Name: Phoebe Marie L.

Calo Course Code & Section: ABE108/FGHNOPQ1

Program and Year Level: BSABE IV Date Submitted: March 14, 2023
Instructor: Engr. Jack O. Bertulfo Score:

Mathematical Modeling using Excel

Activity No. 2

I. Introduction

Mathematical modeling refers to creating a mathematical representation of a

real-world scenario to make a prediction or provide insight. There is a distinction

between applying a formula and creating a mathematical relationship. Modeling

both lies at the heart of much of our understanding of the world, and it allows

engineers to design future technology. With modeling, we can easily predict or

understand something associated with data.

Excel is a spreadsheet program that enables users to format, organize and

calculate data. Another exciting application of excel is conducting mathematical

modeling. The basic functions of excel were widely used throughout these years for

mathematical modeling from simple physics experiments, design modeling, etc.

Hence, this activity is conducted to able AB Engineering students to acquire basic

knowledge of mathematical modeling using excel.

II. Objectives

The main objective of this activity is to develop a mathematical model using

excel. Specifically, it aims to:

1. Conduct mathematical modeling using different engineering experiment data

in excel.
 2. Conduct model fitting in excel.

3. Develop mathematical models in excel.

4. Discuss and interpret the mathematical model being developed.

III. Methodology

1. Creating Charts and Graph

2. Linear Fitting

3. Model Verification
4. Model Fitting from Published Model Equations

GIVEN TABLES AND VALUES

Table 1. Moisture ratio of agricultural products at different time interval

Time, mins Moisture Ratio
10 1
20 0.369231
30 0.197669
40 0.131002
50 0.057809
60 0.015851
70 0.007925
80 0.002331
90 0.000932
100 0
110 0

Table 2. Mathematical Models

No. Model Name
5 Logarithmic
6 Two Term
7 Two Term Exponential
8 Modified Henderson and
Pabis
9 Midilli
3 Modified page
Analytical Expression
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎 exp(−𝑘𝑡) + 𝑐
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎 exp(−𝑘1𝑡) + 𝑏 exp (−𝑘2𝑡)
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎 exp 〖(−𝑘𝑡)〗 + (1 − 𝑎) exp (−𝑘𝑎𝑡)
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎 exp(−𝑘𝑡) + 𝑏 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−𝑔𝑡) + 𝑐 exp (−ℎ𝑡)
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑎 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−(𝑘𝑡𝑛) + 𝑏𝑡
𝑀𝑅 = 𝑒𝑥𝑝(−(𝑘𝑡)𝑦)
IV. Results and Discussions

Moisture Ratio
1.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Scatter Chart 1. Scatter Plot for Moisture Ratio

The drying process's time-to-moisture ratio connection is shown in scatter

chart 1 (above). An inverse relationship exists between the two variables, as the

moisture ratio declines with increasing time. A sample's moisture ratio calculates the

difference between its original moisture content and its current moisture content (t).

According to Obajemihi, the drying rate, which is influenced by the rate of heat

application and the rate of moist air removal from the environment, is the rate at

which moisture leaves the sample and transfers to the outside environment (2020).
Table 3. Predicted Moisture Ratio

Table 4. Sum of the Square Error

Table 5. Values of the Constants after using Excel Solver

 Mathematical Model
1.2 R² = 0.993 R² = 0.9178 R² = 0.993 R² = 0.5444 R² = 0.8513
R² = 0.9932

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2
0.6 0.8
0 0 0.2 0.4 1 1.2
-0.2

Logarithmic Two Term TTE

MHP Midilli MP
Linear (TTE)
Linear (Logarithmic)Linear (Two Term) Linear (MP)
Linear (MHP) Linear (Midilli)

Scatter Chart 2. Mathematical Models

In the food sector, mathematical modeling is a standard technique for

applying equations to forecast the drying process. The rate of evaporation may be

decreased by moving goods throughout the drying process. According to Wang et

al. research, both the temperature and velocity of the drying air have a major impact

on how quickly things dry out. Each constant in the formula is assumed to have a

value of one in order to derive the estimated moisture ratio (MR) of six mathematical

models. These constant values are then included into the model equations. After

obtaining the predicted values, the sum of squared errors (SSE) for each model is

computed. SSE is computed as SSE = (yi - y'i)2, where yi is the predicted variable

value and y'i is the predicted yi value. The SSE for each model is then calculated by

adding all of the SSE equation values. The total of the SSE is utilized with Excel

Solver to obtain the true values of the constants, as the constants were previously

supposed to have a value of one.

 The greatest coefficient of determination for each mathematical model is

visually evaluated using a scatter plot. Three of the mathematical models—the

Logarithmic, Two-Term, and Modified Henderson & Pabis models—display a

coefficient of determination, or R2, of about 0.99 out of the six presented. With R2

values of 0.9932, 0.993, and 0.993, respectively, these three models are closely

grouped together. The Logarithmic model is the most accurate when compared to

the experimental moisture ratio data and the anticipated moisture ratio values of

these three models. This suggests that the logarithmic model is the best option

among the models offered and is most appropriate for identifying the drying

product using infrared technology.

IV. Lifelong Learning

Our laboratory experiments have a significant impact on how we see

ourselves professionally and in terms of professions that are related to our present

subject of study. A key component of assuring the quality and safety of agricultural

goods consumed by big groups is monitoring moisture content throughout time.

Profits and economic stability are directly related to the manufacturing of high-

quality goods. We were also able to find the best models for forecasting values and

contrasting them with experimental data thanks to the mathematical modeling

approach.
REFERENCES

Obajemihi, Obafemi. (2020). Re: What is the difference between drying rate, moisture ratio
and drying ratio?. Retrieved from:
https://www.researchgate.net/post/What_is_the_difference_between_drying_rate_moisture_
ratio_and_drying_ratio/5fbf3fbe31c93b29df513b99/citation/download.

Wang, W., Chen, G., & Mujumdar, A. S. (2007). Physical interpretation of solids drying: An
overview on mathematical modeling research. Drying Technology, 25(4), 659-668.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/07373930701285936