon atoms.
The N-substituted long-chain alkenyl succinimides are typical ashless
detergents extensively used in many types of engine oils,
See also: DETERGENTS.
- action mechanism of polyisobutenyl succinimide lube oil additives [175].
- mechanism of detergent action and effectiveness of succinimide additives for
engine oils [273].
SULPHONATED OILS
They are the products resulting from the sulphonation of animal o r vegetable
oils (sulphuric acid treatment), folloued by neutralisation with caustic soda
o r ammonia. These oils are emulsifiable in water and are claimed to be
capable of supplying lubrication for various purposes, emulsifying various
materials in water (dispersing), plasticieing, penetrating, scouring, wetting
out and softening [484]. For some of these operations specially formulated
oils may be necessary.
317 SULPHUR-CONTAININGADDITIVES
SULPHO-CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS
Lubricants containing chlorine and sulphur compounds which react with a
rubbing surface at elevated temperatures to form a protective film [503].
See also: CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS, SULPHURIZED LUBRICANTS.
SULPHUR ( S )
Raw material for the manufacture of sulphurized EP additives. During sliding
zy
free sulphur combines with the metal, in most cases iron, forming a metal
sulphide. Sulphur dissolved in the base oil possesses good EP properties. It
has also been combined with vegetable oils. Sulphur has been used for many
years as an additive in cutting oils when the severity of the machining
operation necessitates the use of outstanding EP characteristics in the fluid.
-
-
photoelectron spectroscopic studies on films formed on steel surfaces by oil
solutions of sulphur in immersion and rubbing tests [157].
interaction between sulphur dissolved in a mineral oil and the surfaces o f
hypoid gears [194].
- action mechanism of sulphur [414].
zy
SULPHUR-CONTAINING ADDITIVES
A class of the most important lubricant additives. They are particularly
useful as extreme pressure agents, antiwear agents, and antioxidants. They
include many types of organosulphur and organometallic-sulphur compounds. The
ability of organic sulphur compounds to prevent wear and damage in sliding
contacts is associated with their tendency to form sulphide films of low shear
strength.
- synthesis and chemistry of sulphur-containing additives [l].
- load-carrying properties of sulphur-containing additives [lo].
- load-carrying action of sulphur-containing additives, a review [12].
- lubrication properties of sulphur-containing additives [ 171.
- action mechanism of sulphur-containing additives [202].
- chemical activity of sulphur-containing additives [204].
- negative-ion EP action of sulphur-containing additives [414].
SULPHURIZED FATTY OILS
SULPHURIZED FATTY OILS

zyxwvut
A class of important lubricating oil additives produced mainly by
318
sulphurization of vegetable oils. The sulphurized products are good
zyxwvuts
tribological additives. They reduce wear at extreme pressure loads and
prevent damage of the mating elements. At lower loads they are able to
reduce friction. Sulphurized fatty oils have good thermal and oxidation
stability.
zyxwvut
See also: FATTY OILS,
- low-sulphur and high-sulphurized vegetable oil products [1692].
SULPHURIZED LUBRICANTS
Lubricants containing sulphur o r a sulphur compound which react with a rubbing
surface at elevated temperatures to form a protective film [50g].
See also: CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS. SULPHO-CHLORINATED LUBRICANTS.
SULPHURIZED METHYL 10-UNDECENOATE

Used as an EP lubricant additive.
- its preparation and antiwear behaviour [loo].
SULPXURIZED OLEFINS
Sulphur-containing tribological additives prepared by sulphurization of
unsaturated hydrocarbons (olefins), especially isobutylene.
See also: EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES.
- lubricity of sulphurized olefins added to liquid paraffin [548].
SULPHURIZED OXYMOLYBDENUM DI-( 2-ETHYLHEXYL)-PHOSPHORODITHIOATE

See: SULPHURIZED OXYMOLYBDENUM ORGANOPHOSPHORODITHIOATES.
SULPHURIZED OXYMOLYBDENLJM ORGANOPHOSPHORODITHIOATES

(RO 12p,~fyp~,s
( OR 1
so s
Oil-soluble antiwear and extreme-pressure additives used in lubricating oils
and greases, which exhibit a synergistic effect with molybdenum disulphide.
They can improve fuel efficiency in motor vehicles by acting as friction
modifiers and functioning as oxidation inhibitors.
- general information on the compounds [399].
319 zy
zyxwv
- action mechanism of sulphurized oxymolybdenum di-(Z-ethylhexy)-
phosphorodithioate [ 10191.
SURFACE
- friction and wear characteristics of molybdenum dithiophosphates [1317].
SULPHURIZED SPERM O I L
A widely used typical EP additive,
See also: SPERM O I L .
- sulphurized sperm oil as an EP additive in naphthenic base oil [loo].
- effects of sulphurized sperm oil on friction [211].
- properties and functions of sulphurized sperm oil [295].
SULPHURIZED T E R P E N E S
Usually used as EP additives.
See: TERPENES.
- influence of base oil refining on effectiveness of sulphurized terpenes as
antiwear additives [65].
- sulphurized terpenes in &ball studies on additive blend fatigue [114].
- effect of sulphurized terpenes on fatigue life [164].
- effects of sulphurized terpenes on friction [211].
SUPERALLOYS
A class of iron-based, cobalt-based o r nickel-based materials providing
high-temperature mechanical properties and oxidation-corrosion resistance for
long periods of time at up to 1 2 0 0 ° C .
- fundamental information on superalloys [482].
zyxwvu
SURFACE
The surface of an object is the boundary which separates that object from
another object, substance or space [1202].
See also: MEASURED SURFACE, NOMINAL SURFACE.
- physical chemistry of surfaces [4, 4111.
- surface chemistry in lubrication and wear [186].
- interaction between surfaces [370].
- description of various analytical tools in surface studies [411].
- characterization of surfaces, chemistry of surfaces [411, 13761.
- microgeometry of sliding surfaces [424].
- chemical and chemical state of the solid surface [510].
- description, production and selection of surfaces [m].
zyxwvu
- contact
-
zy
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
- wetting
- r o l e of
of high-energy s u r f a c e s [739].
s u r f a c e chemistry i n l u b r i c a t i o n and s c u f f i n g [813].
of f l a t s u r f a c e s [ g e l , 13791.
review of conditions a t run-in engineering s u r f a c e s and mechanisms o f
f r i c t i o n [982].
- s u r f a c e a n a l y s i s techniques i n t h e study of wear [985, 10741.
320
- d e f i n i t i o n s of terms r e l a t i n g t o s u r f a c e a n a l y s i s [1377].
- comprehensive study of rough s u r f a c e s [1378].
- c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n of r e a l s u r f a c e s by e l l i p s o m e t r y [ l x g ] .
- effects of s u r f a c e e n e r g e t i c s on polymer f r i c t i o n and wear [1392].
- t r i b o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s of s u r f a c e s , i n c l u d i n g n a t u r e of s o l i d s u r f a c e s and
s u r f a c e f i l m e f f e c t s [1393].
- s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n measurements: p r e s e n t s t a t u s and use [1394].
- s u r f a c e i n t e r a c t i o n s and m a t e r i a l p r o p e r t i e s a f f e c t i n g them [1593].
- physics and chemistry of s u r f a c e s : t h e concept of a s u r f a c e , a n a l y t i c a l
techniques, n a t u r e of s u r f a c e f o r c e s , etc.: a l i t e r a t u r e survey [1675].
- a comprehensive study of v a r i o u s a s p e c t s of t h e c h a r a c t e r i s a t i o n of s o l i d
s u r f a c e s [16991.
SURFACE A C T I V E AGENTS
zy
See: SURFACTANTS.
SURFACE COATINGS
Surface l a y e r s formed by s p e c i a l treatment of t r i b o l o g i c a l components using
appropriate hard materials (eg titanium n i t r i d e ) o r s o f t materials ( e g l e a d o r
molybdenum d i s u l p h i d e ) meeting s p e c i f i c wear (hard c o a t i n g ) and f r i c t i o n ( s o f t
coating) requirements. The s u r f a c e c o a t i n g s produce a composite m a t e r i a l with
enhanced t r i b o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s as compared t o t h e s u r f a c e m a t e r i a l o f t h e
untreated component.
See a l s o : CERAMIC COATINGS, VACUUM-DEPOSITED COATINGS.
- d e s c r i p t i o n , p r o p e r t i e s and i n f l u e n c e on performance of metal c o n t a c t s [2].
- organic and inorganic c o a t i n g s [521].
- support of o i l l u b r i c a t i o n by s o l i d l u b r i c a n t c o a t i n g s [660].
- s u r f a c e c o a t i n g m a t e r i a l s [686].
- aurface c o a t i n g technologies [687].
- bonded and d i f f u s i o n coatinga [705].
- a p p l i c a t i o n of a o l i d l u b r i c a n t c o a t i n g s [708].
32 1 zy
zyxwvutsrq
- coatings for corrosion and wear resistance [748].
- production of ceramic coatings [847].
SURFACE ETCHING
- survey of wear-resistant and friction-reducing coatings [849].

- dry sliding wear of ceramic coatings [925].
- tribology of surface films [1060].
- types and properties of coatings and their selection [1061].
- applications of surface coatings [1062].
- use of coatings in tribotechnology: a review [1063].
- tribological behaviour of hard coatings deposited by chemical vapour
deposition and physical vapour deposition [1064],
- collection of papers on coating technology, properties and applications
[ 10651.
- fretting wear behaviour of three types of coatings [1066].
- self-lubricating chromium carbide-based coatings [1067].
- morphology and structure of ion-plated titanium carbide and titanium nitride
zyxwvu
coatings [1068].
- erosion of hard surface coatings [1069].
- wear-resistant nickel-based coatings [10701.
- friction and wear of various hard coatings [1071].
- chromium and nickel coatings: r o l e of laboratorydata in selection and
design [1155].
- wide-temperature spectrum self-lubricating coatings prepared by plasma
spraying [1167].
- hard coatings consisting of WC, Tic and Cr C particles compared with
32
conventional wear-resistant materials [1700].
SURFACE ENGINEERING
zyxwvuts
The application of traditional and innovative surface technologies to
engineering components and materials in order to produce a composite material
with properties unattainable in either the base or surface material [685].
SURFACE ETCHING
See: ETCHING.
SURFACE FILMS
SURFACE FILMS
Films formed by various surface engineering techniques to enhance
322
wear
zy
r e s i s t a n c e and t o prevent damage t o t r i b o l o g i c a l m e t a l s u r f a c e s , e s p e c i a l l y
zyxwvu
t h o s e made of f e r r o u s a l l o y s .
The term a l s o r e f e r s t o oxide, contaminant and o t h e r f i l m s . I n general,
s u r f a c e f i l m s can be grouped i n t o t h o s e produced by transfer, formed by
r e a c t i o n w i t h l u b r i c a n t s o r a i r and extruded from t h e m a t e r i a l .
See a l s o : SURFACE COATINGS.
- e f f e c t of s u r f a c e f i l m s on mechanical behaviour o f s o l i d s u r f a c e s [411].
- p r e p a r a t i o n and n a t u r e of ZDDP s u r f a c e f i l m s [828].
- s u r f a c e f i l m s i n t r i b o l o g y : ceramic c o a t i n g s [847].
- chemical s t r u c t u r e and p r o p e r t i e s of ceramic s u r f a c e f i l m s [916].
- t r i b o l o g y of s u r f a c e f i l m s [1060].
- i n d e n t a t i o n c u r v e s o f s u r f a c e films [1380].
- tribological properties of s u r f a c e s : s u r f a c e f i l m e f f e c t s [13gS].
- p r o p e r t i e s of s u r f a c e f i l m s : a l i t e r a t u r e s u r v e y [1592].
- material t r a n s f e r and f i l m formation i n polymeric materials [1646].
- role of surface films in frictional behaviour of lubricated and dry
c o n t a c t s , i n c l u d i n g s o l i d f i l m systems [16g3].
SURFACE HARDNESS
R e s i s t a n c e o f a m a t e r i a l s u r f a c e t o i n d e n t a t i o n or s c r a t c h i n g .
See a l s o : HARDNESS, SURFACE.
SURFACE LAYER
A s u p e r f i c i a l composite p a r t of m e t a l l i c material comprising v a r i o u s o u t e r and
inner l a y e r e d f i l m s . The former u s u a l l y encompass contaminant, adsorbed g a s
and o x i d e l a y e r s while t h e l a t t e r i n c l u d e Beilby, heavy deformed and l i g h t
deformed l a y e r s .
- mechanical p r o p e r t i e s o f l a y e r e d s u r f a c e s determined by i n d e n t a t i o n tests
[13801.
SURFACE MODIFICATION TECHNIQUES

S u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t techniques t h e aim of which i s t o enhance wear r e s i s t a n c e
and t o p r e v e n t damage t o t r i b o l o g i c a l mating s u r f a c e s .
323 SURFACE ROUGHNESS zy
SURFACE RESINS
Complex mixtures of
s a t u r a t e d hydrocarbons.
See a l s o :
-
FRICTION RESINS. zyxwvut
compounds formed
formation mechanism of s u r f a c e r e s i n s [1737].
SURFACE ROUGHNESS
during friction from aromatic and
I r r e g u l a r i t i e s i n t h e s u r f a c e t e x t u r e being mostly t h e r e s u l t o f t h e i n h e r e n t
a c t i o n of t h e production processes.
See a l s o : ROUGHNESS HEIGHT, ROUGHNESS WIDTH, SURFACE TEXTURE.
- s u r f a c e roughness e f f e c t s in p o i n t c o n t a c t elastohydrodynamic l u b r i c a t i o n ,
i n c l u d i n g e f f e c t on load c a p a c i t y and f r i c t i o n in b a l l b e a r i n g s [576, 5771.
- effect o f s u r f a c e roughness on l u b r i c a t i o n i n c o l d rolling of metals [702].
- s u r f a c e roughness e f f e c t s w i t h s o l i d l u b r i c a n t s i n m i n e r a l o i l s [TOT].
- s u r f a c e roughness e f f e c t s i n elastohydrodynamic l u b r i c a t i o n [755].
- i n f l u e n c e o f s u r f a c e roughness on load-carrying c a p a c i t y o f c o n t a c t i n g
s u r f a c e s [791].
- effect of s u r f a c e roughness on wear o f poly(viny1 c h l o r i d e ) [882].
- i n f l u e n c e o f s u r f a c e roughness on s c u f f i n g [1048].
- s u r f a c e roughness: measurement, c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n , a p p l i c a t i o n s [ 13781.
- e f f e c t of s u r f a c e roughness on f r i c t i o n : f i n i t e element c a l c u l a t i o n s [1381],
- s u r f a c e roughness parameters and t h e i r interdependence [ 13821.
- comparison of two s u r f a c e roughness measurement t e c h n i q u e s [1383].
- multiparameter r e p r e s e n t a t i o n of s u r f a c e roughness [l384].
- s u r f a c e roughness i n metalworking: measurements, c o n s i d e r a t i o n s [ l385].
- a Wheatstone b r i d g e f o r s u r f a c e roughness measurements [1386].
- measurement and cartography o f s u r f a c e roughness [137].
- frequency a n a l y s i s of surfaces f o r i n v e st i g atin g lu b r ican t actio n i n c u t t i n g
[13881.
- s u r f a c e roughness effects on metallic c o n t a c t and f r i c t i o n i n t h e t r a n s i t i o n
between hydrodynamic and boundary l u b r i c a t i o n [ 16951.
SURFACE TENSION zyxwvuts 324
SURFACE TENSION
The inward f o r c e a c t i n g on t h e s u r f a c e of a l i q u i d due t o t h e a t t r a c t i o n o f
t h e molecules below t h e s u r f a c e .
- s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of
-
l u b r i c a n t s [617].
The tendency o f a l i q u i d t o spread or t o
wet s o l i d s u r f a c e s i s d i r e c t l y r e l a t e d t o i t s s u r f a c e t e n s i o n [484].
s u r f a c e t e n s i o n of l u b r i c a n t s and i t s importance i n l u b r i c a n t
[827].
zyx selection
SURFACE TEXTURE
Repetitive or random d e v i a t i o n s from t h e nominal s u r f a c e which form t h e
p a t t e r n of t h e s u r f a c e . S u r f a c e t e x t u r e i n c l u d e s roughness, waviness, l a y and
flaws, [ 12021
See a l s o : SURFACE ROUGHNESS, SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY.
- s u r f a c e t e x t u r e measurement, c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n and symbols [711].
- s u r f a c e t e x t u r e e f f e c t s [785].
-a technique f o r t h e assessment o f s u r f a c e t e x t u r e [l398].
- f i n a l t e x t u r e and underlying s t r u c t u r e o f machined s u r f a c e s [ l W g ] .
- u s e f u l and non-useful s u r f a c e t e x t u r e parameters: a review [1400].
- e f f e c t of wear on s u r f a c e t e x t u r e [1425].
SURFACE TOPOGRAPHY
The g e o m e t r i c a l d e t a i l o f a s o l i d s u r f a c e , r e l a t i n g p a r t i c u l a r l y t o v a r i a t i o n s
i n h e i g h t [503].
See a l s o : SURFACE, SURFACE TEXTURE.
- a n a l y t i c a l techniques and d e v i c e s f o r s u r f a c e topography [411].
- g e n e r a l d i s c u s s i o n [534,711].
- topographies of machined s u r f a c e s [712].
- f u n c t i o n s and computations f o r s u r f a c e topography [713].
- 3-dimensional t o p o g r a p h i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n o f s o l i d s u r f a c e s [714].
- microtopography o f s u r f a c e s i n thermal c o n t a c t [715].
- i n f l u e n c e of s u f a c e topography on polymer f r i c t i o n [716].
- s u r f a c e a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s f o r wear s t u d i e s [985,10741.
- s u r f a c e topography i n sheet-metal forming [10041.
- topography of s o l i d s u r f a c e s : i n t e r d i s c i p l i n a r y approach [ 10721.
- topographic s t u d y of r e p e t i t i v e l y impacted s u r f a c e s [1073].
325
zyxwvu
- surface
[1075].
- surface
c15341.
profiles, numerical assessments, i n t e r p r e t a t i o n of
- p r o f i l o m e t r i c measurements, s u r f a c e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n parameters [1661].

- development o f information c o n t e n t s of s u r f a c e p r o f i l e measurements
p r o f i l e c h a r a c t e r i z a t i o n [1667].
SYNERESIS
t o p o g r a p h i c a l a n a l y s i s t e c h n i q u e s a p p l i e d t o a running-in experiment
measurements
and
zy
SURFACE TREATMENT
In tribology the term surface treatment encompasses various surface
engineering t e c h n o l o g i e s o r p r o c e s s e s providing s u r f a c e c o a t i n g s w i t h s p e c i f i c
f r i c t i o n and wear p r o p e r t i e s . The most important p r o c e s s e s are chemical
vapour d e p o s i t i o n , p h y s i c a l vapour d e p o s i t i o n , n i t r i d i n g , c a r b o n i t r i d i n g , i o n
implantation, boronizing etc. Coating t h i c k n e s s e s u s u a l l y vary from
1 x 10-6m t o l m m ; however, t h e i o n i m p l a n t a t i o n c o a t i n g t h i c k n e s s can be as
6
t h i n as 0.1 x 10- m.
See a l s o : CERAMIC COATINGS.
- f o r c o r r o s i o n and wear r e s i s t a n c e [748].
- metal s u r f a c e t r e a t m e n t i n c l u d i n g p a t e n t review 1977-1981 [820].
SURFACTANTS
Chemical s u b s t a n c e s reducing s u r f a c e t e n s i o n when d i s s o l v e d i n water o r water
s o l u t i o n s , o r reducing i n t e r f a c i a l t e n s i o n . Besides reducing s u r f a c e t e n s i o n ,
they also produce such effects as wetting, penetration and boundary
lubrication. S u r f a c t a n t s can be g e n e r a l l y d i v i d e d i n t o d e t e r g e n t s , wetting
a g e n t s and e m u l s i f i e r s [ 5031.
See a l s o : REHBINDER EFFECT.
- p h y s i c a l , chemistry, behaviour a t i n t e r f a c e s , a p p l i c a t i o n s e t c [821].
SYNERESIS
See: BLEEDING.
zy
zyxw
SYNERGISM 326
SYNERGISM
P o s i t i v e i n t e r a c t i o n between components i n a mixture i s c a l l e d synergism. It
i s a d e p a r t u r e from t h e expected v a l u e o f a p r o p e r t y of a mixture when t h e
a c t u a l v a l u e i s compared w i t h t h a t c a l c u l a t e d from knowledge o f t h e p r o p e r t y
i n t h e i n d i v i d u a l components [482]. The o p p o s i t e term i s antagonism.
- a d d i t i v e i n t e r f e r e n c e i n d i b e n z y l d i s u l p h i d e [ 131.
- a n t a g o n i s t i c i n t e r a c t i o n of a d d i t i v e s [39].
- s y n e r g i s t i c behaviour o f sulphur- and c h l o r i n e - c o n t a i n i n g compounds [@I.
- i n t e r a c t i o n s between some d i s p e r s a n t s and z i n c d i a l k g l d i t h i o p h o s p h a t e [96].
- s y n e r g i s t i c and adverse e f f e c t s of antiwear a d d i t i v e s [151].
- basic i n f o r m a t i o n [482].
- s y n e r g i s t i c e f f e c t s of a b r a s i o n and c o r r o s i o n d u r i n g wear [513].
- synergism between c o r r o s i o n and a b r a s i v e wear [ 9371.
- synergism between sulphur- and phosphorus-containing tribological additives
[961].
SYNOVIAL FLUID
The n a t u r a l j o i n t s ' l u b r i c a n t . Normal human s y n o v i a l f l u i d i s s l i g h t l y yellow
and viscous. I t i s h i g h l y non-Newtonian, s o t h a t the v i s c o s i t y decreases
markedly w i t h i n c r e a s e d s h e a r stress. I t i s a watery d i a l y s a t e of blood
plasma c o n t a i n i n g e l e c t r o l y t e s , c e l l s , p r o t e i n and mucopolysaccharide. The
average cell c o n t e n t i s 64 c e l l s p e r cm2 and t h e i r c h i e f f u c n t i o n is t o
remove d e b r i s ; protein c o n t e n t i s 20g/dm3 compared with 74g/dm3 i n plasma
[468]. Synovial f l u i d c o n t a i n s h y a l u r o n i c a c i d i n a c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p r o t e i n
producing randomly c o i l e d p a r t i c l e s of about 20 x 1 0 m 6 m i n d i a m e t e r [468].
They a r e r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e v i s c o s i t y o f s y n o v i a l f l u i d .
- composition of synovial fluid and its characteristics for various
p a t h o l o g i e s [468],
- ferrographic analysis of s y n o v i a l f l u i d and s t u d y on i t s mechanism and
b i o l o g i c a l responses t o wear i n human j o i n t s [469].
- p r o p e r t i e s of s y n o v i a l f l u i d [1603, 16041.
- ferrographic a n a l y s i s o f s y n o v i a l f l u i d [1076].
321 zy
zyxwvutsrqp SYNTHETICFIBRES
zy
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
One of t h e two main groups o f human j o i n t s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a c a v i t y between
t h e bones which c o n t a i n s s y n o v i a l f l u i d . Generally, s y n o v i a l j o i n t s i n c l u d e
bone elements covered with a r t i c u l a r c a r t i l a g e l u b r i c a t e d by s y n o v i a l f l u i d
contained i n a n a r t i c u l a r c a v i t y , s y n o v i a l membrane and c a p s u l a r ligament.
- anatomy, motion and l o a d i n g of n a t u r a l j o i n t s [486].
- anatomy, f r i c t i o n and wear of n a t u r a l j o i n t s [1603].
- mechanics o f l u b r i c a t i o n and f r i c t i o n i n n a t u r a l j o i n t s [1604].
SYNTHETIC ESTERS
Generally, e s t e r s o f d i b a s i c a c i d s such as a d i p i c and s e b a c i c , though some
p o l y o l e s t e r s and monoesters have been prepared. They a r e used a s l u b r i c a n t s
f o r many i n d u s t r i a l applications. They dissolve most additives readily.
Diester lubricants are used in air compressor applications, particularly
reciprocators. P o l y o l e s t e r s have e x c e l l e n t high-temperature p r o p e r t i e s and
thus, i n general, have improved p r o p e r t i e s over the diesters. Industrial
p o l y o l e s t e r a p p l i c a t i o n s a r e growing r a p i d l y . Organic e s t e r s o f phosphoric
and s i l i c i c a c i d a r e more f i r e - r e s i s t a n t than t h e o t h e r o r g a n i c compounds but
they are s u b j e c t t o h y d r o l y s i s when exposed t o water. They are used as f l u i d s
and l u b r i c a n t s mainly because o f t h e i r good f i r e - r e s i s t a n t p r o p e r t i e s .
See a l s o : SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS.
- e s t e r base s t o c k s : p r o p e r t i e s , a p p l i c a t i o n 8 [1077],
SYNTHETIC FIBRES
F i b r e s made from polymers, i n c l u d i n g polyamides, polyesters, acrylics and
p o l y o l e f i n s , by e x t r u d i n g from s p i n n e r e t s .
- b a s i c i n f o r m a t i o n on s y n t h e t i c f i b r e s [482].
- f r i c t i o n and l u b r i c a t i o n o f s y n t h e t i c f i b r e s [1660,1696].
SYNTHETICHYDROCARBONS 328
SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS
Lubricating oils prepared by polymerization of olefinic hydrocarbons. They
have good stability when saturated and good viscosity-temperature
characteristics. Of the synthetic materials available, polyolefins are
zyxwvu
particularly suitable for a wide range of applications. In comparison with
typical mineral oils, the use of polyolefins offers a number of significant
advantages. Other synthetic hydrocarbons include polyisobutylenes, alkylated
aromatics and cycloaliphatics.
- traction characteristics of synthetic hydrocarbon oils [1084].
-
Organic
wide temperature
zyx
characteristics of 4 classes of synthetic hydrocarbons [1666].
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS
compounds having
ranges,
desirable
high
lubricating properties.
combinations synthetic lubricants provide excellent lubricity over extremely
thermal and oxidative
resistance, and outstanding resistance to nuclear radiation.
In
stability,
varying
fire
Many of them
zyxwvuts
find use at high temperatures and some are used in jet aircraft and military
applications. Their physical and performance properties can be easily changed
by chemical modification o r the incorporation of additives; however, they are
relatively expensive. In recent years a number of synthetic lubricants have
been introduced, eg phosphate esters, dibasic acid esters, polyphenyl ethers,
silicate esters, and fluoroesters.
See also: LUBRICANTS.
- analytical methods for determining composition of new and used synthetic
lubricants [ 1241.
- classes and properties of synthetic lubricants [159].
- description of several groups of synthetic lubricants [264].
- general review of 5 classes of synthetic lubricants [275].
- synthetic lubricants in aviation [ 2781.
- characterization of individual classes of synthetic lubricants [350].
- comprehensive study with over 500 references [359].
- chemical and physical properties of synthetic lubricants and their
operational temperature ranges [360].
- Synthetic lubricants for traction drives [451].
- general classification [482].
- comprehensive study of synthetic lubricants [485].
329
- a review of recent progress in solid lubricants [487].

