Part A – Enthalpy calculations

Must have negative sign

1 c i −2850 - −2950 (kJ mol−1) ✓ 1

Any one from:

reacting carbon and hydrogen doesn't ALLOW reference to formation of a

1 d (necessarily) make butane ✓ 1 mixture of products or alternative
Carbon and Hydrogen do not react product(s) / side reactions
together (under standard conditions)
✓

FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE

ANSWER LINE
If answer = (+)486.6
/ (+)487 (kJ mol−1) award 3 marks
Correct answer +486.6 / +487 kJ mol−1
energy absorbed in breaking bonds
scores 3 marks
= 3(413) + (358) + x + 1½(498)
= 2344 + x (kJ)
AND ALLOW ECF between steps
energy evolved in making bonds
= 2(805) + 4(x) 2344 and 1610 in calculation scores 1
1 f 3
= 1610 + 4x (kJ) ✓ mark if no other mark scored

Overall energy change

ALLOW OH for x in calculation
(Bonds broken − bonds made = ΔH)
= [2344 + x] − [1610 + 4x]
= −726 kJ mol−1 ALLOW −sign if evaluation of their
OR expression for x is correct
2344 − 1610 + 726 = 3x
1460 = 3x ✓

x = (+)486.6 / (+)487 (kJ mol−1) ✓

bond breaking endothermic AND bond

making exothermic ✔
Both needed to score first mark

2nd mark must describe an endothermic

3 b more energy taken in to break bonds
than released when bonds form
OR value of endothermic processes
larger (than the exothermic) ORA ✔
2 process
NOT ‘more bonds broken than made’
NOT ‘energy needed to make bonds’ for
2nd mark

Answers of −196 score 2 without

(2x −286) − (2x −188) ✔ reference to working
4 a i 2
Answers of −98 (omitting 2s) score 1, no
−196 ✔
other ecf

Correct balanced equation ✔ ALLOW state symbols mark for:

ii 2
Second mark for correct state
But zero for any other equation
symbols on correct balanced

equation✔
19 i 1
FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE
ANSWER LINE
ΔfH⦵ (C6H14) = −197 (kJ mol−1)
award 2 marks
ii ΔfH⦵(C6H14) = 6ΔcH⦵(carbon) +
7ΔcH⦵ (hydrogen) − ΔcH⦵ (hexane)
= (6 × −393) + (7 × −286) + 4163 ✔
= −197 (kJ mol−1) ✔
28 iv (−90) + (+131) = + 41 ✔ kJmol−1
33 B 1
37 D
FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE
ANSWER LINE
If answer = −14161 (kJ mol−1) award
2 marks
b ΔcH⊝ hexane = (6 × −393) + (7 ×
−286) − (−199) (expression must be
correct) OR shown on an appropriate
cycle ✓
− 4161 (kJ mol−1) ✓
56 -46 kJ mol–1 ✓
Part B – Gas calculations
moles of green rust = 100 / (55.8
2 ii +34.0) = 1.11 ✔
volume of H2 = 1.11 × 24 / 3 = 8.9 dm3
✔ mark
moles of CO2 = 12/84 OR 0.143 OR 1/7
OR answer to 1st mp of 4a(ii) ✔
3 iv
vol = 3.4(3) OR ‘answer to 1st mp of
4a(ii) x 24’ evaluated ✔
b 3
moles H2O2 = 90/34 (= 2.65)✔
Species AND state symbols required.
ECF on incorrect equation e.g.
+4270 scores 1 mark, no multiples but
2
correct signs
+197 scores 1 mark, ECF on incorrect
signs
+41 is the only answer with or without
1
evaluation
ALLOW ECF from incorrect cycle as long
as some working is shown
ALLOW −4160 (3sf based on question
2
data)
2358 + 2002 − −199 = −4161
−480 and a cycle scores 1
(+) 4161 scores 1
1 (AO
Units and sign required
1.1)
ALLOW Mr = 90 for Fe(OH)2
If the only error is incorrect Mr then give 1
mark
2 ALLOW 8.91, 8.88, 8.8 or 9 dm3, any sfs
Dividing by 3 twice gives 2.96 / 2.97 for 1
3.4(3 etc) scores both marks
72 scores 0
10.285 / 10.29 / 10.3 scores 1 overall
2
vol = answer to 1st mp of 4a(ii) x 3 x 24
evaluated scores 1 mark overall
2nd mark - ALLOW ecf only from incorrect
Mr of NaHCO3
ALLOW ecf including ecf from rounding
Answers based on 2.779 x 102 score 3

