1.

ARTICLES
2. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
3. WHAT ... LIKE
4. IN, WITH, BY, WITHOUT
5. PREPOSICIONES DE TIEMPO
6. COMPLEMENTACIÓN DEL ADJETIVO
7. AS
8. BOTH
9. EITHER
10. NEITHER
11. NO, NONE AND NONE OF
12. NO, NOT
13. WORTH, WORTHWHILE
14. WANT
15. GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
16. PREPOSITIONS AND GERUNDS
17. PRESENT TIMES
18. FUTURE TENSES
19. PAST TENSES
20. PRESENT PERFECT
20. OBJECT AND SUBJECT QUESTIONS
21. INDIRECT WAYS OF ASKING QUESTIONS
22. QUESTION TAGS
23. CONTRAST LINKERS
23. SO, NEITHER AND NOR
24. NOUN PHRASES
25. ADJECTIVES
26. COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
27. ADVERBS FORMATION
28. TOO AND ENOUGH
29. ADVERBS OF PLACE
30. FREQUENCY ADVERBS
32. HABITUAL BEHAVIOUR IN THE PRESENT
31. SO, SUCH, VERY
35. CONDITIONALS
36. HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS
37. COMPARISONS
38. USED TO
39. PASSIVE VOICE
40. DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH
41. RELATIVE CLAUSES
42. STATE VERBS
43. PHRASAL VERBS
44. MODAL VERBS
45. MODALS VERBS OF OBLIGATION AND NECESSITY
46. MODALS VERBS OF PERMISSION
47. MODAL VERBS FOR SPECULATION AND DEDUCTION
48. EXPRESSING ABILITY
49. EXPRESSING PURPOSE
50. EXPRESSING PREFERENCES
51. INVERSION
52.-ED VS -ING
53.VERBS FORMATION, -EN
54. IN, ON, AT
55. SURPRISE
56. SPORTS
57. MOST
58. OTHERS
59. QUITE, RATHER, FAIRLY, PRETTY
60. HIGHLY
61. TO HAVE SMB DO STH
62. WHOSE ...?
63. UNDER, BELOW, BENEATH, UNDERNEATH
64. ON, UPON, ONTO, INTO
65. ALONGSIDE, BESIDE
66. HARDLY
1. ARTICLES
A, an (indefinite)
● single countable nouns that we are talking for first time
○ A man went into a bar with a fish
● jobs
○ My father is a nuclear scientist

● when referring to any one of several things

○ It’s quiet in here. Shall I put a record on?

● with some numbers

○ a hundred ..., a thousand ..., a million ...

● when it means per in some expressions

○ twice a day, 50 miles an hour, 80€ a month, …

The (definite article)

● single countable nouns that we have talked before
● when we are talking about something specific
● To speak generally about certain groups of singular countable nouns
○ Inventions: The mobile phone is thought to pose a serious threat to health
○ Animal species: The whale is still haunted by countries such as Japan

● with an adjective to talk about a specific class or group

○ the rich, the homeless, the blind, the deaf, the poor, the old, the young, the
French, the Spanish
○ Not enough is being done to help the homeless

● when there is only one of something, either in existence or in a particular context

○ the Earth
○ I’d like to speak to the manager, please

● with superlatives
○ Who is the greatest footballer in the world?

● when something is mentioned again

○ -I’ve read three novels and two plays by Camus
○ -What did you think of the plays?

● with an ordinal number

● with job titles
● when talking about a specific aspect or part of something, where the noun is followed
by of
○ We’re studying the history of architecture
○ Hand in your books at the end of the lesson
 ● with musical instruments
○ I’d love to learn to play the piano

● with types of transport which have a fixed timetable

○ Shall we get the bus or take a taxi?

● with some geographical areas

○ We’re going to the mountains rather than the coast
● with some countries:
○ the USA, the UK
● with oceans, mountain ranges, deserts, rivers, …:
○ the Atlantic, the Pyrenees, the Sahara, the Thames

no article
● most languages, names, streets, towns, cities, countries, long ages
○ except: the United States, The Alps and other mountain ranges, The Thames
and oher rivers
○ I went to Bond Street when I was in London

● When referring to nouns in a general sense

○ with uncountable nouns
■ Alan won’t eat cheese or meat
○ plural nouns
■ Do you think computers will replace teachers?
○ abstract nouns
■ We sang songs of love and peace

● home, bed, school, next, last

● in many common expressions:
○ to go home
○ to go to work/school/university/prison/hospital/church/bed
○ to go on holiday
○ to be at home/work/school/university
○ to be in hospital/church/bed/prison
○ to go by car/bus/coach/train/plane
○ to have breakfast/lunch/dinner (but have a meal)
○ at night (but in the morning/afternoon/evening)
2. COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE
Countable
● nouns that can be counted
○ one plate, two cats, five chairs

Uncountable
● nouns that cannot be counted
● liquids and masses: we can measure but we cannot count them
● things which are difficult to separate or count
● abstract nouns
● not used with a/an
● don't have a plural
● used with a singular verb form
○ Can you get some bread?
○ A lot of damage was done to the building

● nouns: accommodation, advice, bread, damage, English, furniture, graffiti, health,

homework, information, knowledge, luggage, milk, news, progress, research,
spaghetti, travel, weather, work
○ This spaghetti isn’t cooked properly
○ The news is very depressing today

Some nouns are both countable and uncountable

● many words for food and drink can be used both countable and uncountable
○ I’ve made a chocolate cake (C)
○ Could I have some more cake (U)

○ Would you like another coffee? (C) (= cup of coffee)

○ I don’t like coffee (U)

● they may have a very different meaning from its uncountable version
○ chicken (U): chicken for dinner
○ chicken (C): pollo de animal

○ chocolate (U): tableta de chocolate

○ chocolate (C): bombones

○ pepper (U): pimienta

○ pepper (C): pimiento

○ cake (U): trozo de tarta

○ cake (C): tarta entera

○ coffee (U): café en general

○ coffee (C): taza de café