- history of synthetic lubricants and their additives [518].
SYNTHETIC OILS zy
- patent review on advances in synthetic oils since '79 [529].
- service properties of solid lubricants [717].
- diester-based synthetic industrial lubricants: commercial experience [718].
- scanning electron microscopic evaluation of a series of synthetic lubricants
[804].
- oxidation stability determination of synthetic lubricants [1078].
- lubricants for turbocharged passenger cars: requirements, types,
- properties and industrial applications of synthetic lubricants [l080].
- traction characterigtica of synthetic hydrocarbon oils 110841.
- a review of physical and chemical differences between synthetic and mineral
oils, characteristics and performance of synthetics [1666].
- behaviour and properties of synthetic oils for aircraft engines [1697].
See:
zyxwvutsr
- a study of commercial applications of synthetic lubricants [1698].
- synthetic lubricants for textile doubling and spinning [1750].
SYNTHETIC OILS
SYNTHETIC LUBRICANTS.
TACKINESS AGENTS zy 330
TACKINESS AGENTS
Tacky
viscosity.
-
TALC
and
zyxwvutsr
stringy s u b s t an ces ,
review o f l i t e r a t u r e of up t o 1980 [419].

e.g. soaps,
polyisobutylene polymers, which provide t h e o i l w ith increase d cohesion and
polyacrylate polymers,
Mg S i 0 (OH)2
3 410
The term covers a w i d e range of n a t u r a l m ine rals, most of which a r e higher
magnesium s i l i c a t e s . Density 2.7 - 2.8. Highly r e s i s t a n t t o a c i d s , a l k a l i e s
and h e a t . Used as a l u b r i c a n t and i n ceramics.
TALL OIL
A mixture of r o s i n and f a t t y a c i d s and o t h e r m a t e r i a l s obtaine d by a c i d
treatment of a l k a l i n e l i q u o r s from t h e d i g e s t i o n of pine wood. Slightly
toxic. I t c o n t a i n s 18-60% o f f a t t y a c i d s p l u s r o s i n a c i d s . Crude t a l l o i l
c o n t a i n s about 7% o f n e u t r a l materials and t h e balance i s about e qual p a r t s o f
r o s i n and f a t t y a c i d s . Used i n l u b r i c a t i n g o i l s and g r e a s e s ; also i n soaps,
c u t t i n g and core o i l s .
TALLOW
An animal fat co n t ai n i n g
C to C18. Main constituents are stearin,
16
p a l m i t i n and o l e i n . Density 0.86. I t i s de rive d by e x t r a c t i o n from t h e
s o l i d f a t o f c a t t l e , sheep o r h o r s es by d r y o r wet rendering. Used i n
g r e a s e s and as a l u b r i c a n t for metalworking, particularly, f o r s t e e l rod
drawing.
TANTALUM (Ta)
Bluish-grey, hard metal. Density 16.65; m.p. 2998C. With a few
e x c e p t i o n s , tantalum is i n e r t t o c o r r o s i v e gases and l i q u i d s below 15OoC.
Used t o make a l l o y s wi t h d e s i r a b l e p r o p e r t i e s , e.g. high m elting point and
good d u c t i l i t y .
- a b r a s i v e wear tests on tantalum [512].
- l u b r i c a t i o n requirements i n forming and working tantalum [626].
- f r i c t i o n and wear of semiconductors i n c o n t a c t w ith tantalum [977].
33 1zyxwvutsrq
zy TERPENES
TANTALUM DISULPHIDE
-
TaS2
a solid lubricant. zyxwvuts

Black powder o r c r y s t a l s .
oxidation c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,
d e n s i t y [67].
-
I n s o l u b l e i n water.
crystal structure,
Mp above 30OO0C.
electrical resistivity
preliminary s t u d y o f t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s t r u c t u r a l and chemical

Used as
and
p r o p e r t i e s of TaS2 and i t s i n t r i n s i c l u b r i c a t i n g p r o p e r t i e s [w].
TAPERED LAND BEARINGS

A type of t h r u s t b e a r i n g c o n t a i n i n g pads of f i x e d t a p e r and capable of high
load c a p a c i t y .
TAPERED ROLLER BEARINGS

A type of roller bearing containing straight tapered rollers accurately
a l i g n e d by means of a guide f l a n g e on t h e i n n e r r i n g .
- b asi c feat ures of tapered r o l l e r b e a r i n g s [l343].
TAPPING
A p r o c e s s o f c u t t i n g an i n t e r n a l screw thread by u s i n g a t a p .
- s e l e c t i o n of t a p s , m a t e r i a l s . t e c h n i c a l d a t a [1202].
TEARING
The term i s used t o d e s c r i b e wear by t e a r i n g o f t h e s u r f a c e . It i s a f a c t o r
i n t h e a b r a s i o n of rubber.
TEFLON
See: POLYTETRAFLUOROETHYLENE.
TERMINAL ELECTRON ACCEPTOR

See: ELECTRON-ACCPTOR MOLECULE.
TERPENES
unit C H
groups.
zyxwvutsrq
Unsaturated
See a l s o :
58
hydrocarbons having
most e s s e n t i a l o i l s and o l e o r e s i n s
the
0.f
empirical
planta.
formula Cloy6 o c c u r r i n g
They a r e based on t h e i s o p r e n e
and may be e i t h e r a c y c l i c or c y c l i c w i t h one or more beneenoid
Used f o r t h e manufacture o f t r i b o l o g i c a l products.
SULPHURIZED TERPENES.
in
332
1,1,2,2-TETRACHLOROETHANE
zyxwvuts
CHC12CHC12
Dense, colourless liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; slightly soluble in
0
water. Bp 146.3OC; fp -43 C; ;:d 1.593. It is derived by the
reaction of acetylene and chlorine. Highly toxic by ingestion, inhalation
and skin absorption. It possesses good EP properties but is corrosive.
- study on tribochemical reactions of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane [36].
T'ETRACHLOROETHENE
C12C-CC12
Colourless, extremely stable liquid. Insoluble in water; miscible with
alcohol, ether and oils in all proportions. It is usually derived by
chlorination of hydrocarbons. Toxic; irritant to the skin and eyes. Used
as an EP additive.
- study on tribochemical behaviour of tetrachloroethene [36].
TETRA-( 2-ETHYLHEXYL) SILICATE
[C 4H9CH(C2H5)CH20]4Si
Solubility in water 0.01, Bp 35O-g7O0C; fp -9OOC; density 0.8838.
Used as a synthetic lubricant.
- &ball fatigue tests on tetra (2-ethylhexyl) silicate [205].
TETRAHYDRONAPHTHALENE
%oH12
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; miscible with most solvents. Bp
206OC; fp 0.981.
-25OC; di3 Moderately toxic and irritant. Often
used as a model aromatic or base lubricant.
- determination of its friction and wear characteristics [ljq].
TETRAMETHYLDIAMINODIPHENYLMETHANE or
BIS ( 4-NVN-DIMETHYLAMINOPHENYL) METHANE
Yellowish leaflets or glistening plates. Insoluble in water; soluble in

benzene, ether and acids. Bp J9OoC; mp 90-9loC; sublimes with
decomposition. It is derived by heating dimethylaniline with hydrochloric
acid and formaldehyde. Used as an effective antioxidant at higher
temperatures (above 100°C) where many amines are ineffective.
333
TETRAPROPYLENE
C12H24
THERMOGRAVIMETRICANALYSIS zy
Mixture o f C12 mono-olefins. Liquid. B o i l i n g range 183-218OC;
20 0.770.
d20 It i s derived from catalytic polymerization o f propylene.
Used a s a n i n t e r m e d i a t e t o produce (1) EP a d d i t i v e s , e.g. by s u l p h u r i z a t i o n of
t e t r a p r o p y l e n e , and ( 2 ) d e t e r g e n t s (through dodecylbenzene).
TEXTILE OIL
A s a p o n i f i a b l e o i l used t o l u b r i c a t e t h r e a d o r y a r n t o prevent breakage d u r i n g
s p i n n i n g and weaving. Must be a c c e p t a b l e f o r d i r e c t contact with f i b r e s
during t e x t i l e
production.
THERMAL FATIGUE
F a t i g u e damage r e s u l t i n g from t h e stresses generated by thermal c y c l i n g .
See a l s o : CRAZING.
THERMAL WEAR
Removal of material due t o s o f t e n i n g , melting o r e v a p o r a t i o n d u r i n g s l i d i n g o r
rolling. Thermal shock and high-temperature e r o s i o n may be included i n t h e
g e n e r a l d e s c r i p t i o n thermal wear, Wear by d i f f u s i o n o f s e p a r a t e atoms from
one body t o t h e o t h e r , a t high temperatures, i s sometimes denoted as thermal
wear [503].
THERMOCRACK1 NG
A mode of f a i l u r e of s l i d i n g components d u r i n g d r y f r i c t i o n .
relates t o volumetric p r o c e s s e s i n and around t h e real area o f c o n t a c t due t o
t h e mechanical energy t r a n s f o r m a t i o n i n t o h e a t on t h e f r i c t i o n e u r f a c e .
- thermocracking a s a r e s u l t of d r y s l i d i n g [681].
zy
Thermocracking
THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS
See: DIFFERENTIAL THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS.
THERMOPLASTICS 334
THERMOPLASTICS
zyxwvut
High polymers that soften on exposure to heat without change in chemical
zyxwvu
properties and return to their original shape when cooled to room
temperature. In most cases the term covers synthetics such as nylons,
poly(viny1 chloride), polyethylene, polystyrene, polypropylene, fluorocarbons
and acrylic resins.
- low- and high-speed sliding of thermoplastics [436].
- friction and wear of thermoplastics [598, 876, 14031.
- wear of reinforced thermoplastics by abrasive papers [863].
- physical and mechanical properties of thermoplastics [876].
- thermoplastics as plain bearing materials [ 11341.
- tribological behaviour of thermoplastics: effects of abrasive and adhesive
mechanisms [ 1401].
- frictional properties of modified glass-filled thermoplastics [1402].
- new polymer lubricants for thermoplastics [1404].
- wear of oil-filled thermoplastics [1405].
THERMOSE!I'TING PLASTICS
See
zyxwvu
High polymers that undergo chemical changes on heating such that they
solidify, or set. They usually comprise phenolics, polyesters, epoxides,
silicones, alkyds and amino resins.
also: PLASTICS, POLYmRS.
THICKENERS
zyxw
Thickeners are of soap and non-soap types, the latter including inorganic or
organic materials. Soap thickeners consist of compounds having cations of
Aluminium, Barium, Calcium, Lithium, Sodium, Lead o r Strontium, most of which
are formed in situ in the lubricating fluid by reacting a metal base and fatty
acids o r glycerides. Also, other acid-containing compounds, such as rosin,
waxes, naphthenic acids or synthetic fatty acids, may be used. Complex
salt-soap thickeners comprising the co-neutralized products of low molecular
weight acids, such as acetic, o r intermediate o r high molecular weight fatty
acids have also been found of value as thickeners. A variation of this
latter type of thickener are aluminium complex soaps formed by the reaction of
a mixture of straight chain carboxylic acids and aromatic acids with anhydrous
aluminium compounds, like aluminium alcoholates.
335
zyxwv
find some use as grease thickeners.
THIN-FILM LUBRICATION
Preformed soaps, such as aluminium stearate o r lithium 12-hydroxystearate,

Non-soap inorganic thickeners having the
widest application include colloidal silicas o r certain modified clays.
Examples of the latter are bentonites which are rendered organophilic and
zyxwvutsrq
water repellent by reacting the clay with amines containing radicals of at
least 10 carbon atoms. Certain organic non-soap thickeners like arylureaa
have excellent high-temperature stability. The efficiency of thickeners
depends upon the particle size and shape and the forces of attraction involved
[482] .-measuring high pressure shear strength of thickeners [251],
- fluorinated polymers as thickeners [303],
- modern thickeners [323],
- complex soap thickeners [437].
- substituted ureas as grease thickeners [439].
- Characteristics of thickeners [520].
- thickener systems used in mineral and synthetic fluid systems [ggg].
THICK-FILM LUBRICATION
A condition of lubrication in which the film thickness of the lubricant is
appreciably greater than that required to cover the surface asperities when
subjected to the operating load, so that the effect of the surface asperities
is not noticebale [503].
See also: THIN-FILM LUBRICATION.
THIN-FILM LUBRICATION
Lubrication with very thin films. It may occur due to preferential adsorption
by the solid surface of polar compounds present in relatively small amounts in
the lubrication oil. The lubrication ability of very thin films may also
result from a variation of viscosity with pressure.
See also: BOUNDARY LUBRICATION.
- thin-film lubrication with silicone fluids [ 1291
- failure of thin-film lubrication: characteristics of additives (ZDDP,
dibenzyl disulphide) and steels [754].
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC )
THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY (TLC)

zyxwvu
zy
Thin-layer chromatography consists of producing a solid stationary phase on a
336
smooth plate (usually glass) by spreading an adsorbent cake to a depth of

about 0.5mm. The material to be identified is spotted at one end of the
plate and developed using a suitable eolvent system similar to paper
chromatography. Knowledge of Rf values allows identification of the
separated components. TLC is applicable to the identification of additive
zyxwv
systems in tribology.
THIOANISOLE
C6H5SCH3
Colourless liquid. Density 1.053 (25 OC). Ineoluble in water; soluble in
most organic solvents. Being an organosulphur compound it provides antiwear
and antiseizure properties.
THIODIPHENYLAMINE
See: PHENOTHIAZINE.
THIOGLYCOLLATE ETHANOLAMINE
HSCH2CO2H.NH2CH2CH2OH
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
THIOPHENOL
C6H5SH
An organosulphur compound. Water-white liquid. Density 1.075
(25/25OC). Insoluble in water, soluble in alcohol and ether. Thiophenol
provides antiwear and antiseizure properties.
- tribological activity during sliding of aluminium on s t e e l [1020].
THIRAM
[ (c$)2Ncs12s2
White crystalline powder. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic
solvents. Melting range 155-156OC. Irritant to the skin and eyes;
moderately toxic by ingestion and inhalation. Used as a load-carrying oil
additive .
337
THIRD BODY
THRUST BEARINGS
The term r e f e r s t o t h e m a t e r i a l accumulated i n t r i b o l o g i c a l c o n t a c t . The

zy
zyxwvutsr
m a t e r i a l i s provided by e i t h e r t a n g e n t i a l o r normal feed. The normal feed
mostly i m p l i e s wear, w i t h t h e e x c e p t i o n of porous and h y d r o s t a t i c b e a r i n g s ,
material
zyxwv
whereas t h e t a n g e n t i a l feed p r e v e n t s wear.
phases p i l e d up t o form l o a d - c a r r y i n g a r e a s .
.
- a b r a s i v e wear under
-
The t h i r d body can r e p r e s e n t many
I t mostly i n c l u d e s amorphous
three-body c o n d i t i o n s [506, 512, lllj].

r o l e of t h i r d bodies i n f r e t t i n g wear and f a t i g u e [963].
- third body approach t o wear [1425].
- third body d e f i n i t i o n s [1744].
THIXOTROPY
The a b i l i t y o f c e r t a i n c o l l o i d a l g e l s t o l i q u i f y when a g i t a t e d and t o r e t u r n
t o t h e i r o r i g i n a l c o n s i s t e n c y when a t r e s t .
THORIUM DISULPHIDE
ThS2
Dark brown-black c r y s t a l s . I n s o l u b l e i n water. Mp 1875-1975OC (vacuum) ;
d$5 7.30. Used a s a s o l i d l u b r i c a n t .
THREAD CUTTING
See: CHASING, TAPPING.
THRUST BEARINGS
Bearings i n which t h e load acts i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e a x i s of r o t a t i o n .
- description o f t h r u s t b e a r i n g s and t h e i r l u b r i c a t i o n [604, 12801.
- elastohydrodynamic lubrication of grease-lubricated cylindrical roller
t h r u s t b e a r i n g s [759].
- performance o f i n d u s t r i a l a i r - l u b r i c a t e d t h r u s t b e a r i n g s [1121].
- a i r - l u b r i c a t e d f o i l t h r u s t bearings: advanced development [1122].
- s t a b i l i t y of e x t e r n a l l y p r e s s u r i z e d g a s - l u b r i c a t e d porous t h r u s t bearings
[1219].
- elastohydrodynamics o f gae-lubricated compliant t h r u s t b e a r i n g s [1256].
- thermal effects i n t h r u s t b e a r i n g s : a n e x t e n s i v e survey o f papers [1263].
THRUST JOURNAL BEARINGS
- design criteria for stepped thrust bearings [1375].

- centrifugal effects in misaligned hydrostatic thrust bearings [1406].
338 zy
- thermal effects in an accelerating thrust bearing [1407].
- compliant hydrodynamic thrust bearings [1408].
- selection of thrust bearings for special environments and performance [1540].
THRUST JOURNAL BEARINGS
A type of plain bearing in which the load acts in both the axial and radial
directions.
THRUST ROLLER BEARINGS

A type of thrust bearing containing rollers.
- elastohydrodynamic lubrication of grease-lubricated cylindrical roller
thrust bearings [759].
THRUST WASHER
See: WASHER.
zyxwvu
TILTING-PAD BEARINGS
Pad bearings in which the pads are free to take up a position at an angle to
the opposing surface according to the hydrodynamic pressure distribution over
its surface [503].
- tilting pad bearings: selection of thrust bearing size, calculation of power
absorbed [mi].
TIN (Sn)
Silvery-white, malleable metal. Density 7.29; m.p. 231.9OC. Tin oxidizes
forming a protective oxide film on the surface. It is used to coat other
metals to prevent corrosion. Other uses include alloys and bronzes.
Tin-containing organometallics are effective load-carrying additives.
- lubrication requirements in forming and working tin [626].
- tin, its compounds and alloys [1409].
- friction and wear of tin against stainless steel [1410].
- illustrated case histories of corrosion phenomena, causes and remedies
[1617].
zy
zy
339 TITANIUM (Ti)
T I N BRONZES
Bearing a l l o y s c o n t a i n i n g up t o 10% t i n . They e x h i b i t very good f a t i g u e
s t r e n g t h and c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e , b u t poor c o n f o r m a b i l i t y and embeddability.
- wear r e s i s t a n c e of t i n bronzes [1681].
T I N DI-n-HEXYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
[( ~ - c ~ H ~ ~ ~ ) ~ P s ~ ~ ~ s ~
- its antiwear, a n t i o x i d a t i o n and a n t i c o r r o s i o n p r o p e r t i e s [43].
T I N DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE

{[
(C$)2CH(CH2)3012Ps2}2~n
Antiwear and a n t i o x i d a t i o n a d d i t i v e .
- i t s t r i b o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s [173].
T I N DI-n-OCTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
(n-C8H170) 2PS2 12Sn
- i t s antiwear, a n t i o x i d a t i o n and a n t i c o r r o s i o n p r o p e r t i e s [43].
TIN DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

{ [ (CHg )2CH0]2PS2}2Sn
Antiwear and a n t i o x i d a t i o n a d d i t i v e s .
- i t s t r i b o l o g i c a l p r o p e r t i e s [173].
zyxw
TITANIUM ( T i )
A lustrous white metal. Density 4.54; m.p. 1668OC. Very active
chemically. Excellent resistance to corrosion and many chemicals when
cold. Slightly toxic. It is used in abrasives, metal coatings and
ceramics. Important as a n a l l o y i n g a g e n t with a number o f metals. Titanium
i s very d i f f i c u l t t o l u b r i c a t e d u r i n g machining.
- boundary l u b r i c a t i o n of titanium [407].
TITANIUM BORIDE
- abrasive wear tests on titanium [512].

- cavitation erosion of titanium [559].
340 zy
- lubrication requirement in forming and working titanium [626].
- determination of titanium in aircraft lube oils [644].
- grinding titanium and a titanium alloy [776].
- effect of water vapour on fretting wear of titanium [840].
- lubricants for metalworking and cutting titanium [ 9511.
- friction and wear of semiconductors in contact with titanium [977].
- titanium implantation on hardened steels [1055].
- fretting wear of four titanium alloys under oxidizing conditions [1246].
- friction and wear of titanium under dry sliding [1411].
- erosion resistance, machinability and other characteristics of titanium
[14121
- tribological behaviour of titanium materials in combination with
electrodeposited coatings [141g].
- friction of titanium against sintered powder nichrome [1414].
- chemical conversion coatings for the lubrication of titanium [1614].
- enhanced wear performance of titanium and its alloys by laser cladding
[1650].
- a review of friction and wear behaviour of titanium [1703].
TITANIUM BORIDE
zyxwvutsrq
TiB2
Extremely hard solid. Density 4.50; m.p. 298OOC. Oxidative resistance up
to 1400°C. Used in cermets, superalloys, nuclear steels and wear-resistant
coatings.
- wear of ion-implanted TIE2 surfaces [1142].
TITANIUM CARBIDE
Tic
Very hard crystalline solid. Density 4.93; m.p. about 314OOC. Insoluble
in water; soluble in nitric acid. Used in making cutting tools, grinding
stones, in cermets and wear-resistant ion-implanted coatings.
34 I zy
zyxwvutsrq
- Tic coatings in machine construction [goo].
- Tic coatings on tool steel [901].
TITANIUM NITRIDE
- antiscoring properties of Tic [1047].

- friction tests of Tic [1064].
- morphology and structure of ion-plated Tic coatings [1068].
- Tic coatings: friction and wear, corrosion in sulphuric acid and in sea
water [1071].
- application of Tic for surface treatment of hot forging dies [1240].
- adherence of sputtered Tic [1415].
TITANIUM DISULPHIDE
TiS2
Yellow solid. Density 3.22 (2OOC). Decomposed by steam.
Used as a solid lubricant.
TITANIUM NITRIDE
TiN
Density 5.24; m.p. 2927OC. A refractory material used as a ceramic and for
hard coatings. Titanium nitride coatings applied by physical vapour
deposition are wear resistant and also confer low friction. . The coatings are
particularly suitable for hard substrates, e.g. Colmonoy, Stellite, giving the
coatings adequate support.
- study of ion-plated TIN coatings [472].
- wear behaviour of ion-plated TiN coatings [473].
- TiN coatings in machine construction [goo].
- TiN coatings on tool steel [gal].
- antiscoring properties of TiN [1047].
- morphology and structure of ion-plated TiN coatings [1068].
- friction and wear of TiN coatings in various environments [1071].
- frictional behaviour of sputtered TiN coatings [lOSl].
- friction and wear of titanium and steel surfaces with and without sputtered
TIN coating6 [10821.
- influence of TIN coating on wear of high-speed steel at elevated temperature
[1530].
zy
zyxwvutsrq
N- (m-TOLYL) DIETHANOLAMINE 342
N-( m-TOLYL) DIETHANOLAMINE

CH C H NHCH2CH20H
364
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
N- (0-TOLYL) ETHANOLAMINE
CH C H NHCH2CH20H
364
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
TOOL STEELS
Tool steels are characterised by high hardness. Special properties can be
obtained, e.g. high wear resistance, toughness and shock resistance,
high-temperature hardness, low seizing, etc. T o o l steels are used for the
manufacture of the working parts of tools and in dies.
See also: STEELS.
- wear-resistant titanium carbide and titanium nitride coatings on tool steels
[901].
- tool steel engineering: present state and development trends [9O2].
- guide to selecting tool steels [903].
- impact wear of tool steels [l083].
TORQUE
A force that tends to turn a body or turns it about an axis. Torque
measurement is the value of the product of the force and the distance of its
line of action from the axis.
TOTAL ACID NUMBER (TAN)

A number providing the amount in milligrams of potassium hydroxide that is
needed to neutralize all of the acidic compounds present in 1 gram of the
sample.
TOTAL BASE NUMBER (TBN)

A number providing the amount of hydrochloric acid expressed as the equivalent
number of milligrams of potassium hydroxide that is needed to neutralize all
of the basic compounds present in 1 gram of the sample.
- simulation modelling for predicting actual TBN values [1123].
343 TRANSITION WEAR EFFECTS zy
TRACTION
-
-
t r a c t i o n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s y n t h e t i c hydrocarbon o i l s [lO84].
- v a r i a t i o n of l u b e o i l t r a c t i o n c o e f f i c i e n t w i t h s l i d i n g speed [1085].
traction forces a t a solid-lubricant
zy
zyx
I n r o l l i n g c o n t a c t s t h e t a n g e n t i a l stress t r a n s m i t t e d a c r o s s t h e i n t e r f a c e .
The t r a c t i o n w i l l i n g e n e r a l v a r y from p o i n t t o p o i n t over t h e c o n t a c t a r e a .
More g e n e r a l l y , t r a c t i o n may denote t h e f o r c e p e r u n i t area o f c o n t a c t [ 5 0 3 ] .
c o n t a c t of a b a l l a g a i n s t a f l a t d i s k
[1086].
- t h r e e regimes o f t r a c t i o n i n concentrated c o n t a c t s [1150].
TRACTIVE FORCE
The i n t e g r a l of t h e t a n g e n t i a l s u r f a c e stress over t h e area o f c o n t a c t .
TRACTIVE STRESS
See: TRACTION.
TRANSFER LUBRICATION
Lubrication provided by the continuous transfer of solid lubricant to
sliding-rolling interfaces.
Sea a l s o : LUBRICATION, SOLID LUBRICANTS.
- review of t r a n s f e r l u b r i c a t i o n f o r h i g h temperatures [651].
TRANSFER OF MATERIAL
TRANSFER WEAR
TRANSITION WEAR EFFECTS

E f f e c t s a s s o c i a t e d w i t h t h e t r a n s i t i o n from a mild wear t o a s e v e r e wear
region. Generally, t r a n s i t i o n from mild t o s e v e r e wear i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d by a
sharp rise i n f r i c t i o n and t h e occurrence o f metal t r a n s f e r and a h i g h r a t e of
wear [503].
See a l s o : MILD WEAR, SEVERE WEAR.
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE 344
zyx
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
An electron microscope in which electrons forming the image pass through the
specimen. Therefore, the thickness of the investigated specimen is limited to
a few micrometers for very high voltage instruments. There are two methods
for solid surface investigations. The first one involves the use o f a replica
of the surface to be examined. This method is usually applied in tribology.
zyxwvut
To produce a replica, the surface to be examined is covered with a varnish
layer that, after removal in the form of a thin film, reproduces details o f
the surface on which it has been formed. The second method involves plating a
suitable material onto the surface of interest and then sectioning it in thin
slices normal to the surface.
- general description of transmission electron microscope and the methods of
making the replica [ 21.
TRANSMISSION FLUIDS
See: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUIDS, TRANSMISSION OILS.
TRANSMISSION OILS
Fluids used for the hydrokinetic transmission of power.
See also: AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUIDS.
- transmission lubricants: properties, performance [354],
- 24 papers on testing and performance of gear oils and transmission fluids
[493].
TREPANNING
A metal-cutting operation aiming to produce a hole by machining a
circumferential groove parallel to the axis of rotation, cutting a cylindrical
path and leaving a solid core.
See also: DRILLING.
TRIBOCHEMICAL REACTIONS
Formation of new products due to chemical reactions occurring between mating
elements and the environment during friction.
345 zyx
zyxwvutsrqpo
T R I BOCHEMI STRY
It is a branch of chemistry which d e a l s w i t h
TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM
chemical reactions i n the

f r i c t i o n zone. The r e a c t i o n s cause mechanical and physicochemical changes o f
t h e s u r f a c e l a y e r of mating p a i r s . The r e a c t i o n s involved a r e caused by
d i f f e r e n t t y p e s of energy and c a t a l y s i s . The most important a r e chemical
interactions of lubricant components with mating surfaces of rubbing
elements. The l u b r i c a n t s i n c l u d e o i l s , g r e a s e s , s o l i d m a t e r i a l s and gases.
I n t h e more s p e c i f i c s e n s e t h e problems o f t r i b o c h e m i s t r y a r e connected w i t h a
zy
combination o f two s u b j e c t a r e a s comprising ( i ) t h e chemistry o f elements o f a
t r i b o l o g i c a l system and ( i i ) l u b r i c a n t s e l e c t i o n . The problems a r e i n t e r -
d i s c i p l i n a r y and q u i t e complex, r a n g i n g from b a s i c r e s e a r c h t o f i e l d tests.
Generally, i t can be s a i d t h a t t r i b o c h e m i s t r y d e a l s w i t h t h e r e l a t i o n s between
tribomechanics and chemical changes i n elements of t h e t r i b o l o g i c a l system.
- fundamentals o f t r i b o c h e m i s t r y [238, 4121.
T R I BOELECTRIC ITY
E l e c t r o c h a r g i n g of m e t a l l i c o r d i e l e c t r i c s u r f a c e s caused by f r i c t i o n when a
p a r t of t h e energy consumed changes i n t o e l e c t r i c a l energy.
- chemical e f f e c t s o f t r i b o e l e c t r i c p r o c e s s e s [412].
TRIBOLOGICAL ADDITIVES
Chemicals used t o reduce f r i c t i o n and wear, and t o prevent s e i z u r e .
See a l s o : ANTIWAR ADDITIVES, EXTREME PRESSURE ADDITIVES, FRICTION MODIFIERS.
- h e a t s of a d s o r p t i o n of t h e a d d i t i v e s [28].
TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM
An e n t i t y whose f u n c t i o n a l behaviour i s connected w i t h i n t e r a c t i n g s u r f a c e s i n
r e l a t i v e motion [413]; i t s t e c h n i c a l aim i s t h e r e a l i z a t i o n o f motion through
various types of bearings. Also called tribo-mechanical system and
tribo-system.
- causes and r o l e of wear i n t h e f a i l u r e o f t r i b o l o g i c a l systems [985].
zyxwvuts
TRIBOLOGICALTEST RIGS 346
TRIBOLOGICAL TEST RIGS

Special devices used for the study of the antifriction, antiwear and
antiseizure properties of lubricants and additives. Many varied devices have
been used under a wide variety of specimen geometry and test conditions. Over
100 different test rigs are known; the most widely used of them is the
four-ball machine.
The most common configurations o f the initial point-contact machines are:
pin-on-disk, pin-on-flat, pin-on-cylinder, crossed cylinders, four-ball,
zyxwv
two-ball and one-ball. The line-contact machine configurations include V
shoes-on-shaft (Falex), sliding/rolling disks, flat-on-cylinder and
split-bushes-on-shaft. The area contact machines employ annular o r circular
contact, flat-on-flat and inclined plane configurations.
See also: FOUR-BALL MACHINE, TRIBOMETER.
- friction and wear machines as lubrication evaluation tools [593].
- methods and devices for wear testing [597]
- characteristics of friction and wear machines [1694, 17041.
- a catalogue of friction and wear devices [1705].
TRIBOLOGY
The science and technology of interacting surfaces in relative motion and of
the practices related thereto. Tribology encompasses the science and
technology of friction, wear and lubrication. It deals with the phenomena
occurring between interacting surfaces in relative motion related to physics,
mechanics, metallurgy and chemistry.
The term "tribology" was coined in the Jost Report published in London in 1966
[15381.
- tribology of thin layers [2].
- fundamentals of tribology [37, 350, 413,495, 7431.
- chemistry of tribology [238].
-
-
-
principles and applications of tribology
zyxwv
[m].
tribology of natural and artificial joints [468].
- economic aspects and impact of tribology [ 6 0 6 ] .
- tribology in metalworking [611, 6251.
- knowledge gap between theory and practice in tribology [m].
tribology in theory and practice [649, 6501.
- gaps in knowledge; areas for future research [719].
341
-
-
-
-
-
zyxwvu zy
zyxwvutsrqp
terminology,
a s p e c t s [720].
applications, t r i b o l o g i c a l parameters and systems,
t r i b o l o g y i n t h e 1980s: new d i r e c t i o n s [721].

r o l e o f various d i s c i p l i n e s i n tribology, tr ib o - testin g ,
s t a t e , scope and importance of t r i b o l o g y [723].
- tribology
TRIBOPHYSICS
etc. [722].
i n n u c l e a r power g e n e r a t i o n : a review w i t h 84 r e f e r e n c e s [1531].

h i s t o r i c a l development of t r i b o l o g y [1532].
economic
- energy s a v i n g s through t r i b o l o g y [ 15351.

- a review w i t h 120 r e f e r e n c e s on r e c e n t t r i b o l o g y r e s e a r c h i n Japan [1536].
- t r i b o t e c h n o l o g y i n Japan: a b r i e f survey [1537].
- t r i b o l o g y handbook based mainly on r e s e a r c h i n USSR [1706].
T R I BOMECHANICS
It i s a branch o f mechanics d e a l i n g w i t h microscopic and submicroscopic
p r o c e s s e s u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e o f mechanical energy on s o l i d s [412].
- f r i c t i o n o f m e t a l s [392, 393, 4111.
- s t r u c t u r a l and p h y s i c a l changes o f s o l i d s under t h e i n f l u e n c e o f mechanical
energy [4121,
- function of tribomechanical systems [@6],
See: TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM.
TRIBOmTERS
Any a p p a r a t u s designed t o measure normal and t a n g e n t i a l f o r c e s of r e l a t i v e l y
moving s u r f a c e s . Tribometers a r e a l s o used t o i n v e s t i g a t e wear processes.
They are known as f r i c t i o n and wear d e v i c e s o r wear machines. Normally,
t r i b o m e t e r s a r e more advanced and s o p h i s t i c a t e d than t y p i c a l standard t e s t
rigs.
See a l s o : TRIBOLOGICAL TEST RIGS.
T R I BO O X 1DATI ON
See: FRICTION OXIDATION.
TRIBOPHYSICS
A p a r t of p h y s i c s d e a l i n g with i n t e r a c t i n g s u r f a c e s i n r e l a t i v e motion.
- various aspects o f t r i b o p h y s i c s [510].
TRIBOPOLYMERIZATION
TRIBOPOLYMERIZATION
zyxwvu
zyxwvu
The process of tribopolymer formation.
- a review of tribopolymerization [1738].
348
TRIBOPOLYMERS
Polymers formed from monomers deliberately introduced to a lubricant to reduce
wear. Tribopolymers are generally deposited on the solid surfaces of
tribological mating elements. The major chemical reaction is polymerization
(polycondensation and addition polymerization) of the intentionally introduced
monomers.
The term is also used to describe polymeric surface films and friction films.
- a review of tribopolymers [1738].
TRIBO-SYSTEM
See: TRIBOLOGICAL SYSTEM.
zyxwvu
TRIBUTYLAMINE
zyx
(C4H913N
Pale yellow liquid. Slightly soluble in water; soluble in most organic
20
solvents. Bp 214OC; fp -7OOC; dZ0 0.8. Slightly toxic. It is
derived by the reaction of butanol o r butyl chloride with ammonia. Used as
an oxidation inhibitor in hydraulic fluids.
- interaction of tributylamine with zinc dialkyldithiophosphate [Tg].
TRI-n-BUTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

( C4H9 )3NHP02 ( OC4Hg l2
TRIBUTYL PHOSPHITE
(C4Hg0 13P
Water-white liquid. Soluble in common organic solvents; decomposes in
water. Bp 12OoC (Smm); 5:d 0.911. Slightly toxic. Uaed as a
load-carrying additive for lubricating oils and greases. It may also be used
as an oxidation inhibitor.
349 2,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
O,O,O-TRIBUTYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
(C4H90 lgPS
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents.
zyxwv
Bp 142-145'C (4.5mm); density 0.987. Highly toxic. Used as a load-
carrying lubricant additive, antifoam agent and hydraulic fluid.
TRIISOBUTYLENE
A mixture of isomers of the formula (C H ) prepared by oligomerising
483
isobutylene. Boiling range 175-l8OoC; di: 0.764. Slightly toxic.
Used as an intermediate to produce EP additives, e.g. by sulphurization, and

detergents (through benzene alkylation) .
TRICHLOROACETIC ACID
CC13C02H
Deliquescent colourless crystals. Soluble in water, alcohol, and ether.
Bp 197.5OC; mp 57.5OC; density 1.6298. It may be derived by treating
chloral hydrate with fuming nitric acid. Highly toxic by ingestion and
inhalation; strong irritant to the skin and tissue. Trichloroacetic acid may
be used as an EP additive.
- EP activity of trichloroacetic acid in water-based cutting fluids [46].
- effect of trichloroacetic acid on EP properties of polyphenyl ether
lubricant [ 2081.
TRICHLOROETHYLENE (or Trichloroethene)

CHCl:CC12
Colourless, stable, heavy liquid.
common organic
inhalation.
solvents. Bp 86.fC; so
Slightly soluble in water; miscible with
1.464. Highly toxic
Used as a selective solvent for mineral oil dewaxing, and as a
by
component of various rust preventive formulations.

- mechanochemical reaction of trichloroethene with a steel surface [36].
2 ,4,5-TRICHLOROPHENOL
C6H2Cl70H
Grey flakes in sublimed mass. Soluble in alcohol, ether and acetone.
Bp 246-252OC; mp 68-70°C; $'1.678. Highly toxic by inhalation;
strong irritant; abeorbed by the skin. Used as a biocide.
- tested as a biocide for water-based metalworking fluids [63].
zyxwvut 350
zyxw
TRICHLOROTOLUENE
TRICHLOROTOLUENE
C6H5CC13
Derived by chlorination of boiling toluene. Moderately toxic; fumes highly
irritant, colourless, oily liquid; Bp 220.fC, 4’2
1.380. Insoluble
in water at room temperature and decomposes in its presence to give benzoic
acid. Load carrying additive.
- tested as an antiwear additive in pentaerythritol ester [105].
TRICRESYL PHOSPHATE (TCP)
(CH3C6H40)3P0
A mixture of isomers. Colourless stable liquid. Insoluble in water;
soluble in all the common solvents and thinners. 25 1.162.
Bp 42OoC; d25
It is derived from cresol and phosphorus oxychloride. Moderately toxic by
ingestion and skin absorption. The ortho iaomer is highly toxic. Tricresyl
phosphate is used as an antiwear additive in petroleum oils, and as an additive
in hydraulic and lubrication applications in aircraft and in industrial plants.
It is the most widely used load-carrying additive. Its function in the
latter application has been thus explained in [ 1991: tricresyl phosphate
probably functions as a load-carrying additive in the following way: tricresyl
phosphate is adsorbed on the metal surface and decomposes to give acid
phosphates, which react with the metal surface to give metal organo-phosphates;
these may further decompose to give inorganic metal salts.
- tricresyl phosphate as an additive for boundary lubrication [TO].
- effect of tricresyl phosphate on wear and friction properties of neopentyl
polyo1 esters [all.
- tricresyl phosphate as a component of polyol ester - metal systems [83].
- role of tricreayl phoaphate in inhibiting thermal degradation of neopentyl
polyol ester based lubricants [84].
- antiwear action mechanism of tricresyl phosphate [92].
- tricresyl phosphate as an antiwear additive in neopentyl ester oils and
penthaerythritol ester [105].
- tricresyl phosphate in &ball studies on additive blend fatigue [114].
- effect of tricresyl phosphate in paraffin on the load-carrying capacity of a
plain carbon steel [150].
- influence of tricresyl phosphate on pitting fatigue [155].
- cavitation erosion and physical properties of tricresyl phosphate [167].
35 1
-
-
zy
zyxwvutsrq TRIETHANOLAMINE SALICYLATE
properties o f greases containing tricresyl phosphate [176].

mechanism of action of tricresyl phosphate including 4 review of previously
proposed mechanisms [ 1991.
- preliminary studies on the mechanism of EP lubrication using oil containing
tricresyl phosphate [201].
- &ball fatigue tests on tricresyl phosphate [205].
- effects of tricresyl phosphate on friction [211].
- lubrication mechanism: coefficient of friction as a function of temperature
f o r TCP on tool steel [822].
- boundary lubrication with TCP: wear tests on 52100 steel [823].
- corrosion and &ball studies of frictional characteristics of tricresyl
phosphate [ 10261.
- study of antiwear behaviour of tricresyl phosphate in white oil [1087].
zyxwvutsr
TRIDECYL ALCOHOL
A commercial mixture of isomers of the formula C H CH OH.
12 25 2
White
20
solid. Bp 274OC; mp 31OC; d20 0.845. Slightly toxic. It is
derived by the 0x0 process from C hydrocarbons [484]. Used as an
15
intermediate t o manufacture esters for synthetic lubricants, also detergents
and antifoam agents.
TRIETHANOLAMINE BORATE
(HOCH2CH2)3N .HjB03
See : ETHANOLAMINES .
TRIETHANOLAMINE OLEATE
(HOCH CH ) NH02CC17H33
2 23
Surfactant produced by the reaction of triethanolamine with oleic acid. Used
as a corrosion inhibitor, emulsifying agent, and antifriction and antiwear
agent.
TRIETHABOLAMINE SALICYLATE
(HOCH~CH~
)~-IO~CC~H~OH
See: ETHANOLAMINES.
TRIETHANOLAMINE STEARATE 352
TRIETHANOLAMINE STEARATE
(HOCH2CH2)3NH02CC17H35
zyxwvut
Cream-coloured, wax-like solid. Soluble in methanol, ethanol, mineral and
vegetable oils; dispersible in hot water. Mp 42-44OC; density 0.968.
Slightly toxic. Used as an emulsifier, corrosion inhibitor, antifriction and
antiwear agent.
- tested as an antimicrobial compound in cutting fluids [@I.
TRIETHYLENE GLYCOL
HO(C,H~O)$
Colourless liquid. Soluble in water; immiscible with benzene and toluene.
Bp 287.4OC; fp -7.2 0C; d20 20 1.1254. Slightly toxic. It is derived
from ethylene and oxygen, as a by-product of ethylene glycol manufacture.
Used in lubricants, brake fluids etc.
- cavitation erosion and physical properties for triethylene glycol [167].
- &ball fatigue tests on triethylene glycol [205].
TRIETHYL PHOSPHITE
(C2H5)3P03
Colourless liquid. Soluble in alcohol and ether; insoluble in water.
Bp 156.6OC; d y 0.9687. May be toxic. Used as a lube and grease
antiwear additive.
- studied as an antiwear additive in neopentyl eater oils and pentaerythritol
ester [105].
O,O,O-TRIETHYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
(C2H50)3PS
Colourless liquid. Bp 93.5-94OC (lomm); density 1.074. Highly toxic,
Used as a load-carrying additive, antifoam agent and hydraulic fluid.
TRIHEXYL PHOSPHITE
(C6H130)3P
Mobile, colourless liquid. Miscible with most common organic solvents;
insoluble in water. Bp 135-141OC (0.2mm); d20 0.897. High degree of
4
thermal stability. Used as an antiwear lubricant additive.
zyxwvutsrq
353
TRILAURYL PHOSPHITE
(C12H250)3P
Water-white liquid. Mp below 10°C; ::d 0.866. Slightly toxic.
Used as a load-carrying agent.
- corrosion reaction of trilauryl phosphite with iron studied at high
temperatures and its reactivity correlated to its lubrication characteristics
[%I
TRILAURYL TRITHIOPHOSPHITE
(c12H25s)3p
Pale yellow liquid. Mp 20°C; ::d 0.915. Slightly toxic. Used as
a load-carrying additive.
- corrosion reaction of trilauryl trithiophosphite with iron studied at high
temperatures and its reactivity correlated to its lubrication characteristics
[%I.
TRIMETAL BEARINGS
Bearings consisting of three layers. They are usually made of bronze with a
white-metal facing and a steel backing.
TRIMETHYLENE GLYCOL
See: l,3-PROPANEDIOL.
zyxwvutsr
3,5,5-TRIMETHYLHEXAN-l-OL
CHgC(CH 3 ) 2CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH20H
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water. Bp 194OC; d425 0.8236.
Slightly toxic. It is derived by high-pressure synthesis. Used as an
intermediate f o r synthetic lubricants and additives for lubricating oils.
2,6,8-TRIMETHYLNONAN-4-OL
(C$)2CHCH2CH( OH)CH2CH(CKJ)CH(C$)2
20
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water, Bp 225.2OC; fp -6OOC; d20
0.8913. Slightly toxic. It is derived by the 0x0 process. Used as an
intermediate for lube additives, e.g. zinc dialkyldithiophosphates.
zyxwvutsr
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE 354
zyxwv
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE
C,H~C ( C H ~ O H ) ~
Colourless hygroscopic crystals. Soluble in water and alcohol. Used as a
lubricant.
- results of wear and friction studies on trimethylolpropane [all.
- thermal stability characteristics of a trimethylol propane ester at 315OC
[8510
- &ball fatigue tests on trirnethylolpropane [205].
TRIMETHYL TIN CHLORIDE

( CH3)3SnC1
See: ORGANOMETALLICS.
TRI-n-OCTYL AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATE

( c ~I3m
H ~ ~ OC~H~)
TRIOCTYL PHOSPHATE
(C8H17)3P04
Liquid. Density 0.924 (26OC). S o l u b l e in alcohol, acetone and ether. It
may be used as an antifoaming agent and antiwear additive.
- corrosion and & b a l l tests to study its frictional characteristics [1026].
TRIOCTYL PHOSPHITE
See: TRIS-2-ETHYLHEXYL PHOSPHITE.
TRIISOOCTYL PHOSPHITE
(C8H170>3P
Colourless liquid. Soluble in most common organic solvents; insoluble in
water. High thermal stability. Bp 161-164OC (0.3mm); ' : d 0.891.
Used as an antiwear additive.
zyxwvutsrqp
zy
355 TRIPHENYL METHYL. TIN
O,O,O-TRIISOOCTYL PHOSPHOROTHIOATE
(C8H170)3PS
Colourless liquid. Soluble in most organic solvents; insoluble in water.
Bp 16O-17O0C (0.2mm); density 0.933. Highly toxic. Used as a
load-carrying lubricant additive and hydraulic fluid.
- studied as an antiwear additive in neopentyl ester oils and pentaerythritol
ester [105].
TRIISOPROPYL PHOSPHITE
[ (CHg)2CHO]3P
Mobile, colourless liquid. Miscible with most common organic solvents;
insoluble in water. Bp 94-96OC (5Omm); d y 0.914. High thermal
stability, Used as a load-carrying lubricant additive.
TRIPHENYL ANTIMONY
(C6H5)3Sb
White, crystalline solid. Soluble in most organic solvente; slightly soluble
in alcohol; insoluble in water. Bp below 36O0C; mp 46-53OC; d55
1.434. Toxic. It is derived by the reaction of antimony trichloride with
phenyl sodium, Used as an antifriction and antiwear additive.
TRIPHENYL BISMUTH
(C6H5)3Bi
TRIPHENYL LEAD THIOMETHOXIDE

(C6H5)3PbSCH3
TRIPHENYL METHYL TIN

(c6Hs)3snc%
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE 356
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHATE
zyxwvu
Po(oC6H5 I3
Colourless, crystalline powder. Soluble in most solvents, thinners, and
oils; insoluble in water. Bp 245OC (llmm); mp 5OoC; d y 1.268. It
is derived by interaction of phenol and phosphorus oxychloride. Slightly
toxic. Used as an antiwear additive.
-
zyx
frictional behaviour of triphenyl phosphate in decalin [93].
TRIPHENYL PHOSPHITE
(C6H50)3P
oxidation inhibitor.
TRIPHENYL TIN BROMIDE

1.184. zyxwv
Water-white to pale yellow solid or oily liquid. Bp 155-16OoC ( 0 . h ) ;
mp 22-25OC; ::d Used as a load-carrying additive and
(C6H5)gSnBr
TRIPHENYL TIN CHLORIDE

(C6H5)3SnC1
Soluble in many organic solvents; insoluble in water. Mp 105.5-107°C. It
can cause serious burns. Triphenyl tin chloride is derived from tetraphenyl
tin and tin tetrachloride at elevated temperatures or catalytically at lower
temperatures. It may be used as an antiwear and antifriction additive.
- its performance and tribochemistry [44].
TRIPROPYLENE
C9H18
Colourless liquid being a mixture of Cg monoolefins. Boiling range
20
133.3-141.7°C; d20 0.738. It is derived by catalytic oligomerisation
of propylene. Used as an intermediate f o r load-carrying additives and
detergents.
357
zyxwv
TRIS-(2-ETHYLHEXYL) OCTYLPHENYL PHOSPHITE
1C4H9CH ( C2H5 ) CH20IgP
Colourless liquid. Insoluble in water; soluble in alcohol and ether.
TRITHIOLANS
Bp
163-164OC (0.3mm); density 0.902. Slightly toxic. Used as an antiwear
additive for lubricating oils and greases.
systems.
-
( HOCH2)?CN02
17OoC; decomposes.
zyxwvutsr
TRIS (HYDROXYMETHYL) NITROMETHANE
White crystals o r amorphous solid.

Used as a
Soluble in water and alcohol.
bactericide and
evaluated as a biocide for metalworking fluids [63].

M.p.
slimicide for aqueous
It protects metal-cutting oil emulsions from microbial degradation,
ca
TRIS(TOLUENE-3,4-DITHIOLATE) MOLYBDENUM (VI)

(CHJC6HJS2
The main compound of an oil-soluble molybdenum sulphur additive. Usually it
contains a few percent of 3
Mo (C C6$S2)5, It is insoluble and
stable to water.
- review of oil-soluble molybdenum compounds [399].
- synthesis of tris( toluene-? ,+dithiolate) molybdenum (VI) [458],
- rolling &ball tests on tris( toluene-J,4-dithiolate) molybdenum (VI) [459].
TRITHIOLANS
zyx
They are new additives containing the trithiolan structure. Sulphur atoms
with a variety of chemical bonds are contained in a single chemical
compound. Simultaneously, a strong polar dithiophosphate system provides an
equally high adsorptive power towards metal surfaces, which is still increased
by employing long-chain amines producing non-ash-forming salts. As R1
dodecyl and 2-ethylhexyl and as R2 dodecyl, n-octadecyl and i-octadecyl
groups are used,
- friction and wear characteristics of trithiolans [460].
TRUE BRINELLING
TRUE BRINELLING zyxwvutsr

A type of failure o f rolling element bearings in the form o f dents in the
bearing track. The cause is usually too violent a contact of the rolling
element with the race, often at the assembly stage.
358
TRUNNION BEARINGS
Bearings used as a pivot to swivel o r turn an assembly.
zyxwvuts
TUNGSTEN (W)
Hard, brittle, light-grey metal. Density 19.3; the highest m.p. o f all the
metals 341OoC. Excellent corrosion resistance. The main uses of tungsten
are high-temperature resistant alloys, high-speed tool steel, electrical and
aerospace applications.
- abrasive wear tests on tungsten [512].
- wear rates of tungsten tools during machining [1189].
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE
WC
Density 15.6; m.p. 278OOC. zy It oxidizes when heated with air.
cemented carbide cutting and wear-resistant tool inserts and in cermets.
- friction and wear of a cemented tungsten carbide against steel [838].
- CVD tungsten carbide coatings [1159].
Used BE
TUNGSTEN DISELENIDE
WSe2
Dry solid lubricant. It has lamellar structure. Characterieed by
exceptionally high thermal stability. Tungsten diselenide retains its
lubricity to -215OC. Moderately toxic.
density of tungsten diselenide [67],
properties of tungsten diselenide and its intrinsic lubricating properties
[wl.
359 TURNING
TUNGSTEN DISULPHIDE
ws2
Typical solid lubricant. Greyish-black solid. Mp above 1480°C. It
resists oxidation better than molybdenum disulphide and molybdenum dise1enj.de.
Typical friction coefficient 0.1. It is used as a solid lubricant for many
zyxwv
applications, including use as an aerosol. As it has better electrical
contacts.
hydrofluoric acids. Its
lubricant it is generally used in powder form.
-
zyxwvu
conductivity than many of the other disulphides, it is used in electrical
Tungsten disulphide is attacked by fluorine and hot sulphuric and
temperature limit in air is 44OoC.
oxidation characteristics, crystal structure, electrical resistivity and

density of tungsten disulphide [67].
As a
properties of tungsten disulphide and its intrinsic lubricating properties

[981*
TURBINE OILS
Oils usually manufactured from highly refined, paraffinic base oils and
providing good viscosity-temperature characteristics. They normally
incorporate oxidation and corrosion inhibitors. Addition of small amounts of
surfactants provides the oils with a satisfactory water separation property,
See also: EXTREME PRESSURE TURBINE OILS.
- analysis of turbine oils [672].
TURNING
A machining operation that uses single point tools to cut the surface of a
revolving cylindrical, tapered o r contoured workpiece in which the tool feeds
into the rotating workpiece parallel to the axis of revolution of the surface
being machined. Usually, the workpiece revolves in a lathe.
- coated cemented carbides for turning operations [ 11611.
- factors affecting chemical wear during turning [1416].
UNLUBRICATED FRICTION
UNLUBHICATED FRICTION
See: DHY FHIC’rlON.
zy
zyxwvuts 360
UNLUBHICATED SLIDING
Sliding with no lubricant present but not necessarily under completely d r y
condtions.
zyxwvut
U S E D OIL
Oil that during operation has lost some or all of i t s specific properties and does
zyxw
not meet standard requirements for a given product. Used oils a r e usually
collected and processed in order to prevent contamination of t h e environment
and to save costs.
- antiwear property of XDDP’s in used engine oil 17261.
- visual examination and lab t e s t s of used oils [1501].
- lubrication properties of used engine oil [1518].
- recycling and disposal of used oils and environmental aspects [1707].
36 1zyxwvutsrq zy
zyxwvutsrqponm
VACUUM-DEPOSITED COATINGS
Vacuum-deposited coatings used in tribological applications fall into two main
VALVE TRAIN
zyxwv
composition categories: soft lubricating coatings and very hard wear-resistance
coatings. The application methods are also in two principal categories:
sputtering and ion-plating. These techniques have been rapidly adopted by
industry, especially for aerospace applications.
See also: ION PLATING, SPUTTERING.
- quality control of sputtered molybdenum disulphide films [10121.
- sputtered molybdenum disulphide lubrication s y s t e m f o r aerospace applications
[ 14171.
VACUUM DISTILLATE
A product or fraction obtained by distillation within a specified temperature
range under vacuum.
zyxwvuts
See also:
VALVE LIFTER
BASE OILS.
See: CAM-FOLLOWER SYSTEM.
VALVES
Devices that control the direction and/or magnitude of flow or p r e s s u r e of
gaseous or liquid substances. They can either allow entrance to a chamber or
cylinder or control the flow from them. Valves a r e important in the combustion
processes in internal combustion engines. The cam-follower systems provide
linkage between c a m s and the valves they operate.
- r o l e of w e a r i n t h e f a i l u r e of valves and valve seats [9851.
- wear of valves i n nuclear reactors [1164].
- s e l e c t i o n , materials, maintenance [15471.
- encyclopedia of valves: terminology, major valve types, engineering and design
data, test methods 115871.
VALVE TRAIN
One of the most complex tribological systems incorporating cam, valve lifter, push
rod, rocker a r m , valve spring and valve.
See also: CAM-FOLLOWER SYSTEM.
- s t u d y of engine valve train lubrication: a radiotracer approach [1647].
VANADIUM DISULPHIDE
VANADIUM DISULPHIDE
v2s2
362 zy
Solid. Soluble in hot sulphuric and nitric acids; insoluble in alkalies. Mp
(decomposes); density 4.20. Used a s a solid lubricant.
VARNISH
In lubrication, a deposit resulting from the oxidation and/or polymerisation of
fuels, lubricating oils, or organic constituents of bearing materials.
Harder deposits are described a s lacquers, softer deposits a r e described a s
gums.
VEGETABLE OILS
Oils extracted from plants and considered to be a mixture of various glycerides.
Used a s lubricants and additives.
VINYL 2-ETHYLHEXYL ETHER
zyxw
zyxwvutsrqp
CH,=CHOCH, (C,H,)C,H,
Liquid. Insoluble in water. Bp 177.7OC; f p -1OOOC; d38 0.8102. Used for t h e
manufacture of viscosity index improvers.
VINYL PYRROLIDINE-METHACRYLATE COPOLYMER

(CH2CH)n[CH2C(CH31 1
I
a2R
Used as a v i s c o s i t y index improver.
- its e f f e c t on t h e performance of a ZDDP [391.
VINYL STEARATE
CHa(CH2) ,@CO,CH=CH,
White, waxy solid. Insoluble in water and alcohol; soluble in most hydrocarbon
and chlorinated solvents. B p 175OC (3mm); mp 28-30OC; dH8 0.9037. Slightly
toxic. Used a s a lubricant and a n antiwear additive.
- studied as an antiwear a d d i t i v e i n pentaerythritol ester 11051.
VIRGIN SURFACE
See: NASCENT SURFACE.
363 zyxwvutsrqp
zy VISCOSITY ( V )
VISCOELASTICITY
rather than flows.

-
-
zyxwvut
The property of a liquid to exhibit combined viscous and solid behaviour when
stressed. This occurs when a liquid being rapidly stressed deforms elastically,
techniques f o r measuring v i s c o e l a s t i c e f f e c t s , including a l i t e r a t u r e survey

[ 16453.
v i s c o e l a s t i c behaviour of an EHD lubricant film [17431.
VISCOSITY ( V )
Viscosity is a measure of the resistance to flow of liquid under a n applied
pressure and its value is given by the ratio of t h e applied shear s t r e s s to the
rate of shear. Viscosity is the sole property which determines whether the
lubricating oil in a bearing a t a specific load and speed will give full fluid film
separation of the bearing surfaces. (See also: dynamic viscosity, kinematic
viscosity). For all lubricating oils the viscosity decreases with a n increase in
temperature, but the decreased r a t e is considerably affected by t h e chemical
composition of the oils (see: viscosity index). The viscosity of the lubricating
oils increases when the pressure is increased (see: pressure-viscosity
coefficient ).
- v i s c o s i t y of lubricants a t elevated pressures and temperatures [113].
- general information on v i s c o s i t y [404, 4201.
- e f f e c t i v e v i s c o s i t y of o i l s containing a v i s c o s i t y index improver [4181.
- d e t a i l e d information on v i s c o s i t y [421, 4221.
- e f f e c t of v i s c o s i t y on wear [423].
- simple r e l a t i o n s h i p between v i s c o s i t y of lube o i l s and pressure [425].
- relationship between engine performance and lubricant v i s c o s i t y [499].
- viscosity of l i q u i d lubricants and i t s r e l a t i o n s h i p t o temperature,
pressure and v o l a t i l i t y [6171.
- v i s c o s i t y loss measurement of o i l s containing v i s c o s i t y index improvers
[ 10881.
- dynamic and kinematic v i s c o s i t y , measurement and analytical representation
of v i s c o s i t y [15481.
- various aspects of lubricant viscosity: a literature survey 116451.
- e f f e c t of lubricant v i s c o s i t y on metallic contact and f r i c t i o n i n t h e
t r a n s i t i o n zone between hydrodynamic and boundary l u b r i c a t i o n [1708].
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI )
VISCOSITY INDEX (VI)

Arbitrary scale
zyxwvuts
zyxwvu
used
zy
to show the magnitude of viscosity changes
364
with
temperature in lubricating oils. Viscosity index is low if the viscosity changes
rapidly with temperature, and high if viscosity is less affected by temperature.
To improve the viscosity index, viscosity index improvers are added to
lubricating oils. The highest viscosity index for certain synthetic oils i s greater
than 200, while for mineral base oils it is generally below 100. Oils a r e classified
by viscosity index in four groups 1371: low viscosity index LVI (below 35),
medium viscosity index MVI (35-80), high viscosity index HVI (80-llO), and very
high viscosity index VHVI (over 110).
- general information on v i s c o s i t y index [404, 4201.
- d e t a i l e d information on v i s c o s i t y index 1421, 4221.
VISCOSITY INDEX IMPROVERS

Additives for lubricating oils which have t h e effect of increasing the viscosity of
the oils in such a way that the r a t e of change of viscosity with temperature is
reduced. Oils of higher viscosity index can be obtained by adding a few
percent of a linear polymer. The three types most commonly used are
polyisobutylenes, polymethacrylates and poly(alky1-styrenes) which a r e used in
the molecular weight range of about 5000 to 20000. Other polymers used a r e
polyacrylates, ethylene propylene copolymers and styrene maleic ester
copolymers. The polymers work a s follows [4041: Polymer molecule assumes a
compact curled form in a poor solvent (cold oil) and an uncurled high surface
area in a better solvent (hot oil); the uncurled form thickens t h e oil. One of the
most pronounced disadvantages of polymeric additives is their lack of stability
when subjected to mechanical stresses.
t h e i r influence on t h e rheological properties a t subzero temperatures ( i n
engine o i l s ) f1231.
general c l a s s i f i c a t i o n and description of v i s c o s i t y index improvers [159].
t h e i r influence on flow properties of engine o i l s a t low t e m p e r a t u r e s 11791.
general information on v i s c o s i t y index improvers and t h e i r mechanism of a c t i o n
[ 2321 .
mechanism of action of v i s c o s i t y index improvers [332].
t h e i r r e l a t i o n t o wear [418].
review of l i t e r a t u r e on v i s c o s i t y index improvers (up t o 1980) [419].
patent review on advances s i n c e 1979 [529].
application and perfonnance i n lubricants 15301.
polymethacrylate V I improvers: t h e i r solution properties (17271.
l i n e a r hydrogenated diene copolymers and hydrogenated star-branched
polyisoprenes as V I improvers [1728].
365 zyxwvutsrqp
zy
WASHER (THRUST WASHER)
WEAR
A disc or annulus, often consisting of a metal backing with a bearing material on

one side, used in a thrust bearing.
A thrust washer may contain rolling instead of sliding elements 15031.
WAVELENGTH-DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS

A surface analysis technique working on the electron microscope principle. It
provides elemental analysis and is quantitative. I t is useful for thin-film
analysis and has a higher resolution than the energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
WAVINESS
Usually, it is the widely-spaced component of surface texture. Waviness may
result from such factors as machine or work deflections, vibrations, chatter,
heat-treatment or warping strains. Roughness may be considered a s superposed
on a "wavy" surface [1202].
See also: WAVINESS HEIGHT, WAVINESS WIDTH.
WAVINESS HEIGHT
zyxwvu
Waviness height is rated in inches a s the peak to valley distance Cl20Zl.
WAVINESS WIDTH
Waviness width is rated in inches a s the spacing of successive wave peaks and
succeseive wave valleys [ 12021.
WAXES
Low-melting, thermoplastic organic mixtures or compounds which are solid a t
room temperature. Insoluble in water; soluble in most organic solvents. Waxes
zyxwv
are generally similar in composition to fats and oils, but they do not contain
glycerides. They are hydrocarbons or esters of fatty acids and alcohols. They
find application in some lubricants.
See also: PETROLEUM WAXES.
- chemistry and technology of waxes [491].
WEAR
Undesirable continuous loss of maEerial from one or both of the surfaces of
mating tribological elements due to relative motion of the surfaces. Wear is
determined by operating variables, types of materials and the surface involved,
a s well a s environmental factors.
WEARzyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsrq 366
zyxwv
Wear may be accompanied by transfer of material from one surface to the other.
The m o s t common wear mechanisms include adhesion, abrasion, surface fatigue,
corrosion (fretting)and erosion.
See also specific types of wear.
handbmk of mechanical wear [3921.
wear theories and mechanisms [411, 495, 504, 554, 591, 852, 1423, 14241.
wear of non-metallic materials: a brief review [4361.
fundamental aspects of wear with a literature survey [4701.
mechanical regimes and patterns of wear 14771.
wear of polymers and ccinposites 15101.
fundamental principles of wear 15211.
smooth and severe metallic wear [5321.
review of wear research in Japan 15891.
practical aspects of wear [ 5 9 2 ] .
zyxwv
wear testing machines [593].
wear testing methods and devices [5971.
wear of thermoplastics [ 5 9 8 ] .
wear characteristics of various metals: Timken tests 16031.
coating end surface treatment for wear resistance [ 7 4 8 ] .
ASTM tenninology relating to wear I7601.
chemical aspects of wear, its mechanims and a literature survey “7581.
friction and wear calculations [7861.
oxidational wear: classifications, theories, mechanisms and research [810,
8111.
wear of ceramics [848, 8531.
wear of reinforced thermoplastics by abrasive papers [ 8 6 3 ] .
transfer wear of polymers 18731.
wear of crystalline polymers [ 8 7 4 ] .
wear of non-metallic materials [8751.
zy
wear mechanism of toughened ceramics [ 9 1 5 ] .
effect of microstructure on wear of metals [933, 9781.
wear of semiconductors in contact with pure metals [ 9 7 7 ] .
review of wear mechanisms in implanted surfaces [9801.
role of wear in the failure of tribosystems, including gears, valves, cam
and follower systems, cutting tools, etc. [ 9 8 5 ] .
study of wear processes in sliding systems with a literature survey [1007].
gear wear assessment by morphological examination of wear debris [10271.
surface analysis techniques for wear studies [1074].
wear of dental tissue8 and restorative materials 111181.
zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvuts
zyxwv
361 WEAR
on-line ferrography for continuous wear measurement [11291.

nature, causes and testing of wear [1152].
wear measurement on nuclear reactor components [1164].
wear of elastomers sliding against paper and their wear behaviour [12071.
diesel engine wear monitoring [1225].
ferrography for detection and monitoring of mechanical wear [1226].
wear in rolling contacts: experiments and a review of theories [13521.
theory of wear in a friction pair: wear of the harder member [1420].
relationship between hardness and wear [1421].
classifications, laws, mechanisms and theories of wear [1422].
effect of wear on surface texture [14251.
basic mechanisms of wear 114261.
a computerised profilometer for wear measurement [14271.
wear under dynamic loading conditions [1428].
mechanical view of wear [1429].
values and use of wear coefficients [1430].
influence of electrochemical potential on wear [1431].
wear in rolling-sliding motion: effect of wear debris [1432].
various forms of gear wear [14331.
wear studies: conference papers [1434].
wear modes, wear detection and assessment methods [14351.
various aspects of wear phenomena: conference proceedings [1436].
advantages of accelerated wear testing [1437].
delamination theory of wear [1439].
basic data and infomation on wear [1440].
dry wear of copper, brass, steel, nickel and aldnium against glass
and steel [1441].
wear of total replacement hip joints [1442].
wear of fibres and fabrics [1443].
testing of chalk wear 114441.
mechanisms of wear by paper; effects of pper damge, debris and moisture
on abrasivity of paper 115391.
ultrasonic measurement of wear: principle, feasibility, specifications
[ 15421.
a comprehensive study on various aspects of wear 115931.
zyxw
wear of ceramics: fundamentals and mechanisms [l619].
wear of non-metallic materials: a collection of papers 118321.
wear of mechanisms of polymers at cryogenic temperatures 116591.
classification of wear mechanisms and lubricated wear: a literature
aurvey [17011.
WEAR COEFFICIENT
WEAR COEFFICIENT
See: COEFFICIENT OF WEAR.
368 zy
WEAR DEBRIS
See: WEAR PARTICLES.
WEAR INTENSITY
The ratio of the extent of wear to a given distance on which the wear developed,
or to the volume of work done.
WEAR PARTICLES
Minute debris generated during friction as a result of fracture by the forces
transmitted through the microscopic spots which form the area of real contact.
See also: FERROGRAPHY.
zyxwv
wear particle analysis [424, 1223, 14501.
friction and wear due to hard particles [510].
formation of wear particles [532].
formation of wear particles: research in Japan [5891.
role of wear debris in the wear of some filled polymer composites 18811.
wear particle fomtion vs. load: stainless steel on itself [890].
load-carrying capacity of wear debris [894].
zyxwv
formation of flake and non-flake debris [1007].
morphological examination of wear debris for gear wear assessment [1027].
nature and origin of wear particles from boundary lubrication [1090].
wear of metals studied by pmticle analysis [1228].
advances in ferrographic analysis of wear debris [1229].
types of wear debris in diesel engine operation [1232].
influence of wear debris on rolling contact fatigue [1349].
4-ball tests: the effect of wear debris on wear rolling-sliding motion
[14321.
formation of wear particles in a lubricated friction pair [1445].
role of wear debris in the study of wear [1447].
formation and character of spherical particles in a Babbitt-steel
sliding system [1448].
study of spherical particles produced during sliding [1449].
microstructure and chemical make-up of wear debris generated during short-
term lubricated wear-in [15431.
identification and qualification of wear debris of copper, iron and
m e s i m in aircraft lubricating oils [1544].
369
- wear zyxwvzy
zyxwvutsrq WEAR RESISTANCE
particles and t h e i r possible sources in condition monitoring for diesel

engines [1545].
WEAR PREVENTION AQ"S

See: ANTIWEAR ADDITIVES.
WEAR RATE
Wear rate may be determined by the quantity of material removed in (a) unit
distance of sliding, (b) unit time, or (c) one revolution or oscillation. This
should always be carefully specified in order to avoid possible confusion.
Furthermore, the wear rate of a given combination of materials is a function of
the carefully specified conditions under which the wear process takes place.
The quantity removed may be measured a s mass, volume or thickness. In
practical applications involving a complete bearing assembly, wear rate should be
reported in terms of volume or thickness; however, it is recommeded that in
laboratory experiments the quantity removed be measured a s mass and volume.
- factors affecting wear r a t e [538].
- prediction of wear rate "7251.
- analytical prediction of wear rates of m e t a l s [824].
WEAR RESISTANCE
The resistance of a body to removal of material by the wear processes expressed
as the reciprocal of the wear rate. Wear resistance is a function of the
carefully specified conditions under which the wear process takes place.
- coatings and surface treatment f o r wear resistance 17481.
- sputtered s i l i c o n n i t r i d e coatings f o r w e a r protection 18251.
- ion implantation improving wear resistance [826].
- abrasive wear resistance of some comnercial polymers (nylons, PE, RI) [862].
- factors controlling abrasive wear reeistance 111181.
- selection of wear-resistant materials [1152].
WEAR SCAR
WEAR SCAR
The term usually refers to a non-linear wear trace formed during sliding friction
370 zy
under rotary point contact of tribological surfaces.
WEAR TEST RIGS

See: TRIBOLOGICAL TEST RIGS.
WEAR TRACK
Wear trace formed during linear sliding of tribological surfaces either by plastic
deformation or by material removal.
WEDGE FORMATION
zyx
See: PRESSURE WEDGE.
WELD DEPOSITION
A surface coating technique involving the deposition of overlay coatings from
rod using either argon or oxy-acetylene heat sources. [16391.
- selection and application of weld deposited coatings [ 16391.
WELDING
In tribology, adhesion between solid surfaces in direct contact, at any
temperature.
W ETTABILITY
A term generally used to indicate the ease with which a lubricant will spread or
flow over any surface,
-
-
wettability of lubricants and its importance for lubricant selection 18271.
surface wetting phenomena:
WHITE BEARING ALLOYS

a review [1675].
zy
A hard layer of metallic material which is resistant to etching in compariaon to
bulk material and appears featureless and white under the microscope. It is
formed under tribological conditions, especially during machining and deformation
processes.
See: BABBITT METALS, BEARING ALLOYS, WHITE METALS.
37 1zyxwvutsrq
zy WHITE OILS
zyxwvuts
WHITE LAYER
A hard layer of metallic material which is resistant to etching in comparison to
bulk material and appears featureless and white under the microscope. f t ie
formed under tribological conditions, especially during machining and deformation
processes.
- running-in wear of white layers [14511.
- tribological advantages of white layers produced by machining [14521.
- mechanism of white layer generation, including a l i t e r a t u r e aurvey 114531.
- formation mechanism of white layers on cast iron and p e a r l i t i c steel
surfaces during unlubricated sliding [1454].
WHITE METALS
White bearing alloys based on tin, lead, antimony and copper. Tin- and lead-
based alloys are probably the best know bearing materials. Due to their
excellent compatibility and embeddability under boundary lubrication, white
metals are widely used not only in bearings but also in automobile and diesel
engines, turbines, electric motors and generators, etc.
See also: BABBITT METALS.
WHITE OILS
Colourless, transparent oily mixtures of liquid hydrocarbons. Soluble in ether,
carbon disulphide, benzene, boiling alcohol and fixed or volatile oils; insoluble i n
water, cold alcohol, and glycerin. White oils are highly-refined petroleum
fractions which can be divided into technical and medicinal (liquid paraffin)
grades. The latter are more highly refined than the former. Generally, both are
prepared in more that one viscosity grade. Technical white oils include those
used for lubrication of self-acting mules in the textile industry and aa
compressor lubricants.
- white oils a s a carrier fluid for testing antiwear additives [loo].
- white oils a s base oil for greases used fpr testing the effect of the thickener
on the efficiency of load-carrying additives in greases l.1761.
- properties of liquid paraffin base oil 11761.
- white oils a s a carrier oil for testing ferrocene alcohols [431].
WICK LUBRICATION
WICK LUBRICATION
zy
zyxwvu 372
A system in which the lubricant is delivered to the bearing surface by means of

a wick.
WIPING
The smearing or removal of material from one point, often followed by the
redeposition of the material a t another point, on the surfaces of two bodies in
sliding contact.
WIRE DRAWING
See: DRAWING.
WOOD
The composition of wood is generally 40-60% cellulose and 20-40% lignin, a s well
a s varying amounts of resins, water and inorganic substances. Lignum vitae,
rock maple and oak woods have been used for the manufacture of bearings
which exhibit self-lubricating properties and clean operation. In recent years
they have been less popular, being replaced by plastic, porous and rubber
bearings.
See also: LIGNUM VITAE.
zyxwv
WRAPPED BUSH BEARINGS
Bearings made with a strip bush or a thin-walled steel bush lined with bearing
alloy [503].
WROUGHT CARBON STEELS

See: PLAIN CARBON STEELS.
313
See:
zyxwvutsrqp
zyx X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS, formerly ESCA)
X-ALPHA SURFACE ANALYSIS METHOD

ENERGY-DISPERSIVE X-RAY ANALYSIS.
XANTHATES
zyxwvut
-2R
zyxw
Sulphur-esters of the mono-oxygen-esters of dithiocarbonic acid. Soluble i n
mineral oils. They are used a s load-carrying lubricant additives and possess
antioxidant properties. Bisxanthates and bisxanthopolysulphides are more
zyxwv
effective as EP agents. Xanthates having a phenyl ring are more effective a s
antioxidants than those having only aliphatic groups.
- load-carrying properties of different bisxanthates and bisxantho-
polyaulphides and a review of synthesis methods 14091.
- load carrying action of xanthates [ 5 0 0 ] .
X-RAY DIFFRACI’ION
The study of the pattern of scattered (diffracted) rays produced when an X-ray
beam strikes a specimen. The wavelengths of X-rays are about the same a s the
distances between atoms in solids or liquids, and for this reason the diffracted
rays form a pattern which is determined by the arrangement of atoms in the
specimen. The pattern of diffracted rays may be used a s a “finger-print” for
identification of the substances in the specimen, or it may be used to give
information on the structure of the material [483]. This technique is widely used
for examination of tribiological surfaces and wear debris.
- analysis of ceramic coatings 19161.
- determination of w e a r debris composition [1739].
- description of the method and its application t o tribology [1740].
X-RAY FLUORESCENCE
An anaiytical technique in which a specimen is irradiated by X-rays. The
irradiation involves emission of characteristic X-rays providing information on
the quantitative elemental composition. This technique is particularly useful for
analysie of thin surface films.
X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS, formerly ESCA)

One of the most important surface analytical tools in tribology based on the
bombardment of the solid surface by X-rays and subsequent energy analyak of
the emitted electrons. When a monochromatic incident beam of X-rays strikes an
atom, the energy of the detected electron is equal to the difference between the
X-ray energy (V,) and the binding energy of the electron (Eb) in the atom (A).
A t V,
zy
zyxwvut
- zyxw
X-RAY PHOTOELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (XPS, formerly ESCA)
Thus, the XPS process can be presented a s follows:

At + ex
314
where the energy of the electron ex = V, - Eb.

This surface-sensitive technique provides elemental and chemical information.
- XPS study of t h e tribochemistry of graphite fluoride [156].
- surface composition vs. wear: XPS s t u d y [3171.
- XPS study of t h e surface chemistry of dibenzyl disulphide on steel [3301.
- description and t r i b o l o g i c a l application of XPS [4111.
- XPS i n t h e study of rubber t o metal bonding [1212].
- application of XPS t o studies of polymer s t r u c t u r e and bonding [13901.
- surface analysis of XPS: spectra of indium, lead and aluminillm oxide 113951.
- metal-FTF'E t r i b o l o g i c a l i n t e r a c t i o n s studied by XPS [1445].
- chemical characterization of w e a r surfaces by XPS [1456].
315 zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvut
YIELD POINT
YIELD STRENGTH
A point on the stress-strain curve at which there i s a sudden increase in strain

without a corresponding increase in stress [1202].
YIELD STRENGTH
The maximum stress that can be applied without permanent deformation of the
test specimen 112021.
zyxwvutsrq
ZINC (Zn)
ZINC (Zn)
zyxw
Shiny white metal. Density 7.14; mp 419OC.
moisture accelerating the process.
I t is slowly oxidised in air with
Zinc has numerous applications including
alloys and protection of steel and iron against corrosion.
376
- lubrication requirements i n forming and working zinc [626].

- f r i c t i o n welding of zinc [904].
- i l l u s t r a t e d case h i s t o r i e s of corrosion phenomena [1617].
- surface hardening e f f e c t of zinc [1668].
ZINC DIALKYLDITHIOPHOSPHATES (ZDDP’s)
A class of organometallic compounds used to improve the performance of

lubricants. The additives are produced by the reaction of alcohols or
unsaturated organic compounds with phosphorus pentasulphide. The alcohols
yield dithiophosphoric acids, which a r e used in the form of their zinc salts.
ZDDP’s have been used in internal combustion engine oils for over 30 years a s
antiwear and antioxidant additives. These additives are considered to be
polyfunctional. They a r e used a s oxidation inhibitors, antiwear agents and
corrosion inhibitors.
Commercial ZDDP’s also contain a variety of impurities from the synthesis, the
most important of which is the basic salt. This may be present in varying
zy
quantities and acts a s a basic stabiliser to the product. They decompose in oil,
due to high temperature reactions, to give a wide variety of products. The
reactions involved have been interpretated a s free radical [231, 3631, ionic [231,
3621 and hydrolytic [ 364-3651. Using various analytical techniques it was
concluded [ 381 that ZDDP’s decompose in oil solution predominantly by a
hydrolytic mechanism, ultimately to zinc polyphosphate and a mixture of alkyl
sulphides, which a r e the precursors of the antiwear action of ZDDP.
antiwear mechanism of ZDDP’s [38].
4 - b a l l studies i n additive blend fatigue 11141.
studies on w e a r behaviour of ZDDP’s [128].
lubricating properties of ZDDP’s tested on a Falex lubrication tester and a
cam-cam-follower r i g [1321.
e f f e c t of ZDDP’s on behaviour of antiwear additives 11511.
photoelectron spectroscopic studies on films formed on steel by o i l solutions
of ZDDP’s i n imnersion and rubbing tests [157].
fatigue tests on ZDDP’s [192].
antiwear, antioxidant e f f e c t s of ZDDP’s on f r i c t i o n 12111.
311 zyxwvutsr
zyxwvu ZINC DI-n-BUTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
zyxwvuts
preparation of ZDDP’s [2311.
analysed using spectroscopy and physical methods of separation [ 2 4 0 ] .
effectiveness of lubrication of steel surfaces by MoS, dispersed in mineral
oil with and without ZDDP [ 2 8 8 ] .
analysed by paper chromatography and neutron activation; chemical lubrication
mechanism proposed [2961.
interactions between ZDDP and calcium sulphonate detergent [ 3 4 7 ] .
antiwear property of ZDDP’s in used engine oils [7261.
influence of ZDDP on load-carrying capacity of marine diesel engine
base oil [ 7 5 4 ] .
preparation and nature of ZDDP surface films [ 8 2 8 ] .
investigation of thick films formed by pure ZDDP’s during friction
testing [8291.
surface layer formation by ZDDP [917].
ZDDP reactions in the presence of hydroperoxides [10211.
as antiwear additives under fretting conditions [1057].
effect of carbon in mild wear with a ZDDP additive 110891.
microstructure of films produced by the reaction of ZDDP [1090].
ZDDP decomposition products in engines [1091].
adsorption of zinc butyldithiophosphate isomers from n-hexadecane on
iron and iron oxide powders [1092].
influence of additives on chemical reactivity of ZDDP’s [1093].
antiwear properties of ZDDP in silicon carbide/steel and silicon
nitride/steel sliding contacts [1094].
electrochemical reactivities of four commercial zinc organdithiophosphate
antiwear additives [17091.
ZINC DI-t-AMYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
[ [ a3~2c(m,)20]2% 3 2
’b
Antiwear additive and antioxidant. It has good anticorrosion and sludge

preventing properties.
See also : METAL DITHIOPHOSPHATES.
- its antiwear, anticorrosion and antioxidation properties [ 4 3 ] .
ZINC DI-n-BUTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
( ~3(~2)3°],~2 ]2
ZINC DI-n-HEXYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

zy
zyxwv 378
- its antiwear action mechanism [l261.

- its tribochemistry [496].
- as and extreme pressure additive i n white o i l for the preparation of surface
films [8281.
- adsorption of zinc di-n-butyl dithiophosphate and its isomers from
zyxwvuts
n-hexadecane on iron and iron oxide powders [1092].
ZINC DI-n-HEXYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
r(n-C6H130)2m2I2 zn
Antiwear additive and oxidation inhibitor.
- i t s load-carrying performance and antioxidation properties [43].
ZINC DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2 DITHIOPHOSPHATE

- its tribological properties 11731.
C("-C*Hi70)2
Antiwear
zyxwvutsrq
ZINC DI-n-OCTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE
w2fi
additive
preventing properties.
and antioxidant. It has good anticorrosion and sludge
- its antiwear, antioxidation and anticorrosion properties [43].
ZINC DI-ISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

- its tribological properties [ 1731.
- adsorption onto a t e e l and iron @er 18303.
- rates of adsorption from n - h e x a d m e onto iron and steel [8311.
379 ZIRCONIUM (Zr) zy
zyxwvuts
ZINC PYROPHOSPHATE
Zn2P207
White powder. Soluble in acids and alkalies; insoluble in water. Density 3.76.
Used a s a component for the preparation of lubricating mineral oil suspensions
and pastes.
- mechanism of a c t i o n of zinc pyrophosphate [106].
- infra-red spectrographic investigation of zinc pyrophosphate [147
ZINC RICINOLEATE
[ CH, (CH, ) ,CHOHCH,CH=CH( CH, ) ,CO,] Zn
Fine white powder. Mp 92-95OC; d$g 1.10. Slightly toxic. Used a s a lubricant
and lubricating oil additive.
ZINC SILICOFLUORIDE
ZnSiF6.6H20
White crystals. Soluble in water. Density 2.104. Decomposes at 1OOOC. I t is
derived by the reaction of zinc oxide and fluosilicic acid. Highly toxic. I t may
be used a s a load-carrying additive or a d r y lubricant.
- zinc s i l i c o f l u o r i d e t e s t e d i n mixtures with f l u o r i d e s as an EP and antiwear
agent f o r titanium r o t a t i n g against steel [76].
ZIRCONIA
ZrOz
Heavy, white amorphous powder. Density 5.73; mp 2680OC. The most
heat-resistant of commercial refractories. Derived by heating zirconium
hydroxide or zirconium carbonate. Used a s a component of zirconia-based
ceramic materials and cermets.
- f r i c t i o n and w e a r behaviour of toughened zirconias [915].
- erosion of zirconia-based ceramic thermal b a r r i e r coatings [949].
- microstructure and t r i b o l o g i c a l properties of zirconia p a r t i a l l y
s t a b i l i s e d by magnesia [14571.
- wear behaviour of zirconia p a r t i a l l y s t a b i l i s e d by magnesia [1295].
- correlation between mechanical properties and wear resistance of
alumina-zirconia composites [1595].
ZIRCONIUM ( Z r )
Hard, grey, ductile metal. Density 6.5; mp 1856OC. Characterised by excellent
corrosion resistance. I t has numerous applications including corrosion-resistant
alloys and nuclear technology.
zy
-
-
- zyxwvu
ZIRCONIUM DISELENIDE
lubrication requirements on forming and working zirconium [626].

improved w e a r resistance of zirconium [6881.
wear of zirconium a l l o y s due t o f r e t t i n g and impacting [974].
ZIRCONIUM DISELENIDE
ZrSea
It may be prepared by heating a mixture of these elements.
380
Used as a d r y solid
lubricant.
- preliminary study of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between t h e s t r u c t u r a l and ohemical
properties of zirconium diselenide and its i n t r i n s i c l u b r i c a t i n g properties
[981-
zyx
ZIRCON1UM DISULPHID E
ZrS,
Grey crystalline solid. Insoluble in water. Mp approximately 1550013; density
3.87. Used a s a solid lubricant.
- preliminary study of t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p between the structural 8nd chemical
properties of ZrS, and its i n t r i n s i c lubricating properties 1981.
ZIRCONIUM OXIDE
See: ZIRCONIA
ZIRCONIUM TETRAACETYLACETONATE
Zr[OC(CH,)=CHCO(CH,)1,
A colourless, crystalline tetrachelate. Soluble in all common organic solvents;
slightly soluble in water. Mp 194-195012; density 1.415. I t is derived by t h e
reaction between zirconyl chloride, acetylacetone and sodium carbonate. Used as
an antiwear and antifriction additive in lube oils and greases.
zyxwvutsrqpo
38 1
REFERENCES
1 A.M. Kulijew, Chemistry and Technology of Additives for Lubricants and
Fuels, in Russian, Chemistry Publ. Co., Moscow, 1972.
REFERENCES
2 I. Iliuc, Tribology of Thin Layers, Elsevier, Amsterdam-Oxford-New York,

1980.
3 A. Nica, Theory and Practice of Lubrication Systems, Scientific Publications
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4 A.W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, Interscience Publishers, New
Pork, 1967.
5 G.H. Goettner, Einfuhrung in die Schmiertechnik, Karl blarklein Verlag,
Duesseldorf, 1961.
6 J.T. Beard Jr., Trends in development and application of cutting fluids,
ASME Trans., 69 (1947) 131-138.
7 J. Beaton, J.M. Tims and R. Tourret, Function of metal-cutting fluids and
their mode of action, Proc. Inst. Mech. Engrs., 179 Pt. 3j, 1964-1965, pp.
193-214.
8 H.A. Hartung, J.W. Johnson and A.C. Smith, A threading test for cutting oil
evaluation, Lubr. Eng., 13 (1957) 538-542.
zy
9 H. Sellei, Sulfurized extreme-pressure lubricants and cutting oils: Literature
s u r v e y , Petrol. Process., 4 (1949) 1003-1008.
10 K.G. Allum and E.S. Forbes, The load-carrying properties of organic sulfur
compounds: The influence of chemical s t r u c t u r e on t h e antiwear properties
of organic disulfides, J. Inst. Petrol., 53 (1967) 174-185.
11 R.W. Mould, H.B. Silver and R.J. S y r e t t , Investigations of the activity of
cutting oil. additives: Organosulfur -containing co-mpounds, Wear, 19 (1972)
67-80.
12 E.S. Forbes, The load-carrying action of organo-sulfur compounds: A review,
Wear, 15 (1970) 87-96.
13 H.A. Spikes and A. Cameron, Additive interference in dibenzyl disulfide EP
lubrication, ASLE Trans., 17 (1974) 283-289.
14 B. Dacre and C.H. Bovington, The adsorption and desorption of dibenzyl
disulfide and dibenzyl sulfide o n steel, ASLE Trans., 25 (1982) 272-278.
15 C.H. Bovington and B. Dacre, Thermal decomposition of dibenzyl disulfide in
hexadecane, ASLE Trans., 25 (1982) 267-271.
zyx
16 C.H. Bovington and B. Dacre, Catalytic decomposition of dibenzyl disulfide
and dibenzyl sulfide on iron powers, ASLE Trans., 25 (1982) 44-48.
17 W. Davey and E.D. Edwards, The EP lubricating properties of some sulfides
and disulfides in mineral oil a s assessed by 4-ball machine, Wear, 1 (1958)
291-304.
18 1.G Fuks, Additives for Greases, in Russian, Chemistry Publ. Co., Moscow,
1982.
19 J.W. Menter and D. Tabor, Orientation of f a t t y acids and films on metal
surfaces, Proc. Roy. SOC., A 204, 1951, pp. 514-524.
20 T. Allen and R.M. Patel, Adsorption of alcohols on finely divided powders, J.
Appl. Chem., 20 (1970) 165-171.
21 E.B. Greenhill, The adsorption of long-chain polar compounds from solution
on metal surfaces, Trans. Faraday SOC., 45 (1949) 625-631.
22 J.J. Frewing, The heat of adsorption of long-chain compounds and their
effect o n boundary lubrication, Proc. Roy. SOC., A 182 (1949) 270-285.
23 J.V. S a n d e r s and D. Tabor, S t r u c t u r e of thin films of aliphatic e s t e r s and
zyxwvut
alcohols on metals, Proc. Roy. SOC., A 204 (1951) 525-533.
24 F.P. Bowden and A.C. Moore, Physical and chemical adsorption of long-chain
compounds on metals, Research, 2 (1949) 585-592.
25 D.M. Everett, Thermodynamics of adsorption from solution, Trans. Faraday
SOC., 61 (1965) 2478-2492.
26 C.N. Rowe, A relation between adhesive wear and heat adsorption for t h e
vapour lubrication of graphite, ASLE Trans., 10 (1967) 10-18.
27 E.P Kingsbury, The heat of adsorption of a boundary lubricant, ASLE
Trans., 3 (1960) 30-38.
REFERENCES
28
29
A.J. Groszek, Heats of preferential adsorption of boundary additives, ASLE
Trans., 13 (1970) 278-287.
A.J. Groszek, Adsorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons onto graphite,
382 zy
Faraday Disc. Chem. SOC., 59 (1975) 109-116.
30 A.J. Groszek, Activation of iron surfaces by chemisorption of some EP and
antiwear additives, Wear, 18 (1971) 279-289.
31 H.A Smith and R.M. McGill, The adsoprtion of n-nonadecanoic acid on
mechanically activated metal surfaces, J. Phys. Chem., 6 1 (1957) 1025-1036.
32 F.P. Bowden, J.N. Gregory and D. Tabor, Orientation of fatty acids and
soap films on metal surfaces, Proc. Roy. SOC., A 204 (1951) 514-524.
33 I.L. Goldblatt, Surface fatigue initiated by fatty acids, ASLE Trans., 16
(1973) 150-159.
34 H,C. Stinton, H.A. Spikes and A. Cameron, A s t u d y of friction polymer
formation, ASLE Trans., 25 (1982) 355-360.
35 R. Sakurai and K. Sato, Study of corrosivity and correlation between
chemical reactivity and load-carrying capacity of oils containing EP agents,
ASLE Trans., 9 (1966) 77-87.
36 P. Studt, Einige Untersuchungen zur mechano-chemischen Reaktionen
organischer Chlorverbindungen sowie von Phosphorsaure-tri-o-Kresylester
mit Eisenoberflachen, Erdol und Kohle, 2 1 (1968) 340-344.
37 M.J. Neale (Ed.), Tribology Handbook, Butterworths, London, 1973.
38 H. Spedding and R.C. Watkins, The antiwear mechanism of ZDDP’s, Trib. Int.,
15 (1982) 9-15.
39 F.G. Rounds, Additive interactions and their effect on the performance of a
zinc dialkyl dithiophosphate, ASLE Trans., 2 1 (1978) 91-101.
40 E.S. Forbes and J. Battersby, The effect of chemical s t r u c t u r e on the
load-carrying and adsorption properties of dialkyl phosphites, ASLE Trans.,
17 (1974) 263-270.
41 R.I. Barber, The preparation of some phosphorus compounds and their
comparison a s load-carrying additives by the four-ball machine, ASLE
Trans., 19 (1976) 319-328.
42 R.W. Mould, H.B. Silver and R.J. Syrett, Investigations of the activity of
cutting oil additives: Oils containing both organochlorine and organosulfur
compounds, Wear, 26 (1973) 27-37.
43 T.J. Moon and OX. Kwon, Effects of metallic dialkyldithiophosphates on
lubricating oil, J. Korean Chem. SOC., 23 (1979) 52-58.
44 D.H. Buckley, Effectiveness of various organometallics a s antiwear additives
in mineral oil, NASA Technical Paper 1096, Lewis Research Centre, Cleveland,
Ohio, Nov. 1977.
45 R.W. Mould, H.B. Silver and R.J. Syrett, Investigations of t h e activity of
cutting oil additives: Organochlorine containing compounds, Wear, 22 (1972)
269-286.
46 R.W. Mould, H.B. Silver and R.J. Syrett, Investigations of the activity of
cutting oil additives: The EP activity of some water-based fluids, Lubr.
Eng., 33 (1977) 291-298.
47 C.C. Yang, The effect of water hardness on the lubricity of a semisynthetic
cutting fluid, Lubr. Eng., 35 (1979) 133-136.
48 E.0 Bennett, Corrosion inhibitors a s preservatives for metal-working fluids
- ethanolamines, Lubr. Eng., 35 (1974) 137-144.
49 E.R. Mueller and W.H. Martin, Polyalkylene glycol lubricants: Uniquely water
soluble, Lubr. Eng., 3 1 (1975) 348-356.
-
zyxwvutsrqpo
50 T. Sutcliffe, S.J. Barber, W. Dykan and C.G. Wall, Coolants laboratory
evaluation by drill test technique using high speed drills, Lubr. Eng. 35
(1979) 145-152.
51 L. D e C h i f f r e , Testing t h e overall performance of cutting fluids, Lubr. Eng.,
34 (1978) 244-251.
52 G.W. Skells and S.C. Cohen, A drilling test for the evaluation of cutting
fluid performance, Lubr. Eng., 33 (1977) 401-406.
383 REFERENCES
53 E. Holodonic and L.M. Edwards, Evaluation of cutting fluids with an

automatic drilling machine, Lubr. Eng., 30 (1974) 195-200.
54 H. Henschen and W.C. Howell, Cutting efficiency predictions by a dual
performance technique, Lubr. Eng., 30 (1974)315-322.
55 T.H. Webb, W.J. Kelly, S.M. Darling and L.R. Woodhill, Experience in field and
laboratory evaluation of metal cutting fluids, Lubr. Eng., 30 (1974) 231-240.
56 E.N. Ladov, A tapping test for evaluating cutting fluids, Lubr. Eng., 30
(1974) 5-96
57 P.M. Blanchard and R.J. Syrett, Mechanical testing of cutting fluids, Lubr.
Eng., 30 (1974) 62-71.
zy
58 H. Henschen, A laboratory screening test to evaluate cutting fluids, Lubr.
Eng., 29 (1973) 151-156.
59 I.N. Izzat and E.O. Bennett, The potentiation of the antimicrobial activities of
cutting fluid preservatives by EDTA, Lubr. Eng., 35 (1979) 153-159.
60 E.O. Bennett, J.E. Gannon and D.L. Bennett, Inhibitory properties of
1,3-propanediols in cutting fluids, Trib. Int., 16 (1983) 199-202.
61 S.K. Sharma, P. Vasudevan and U.S. Tewari, High temperature lubricants -
oils and greases, Trib. Int., 16 ( 1983) 213-219.
62 A Mammen, V.K. Verma and C.V. Agarwal, Mechanism of EP additive - metal
interaction: Assessment of certain S-benzylisothiocarbamides, Trib. Int., 16
(1983) 291-296.
63 J.L. Shennan, Selection and evaluation of biocides for aqueous
metal-working fluids, Trib. Int., 16 (1983) 317-330.
64 K. Inoue and H. Watanabe, Interactions of engine oil additives, ASLE Trans.,
26 (1983) 189-199.
65 F.G. Rounds, Some effects of nonhydrocarbon base oil constituents on the
friction and surface coating formation obtained with three additives, ASLE
Trans., 11 (1968) 19-30.
66 C.A. Foord, W.C. Hammann and A. Cameron, Evaluation of lubricants using
optical elastohydrodynamics, ASLE Trans., 1 1 (1968) 31-43,
67 M.T. Lavik, T.M Medved and G.D. Moore, Oxidation characteristics of MoS2
and other solid lubricants, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968) 44-55.
68 A. Di Sapio and J. Maloney, The lubricating performance of an "in situ"
process MoS, film in air and in liquid, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968) 56-63.
69 R. Tagaki and T. Liu, Lubrication of bearing steels with electroplated gold
under heavy loads, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968) 64-71.
70 H.E. Bieber, E.E. Klaus and E.J. Tewksbury, A study of tricresyl phosphate
a s an additive for boundary lubrication, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968) 155-161.
71 K.G. Allum and E.S. Forbes, The load-carrying mechanism of organic sulfur
compounds - application of electron probe microanalysis, ASLE Trans., 1 1
(1968) 162-175.
72 M.J. Devine, J.P. Cerini, W.H. Chappell and J.R. Soulen, New sulfide addition
agents for lubricant materials, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968)283-2891,
73 M.T. Lavik and G.D. Moore, Detection of impurities in synthetic solid
lubricants, ASLE Trans., 11 (1968) 295-301.
74 H.E. Sliney and R.L. Johnson, Preliminary evaluation of greases to 600°F and
solid lubricants to 15000F in ball bearings, ASLE Trans., 1 1 (1968) 330-337.
75 T. Spalvins, Deposition of MoSz films by physical sputtering and their
lubrication properties in vacuum, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 36-43.
76 A.M. Shapiro, Fluorides and silicofluorides a s extreme pressure additives in
lubricating fluids for titanium, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969)80-85.
77 F.F. Tao, A study of oxidation phenomena in corrosive wear, ASLE Trans., 12
zyxwvutsrq
(1969) 97-105.
78 V.G. Fitzsimmons and W.A. Zisman, Dry-film lubricants from molybdenum
disulfide bonded with microfibrous boehmite, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 117-128.
79 J.F. Coburn, Lubricant vapour pressure derived from evaporation loss, ASLE
Trans., 12 (1969) 129-134.
80 J.K. Appeldoorn, I.B. Goldman and F.F. Tao, Corrosive wear by atmospheric
oxygen and moisture, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 140-150.
REFERENCES
81
82
zyxwvuts
zy
J.M Hall, Wear and friction studies of neopentyl polyol ester lubricants,
ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 242-253.
P.J. Sniegoski, Determination of the ester composition of neopentyl polyol
384
ester lubricants, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 273-279.
zyxwv
83 R.L. Cottington and H. Ravner, Interactions in neopentyl polyol ester -
tricresyl phosphate - iron systems a t 500°F, ASLE Trans., 12 (1969) 280-286.
84 R.L. Jones, H. Ravner and R.L. Cottington, Inhibition of iron-catalysed
neopentyl polyol ester thermal degradation through passivation of the active
metal surface by tricresyl phosphate, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 1-10.
85 E.E. Klaus, E.J. Tewksbury and S.S. Fietelson, Thermal charactertistics of
some organic esters, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 11-20.
86 I.B. Goldman, J.K. Appeldoorn and F.F. Tao, Scuffing a s influenced by
oxygen and moisture, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 29-38.
87 R.L. Fusaro and H.E. Sliney, Graphite fluoride (CFx)n - a new solid
lubricant, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 56-65.
88 G.D. Moore, A study of t h e oxidation kinetics of synthetic molybdenum
diselenide, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 117-126.
89 G. Salomon, A. Begelinger, F.I. Van Blmis and A.W.J. D e G e e , Characteristics
and tribological properties of Most powders and of related chalcogenides,
ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 134-147.
90 G.D. Whitehouse, D. Nandan and C.A. Whitehurst, The effect of film thickness
on friction coefficients for solid lubricants: CaF2, Most and graphite, ASLE
Trans., 13 (1970) 159-168.
91 F.F. Tao and J.K Appeldoorn, An experimental study of t h e wear caused by
loose abrasive particles in oil, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 169-178.
92 I.L. Goldblatt and J.K Appeldoorn, The antiwear behaviour of TCP in
different atmospheres and different base stocks, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970)
203-214.
93 A. Dorinson, The slow-speed frictional behaviour of some lubricant additive
type substances, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970) 215-224.
94 T. Sakurai and K. Sato, Chemical reactivity and load-carrying capacity of
lubricating oils containing organic phosphorus compounds, ASLE Trans., 13
(1970) 252-261.
95 W.G. Johnston and L.B. Sargent Jr., The determination of vapour pressures
of low viscosity lubricants from distillation data, ASLE Trans., 13 (1970)
304-310.
96 N.E. Gallopoulos and C.K. Murphy, Interaction between a zinc
dialkylphosphorodithioate and lubricating oil dispersants, ASLE Trans., 14
(1971) 1-7.
97 J.R. Jones and J.W. Hoover, Abrasiveness of MoS2 in bonded solid
98 W.E. Jamison and S.L. Cosgrove, Friction characteristics of transition-metal
disulphides and diselenides, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971) 62-72.
99 A Beerbower, A critical survey of mathematical models for boundary
100 A. Dorinson, Influence of chemical s t r u c t u r e s in sulfurized f a t s on antiwear
behaviour, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971) 124-134.
101 R.L. Cottington, H. Ravner and P.J. Sniegoski, Lubricants from mixed
pentaerythritol e s t e r s of 2-ethylhexanoic and isostearic acids, ASLE Trans.,
14 (1971) 163-169.
102 C.E. Snyder Jr., Structural modifications of fluoralkyl S-triazines and their
zyxwvutsrqp
lubricant properties, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971) 237-242.
103 A.J. Groszek and R.E. Witheridge, Surface properties and lubricating action
of graphite and Moss, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971) 254-266.
104 T. Spalvins, Lubrication with sputtered MoSz films, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971)
267-274.
105 J.M. Hall, Antiwear additives in neopentyl ester oils, ASLE Trans., 14 (1971)
292-300.
385 REFERENCES
106 J. Gansheimer, On t h e lubricating properties of mixtures of mineral oil with

certain inorganic phosphates, hydroxides and sulfides, ASLE Trans., 15
(1972) 201-206.
107 W.J. Bartz, Some investigations on the influence of particle size on the
lubricating effectiveness of molybdenum disulfide, ASLE Trans., 15 (1972)
207-215.
108 Y. Tsuya, Lubrication with molybdenum disulfide film under various
conditions, ASLE Trans., 15 (1972) 225-232.
109 J. Gansheimer, A review on chemical reactions of solid lubricants during
friction, ASLE Trans., 15 (1972) 244-251.
110 W.E. Jamison, Structure and bonding effects on the lubricating properties of
crystalline solids, ASLE Trans., 15 (1972) 296-305.
111 R. Fusaro, Molecular relaxations, molecular orientation and the friction
characteristics of polyimide films, ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 1-14.
112 R. Fusaro, Graphite fluoride lubrication: The effect of fluorine content,
atmosphere, and burnishing technique, ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 15-24.
113 F.C. Brooks and V. Hopkins, Viscosity and density characteristics of five
lubricant base stocks at elevated pressures and temperatures, ASLE Trans.,
20 (1977) 25-35.
114 F.G. Rounds, Base oil effects on fatigue life for additive blends a s measured
on a 4-ball fatigue machine, ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 115-125.
115 J.J. Dickert Jr. and C.N. Rowe, Novel lubrication properties of gold
0,O-dialkylphosphorodithioates and metal organophosphonates, ASLE Trans.,
20 (1977) 143-151.
116 R.E. Cantley, The effect of water in lubricating oil on bearing fatigue life,
ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 244-248.
117 A.A. Conte Jr., N.D. Rebuck and V. Novielli, Deuterium substituted synthetic
hydrocarbon grease, ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 264-266.
118 P.J. Sniegoski, Selectivity of the oxidative attack on a model ester lubricant,
ASLE Trans., 20 (1977) 282-286.
119 W.R. Murphy, C.J. Polk and C.N. Rowe, Effect of lubricant additives on
water-accelerated fatigue, ASLE Trans., 21 (1978) 63-70,
120 H.E. Sliney, Dynamics of solid lubrication as observed by optical microscopy,
ASLE Trans., 21 (1978) 109-117.
121 D.H. Buckley, Friction and transfer behaviour of pyrolytic boron nitride in
contact with various metals, ASLE, Trans., 21 (1978) 118-124.
zyxwv
122 R. Fusaro, Effect of atmosphere and temperature on wear, friction, and
transfer of polyimide films, ASLE, Trans., 21 (1978) 125-133.
123 W.J. Bartz and W. Wiemann, Flow properties of polymer-blended engine oils
a t subzero temperatures, ASLE, Trans., 21 (1978) 152-160.
124 L.L. Stavinoha, G.E. Fodor, F.M. Newman and S.J. Lestz, Analytical
characterisation of synthetic lubricants, ASLE, Trans., 21 (1978) 217-225.
125 J.P. Richter, Cutting oil performance - significant new machining test, ASLE,
Trans., 22 (1979) 171-177.
126 A. Dorinson, The antiwear action of zinc di-n-butyl phosphate, ASLE Trans.,
22 (1979) 190-192.
127 A. Ali, F. Lockwood, E.E. Klaus, J.L. Duda and E.J. Tewksbury, The chemical
degradation of ester lubricants, ASLE Trans., 22 (1979) 267-276.
128 P.A. Willermet, L.R. Mahoney and C.M. Haas, The effects of anti-oxidant
reactions on the wear behaviour of a zinc dialkyldithiophosphate, ASLE
Trans., 22 (1979) 301-306.
129 D. Tabor and R.F. Willis, Thin film lubrication with substituted silicones: The
zyxwvutsrqp
role of physical and chemical factors, Wear, 11 (1968) 145-162.
130 R.S. Montgomery, Lubrication of bearing aluminium with polyphenyl ethers,
Wear, 14 (1969) 213-217.
131 C. Pritchard and J.W. Midgley, The effect of humidity on t h e friction and
life of unbonded molybdenum disulphide f i l m s , Wear, 13 (1969) 39-50.
132 A.L. Black, R.W. Dunster and J.V. Sanders, Comparative s t u d y of surface
deposits and behaviour of MoS2 particles and molybdenum dialkyl-
dithiophosphate, Wear, 13 (1969) 119-132.
REFERENCES
133 D. Tabor and R.F. Willis, The formation of silicone polymer films on metal
surfaces a t high temperatures and their boundary lubricating properties,
Wear, 13 (1969) 413-442.
386 zy
134 J.K. Appeldoorn and F.F. Tao, The lubricity characteristics of heavy
aromatics, Wear, 12 (1968) 117-130.
135 E. Kay, The corrosion of steel in contact with molybdenum disulphide, Wear,
12 (1968) 165-171.
136 R.P. Steijn, The sliding surface of polytetrafluoroethylene: An investigation
with the electron microscope, Wear, 12 (1968) 193-212.
137 P. Schatzberg and I.M. Felsen, Effects of water and oxygen during rolling
contact lubrication, Wear, 12 (1968) 331-342.
138 B.T. Fowler, Diesters a s high-temperature lubricants, Wear, 15 (1970) 97-104.
139 E.D. Brown Jr., Effect of temperature on lubricity of lubricating silicones,
Wear, 15 (1970) 131-135.
140 A.E. Jemmett, Review of recent silicone work, Wear, 15 (1970) 143-148.
141 E.S. Forbes, K.G. Allum, E.L. Neustadter and A.J.D. Reid, The load- carrying
properties of diester disulphides, Wear, 15 (1970) 341-352.
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1638 C.E. Albertson, The mechanism of anti-squawk additive behaviour in
automatic transmission fluids, ASLE Trans., 6 (1963) 300-315.
1639 J.A.S. Graham, A.C. Jesper and K.W. Wright, Hard surface coatings,
aelection/application, in: M.J. Neale (Ed.), Tribology Handbook, Butterworths,
London, 1973, A42.
zyxwv
1640 D.W. Dinsmore and A.H. Smith, Multifunctional friction-modifying agents,
Lubr. Engng., 20 (1965) 352-357.
zyxwvutsr
1641 G.C. Mudd, Lubrication of g e a r s in service, Int. Petrol Rev., 15 (1961)
106-109.
1642 G.V. Vinogradov, V.V. Arkharova and A.A. Petrov, Anti-wear and anti-friction
properties of hydrocarbons under heavy loads, Wear, 4 (1961) 274-291.
1643 V.N. Borsoff, Gear lubrication - a descriptive analysis, Lubr. Engn., 18
(1962) 266-270.
1644 A. Godet, G. Roussel and M. Thebault, Frictional behaviour of experimental
synthetic and semi-synthetic gear oils, J. Synthetic Lubr., 1 (1984) 106-126.
1645 J.K. Appledoorn, Physical propertiee of lubricants, in: F.F. Ling, E.E. Klaus
and R.S. Fein (Eds.), Boundary lubrication: An Appriasal of World Literature,
ASME, New York, 1969, pp. 133-144.
1646 M.O.W. Richardson, Chemical and physical effects associated with polymer
tribology, in: L.H. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear,
787-805.
1647 M.J. Furey and J.F. Kunc, A radiotracer approach to t h e study of engine
valve train lubrication, Lubr. Engng., 14 (1958) 302-309.
1648 K. Meyer and C. Kajdas, Bedeutung des Metallaustauschee f u r
Grenzflachenreaktionen von Metalldithiophosphaten, Trib. Schmierungstech.,
36 (1989) 71-76.
1649 E.T. Jagger, Lip seals, in: M.J. Neale (Ed.), Tribology Handbook,
1650 P.A. Molian and L. Hualun, Laser cladding of Ti-6AP-4V with BN for
improved wear performance, Wear, 130 (1989) 337-352.
1651 H.H. Krause, S.L. Cosgrove and C.M. Allen, Phthalocyanines as
high-temperature lubricants, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 6 (1961) 112-118.
1652 PA. Pinchbeck, A review of plastic bearings, Wear, 5 (1962) 85-113.
1653 W. Krause (Ed.), Plastzahnrader, VEB Verlag Technik, Berlin, 1985.
1654 W.C. Milz and L.B. Sargent, Frictional characteristics of plastics, Lubr.
Engng., 11 (1955) 313-318.
445
zyxwvutsrq
1655 F.W.G.
REFERENCES
Fearon and R.F. Smith, Wear characteristics of silicone modified

polystryrene, in: L.H. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear,
481-490.
zyxwv
1656 S. Kussi, Chemical, physical and technological propertiess of polyethers a s
synthetic lubricants, J. Synthetic Lubr., 2 (1985) 63-84.
1657 K. Tanaka and Y. Uichiyama, Friction, wear and surface melting of
crystalline polymers, in: L.H. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Polymer Friction and
Wear, Polymer Science and Technology, Vol. 5B, Plenum Press, New York, pp.
499-531.
1658 N.S. Eiss, Jr., Model for the transfer of polymer to rough, hard surfaces,
1659 W.A. Glaeser, J.W. Kissel and D.K. Snediker, Wear mechanims of polymers at
cryogenic temperatures, in: L.H. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Polymer Friction and
1974, pp. 651-662.
1660 D. Tabor, Friction, lubrication and wear of synthetic fibres, Wear, 1 (1957)
5-24.
1661 N.S. Eiss, Jr., Characterization of surfaces in wear tests, in: R.G. Bayer
(Ed.), Wear T e s t s for Plastics: Selection and Use, ASTM STP 701, ASTM, 1979,
pp. 18-31.
1662 G.E. Wynn and M.K. Chao, Prelubes in automotive applications, Lubr. Engng.,
40 (1984) 305-306.
1663 M.O.W. Richardson and M.W. Pascoe, Mechano-chemistry and poly(viny1
chloride) wear, in: L.H. Lee (Ed.), Advances in Polymer Friction and Wear,
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1664 S. Ayano, Entwicklung und Anwendung von Triazin-Harzen, Kunstoffe, 75
(1985)475-479.
1665 R. Roscoe, The plastic deformation of cadmium single crystals, Phil. Mag., 21
(1926) 399-406.
1666 A. Jackson, Synthetic v e r s u s mineral fluids in lubrication, Int. Trib. Conf.,
Melbourne, 1987.
1667 B.E. Klamecki, The information content of surface profiles, surface profile
measurements, and profile characterizations, Wear, 130 (1989) 289-300.
1668 S. Harper and A.H. Cottrell, Surface effects and the plasticity of zinc
crystals, Proc. Phys. SOC. (London), B63 (1950) 331-338.
1669 D.H. Buckley, Effect of surface films on deformation of zinc single-crystal
surface during sliding, ASLE Trans., 15 (1972) 96-102.
1670 A. Lymer, Mechanical seals, in: M.J. Neale, (Ed.), Tribology Handbook,
1671 L.F. Coffin, A fundamental s t u d y of synthetic sapphire a s a bearing
material, ASLE Trans., 1 (1958) 108-114.
1672 I.S.I. Guide: Seals, Interchange Inc., St. Louis Park, 1984.
1673 I. Etsion, Optimum design of metallic reciprocating seals, ASME Trans., J.
Lubr. Technol., 105 (1983).
1674 B.D. Kalligan, Seals for fluid power equipment, in: M.H. Jones and D. Scott
(Eds.), Industrial Tribology, Elsevier, Amsterdam] 1983, pp. 330-394.
1675 A.J. Haltner, The physics and chemistry of surfaces: surface energy,
wetting and adsorption, in: F.F. Ling, E.E. Klaus and R.S. Fein (Eds.),
Boundary Lubrication: An Appriasal of World Literature, ASME, New York,
1969, pp. 39-60.
1676 F.E. Kennedy, C.K. Chauh and F.O.W. Brote, Thermomechanical contact
phenonmena in face seals, Wear, 102 (1985) 127-140.
1677 F.E. Kennedy and S.K. Karpe, Thermocrackinp of a mechanicla face seal,
Wear, 79 (1982) 21-36.
1678 W.K. Stair, Dynamic seals, in: E.R. Booser (Ed.), CRC Handbook of
Lubrication] Vol. 2, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, 1984, pp. 581-622.
zyxwvutsrq
REFERENCES
Lubr. Engng., 40 (1984) 533-538.

1680 R.K. Flitney, Reciprocating seals, Trib. Int., 15 (1982) 219-226.
1681 B. Lunn, The wear resistance of tin bronzes and related alloys, Wear, 8
(1965) 401-406.
446
1679 H. Hirabayashi and A. Matsushima, A s t u d y of friction in speed face seals,
1682 L.J. Martini, Practical Seal Design, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1984.
1683 J. Sedy, Improved performance of film-riding g a s seals through
enhancement of hydrodynamic effects, ASLE Trans., 23 (1980) 35-44.
1684 B.S. Nau, Seal failures, in: M.J. Neale (Ed.), Tribology Handbook,
Butterworths, London, 1973, E6.
1685 M. Rubinstein, Selective plating for manufacturing and maintenance, Trib.
Int., 13 (1980) 278-284.
1686 P. Huber and W. Kaiser, Silicone fluides: synthesis, properties and
applications, J. Synthetic Lubr., 3 (1986) 105-120.
1687 3.R. White, Frictional properties of soaps a t high pressures, Lubr. Engng.,
10 (1954) 340-344.
1688 R.L. Johnson and H.E. Sliney, High temperature friction and wear properties
of bonded solid lubricant films containing lead monoxide, Lubr. Engng., 15
(1959) 487-491 , 496.
1689 J.J. Blech, On isothermal squeeze films, ASME Trans., J. Lubr. Technol., 105
(1983) 615-620.
1690 A. Tudor and Li Chung Bo, The squeeze film under boundary lubrication
conditions and its effect on t h e vertical displacement of sliding bodies,
zyxwvu
Wear, 80 (1982) 115-119.
1691 D.W. Perkins and W.T. Stanley, Characteristics of an oil squeeze film, ASME
Trans., J. lubr. Technol., 104 (1982) 497-503.
1692 K.P. Kammann and A.I. Philips, Sulfurized vegetable oil products a s
lubricant additives, J. Am. Oil Chem. SOC., 62 (1985) 917-923.
1693 J. Halling, The role of surface films in the frictional behaviour of lubricated
and "dry" contacts - a unifying influence in tribological theory, ASLE
Trans., 25 (1982) 528-536.
1694 R.D. Brown, Test methods, in: F.F. Ling, E.E. Klaus and R.S. Fein (Eds.),
Boundary Lubrication: An Appraisal of World Literature, ASME, New York,
1969, pp. 241-292.
1695 M.J. Furey, Surface roughness effects on metallic contact and friction, ASLE
Trans., 6 (1963) 49-59.
1696 M.J. Schick, Textile industry, in: E.R. Booser (Ed.), CRC Handbook of
1697 E. Jantzen and W. Weiss, Syntheseole in d e r Luftfahrt: Verhalten und
Eigenechaften von Syntheseoelen fur Flugtriebwerke bei hohen
Temperaturen, Trib. Schmierfungstech., 31 (1984) 68-71.
1698 Synthetic Lubricants, Mobil Oil Corp., New York, 1985.
1699 P.F. Kane and G.B. Larrabee (Eds.), Characterization of Solid Surfaces,
Plenum Press, New York, 1974.
1700 J. Fohl, T. Weissenberg and J. Wiedemeyer, General aspects for tribological
applications of hard particle coatings, Wear, 130 (1989) 275-288.
1701 M.B. Peterson, Mechanisms of wear, in: F.F. Ling, F.F. Klaus and R.S. Fein
9Eds.1, Boundary Lubrication: An Appriasal of World Literature, ASME, New
York, 1969, pp. 19-37.
1702 S. Mori and Y. Imaizumi, Adsorption of model compounds of lubricant on
nascent surfaces of mild and stainless steels under dynamic conditions,
zyx
Trib. Trans., 31 (1988) 445-453.
1703 P.D. Miller and J.W. Holladay, Friction and wear properties of titanium, Wear,
2 (1958) 133-140.
1704 R. Benzing, I. Goldblatt, V. Hopkins, W. Jamison, K. Mecklenburg and M.
Peterson, Friction and Wear Devices, ASME, Park Ridge, 1976.
1705 R. Benzing, V. Hopkins, M. Petronio and F. Villforth, A Catalogue of Friction
and Wear Devices, ASLE, Park Ridge, 1973.
441 zyxwvutsrq
zy REFERENCES
1706 I.V. Kragelsky and V.V. Alisin (Eds.), Friction, Wear, Lubrication: Tribology
zyxwvutsr
Handbook, M i r Publishers, Moscow, 1981,
1707 J.W. Swain, Used oil reclamation and environmental considerations, in: E.R.
Booser (Ed.), CRC Handbook of Lubrication, Vol. 1, CRC P r e s s Inc., Boca
Raton, 1983, pp. 533-549.
1708 M.J. Furey and J.K. Appledoorn, The effect of lubricant viscosity on metallic
contact and friction in a sliding system, ASLE Trans., 5 (1962) 149-159.
1709 S.S. Wang, S.P. Maheswari and S.C. Tung, The nature of electrochemical
zyxwvuts
reactions between several zinc organodithiophosphate antiwear additives and
cast iron surfaces, Trib. Trans., 32 (1989) 91-99.
1710 A. Mammen, C.V. Agarwal and V.K. Verma, Wear reduction using some extreme
pressure lubricant additives and tbheir tribological studies, Lubr. Sci., 1
(1988) 81-97.
1711 M. Beltzer and S . Jahanmir, Effect of addtive molecular s t r u c t u r e on
friction, Lubr. Sci., 1 11988) 3-26.
1712 K. Matsuo, A. Yoshida and F. Obata, Antiwear performance of modern
industrial gear oils, Lubr. Sci., 1 (1988) 51-64.
1713 R.J. Drago, Fundamentals of Gear Design, Butterworths, Sevenoaks, 1988.
1714 F. Brown and W.D. Mackintosh, The use of Rutherford backscattering to
study the behaviour of ion-implanted atoms during anodic oxidation of
aluminium, argon, krypton, xenon, potassium, rubidium, chromium, chlorine,
bromine and iodine, J. Electrochem. SOC., 120 (1973) 1093-1102.
1715 A.A. Polyakov, Selective transfer, in: I.V. Kragelsky and V.V. A k i n (Eds.),
Friction, Wear, Lubrication: Tribology Handbook, M i r Publishers, Moscow,
1981, pp. 128-159.
1716 K. Vedam, Characterization of surfaces, in: J.J. Burke and V. Weiss (Eds.),
The Characterization of Materials in Research: Ceramics and Polymers,
Syracuse Univeristy Press, 1975, pp. 503-537.
1717 M.A. Nicolet, J.W. Mayer and I.V. Mitchell, Microanalysis of materials by BS,
Science. 177 (1972) 841-849.
1718 W.A. Glaeser, 'Wear' properties of heavy loaded copper-base bearing alloys, J.
Met., 35 (1983) 50-55.
1719 R.C. Erickson, Effects of mechanical properties on t h e wear resistance of
journal bearing alloys, ASLE Trans., 25 (1982) 309-322.
1720 T. Okada, Y. Iwai and Y. Hosokawa, Resistance to wear and cavitation
erosion of bearing alloys, Wear, 110 (1986) 331-343.
1721 H. Czichos and K.H. Habig, Wear of medium carbon steel: a systematic s t u d y
of the influence of materials and operating parameters, Wear, 110 (1986)
389-400.
1722 R. El-Koussy, S.M. El-Raghy and A.E. El-Mehairy, Effect of heat treatment
conditions and composition on the wear resistance of some chromium steels,
Trib. Int., 14 (1981) 323-328.
1723 M.J. Furey, The formation of polymeric films directly on rubbing surfaces to
reduce wear, Wear, 23 (1973) 369-392.
1724 M.J. Furey, The "in situ" formation of polymeric films on rubbing surfaces,
Proc. Int. Coll. Polymers and Lubricants, Centre National d e la Recherche
Scientifique, Paris, 233 (1975) 393-404.
1725 E.W. Muller and T.T. Song, Field Ion Microscopy, Elesevier, Amsterdam, 1969.
1726 R. Wasserbauer, Biocorrosion in transformer oils, Trib. Int., 22 (1989) 39-42.
1727 C. Neveu and F. Huby, Solution properties of polymetharcrylate VI
improvers, Lubr. Sci., 1 (1988) 27-49.
1728 R.J.A. Ekert and D.F. Covy, Developments in the field of hydrogenated diene
copolymers a s viscosity index improvers, Lubr. Sci., 1 (1988) 65-80.
1729 D.H. Buckley, The use of analytical surface tools in the fundamental s t u d y
of wear, Wear, 46 (1978) 19-53.
1730 H. Blok, The flash temperature concept, Wear, 6 (1963) 483-494.
1731 J.L. Lauer and W.R. Jones, Jr., Friction polymers, ASLE Special Publications
SP-21, Park Ridge, 1986, pp. 14-23.
REFERENCES
1732 W.E. Campbell and R.E. Lee Jr., Polymer formation on sliding metals in air
saturated with organic vapours, ASLE Trans., 5 (1962) 91-104.
1733 C. Kajdas, R. Hombek and 2. Adamski, Tribopolymerization initiators and
448 zy
inhibitors in lubricants and their application, in: Proc. 3rd Int. Tribol.
Confr., Vol. 3, WKL, Warsaw, 1981, pp. 136-144.
zyxw
1734 J.H. Westbrook and P.J. Jorgensen, Indentation creep of solids, AIME Trans.,
223 (1965) 425-428.
1735 P.N.T. van Velzen, P.E. Wierenga, R.C.F. Schaake, D. van Leyen and A.
Benninghoven, Surface characterization of particulate video tapes by static
SIMS, Trib. Trans., 31 (1988) 489-496.
1736 A. Benninghoven, Developments in secondary ion m a s s spectroscopy and
application to surface analysis, Surface Sci., 53 (1975) 596-625.
1737 I.R. Goldblatt, Model of lubrication behaviour of polynuclear aromatics, Ind.
Eng. Chem., Prod, Res. Dev., 10 (1971) 270-278.
1738 M.J. Furey and C. Kajdas, Tribopolymerization as a lubrication mechanism
for high-energentic contacts of solids, Lubr. Sci. in press.
1739 T.F.J. Quinn, The effect of "hot-spot" temperatures on the unlubricated
wear of steel, ASLE Trans., 10 (1967) 158-167.
1740 T.F.J. Quinn, The Application of Modern Physical Techniques to Tribology,
Butterworths, London, 1971.
1741 D.J. Carre, Perfluoropolyalkylether oil degradtion: inference of FeFS
formation on steel surfaces under boundary conditions, ASLE Trans., 29
(1986) 121-125.
1742 D.J. Carre, The performance of perfluoropolyalkylether oils under boundary
lubrication conditions, Trib. Trans., 31 (1988) 437-441.
1743 K.L. Johnson and A.D. Robert, Observation of viscoelastic behaviour of an
EHD lubricant film, Proc. Roy. SOC. London, A 337 (1974) 217-242.
1744 M. Godet, Extrapolation in tribology, Wear, 77 (1982) 29-44.
1745 I.R. Sare and B.K. Arnold, Gouging abrasion of wear-resistant alloy white
cast irons, Wear, 31 (1989) 15-38.
1746 I.M. Hutchings and A.V. Levy, Thermal effects in t h e erosion of ductile
metals, Wear, 131 (1989) 105-121.
1747 P. Moore, Cutting oils and metal forming products, Ind. Lubr. Trib., 41/2
(1989) 10-20.
1748 S.S.K. Harvey and A.E. Jemmett, The correlation of lubricity of diol e s t e r s
with the nature and complexity of t h e acids used in ester formation, 1st
European Tribology Conference, London (1973) 217-275.
1749 S.S.K. Harvey, Development and assessment of a synthetic lubricant for the
textile industry, Wear, 56 (1979) 191-201.
1750 S.S.K. Harvey, Synthetic diester lubricants used in textile doubling and
spinning, International Yearbook of Tribology, Expert Verlag, 1982, 371-381.
449 zyxwvutsr AUTHOR INDEX
Abarou S. 1314 Anderson D.P. 1175, 1224

Abdel-Rahman M.A. 1278,1283 Anderson J.C. 443,866,881, 1336
zyxwvuts
Abner E. 615 Anderson M.P. 1457
zyxwvutsr
Abou E l Naga H.H. 645 Anderson O.L. 377
Ackerman A.W. 258 Andrews G . I . 403
Ackerman B. 1596 Antler M. 229,765,969,972
Adamski A. 1223 Aoki H. 1537
Adamski 2. 1733 Appeldoorn J.K. 80,86,91,92, 134,167,
Adamson A.W. 4 1645.1708
Aderikha V.N. 1494 Appleton B.R. 1270
Adithan M. 1112 Arbocus G. 623
Agamal C.V. 62,1710 Archard J.F. 981,1236,1424
Agarwala V.S. 747 Archbold T. 1414
Aggarwal B.B. 1086 Archer N.J. 1159
Aho K. 791 Arizmendi L. 588
Ajayi 0.0. 932 Arkharova V.V. 1642
Akazawa M. 1371 Arkles B. 281,303,1627
Albertson C.E. 1638 Armstrong E.L. 196,1350
Aldham D. 897 Arne11 R.D. 846
A l f i e r i R. 883 Arnold B.K. 1745
A l i A. 127 Aron P.R. 825
A l i s i n V.V. 1706 Aronov V. 1295
Allen C. 750 Asanabe S. 928
Allen C.M. 1651 Ashelby D.W. 790
Allen G.P. 1609 Ashida M. 920
Allen K.A. 387 Askland C.L. 1587
Allen T. 20 Askwith T.C. 1426
A l l u m K.G. 10,71,141,184,241 Astle M.J. 1396
Altan T. 1309 Atkinson I.B. 156
Amandrut J. 1017 Atkinaon J.R. 1016,1419,1442,1606
Amateau H.F. 989 Atterby P. 171
Amelinckx S. 1628 Ault L.H. 282
Amin K.E. 1184 Austin D.C. 1585
Anand K. 381 Avitrur B. 1305
Anderaon A.A. 389a Awazu K. 923
Anderson D.N. 1234 Ayano S. 1664
zyxwvut
AUTHOR INDEX
Aeushima A. 1003 Basset D. 546

450
zyxwvutsrq
Azsam H.T. 253 Basu S.K. 861
Batchelor A.W. 937,1023,1563
Bathgate J. 987,1490
Babu L.V. 1341 Battersby J. 40,199
Bahadur S. 401,872,1101 Batts R.B. 345
Bailey W.W. 337,348,696 Bauer R. 1487
Bair S. 1150 humgarten E. 365
Bajon M.L. 418 Baxter W. 455
Baker A.E. 616 Bayer R.G. 1205,1539
Baker A.J.S. 801 Beard G.A. 1557
Baldoni J.G. 1575 Beard Jr. J.T. 6
zyxwv
Baldwin B.A. 317,423,547,1456 Beaton J.M. 7
Balfour A.M. 1186 Beck H. 1404
Ball A. 513,558,750,1106 Becker H.J. 902
Ball R.E. 396 Becker P.C. 915
Balmforth N. 196 Beckmann G . 1298
Banerjee K. 658 Beebe T.J. 662
Banerjee M.B. 658 Beerbower A. 99,518,591
Barbehon J. 738 Begelinger A. 89,221,754,1108,1162
Barber R.I. 41 Beiswanger J.P.G. 218
Barber S.J. 50 Beits H. 885
Barcroft F.T. 194,230,1093 Belin M. 599
Barnes W.J. 223,1054 Bell J.C. 1520
Barnett G.C. 1417 Bell T. 685
Barnett R.S. 142,325 Bello D.O. 1004
Barquins M. 680,1046 Belmondo A. 1225
zyxwvuts
Barry B.T.K. 1409 Beltser 1. 912,919,1711
Barry H.F. 284,327 Bely V.A. 1635
Barton D.B. 296 Benard J. 535
b r t z W. J. 107,123,143,148,155,179, Benda R. 779
3241416,485,527,621,646,768, 778, Bennett D.L. 60,1579,1582
818,1120,1354 Bennett E.O. 48,59,60,476,571,752,
Barwell F.T. 532,634,785,1228,1465, 1579,1582
1599 Benninghoven A. 1735,1736
Bassani R. 727 Beneing R. 1704,1705
45 1 zy
zyxwvutsrqponm
Berbezier I. 1089,1090
Berger A. 1467
van B l o o i s F.I.
Blunt L.A. 1451
89
AUTHOR INDEX
Berkley J.B. 196 Boes D. 1271

Berlie J. 1136 Boffey D.A. 1121
Bernard0 J.M. 588 B o l s t e r R. 1078
B e r t h e D. 1040 Bolt R.O. 1568
B e r t h i e r Y. 535, 894,963 Bondarenko A.P. 273
B e s s e l l T.J. 1496 Boner C.J. 354
Bethlehem W.F. 1564,1565 Booker J.F. 1459
B e t t e r i d g e W. 1070,1163 Boone D.H. 949
Bezer H.J. 464 Booser E.R. 649,650,1566,1636
Bhaduri S.B. 515 Borland D.W. 1454
Bhargava V. 842 Borsoff V.N. 1643
Bhattacharyya D. 690 Boa A. 334
Bhattacharyya S. 747 Bosse J. 1510
Bhushan B. 788,905,1030,1359 Boswell W. 794
Bickford H.J. 216 Bottomley L. 1088
Bieber H.E. 70,210 Bovenkerk R.L. 1086
Bigelow W.C. 379,380 Boving H. 1162
Biggs W.R. 800 Bovington C.H. 14,15,16,830,831
B i l l R.C. 1244,1248 Bowden F.P. 24,32,376,394,396,1594
Binaghi 144 Bowers R.C. 1630
Bird R.J. 157,828 Bradshaw R.L. 788,905
B i r r i n g A.S. 1542 Braid M. 329
Bish J.M. 248,269 Brainard W.A. 732,1143,1391,1415
B i s h t R.P.S. 993 B r a i t h w a i t e E.R. 158,159,263,399
B i s w a s A.K. 545 Brannen O.G. 439
B i t t e r J.G.A. 402 Braun A.L. 1340
Black A.L. 132,225 Braza J.F. 1619
Blackwell J. 197,294,459 B r a z i e r A.D. 231
Blanc C. 347 Bredin H.W. 849
Blanchard P.M. 57 Brendle M.C.C. 415
Blank E. 1105 Brewer A.F. 1598,1601
Blau P.J. 888 B r i d g e r K. 911
Blech J.J. 1689 B r i g h t G.S. 200
Blok H. 1235,1730 Brigonnet J. 382
AUTHOR INDEX
Briscoe B. 470
Briscoe B.J.
zyxwvut
zy
772,873,878,1096,1103
Cadman P. 1455
Caldwell S.G. 844
452
Broadwell H.E. 1204 Calhoun S.F. 261,1591

Brodsky L.D. 718 C a l i s t r a t M.M. 661
Broman V.E. 203 Camelot M. 1017
Broniec Z. 684 Cameron A. 13,34,66,428,504,802,813,
Brooks F.C. 113 829,1023
Broszeit E. 150,473,597,962 Campana J.E. 994
Brote F.O.W. 1676 Campbell G.R. 1328
Brown A.C. 191 Campbell I.D. 320
Brown E.D. 353,1636,139 Campbell M. 1611
Brown F. 1714 Campbell W.E. 245,1600,1615,1634,1732
Brown K. 1606 Cann P. 829
Brown R.D. 1694 Cantley R.E. 116,252,965
Brown S.R. 971 Capanidis D. 1339
Brudnyi A . I . 153 Caporiccio G. 443,1025
Brunstrum L.C. 439 Carignan F.J. 930,936
Bryant M.D. 941 Carmichael J.D. 654
zyxwvut
Bryant P.J. 228 Caroaella C.A. 1266
Buck V. 1011 Carr D.W. 190
Buckley D.H. 44,121,206,369,411,561, Carre D.J. 1487,1741,1742
740,840,848,922,931,934,991,ln5, Carreno C.A. 763
1277, 1311,1314 1363e 1365 ,1376 9 Carter C.F. 250,268
139111393,1470 1576 9 1669r 1729 Centers P.W. 996,1156,1165
Budinski K.G. 975 Ceptureanu G. 767
Buljan S.T. 1575 Cerini J.P. 72,1637
Burgdorf E. 886 Chaikin S.V. 454
Burke L.J. 663 Challen J.M. 682
Burn A.J. 447 Chamberlin W.B. 653 ,
Burnett P.J. 1044 Chandra J. 1258

Burton A.W.
Burton D.R.
Burton R.S. 1506
Bumell J.T.
Bush A.W.
Butcher A. 458
1118
1398
1597
576,577
B u t t l a r R.O. 252
Chandra M. 1259
Chandra P. 658
Chandrasekar S. 573
Chandrasekaran S . 514
Chang C.C.
Chng C.T.
Chang H.S.
1307
659
1219
zyxw
Buyanovsky Y.A. 461 Chang H.W. 1166
453 zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsrq
Chao M.K. 1662
Chappell W.H. 72
Clarke J. 677
Clarke T.M. 1028
AUTHOR INDEX
Charnley J. 1442 Clegg A.J. 837

Chasan D. 305 Coad J.N.O. 690
Chattaraj B.D. 545 Coates J.P. 234,909,1013
Chatterjee-Fischer R. 1140 Coburn J.F. 79
Chaturvedi R.C. 627 Coffin L.F. 1607,1671
Chawala V.P. 1087 Coffin P.S. 999
Chawla O.P. 1123 Cohen J.B. 889
Chen L.H. 1007 Cohen S.C. 52
Chen N.N.S. 1285 Collacott R.A. 1174,1297
Cheng H.S. 578,581,704,1028, Collie M.J. 569,832
1418,1619 Colombie C. 894,963
Chetwynd D.G. 1399 Colwell L.V. 392
Cheung K.H. 674 Connelly M. 762
Chichinadze A.V. 876 Connolly D. 1030
Childs T.H.C. 1148 Constantinescu V.N. 767
Chisholm C.J. 1114 Conte A.A. 117,638,773,1558
Chitsaz-zadeh M.R. 1034 Conway Jones J.M. 1519
Chivers T.C. 1242 Cookson J.O. 276
Chong F.S. 1262 Cooper G.A. 1136
Chou T.C. 1448 Coppola F. 698
Christakudis D. 448 Cornelius D.F. 193
Christian J.B. 303,310 Cosgrove S.L. 98,1651
Christopher J. 298 Cosmacini E. 1024
Christy R.I. 1417, 1529 Cottington R.L. 83,84,101,1630
Chu P.S.Y. 428 Cottrell A.H. 1668
Chuah C.K. 1676 Coursey W.M. 255
Chuang Y.H. 702 Courtney-Pratt J.S. 374
Chugh C.P. 1196 Cousens A.K. 946
Cichelli A.E. 673 Covey D.F. 1728
Cirino M. 1170 Cox X.A. 652
Clark C.A. 1204 Coy R.C. 201,828
Clark D.B. 1551 Cranton G.E. 1472
Clark D.T. 1390 Crease A.B. 1200
Clark J.C. 671 Crocker R.E. 339
AUTHOR INDEX 454 zy
Crook M.F.
Crook P. 555
Crosby J.M.
Crump W.J.J.
Cumming G. 643
Cummins R.A.
417
763
1505,1528
1027
Dennis J.K.
Denton J.E.
zyxw
Derner W.J. 1353
Deutscher 0 . 892
Devine M.J.
Dewey M. 731
Dexpert H. 1090
1240
669
72, 246, 1032, 1637
Cusano C. 707
Cyffka M. 863 Deymann H. 1562
Czsrnuszka J.T. 853 Dhagat S.K. 1460
Czichos H. 413,687,720,1217,1401 Dharan C.K.H. 947
1403,1721 Dickens P.M. 1035
Dickert J.J. 115, 497
Diehl K.H. 1179
Dabrowski J.R. 959 Dietrich M.W. 166
Dacre B. 14,15,16,830,831 Dinsmore D.W. 314, 1640
Dammeyer D. 646 Divakar P. 603
Daniel S.G. 194,385 Dobychin M.N. 786
Darley H.C.H. 1559 Doege E. 1241
Darling S.M. 55 Dolfsma H. 1360
Das A.A. 837 Dominiak M. 431, 959, 1191
Datta P.K. 748 Don J. 1006
Davey W. 17 Doo R. 1407
Davis A.G. 949 Dorinson A. 93,100,126,203,289,
David P.W. 1258 521, 735
Dawson R.B. 417 Dowson D. 579, 582, 801, 944, 1016,
Dearden J.K. 1121 1040,1292,1475,1532,~605,1606,
Dearnaley G. 1267,1268 1631,1632
Debies T.P. 1523 Doyle E.D. 1027
DeChiffre L. 51, 1388 Drago R.J. 1713
Deen H.E. 1125 Dreher J.L. 250,268
DeHart A.O. 1325 Driver J.H. 1546
Delamare F. 535,1195 Dube G.S. 658
Della Corte C. 1067 Duda J.L. 127
Delves B.G. 826 Dudley D.W. 1590
Denis J. 421 Dufrane K.F. 1164,1296
Denison E.T. 446 Duling I . N . 351
455 zyxwvutsrqpo
zyxwvutsr AUTHOR INDEX
zyxwvutsrq
Dumbleton J.H. 468 Eliezer Z. 889,1448
Duncan A.B. 1464 Elliott J.G. 1337
Duncan J.L. 1338 Elliott J.J. 271
Dunn L.A. 506 Elliott J.S. 231,267
Dunster R.W. 132,225 Ellis J.L. 1578
During E.D.D. 1617 Elwell R.C. 604
Dusek K. 1216 Emanuel N.M. 446
Dutta K. 1524 Emery A.F. 1414
Duwell E.J. 507,1045 Endo K. 964
Dwarakadasa E.S. 839 Engel P.A. 1073,1567
Dykan W. 50 Engman U. 945
van Dyke Y 213 Enomoto Y. 1293
Dyson A. 195 Erhard G. 683
Dshanakmedov A.H. 1405 Erickson R.C. 1719
Esaki Y. 726,961
Eschmann H. 777
von Eberan-Eberhorst C. 1507 Etemad S M. 1414
Ecer Gm M. 1271 Etsion I. 1673
Eckert R.J.A. 1728 Evans C.H. 1076
Eckey E.W. 358 Evans D.C. 815,1039
Economou P.N. 579,801,1292 Everett D.M. 25
Edmonds M.J. 711,712,714 Eyre T.S. 694,1109,1144,1423,1524
Edwards E.D. 17 Eyres A.R. 191,620
Edwards L.M. 53 Ezzat H.A. 803
Edwards W.T. 842
Ehrlich M. 342, 642
zyxwv
Eischens R.P. 1620
Eisentraut K.J. 644,1544 Fairbanks D.R. 264
.
Eiss N.S 716,875,1034,1100, Fallon J.A. 671
1214,1217 5 1330, 1495 ,1499 Fan C.S. 266
1658,1661 Fantozsi G . 1595
El-Hefnawy N. 1287 Farmer H.H. 338
El-Koussy R. 1722 Farr J.P.G. 154
El-Mehairy A.E. 1722 Farrell H.H. 565
El-Raghy S.M. 1722 Fathers D.J. 742
El-Sherbiny M. 1287 Faunce J.P. 794
AUTHOR INDEX
Faut O.D.
zyxwvut
zyxwvuts
F a v i l l e W.A.
Fearon F.W.G.
822
593
1655
Foley A.G.
Foley T. 585,587
Folonari C.V. 884
1114
456
Fein R.S. 400,551 Foltz G. 570
zyxwv
Feinle P. 1373,1403 Fontanelli R. 144
Felder E. 1239 Foord C.A. 66
F e l l e r H.G. 556,1312,1313,1372 Foot C.W. 1526
Felsen I.M. 137 Forbes E.S. 10,12,40,71,141,145,173,
Feng M. 362 175,184,185 199 270 290
Fenneberger K. 307 Ford J.F. 232,241
Fenske M.R. 204 Forster E.O. 1613
Fenwick D.J. 628 FQWle T.I. 1002,1433,1511
Fenwick L.J. 688 Fowler B.T. 138
Ferrante J. 536,732,734,960,1269 Freas R.B. 994
Fetzer J.C. 800 Fresco G.P. 432
Field J.E. 860,1331 F r e t i S. 1154
Fietelson S.S. 85 Freund M. 378
Fine M.E. 1619 Frewing J.J. 22
Finkin E.F. 1128 Friberg S. 171,189
Finnie I. 383,512,947 Friedrich K. 863,955,1170,1332,
Fiore N.F. 835, 1110 1492
Firkowski A. 431, 959 Fu K.H. 674
Fischer T.E. 691,1270,1329,1364, Fuhrmann J. 1204
1367,1369,1370,1457 Fujieda T. 924
zyxw
Fishkis 1. 1008 F u j i i H. 939
Fitch E.C. 782,1177 F u j i t a K. 678,726,961, 1518
Fitzsimmons V.G. 78 F u j i t a T. 349
Flabbi L.443,1025 Fujiwara T. 1345
Fleischauer P.D. 906,1487 Fukawa A. 1368
F l i t n e y R.K. 1680 Fukazawa K. 1368
Flom D.G. 612 Fuks I.G. 18
Floquet A. 724, 894,1171 Fukuhara H. 1368
Focke R.H. 799 F u l l e r D.D. 845
Foder G.E. 124 Furber K. 1016
Fodor J. 1000,1227 Furey M.J. 224,1499,1647,1695,1708,
Fohl J. 552,1321,1700 1723,1724 ,1738
457 zyxwvutsrqp
zyxwvutsrq
Furze D.C. 1452
Fusaro R.L. 87,111,112,122,341,808
Geraasimov M.M. 297
Gerkema J . 1291
AUTHOR INDEX
864,867,868,869,1033,1333 Gesdorf E . J . 618,1301

Geymayer P. 812
Gibbon 0. 180
Gabel M.K. 301 Gibson P.R. 837
Gabriel H.M. 1068 Gibson R.D. 576,577
zum Gahr K.H. 933,111 Gig1 K. 1161
Galligan J.M. 1397 G i l l i e s M.T. 600
Gallopoulos N.E. 96,215 Giltrow J.P. 170,177,706,1260
Galvin G.D. 157,186,192 Giorgi B. 1225
Gane N. 851 Gieser H. 209,283,305,471
Gangopadhyay A.K. 1619 Giuggioli F. 1225
Gannon J.E. 60,476 Glaser W.A. 1006,1074,1296,1543,
Gansheimer J. 106,109,146,147,168 1659 1718
Gardos M.N. 814,865,1012 Glienicke J . 1290
Garlasco R. 884 Gloeckner H . J . R . 759
Garner D.R. 1326 Glossup K . 1192
Garnham A.L. 193 Gnilke W . 806
Garriga R . A . 895 Godet A. 1644
Garrison W.M. 895,1107,1153 Godet M. 894,963,1040,1171,1429,
Gash V.W. 451 1444 1632 1744
Gauthier A. 823 Godfrey D. 212,367
Game D.T. 1155 Goettner G.H. 5
Gaylord E.W. 1610 Goeuriot P. 1546
de Gee A.W.J. 89,221,227,686,754, Goglia P A . 707
1108,1162 Gohar R. 1355
Gegel H. 1309 Goldblatt I. 1704
Geiger G.H. 1180 Goldblatt I.L. 33,92,388
Geiger R. 1220 Goldblatt I.R. 1737
Gellin G.A. 259 Goldman I.B. 80,86
Genety H. 1188 Gommel G.P. 1515
Genner C. 408 Gondo S. 1317
George A.F. 1427 Goodhue R. 1627
Georges J .M. 347,823,1380 Googan C.G. 748
Gerakaria S. 1627 Gopinath K. 1141
AUTHOR INDEX
G o r d e l i e r S.C.
Gorecki C. 1383
zyxwvut
zy
1242 Gupta M. 993
Gupta R.N. 1407
458
Gorla R.S.R. 1322 Gutcho M.H. 820

Gorlenko O.A. 1382 G u t s h a l l P.L. 228
Gossedge G.M. 1455
Goto H. 840,920,964
Gould A.J. 1066 Haas C.M. 128
Gowlet G.J. 1474 Haberling E. 902
Grabener T. 656 Habig K.H. 1140,1721
Graham J.A.S. 1639 Hady W.F. 441,1033
Graham R. 988 Hahn G.T. 857
Gray G.R. 1559 Haikola T. 1450
Gray S. 1151 H a i l i n g K. 880
Green S.M. 193 Hairs N. 403
Greene A.B. 158,399 Hale E.B. 891
Greengrass M. 1331 Hall D.D. 731
G r e e n h i l l E.B. 21 Hall J.M. 81,105,300
Greenwood J.A. 1379 H a l l i g a n B.D. 1674
Gregory J.N. 32 H a l l i n g J. 846,1060,1693
Gresty D.A. 333 H a l t n e r A.J. 612,1675
Gribova I.A. 1494 Hamann W. 827
Grieg G. 447 Hamilton G.M. 1088
G r i e s t E.M. 426 Hammann W.C. 66,451
G r i f f i n R.B. 1428 H a m m i t t F.G. 560
G r i f f i t h J.Q. 351 Hampel C.A. 482
zyxwvutsrq
G r i f f i t h s B.J. 1452,1453 Hampson L.G. 1226
zyxwvu
Grill A. 825 Hamrock B.J. 575,944
Groenweghe L.C.D. 451 Han D.C. 1290
Groszek A.J. 28,29,30,103,182, Han X. 1019
1889 403 Hanley E.N. 469
Grunberg L. 453,480 Hanley W.J. 666
Gumpel P. 902 Hannink R.H.J. 1294
Gumprecht W.H. 444 Hansen P.K. 1281
Gunderson R.C. 359 H a r i t o s G.K. 941
Gupta B.D. 1375,1408 Harper S. 1668
Gupta J.L. 1323 Harrington C . J . 1549
459 zyxwvutsrq
Harris J .N. 697
Harris T.A. 1356
Hintermann H.E.
Hirabayashi H. 1679
AUTHOR INDEX
1064,1071,1160,1162
Harrop P.J. 1098 Hirae T. 1302,1303

Harrop R. 1098 Hirano F. 695,966,1026
Hart A.W. 359 Hirano M. 1274
H a r t i n g G.L. 320 Hironaka S. 874
Hartung H.A. 8 Hirose T. 957,1261
Harvey S.S.K. 459,1748,1749,1750 Hirst W. 386,488,1049
Hasegawa E. 1254 H i r t h J.P. 1104
Hatazawa T. 730 Hirvonen J.K. 980,1266
Hatton R.E. 360 H i t c h i n e r M.P. 1189,1416
H a t t o r i S. 896 H j e r t z e n D.G. 1357
Hausner H.H. 1502 Ho J.W. 889
Hawley G.D. 482 Hobson G.D. 420
Hawthorne H.M. 1342 Hocke H. 363
Hayden S.C. 838 Hogan P.J. 434,435
Haygarth J.C. 688 Hoglund E. 583
Hayne W.L. 440 Hogmark S. 761,945,1530
Hays D.F. 719 Hokkirigawa K. 1029
Heathcock C.J. 558 Holinski R. 146,147,168,660
Heemskerk R.S. 1360 Holladay J.W. 1703
Heenan D.F. 1929 H o l l i g a n P.T. 952,1521
Heiland G. 542 H o l l i n g h u r s t R. 499
HeilmaM P. 1006 Holm T. 1193
Heinicke G. 412 Holmberg K. 756
Henschen H. 54,58a Holmes P.M. 277
Hepworth A. 1443 Holodnic E. 53
Herbert S. 833 Holvio V. 757
H e r f e r t R.E. 398 Holzer H. 1134
Herman H. 559 Holzhauer W. 1129
Hertzen D.J. 1525 Hombek R. 1733
Heshmat H. 1122,1151,1255,1256,1284 Homerin P. 1595
Higginson G.R. 1475,1604 Honda F. 1094
H i l l A. 1541 Hone T.S. 1454
H i l l E.C. 180,236,408,1512,1583 Hoo J.J.C. 1348
H i l l s D.A. 790 Hoover J.W. 97
zyxwvuts
zyxwvuts
AUTHOR INDEX
Hopkins B.F. 913

Hopkins V. 113,244,434,435,1704I
1705
Ibrahim T.M. 1324
Iino M. 957,1261
Ike H. 601
460
Hori K. 973 Ikeda S. 202

Hornbogen E. 598 Iliuc I. 2,1445
Hornung E. 1063 Imaizumi Y. 1702
Horth A.C. 251 Inoue K. 64
Horton H.L. 1202 Ishibashi A. 1041
Horvath E. 1160 Isoyama H. 178
Hosokawa Y. 1720 Ito T. 1085
Hosonuma K. 647,1091 Ivkovic B. 1574
Hotten B.W. 295 Iwabuchi A. 973,1246
Howell P.G. 198 Iwai Y. 557,560,563,896,923,924,
Howell W.C. 54 1302I 1720
Howes T.D. 775,1346 Izuchi H. 1254
Hoyashita S. 1041 Izzat I.N. 59,476
Hsu S.M. 1551
Hu T.Y. 1097,1100
Hualun L. 1650
Huang J.H. 856
Hubbell R. 244 Jacko M.G. 1550
Hubbell R.D. 160,169 Jackson A. 1666
Huber P. 450,1686 Jacobson B.O. 635
Hubert C.J. 1231,1234 Jagger E.T. 1649
Hubler G.K. Jahanmir S. 553,912,917,919,1370,
Hubmann A. 769,770,1517 1475,1555,1711
Huby F. 1727 Jain S.C. 1289
Hughes D.W. 1478 Jain V.K. 479,993
Humphreys C.M.A. 240 Jaklitsch F. 1571
Hunt W.H. 842 Jakobsen K. 1496
Hurricks P.L.953,1053,1207 Jamieson D. 239
Hurst W.J. 789 Jamison W. 1704
Hutchings 1.1. 946,1117,1746 Jamison W.E. 98,110,344
Hutton J.F. 828 Jantzen E. 784,1697
Januazkiewicz K.R. 1020
Jarvis R.A. 1357
Jayne G.J.J. 267
zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrqpo
46 1
zyxwvut
Jee N. 925
J e f f r i e s R.A. 1055
Kajdas C
AUTHOR INDEX
. 414,422,431,442,478,490,959,
967 1000 1018,1191,1479 1648 1733
Jemmett A.E. 140,187,1748 1738
Jenkins G.I. 240 Kalipina V.F. 371
Jensen R.K. 449,1491 Kalpakjian S. 624
Jesper A.C. 1639 Kamakura T. 1317
Jiang R.H. 605 Kammann K.P. 1692
J i n Y. 916,926,1157,1230 Kane P.F. 1699
Johnson J.H. 1231,1234 Kaneta M. 858,940
Johnson J.W. 8 Kant R.A. 1266
Johnson K.L. 729,1743 Kanz J. 1161
Johnson M.D. 1021 Kaplan S.Z. 419
Johnson R.H. 432 Kapsa P. 347,406
Johnson R.L. 74,206,1688 Kapur V.K. 1375,1408
Johnston W.G. 95,1523 Kar M.K. 872
Jones D.B. 953 Karlstroem K.E. 1193
Jones D.G. 237 Karmadonov A.F. 153
Jones F.D. 1202 Karpe S .A. 1335,1677
Jones J.J. 1310 Kasahara K. 349
Jones J.R. 97,243 Kashcheev V.N. 516
Jones M.H. 592,1229,1232 Kato K. 819,1029,1371
Jones R.L. 84 Kato S. 610
Jones W .It. 318,441,457,609,1269, Katsoulakoe P.S. 1545
1560 1731 Katzenstein W. 218
Jorgensen P.J. 1734 Kauffman R.E. 1544
J o s t H.P. 1535 Kaufman H.N. 586
Ju F.D. 856 Kaufman S. 304
Junemann H. 798 Kawakami S. 1095
Kawakita A. 1303
Kawamura M. 726,961,1518
Kay E. 135
Kadmiri A. 1017 Kayaba 819
Kagami J. 730 Ke S.Z. 559
Kahsnitz R. 792 Kearee A.J. 1203
Kaiser 'P.H. 891 Keer L.M. 941,1028,1619
Kaiser W. 1686 Kelemen S.R. 1329
AUTHOR INDEX
Keller D.V.
Kelly A. 1299
405
zyxwvut
zy Klaus E.E. 70,85,127,204,210,296,
400,427,432,617,816
462
Kelly R. 570 Kleilein E. 797

Kelly W.D. 287 Klinger R. 1312, 1313
Kelly W.J. 55 Kloos K.H. 473,1068
Kelsall G.H. 1320 Kloss H. 496
Kendig M.W. 1431 Knapp M.H. 264
Kennedy F.E. 681,1315,1734,1676, Knight R.E. 190,1516
1677 KO P.L. 974,1438
Kennedy K.F. 1221 Kobayashi A. 610
Kennedy P.J. 1616 Kober E. 217
Kennedy Smith R. 355 Koch J. 1466
Kerspe J.H. 637 Kodama S. 939
zyxwvutsrqpo
Kettleborough C.F. 1428 Kohn E.M. 494
Keyser W. 1182 Kohno M. 1047
K h a l i l A.I. 1545 Kohser R.A. 891
Khanna V.D. 889 Koizumi T. 1362
Kharrazi Y. 556 Kolfenback J.J. 1613
Khemchandani M.V. 514 Komanduri R. 336
Kholodilov O.V. 882 Kombalov V.S. 786
Khonsari M.M.1263,1264 Komoto T. 874
Khosravi M.A. 552 Komvopoulos K. 550,1082
Kieke M.D. 322 Kong Y.C. 1285
K i m K.Y. 747 Kopalinaky E.M. 774
Kimura Y. 424 Korcek S. 1021,1491
King D.A. 541,564 Korosec P.S. 809
King D.F. 312 Korshak V.V. 1494
King P.J. 262 Kosel T.H. 501,835,1110
King T.G. 1075 Koshal D. 1218
Kingsbury E.P. 27 Koslova S.V. 273
Kipp E.M. 633 Kotiveerachari B. 603
Kirschenbauer H. 356 Kraan D.J. 1304
Kishore 381 Kragelski I.V. 725,786,859,1706
Kissel J.W. 1659 Krasnov A.P. 1494
Klamann D. 487 Krause H. 1361
Klamecki B.E. 1059,1667 Krause H.H. 1651
463
Krause W. 1653
Krell A. 1467
Kremith R. 244
Lantz T.L.
Lardner E. 1577
Larrabee G.B.
619
1699
zy
AUTHOR INDEX
Krishnamurthy R. 986 Larson P . E . 1395

Kruger V. 155 Latos E.J. 265
Krumm H. 1504,1508 Lauer J .L. 1560,1731
Krupin F. 218 Lavik M.T. 67,73,161
Kubaschewski 0. 913 Lazarus A.K. 264
Kudo K. 957,1261 Leach P.W. 1146
Kuhne H. 1454 Lederle H. 217
Kulijew A.M. 1 Lee L.H. 366,1392
Kumar K.V. 676 Lee R.E. 1732
Kunc J.F. 1647 Lee S.L. 602
Kuoppala R. 1450 Lenkiewicz W. 684
KUSS E . 430,433,1562 Leonhard M . 1290
Kussi S. 1656 Lestz S.J. 124
Kutkov A.A. 438 Lever A . E . 397
Kwon O.K. 43 Levinaohn H . 1124
Kwun H. 1542 Levy A. 585,587
Kyotani T. 1085 L e v A.V. 925,948,949,1069,1746
Levy G. 1247
Lewis C.R. 1624
Lewis M.B. 1142
Lacey I . N . 1320 van Leyen D. 1735
Ladov E.N. 56 Lhymn C. 1036,1102
Laferty J.M. 169 L i C.B. 1690,710
Lalor M.J. 1398 L i C.C. 771
Lambert R.M. 566 L i D.F. 803
Lamson E.R. 1637 L i S.Z. 501
Lan M.S. 921 Libsch T.A. 915
Lancas t e r J .K. 219,386,651,705, Lihi jani J. 816
887,910,958,l035,ll38,ll39,1199, L i l l y L.R.C. 679
1260,1437 Limaye S.H. 237
Landie P.S. 329 Ling F.F. 400
Landolt D. 574 Lingard S. 674,1285
Lange K. 656,1306 Lipatow Y.S. 1402
Lansdown A.R. 404,613,614,1152,1569 Lipp L.C. 319
AUTHOR INDEX
Lipson C. 392
Liu T. 69,1618
zyxwvuts Mahale S.V. 280
Mahdavian S.M. 675
464
Lockwood F. 127 Maheswari S.P. 1709

Lockwood F.E. 794,816,911 Mahmoud E.A.A.G. 1240
Loginov A.R. 725 Mahmoud I. 1503
Longfoot C. 1584 Mahoney L.R. 128
Longson B. 927 M a i Y.W. 675
Loomia W.R. 721,745 Maizus Z.K. 446
Loubet J.L. 1350 Maj S. 1454
zyxwvuts
Louis F. 1017 Ma1 M.K. 1502
Low M.B.J. 968 Malik M. 1259
Lu S.S. 702 Maloney J. 68
Ludema K.C. 521,567,703,932,1038 Mammen A. 62,1710
1209 t 1434 1436 Mang T. 655
Lund J.W. 1281,1282 Manquing L. 880
Lunn B. 1681 Mansot J.L. 599,1090
Luth H. 542 Manteuffel A.A. 216
Luther H. 365 March P.A. 456
Luton M.J. 1270 Marchionni G. 1025
Lutz G. 834 Markley K.S. 357
Lymer A. 1670 Marquardt K.D. 1510
Lyons J.L. 1587 Marscher W.D. 1238
Martin F.A. 1326,1463
Martin J.M. 347,406,546,599,1089
Ma U. 1155 Martin P. 254
Mabie H.H. 1499 Martin W.H. 49
MacDonald J.M. 792 Martini L.J. 1682
MacKenzie K. 183 Marui E. 610
Macintosh W.D. 1714 Marxer N. 1560
Macmillan N.H. 841,854 Mashloosh K.M. 1109
Macpherson P.B. 1022,1320,1349,1352 Mastin T.W. 1621
Madakson P.B. 594 Maauko M. 992
Maeda E. 966 Mathia T. 511,1017
Magnin A. 1483 Mathieu H.J. 574
Magnin T. 1546 Mataunaga A. 1091
465 zyxwvutsrq
Matsunaga M. 807
Matsuo K. 678,1712
Mercer A.P.
Merrett J.G.
1117
1580
AUTHOR INDEX
Matsushima A. 1679 Messina J. 305,1596

Matthews A. 472,847 Meyer E. 489
Matweeveski R.M. 174,445,461 Meyer K. 496,528,1648
Maurer D.A. 284 Middleton V.L. 648
Mayer J.W. 1717 Midgley J.W. 131
Mayrhofer K. 1222 Mignot J. 1383
McFadden P.D. 1358 Mikhin N.M. 1612
McKee F.A. 1399 M i l l e r A. 389a
McAtee J.L. 256 M i l l e r A.E. 540
McCartney R.J. 1637 M i l l e r A.H. 292
McClintock F.A. 340 M i l l e r G.R. 1028
McCloud A.P. 328 M i l l e r J.W. 253,1080
McConnel D. 326 M i l l e r P.D. 1614,1703
McConnell B.D. 160,161 M i l l i n g t o n C.J. 1547
McCullough P. 1397 Mills D.B. 1073
McCullough T. 1250 Mills G.H. 1626
McDonald I.G. 643 Mills T.N. 802
McDonald W.J. 507 Mils W.C. 1654
McGee A.C. 383 Minakawa K. 899
McGill R.M. 31 Minford E. 990
McGrath J.E. 1241 Ming F. 362
McHargue C.J. 1142 Mishina H. 977
McHugh K.L. 214,352 Misra A. 512
McKittrick J.M. 989 Misra A.K. 151,299
McLees V.A. 1114 Misterkiewice B. 431,959
zyx
zyxw
McMurtrey E.L. 998 Mitazaki H. 1261
Mears D.C. 469 M i t c h e l l I.V. 1717
Mecklenburg K. 1704 M i t c h e l l P.C.H. 458,497
Medved T.M. 67 Miyake S. 1274
Wee M. 1137 MiyOshi K. 848,931 v 991,1277 1311s
Mehan R.L. 838,1185 1314 1363,1365,1576
Mehrotra A.K. 151,299 Mizutani Y. 749
Meng C.P. 891 Mohain M.E. 1253
Menter J.W. 19
AUTHOR INDEX
Mokhtar M.O.A.
Molian P.A. 1650
zyxwvut
zy
596,1278,1279,1283 Muller K. 148
Muller M. 189
466
Montagut J.L. 1239 Munday A.J. 1481

Montes H. 823 Mura T. 855,1418
Montgomery R.S. 130,390,391,836 Murakami Y. 858,940
Montmitonnet P. 1195 Muraki M , 1084
Moon T.J. 43 Murday J.S. 733,1522
Moore A.C. 24,384,1477 Murphy C.K. 96
Moore A.J.W. 376 Murphy W.R. 119
Moore D.F. 393,1206 Murray E.J. 1586
Moore G.D. 67,73,88,161 Murray M.J. 898,1294
Moore P. 1747 Murray S.F. 1061,1129,1592
Moorhouse P. 1138 Murray W. 792
Morales W. 934 Murthy T.S.R. 713
Mordike B.L. 1608 M u s i l l i T.G. 342
Morgan J.E. 1127 Mutton P.J. 316,898
Morgan V.T. 1135,1509
Mori S. 1702
Moritani H. 961
Morosova I.A. 273 Nachtman E.S. 624
Morri J. 1247 Nadano H. 1047
Morris G . J . 275 Naerheim Y. 921,1431
Morrison F.R. 804 Nagasawa Y. 819
Morton I.S. 285,286 Nakagawa T. 807
Mould R.W. 11,42,45,46,315 Nakai M. 590
Mucha A. 1467 Nakajima K. 1094,1410
Mudd G.C. 1641 Nakamoto Y. 1047
zyxwvu
Muennich H.C. 759 Nakayama K. 744
Mugishima A. 997 Nakayama M. 1261
Mulhearn T.O. 306 Nakayama N. 957
Muller B. 1467 Nametkin N.S. 226
Muller E.R. 49 Nandan D. 90
Muller E.W. 1725 Nandy A.N. 299
Muller H. 1181 Narang I.P. 1288
Muller H.G. 332,460 Nasch H. 1513
467 zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsrq
Nau B.S. 1633,1684
Nautiyal B.C. 787
Oates P.D. 464
Obata F. 1712
AUTHOR INDEX
Naylor H. 192,1520,1548 Oberg E. 1202

Naylor M.G.S. 1007 Oberlink D.R. 440
Neadle D.J. 1079 O'Brien J.A. 522
Neal P.B. 1540 Occhiena G. 883
Neale M.J. 1050,1458,1493 Ochi M. 1215
Nedelcu S. 767 Ocken H. 1164
Nee A.Y.C. 1132,1133 Odi-Owei S. 1113
Nersasian A. 737 O'Donoghue J.P. 1480
zyxwvutsrq
Neustadter E.L. 141,145,175 Oh S. 1309
Neveu C. 1727 Ohmae N. 1318
Newcomb T.P. 1553,1554 Ohmori T. 992
Newman F.M. 124 Ohojama N. 1215
Ni 2. 1096 Okabe H. 202,992
Nica A. 3,767 Okada K. 152
Nicolet M.A. 1717 Okada T. 557,560,563,896,923,924,1720
Nielsen L.E. 395 Okamoto J. 744
Nilsson B. 1193 Okon L.W. 641
Ninham A. 914 Okorie B.B. 1126
Ninomiya X. 1518 Okpokwasili G.C. 1126
Noah S.T. 1428 Olver A.V. 1352
Noeh G. 1227 Onyekwelu I.U. 476
Noel F. 1471,1472 van Ooij W.J. 1212
Noel R.E.J. 513 Opferkuch R. 1181
Norman S. 809 Opondo M.N. 1498
Norris G.A. 783 Orange G. 1595
Norris R.H. 191 Oscik J. 543
zyxwvuts
Nossov M.I. 226 Overs M.P. 1066
Novielli V. 117 Overset A . 1338
Nowicki B. 1384 Owens R.S. 223,407,1054,1636
Nowotny H. 1083 Oxley P.L.B. 682
Noyan C . 889 Oeimina D. 478,1018
Nutt S.R. 1411 Ozogan M.S. 1545
AUTHOR INDEX
Padmanabhan R. 986
Padmore E.L.
zyxwvutsr
1527
P e t r o n i o M. 283,471,1705
Petrov A.A. 1642
468
Page T.F. 853,1044 P f a f f e n b e r g e r E.E. 1353

P a l a c i o s J.M. 418,796,1001 Phatak S.D. 479
P a l a c i o s M.P. 796,1001 P h i l i p e A.I. 1692
Pandey P.C. 1570 P h i l i p 8 R.M. 731
Papay A.G. 313,314,321,417,764 P h i l i p e o n A. 1193
Papendick G. 806 Piau J.M. 1483
Papke B.L. 1265 P i c k e t t D.L. 379,980
P a r f i t t G.D. 544 Pike W,C. 462,1533
Park T. 1093 P i l l w i t z P. 607
Pascoe M.W. 1405,1663 Pinchbeck P.H. 1652
Pascovici M.D. 767 Pinkus 0. 1256,1257,1284
zyxwv
Pashley M.D. 533 Pipes R.B. 1170
Pass F. 1517 P i p i t z E. 1149
P a t e l K.C. 1323 Plagge A. 717
P a t e l R.M. 20 Play D. 1171,1315,1334,1444
Pattenden W.C. 251 .
Plaza S 500,943,1092,1625
P a t t e r s o n J. 94.8 Plevy T.A.H. 1099
P a t t o n J.D. 1300 P l i n t A.G. 709,1514
Paul G.R. 429 P l i n t M.A. 709,1514
Pavelescu D. 710,935 P n u e l i D. 1420
Paxton R.R. 1201 P o i t z H.A. 668
Peale L.F. 1569 Polishuk A.T. 261,323,338,437,664
Peeken H.J. 1279 Polk C.J. 119
Pendlebury R.E. 897 Polyakov A.A. 1715
Pepper S.V. 475 Pool K.V. 947
Perkins D.W. 1691 Poon S.Y. 162,1588
P e r r a u l t G.E. 718 Popgoshev D. 1213,1351
P e r r y A.J. 1160 P o r t e r T.M. 956
P e t e r H. 1187 Postnikov S.N. 220
Peterson M. 1704 Powell C.J. 1394,1395
Peterson M.B. 849,1065,1440, Prakaeh C. 1087
1592,1701 Pramila B a i B.N. 854
P e t h i c a J.B. 533 P r a t t S. 348
Petrenko S.D. 1402 Prewo K. 990
469 zyxwvutsrq
zyxwvutsrq
Price A.L. 1152
Price F.D. 996,1156
Rao P.V. 561,950
Rao V.S.B. 545
AUTHOR INDEX
Pritchard C. 131 Rappaz M. 1105

Privalko V.P. 1402 Ravindran K.A. 689
Probert S.D. 712,714 Ravner H. 83,84,101,300,304,1556
Protheroe B.E. 558,750 Razavizadeh K. 694
Przybyszewski J.S. 1275 Reason B.R. 722,1288
zyxwvutsrqp
Reason R.E. 1534
Rebuck N.D. 117,638,1558
Reddy B.G.K. 603
Qian X.L. 1488 Reddy G.C. 713
QiU Y. 548 Reglitzky A.A. 1504,1508
Quaal G.J. 282,291 Reid A.J.D. 141,290
Quan Y.X. 1461 Reid J.V. 984,1552
Quarles R.A. 844 Reissner J. 1190
.
Quilty C J. 254 Rengstorff G.W.P. 1277
QUim T.F. J. 466,692,693,731,810 Rhee S.K. 915,1436,1550
811,985,1422,1739,1740 Rhine W.E. 1544
Rhys J. 397
Rice S. 1083
Rice S.L. 899
Rabinowicz E. 456,465,506,539,762, Rice W.B. 242
936 1009,1318 1430,1593 Richardson M.O.W. 1646,1663
Rae A. 1145 Richter J.P. 125
Radcliffe S.J. 1427 Rickerby D.G. 841,854
Radhakrishnan V. 713 Rigney D.A. 1006,1007,1104
Radovich J.L. 622 Rincon A. 588
Radzeventchuk I.F. 419 Risdon T.J. 257,279,284,333
Raimondi A.A. 1280 Riatolainen H. 900
Rakels J.H. 1399 Ritsko J.E. 169
Raman R. 1341 Robbins E.J. 172,881
Ramasamy P. 689 Robert A.D. 1743
Rao B.C.S. 922 Roberts J.C. 1337
Rao C.M. 501 Roberts R.W. 223,407
Rao M.N. 630,631 Roberts W.H. 1531
AUTHOR INDEX
Roberts W.L.
zyxwvuts
zyxwvut
699
Robertson W.S. 608
Robinson N. 1500
zy Ruff A.W.
Ruge I.W. 520
Runkle F.D.
1411,1436
1366
470
Robson R. 278 Russel P.G. 506

Rochester C.H. 544 Rutkowski R. 469
Rodkiewicz C.M. 1407 Ruyter T.J. 1476
Rogers W.F. 1559 Rydhag L. 1 7 1
Rohde S.M. 803 Rymuza Z. 879,1005
Root D.C. 309
Root J . C . 799
Roques-Carmes C. 1017
Rorrer R.A.L. 1499 Saba C.S. 644,1544
Roscoe R. 1665 S a f a r Z.S. 1278,1279,1406
Rose J.H. 536 S a i t o K. 311
Rosenberg R.C. 245 Saka N. 550,918,1082,1116,978
Rosenfield A.R. 1007 Sakamoto T. 1058,1321
Xosenwald R.H. 265 S a k u r a i R. 35
Rosscup R.J. 440 S a k u r a i T. 94,178,202,368,647,1536
Rosset E. 574 Salem A.E.M. 645
Roth T. 473 Salem F. 1287,1373
Rounds F.G. 39,65,164,205,207, S a l h e r R. 1457
211,3641467,1319 Salmon R. 242
Roussel G. 1644 Salomon G. 89,221,227,754
Rouveral W.S. 452 Samuels L.E. 306
Rowe C.N. 26,115,119,497,538,1350 Sanders f .V. 23,132,225
Rowe G.W. 238,951,956,1594 Santanam N. 1432
Rowe W.B. 1218,1252,1262,1480 d i Sapio A. 68
Rowntree R.A. 1237 d i Sapio A.J. 312
Roweon D.M. 692 S a r e I.R. 1745
Rozeanu L. 1420 S a r g e n t B.L. 425
Rubin C.A. 857 Sargent D.J. 257,279
Rubinstein M. 1685 Sargent L.B. 95,350,626,1385,1654
Ruddy B.L. 579 S a r k a r A.D. 677,1447
Rudman J. 1203 Sasada T. 589
Rudston S.G. 942 S a s i n R. 1596
471 zyxwvuts
zyxwvutsrqponm
zyxwvutsr
Sato J. 1057,1251
Sato K. 35,94,939
Schulman J.H. 375
Schumacher W. 766
AUTHOR INDEX
Sat0 M. 1302,1303 Schwate W. 1197

Satriana M.J. 529 Scott D. 149,197,239,294,459,554,592,
Sauer H . J . 280 606,1062,1173,1176,1626
Saunders J.D. 653 Scott H.G. 1294
Savaskan T. 1344 Scott W.P. 328
Savkoor A.R. 1469,1476,1623 Seagle S.R. 1412
Savory B. 908 Sedy J. 1683
Sayles R.S. 1349 Sekiguchi I. 997
Schaake R.C.F. 1735 Sellei H. 9
zyxw
Schafer K. 598 Semenov A.P. 505
Schallamach A. 1211 Semiatin S.L. 1310
Schaper W. 736 Senda S. 610
Schatzberg P. 137,163 Senholzi P.B. 723
Schey J.A. 165,508,625,984,1552 Senior G.S. 815
Schick M.J. 1696 Se thuramiah A. 479,993,1087
Schiefer H.M. 213,253 Setti L.C. 909
Schiessler R.W. 426 Sexton M.D. 691,1183
Schinke C. 783 Seymour R.B. 519
Schintlmeister W. 1161 ShaafrinE.G. 733,1522
Schisla R.M. 451 Shah N.C.F. 861
Schlobohm R.T. 346 Shailes T.H. 555
Schmaus R.H. 718 Shan H.S. 1570
Schmidt G. 746 Shapiro A. 283
Schmiedel R. 492 Shapiro A.M. 76
Schmoeckel D. 657 Shapiro W. 1122,1151
Schneider G. 607 Sharma B.S. 788
Schneider R. 1241 Sharma C.S. 242
Schneider W. 492 S h a m G.K. 1123
Schofield J. 1535 Sharma J.P. 514,787
Schopke A. 496 Sharma S.K. 61,1031
Schowalter R.E. 280 Sharpe C. 1462
Schreurs J. 1271 W 336,573,676,1572,1573
S ~ M.C.
Schroelkamp C. 1361 Sheasby J.S. 1441
AUTHOR INDEX zyxwvut
zy 472
zyxw
Sheehan J.E. 771 Singh C. 525
Sheeley R.M. 789 Singh D.V. 1289,1460
Sheiwekhman A.O. 859 Singh P. 1375
Shen S.Y. 1010 Singh R.V. 1580
Shennan J . L . 63 Singhal S. 787
Shepard S.R. 1014 Singleton A. 499
Shetty D.K. 929 Sinha P. 525
Shetty H.R. 835,1110 Sinhasan R. 1259,1289,1460
Shewmon P.G. 584 Sivasankaran G.A. 993
Shibaeaki H. 1362 Skehan J . T . 274
Shih K.K. 1272 S k e l l s G.W. 52
Shima M. 1057,1251 Skinner P.H. 576,577
Shimaeaki Y. 1081 Sliney H.E. 74,87,120,707,708,817,865 ,
Shimbo M. 1215 106791167 ,1374, 1688
Shimura Y. 1410 Smalheer C.V. 355,1621
Shirakashi T . 336 Smart R.F. 1421
Shives T.R. 1065 Smith A.C. 8,772
Shone E.B. 562 Smith A.F. 890
Shu H. 1610 Smith A.H. 1640
Shukla B.M. 479 Smith A.N. 670
Sianesi D. 144 Smith H.A. 31,387
Sibley L.B. 850,1359 Smith H.P. 665
Sieber I. 496 Smith J.D. 1358
Siebers R. 607 Smith J.O. 208,214
Siegert W. 1179 Smith J.R. 536
Sikorski J. 1443 Smith R.E. 308
Sikorski M.E. 372,373,374 Smith R.F. 1655
S i l v e r H.B. 11,42,45,46,145,176, Smith R.J. 1474
185,270,302,315,931 Smith T. 921
S i m m W. 1154 Smith T.H.F. 260
Sin H.C. 824,979,1116 S m i t h B. 712,714
Singer I. 1266 Snead J.L. 209
Singer I .L. 1055,1056 Sneck H . J . 1482
Singerman S.A. 844 Snediker D.K. 1659
413
Sniegoski P.J. 82,101,118

Snyder C.E.
So B.Y.C. 427
102,275,326
Stanley W.T. 1691
Stanton G.M. 272,335
Stanulov K.G. 297
zy
AUTHOR INDEX
So S.S. 1389 Stark L.R. 352

Sochaj K. 1191 Stavinoha L.L. 124
Soderberg S. 761,945,1250 Stearne R.S. 351
Soemantri S. 383 Stecki J.S. 1223
Sokoloff L. 602 S t e i j n R.P. 136,1043
Song S. 568 S t e l z e r R. 892
Song T.T. 1725 Stemniski J.R. 208,214
Soul D.M. 530 Stephens L.W. 851
Soulen J.R. 72 Stephenson D.A. 700
Southern E. 1210 Stevens K.T. 1130
Southworth H.N. 731 S t i c k e l s C.A. 1347
Sovak S.J. 704 Stinton H.C. 34
Spalvins T . 75,104,991,1275,1276 Stokes R.J. 775,1346
Spedding H. 38 S t o l a r s k i T. 181
Spikes H.A. 13,34,829,907,1022, S t o l a r s k i T.A. 873,1103
1320 1352 S t o t t F.H. 983,1037
Spillman D.T. 462 Stout K.J. 1075
Spooner T.A. 1186 Straede C.A. 1484
Spraggett S. 1451 Strafford K.N. 748
Sproule L.W. 251 Strang C.D. 1597
S p u j i C . J . 753 Strang J . R . 296,326
Spurr R.T. 595,983,1037,1553,1554 van der S t r a t e n P.J.M. 901
Sridharan N.S. 989 Strom T.N. 1609
Srivastava R.D. 151,299 Stropki J . T . 929
Srivastava R.M. 1408 S t r o z z i A. 580
zyxw
Stachowiak G.W. 997,1023,1563 Stucker J.B. 524
Stachuraki Z.H. 1223 Studt P. 36
Staeck D. 365 Stupp B.C. 1602
Stafford J.V. 488 Subrahmanyam J. 1141
S t a i r W.K. 1678 Sudarshan T.S. 515
S t a l l i n g 6 L. 638,1558 SUga K. 349
Stanley I.R. 176 Sugawara T. 1057
AUTHOR INDEX
Sugawara Y. 973
Sugirnura J. 424
Suh N.P. 510,550,743,8241852t 918 t
zy
zyxwvu
Tahara A .1057
Takahashi N.
Takata H. 966
152
474
979,1014,1082,1116,1439,1555 Takeuchi M. 1251

Sulek H.H. 1020 T a l l e y K.L. 763
S u l l i v a n J.L. 692,843,1035 Tamai Y. 486,1085
Sumey I . E . 671 Tanaka K. 807,871,874,1095,1657
Summers-Smith D. 1501 Tanaka N. 1317
Sun D.C. 1219 Tangena A . G . 1381
Sun T.C. 1006 T a n i t a Y . 1094
Sundarajan G . 584 Tanner L.H. 1P6
Sundquist H. 472 Tanner R.I. 452
Suresh S. 401 Tao F.F. 77,80,86,91,134,167
Suryanarayana I . 545 T a r d i t i A . 884
S u t c l i f f e T. 50 Taslimi M . 430
S u t o r P. 1172 Taylor C.M. 1632
Suzuki H. 3ll Taylor L.H. 228
Sviridyonok A . I . 882,1635 Teague D.M. 1624
Swahn H. 761,945 Tennenhouse G . J . 1366
Swain J.W. 1707 Terauchi Y. 1047
Swakon E . A . 439 Tewari U.S. 61,1031
Swanson P . A . 1115 Tewksbury E.J. 70,85,127,204,296,617
Swern D. 1596 Thebault M. 1644
Sykes G . 235 Theberge J . E . 1168
S y r e t t R.J. 11,42,45,46,57 Thevenot F, 1546,1595
S z e r i A . Z . 495,1280 Thoma M. 1413
Szydywar J. 1077 Thomas A . G . 1210
Thomas T.M. 1630
Thomas T.R. 715,1378
Thornton A . G . 1189
Tabor D. 19,23,32,129,133,370,394, Thorpe J.M. 288,862,976
396,436,533,534,537,1009,1101, Thwaites C.J. 1409
1327,1468,1477,1622,1660 T i m s J.M. 7
Tadros T.F. 821 T i m s i t R.S. 728
Tagaki R. 69,463 Tipnis V.A. 1198
475 zyxwvutsrqp
Todd M.J.
zy
zyxwvutsrqp
1130,1131
Tomizawa H. 1364,1367,1369
Uchiyama Y. 807,1208,1657
Uetz H. 552,877,1321
AUTHOR INDEX
Tomlinson W.J. 1451 Umeya K. 1371

Tommis N. 1586 Unsworth T. 1604
Tonck A. 1380 Upsdell N.T. 145,199
Tonnesen J. 1282
Torrance A.A. 775,1137,1346
Torrens R . J . 652
T o u r r e t R. 7,493 Vaccari J.A. 903
Towle A. 988 V a l l i J. 472
Town H.C. 1485,1486 V a l o r i R. 1213,1951
Tome C.A. 805 Vardiman R. 1266
Townsend D.P. 166 Varga F. 1233
T r a b e l s i R. 1595 Vasudevan P. 61,1031
Tran C. 1214 V a z i r i M. 983,1037
Treheux D. 1595 Vedam K. 1389,1716
T r e n t E.M. 509,632,1051,1052 Veinot D.E. 1344
T r i l l a t J.J. 382 van Velzen P.N.T. 1735
T r i o u l e y r e J. 904 Venablea J.A. 742
T r i p a t h i K.C. 611 Venkatesh V.C. 1133
Tripp J.H. 755 Verma V.K. 62,1710
Trites R.T. 247 Vermeiren K.N. 1360
Tsang P.H.S. 1550 Veronesi V. 1024
Tsang W. 1473 Verapui G. 901
Tsao Y.H. 1x5 V e t t e r A.F. 1115
Tsuya Y. 108,311,1302,1303 V i c t o r H. 1181
Tudor A. 935,1690 Vienna P.C. 741
Tuebal J. 492 V i l l f o r t h F. 1705
Tung S.C. 1709 Vincent G.S. 1495
Tuplin W.A. 1489 Vincent L. 894,963
T u r l e y D.M. 776 Vinogradov G.V. 226,1642
T w i s s S.B. 1624 Vinogradova I.E. 409
Viola G.T. 1025
V i t a l i C. 727
Vogel W. 1562
zyxwvu
zyxwvutsrq
AUTHOR INDEX
Vohr J.H. 1482

Volpato G.A. 893
Warne T.M. 741
Warren J.H. 1330
476
zyxwv
Voss H. 1332 Warth A.H. 491
Vukasovich M.S. 287,1581 Wasserbauer R. 1726
Watanabe H. 64
Watanabe 1. 1015,1303
Watanabe S. 349
Waddell M. 1121 Waterhouse R.B. 361,375,970,1243,
Wadhawan A. 1221 1245 1246
Waghorne R.M. 156 Watkins R.C. 38,523
Wakefield G.R. 1124 Watson H.J. 1446
Walch J. 646 Watson J . D . 316
Walker J.A. 1473 Wayne 5. 1083
Wall C.G. 50,1308 Wayne S.F. 899,1575
Wallace P.W. 165 Weaet R.C. 1396
Wallen P. 1530 Webb T,H. 55
Walley S.M. 860,1331 Weber R.E. 474
Wallgram W. 1161 Weeks S.J. 1551
Walowit J.A. 1255,1256 Weertman J. 1629
Walton A.J. 954 Weertman J.E. 1629
Walton C.F. 1158 Wefers K. 842
Walton S. 1004 Wehber P. 1178
Wambach W.E. 781 Weiss W. 1697
Wan G.T.Y. 907 Weissenberg T . 1700
Wang B. 1069 Wen S. 916,926,1157
Wang P.M. 1461 Wenzler A.P. 345
Wang Q. 568 Werner J.J. 751
Wang R. 1019 Wert J.J. 842,844
Wang S.S. 1709 Westbrook J.H. 1734
Wang Y. 916,926,1157 Westcott V.C. 469
Wang Y.Y. 780 Weston W. 1262
Wang Z.S. 1219 Wheeler D.R. 330,822,908,1143,1415
Wapler H. 1186 Whitby R.D. 942
Warburton J. 897 White A.M. 792
Wardle F.P. 1588 White C.L. 1142
477 zy
zyxwvutsrqp
White C.W. 1270 Wolfe J. 572
AUTHOR INDEX
zyxwv
White E.L. 1614 Wolfram C. 216
White J.R. 1687 Wolverton M.P. 1168
zyxwv
Whitehouse D.J. 1075,1400 Wong L.F. 843
Whitehouse G.D. 90 Wood G.P. 233
Whitehurst C.A. 90 Wood S . 1271
Wiedemeyer J. 877,1700 Woodhill L.R. 55
Wiegand H. 150 .
Woodruff D .P 541,564
Wiemann W. 123 Woolacott R.G. 1119
Wierenga P.E. 1735 Wooton D.L. 1478
Wijnhoven P.J.M. 1381 Worden R.E. 1619
Wilcock D.F. 1257,1286,1566 Worschech K. 795
Wildersohn M. 1561 Woska R. 738
Wilkes G.L. 1214 Wright A.J. 1343
Wilkes L.H. 665 Wright E.P. 493
Wilkison J.L. 667 Wright I.G. 929
Wilks E.M. 517 Wright J.W. 1602
Wilks J. 517,1189,1416 Wright K.H.R. 1118
Willermet P.A. 128 Wright K.W. 1639
Williams J.M. 1270 Wright P.G. 792
Williamson J.B.P. 1072,1379,1%7 Wright V. 1603,1605
Willis R.F. 129,133 wu s. 739
Wilson A.F. 195 Wynn G.E. 1662
Wilson G.R. 208,214
Wilson R.W. 562
Wilson W.H. 1194,1316,1497
Wilson W.R. 659 Xia C. 568
Wilson W.R.D. 1221 Xu P. 568
Winer W.O. 222,526,549,693,1081, Xu S.X. 1262
1150,1440,1622
Wisniewski M. 758
Witheridge R.E. 103
Wits J.J. 995 Yahagi Y. 749,938
Wohltjen H. 1078,1556 Yamada K. 730
Wolak J. 1414 Yamaguchi H. 1015
zyxwvut
zyxwvutsrq
AUTHOR INDEX
Yamaguchi Y. 997 Zaretsky E.V. 166

478
zyxwvu
Yamamoto A. 557,563 Zaalavski R . N . 410,1042
Yamamoto Y. 695,1026,1048,1317 Zaslavaki Y.S. 273,410,1042
Yamashita N. 855,1418 Zeman K.P. 1607
ran J. 948 Zenas R. 1414
Yang C.C. 47 .
Zheng E.C 1488
Yang G.H. 1153 Zheng P. 1019
Yang 8. 1230 Zhongqian Y. 880
Yao L.H. 1103 Zielinski J. 718,804
Yaseen R.J. 839 Ziemianski K. 1339
Yashioka T. 1345 Zinbo M. 1021,1491
Yatea K.P. 216 Zipin R.B. 1425
Yatsuzuka H. 858,940 Zisman W.A. 78,379,380,1630
Yee K.K. 1159 Zlatin N. 298
Yennadhiou P. 860 Zlotnick M. 850
Yick S. 1342 Zolotar A . I . 859
Yokoi M. 590
Yonushonis T. 804
Yorkgitis E.M. 1214
Yoshida A. 678,1712
Yoshida K. 601,647,1091
Yoshimura H. 857
Yoshitake H. 1085
You W. 1449
Young B.R. 237
Young J.W. 701
Yousif A.E. 639,640,1324
Yuat C.S. 930,1142
Zaat J.H. 227

Zahariev I.T. 297
Zakin J.L. 266
Zamboni V. 144

Enciclopedya of Tribologia

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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF TRIBOLOGY

W . J . Bartz (Germany, F.R.G.) W . A . Glaeser (U.S.A.)

Vol. 1 Tribology - A Systems Approach to the Science and Technology of

Radom Technical University, Radom, Poland

Distributors for the United States and Canada:

ELSEVIER SCIENCE PUBLISHING COMPANY INC.

ISBN 0-444-8840 1-7 (Vol. 15)

0 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., 1990

Printed in The Netherlands

The aim of this encyclopedia is to provide information on specific tribological

The authors wish t o record their appreciation t o the following:

(1) Radorn Technical University;

(2) Paisley College of Technology;

ASS atomic absorption spectroscopy

A process in which one material ( t h e absorbent) takes u p and retains another

required to titrate the acidic constituents in l g of sample.

Atomic or molecular attachment to, usually, a solid surface.

Physical adsorption i s attributable to van der Waals’ forces and is relatively

Clusters of particles of compounding materials contained in a continuous rubber

ALKALIES FOR GREASES

ALKALINE EARTH METAL SOAPS

N-ALLYL DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHOROAMIDATE

ALPHA IRON (Fe)

Electrically fused alumina is used a s an important abrasive material; its

Aluminium bearings a r e made of cast solid aluminium, aluminium with a steel

ALUMINIUM COMPLEX (SOAP) GREASES

White to yellowish powder. Insoluble in water, alcohol and ether. Mp 155OC;

Essential component of alumina ( p u r e alumina). In t h e p u r e state i t i s found

Yellowish to brown plastic mass. Limited solubility in most organic solvents. Mp

AMINE DI-n-BUTYL PHOSPHATES

p-AMINOBENZOYL DIETHYL ETHANOLAMINE

N-( 3-AMINOPROPYL) DIETHANOLAMINE

charged apota of rubbing m e t a l surfacea.

possibility of the formation of negative ions of sulphur compounds under

ANTIMONY DI-n-BUTYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

- its tribochemistry [4961.

ANTIMONY DIISOPROPYL DITHIOPHOSPHATE

ANTIMONY DI-4-METHYL PENTYL-2-DITHIOPHOSPHATE

{ [m3CH( )m2CH(a 3 1 12S2FQ 3Sb

- evaluation of antiwear additives in lithium soap - mineral oil greases [15911.

APPARENT AREA OF CONTACT

ARSENIC ANTIMONY TETRASULPHIDE

See also: ASHLESS DETERGENTS, DISPERSANTS.

ashless polymeric compounds with pour-point depression and viscosity index

ASTM VISCOSITY - TEMPERATURE EQUATION

ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (AAS)

Wear between two contacting surfaces in relative motion attributed to migration

AUGER ELECTRON SPECTROSCOPY (AES)

analysis of tricresyl phosphate interaction with steel surfaces [733].

from a surface caused by an incident beam of primary electrons. The easy

AUTOMATIC TRANSMISSION FLUIDS (ATF)

AXIAL LOAD BEARINGS

AZELAIC ACID (NONANEDIOIC ACID)

See also: ROLLING-ELEMENT BEARINGS.

BALL INDENTED BEARINGS

applications for the ballizing process [1132].

of the ballizing load under dry and lubricated

BARIUM DINONYLNAPHTHALENE SULPHONATE

BARREL ROLLER BEARINGS

Mineral oils a r e mainly composed of the following general types of hydrocarbons:

See also: BEARING MATERIALS and specific t y p e s of bearings.

BEARING FATIGUE LIFE

BEARING FATIGUE RESISTANCE

An organosulphur compound providing antiwear and antiseizure properties.