3/2 x 2.65 (=3.97) moles of product ✔
70 x calculated number of moles and
evaluated ✔
Answers based on 1.853 x 102 score 2
Answers based on 5.565 x 102 score 2
Answers based on 95.28 (use of 24 not 70)
score 2
ALLOW 2 or more sf

40% on answer line scores 2 marks without

(50−4x) + (50−5x) + 4x + 6x = 105 reference to working.
ALLOW, for 1 mark, one of:
iii x=5 2 • (50−4x) + (50−5x) + 4x + 6x = 105
• (50-x) + (50−1.25x) + x + 1.5x = 105
% conversion = (20 × 100/50) = 40% • 20 cm3 of NH3 reacted OR 30 cm3 of NH3
left
✔ ✔

n(O2) = 25 × 0.21 / 24.0 = 0.219 mol ✔

Mr of C2H5OH = 46.0

n(C2H5OH) = 4.0 / 46.0 = 0.087 mol

Recognition of ratio O2 / C2H5OH:

b 3
0.219 / 0.087 = 2.5 ✔

This is smaller than the required ratio ALLOW ECF from first marking point.
of 3 (from C2H5OH + 3O2 → 2CO2 +
3H2O), so the ethanol is not

completely burned. ✔

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER

LINE

Answer = 35000 OR 35280 award 3

marks

1 n(Al2O3) = 100000/102 OR 980 (mol) ✔

ii 3
5

half a mol CO2 for every mol O ✔

(stated or shown in calc)

ALLOW ECF from first marking point

volume CO2 = 24 × 980 × 3/2 = 35000

OR 35280 ✔

Must be all correct

1
i C4H10 + 6.5O2 → 4CO2 + 5H2O ✔ 1 NOT multiples (question asks for 1 mol
8 burnt)

ALLOW 2 sig fig up to calculator value

ii ✔ 2 Unit required for mark
ALLOW correct answer given in cm3

vol. O2 = 0.0172 × 24.0 × 6.5 = 2.7

dm3 ✔
 pV = nRT
conversion of 101kPa to 101000 and
18°C to 291K AND
5.20 × 8.314 × 291 × 1000/101000 ×

iii 2.15 ✔ 3
= 57.9357

Mr 58 ✔

Butane gas ✔

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE

ANSWER LINE
amount of CO2 = 0.101(214) mol
award 2 marks

Use of correct units (T = 1123 K, V =

b i 9.00 × 10−3 m3, P = 105 000 Pa) ✔ 2

ALLOW 3 or more sf
Substitution into ideal gas equation
ALLOW ECF from first mark to second
and evaluation (9.00 × 10−3 × 105
000)/(8.314 × 1123) = 0.101(214) (mol)

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER

LINE
percentage purity = 67.5% award 2
marks
mass CaCO3 = 0.10124 × 100.1
ii
evaluated (= 10.13 g) ✔
% purity = 67.5 (= 10.13 × 100/15.0),
evaluated to 3 sig figs ✔
ALLOW ecf from (b)(i), e.g.
mass = 13.39
% purity = 89.2 (failure to convert T)
2
ALLOW 67.4 from using rounded answer to
(b)(i)
Answer must be to 3 sig figs (correctly
rounded) for second mark.

FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 750 (cm3) award 2 marks
moles of CH3CHO = (0.55/44)
= 0.0125 mol
ALLOW 2 or more sf. Throughout
0.0125 mol CH3CHO requires (2½ ×
2 Allow ecf
c i 0.0125) 2
4 = 0.03125 mol O2 ✓

ALLOW vol of O2 = 300 (cm3) from correct

calculation of Moles CH3CHO × 24000
volume of O2 = (0.03125 × 24000)
ie 0.0125 × 24000 for 1 mark
= 750 (cm3) ✓

Mr CO2 / (Mr CO2 + Mr H2O) × 100 Correct answer = 71% without working
ii 1 scores
44 / (44 + 18) × 100 = 71 % ✓ Allow 2 or more sf

3
B 1
2

3
C
6

3 a i [Mr of NaOH = 40 g mol−1 1 Answer only (to 2 or more sf) (not the
8 0.5 tonne = 5 × 105 g] working) scores the mark
amount of NaOH = (5 × 105 / 40) =
 12500 (mol) ✓ Ans: 12500 (mol)

[amount of Cl2 formed in same time

as 0.5 mol NaOH = (½ × 12500) =
6250 (mol)
Answer only (to 2 or more sf) (not the
M of Cl2 = 71]
ii 1 working) scores the mark.
mass of Cl2 = [(6250 × 71) = 443750 g
Ans: 0.44 (tonnes)
=]
0.44 (tonnes) ✓
ALLOW ECF from (a)(i)

volume [= (6250 × 24) = 150 000 dm3] Answer only (to 2 or more sf) (not the
iii = 150 m3 ✓ 1 working) scores the mark
ALLOW ECF from (a)(i) and / or (ii) Ans: 150 (m3)

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER

LINE ALLOW ecf throughout
If answer = 647 (2 or more sf) award 3 ALLOW 2 or more sf
marks

3 1. Moles of MgO calculated = moles

Moles CO2 absorbed = 1000/40.3 3
9 CO2 absorbed
( = 24.81) ✓
Volume CO2 absorbed = ans to 1st 2. Correct substitution into V = nRT/p
point x 8.31 x 298/95000 ( = 0.647) ✓ 3. Evaluation and unit conversion
Evaluation and conversion to dm3
(x1000) = 647 dm3 ✓

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON THE

ANSWER LINE
If answer = 2.93 or 2.94 (dm3) award N.B. 0.0529 gives 2.93, 0.053 gives 2.94
3 marks
ALLOW ecf’s from marking points one and
Moles (n) assuming Hg2Cl2 = two (the latter likely to be wrong units)
4 25.0/472.2 = 0.0529/0.053 ✓
3 Any appearance, stated or not, of 25/472.2
2
OR 0.0529/0.053
i.e. n (0.0529/0.053), R(8.314), T(673),
p(101000), ✓ Look for any ecf on marking points 1 and 2

evaluation including conversion to

dm3 = 2.93/2.94 (dm3)✓

amount BaCO3 = (0.493 / 197.2) =

0.0025 mol ALLOW 2 or more sf
4
1 The answer alone scores the mark − the
4 volume CO2 = (0.0025 × 24000) = 60.0 working need not be shown.
(cm3) ✓

4 (AO
C
5 2.8)

4 (AO
A
6 2.4)

5 1 AO
A
0 2.8

5 b FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE 4 ALLOW 2 or more sf

3 ANSWER LINE ALLOW ECF
If answer = 23.3 (dm3) to 3 or more
s.f. (23.2642 ...) award 4 marks

Mr of C8H18 = 114
n of C8H18 = (3.42/114) = 0.03 mol
n of CO2 and H2O = (17 x 0.03) = 0.51
 mol
(mark is for 0.51 – working not
required) ✓

(AO2.6)
pV = nRT
V = nRT/p
(mark is for changing subject of
(AO2.6)
equation – can be implied by
substitution of numbers, even before
T conversion) ✓

(AO2.6)
V = 0.51 x 8.314 x (550+273)/150000
(mark is for T conversion) ✓

(AO2.2)
V = 2.33 x 10-2 m3
V = 23.3 dm3
(mark is for V conversion from m3 to
dm3) ✓

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER

LINE
If answer = 7.8 x 10–4 (mol) award 2
5 marks 2 AO
a i ALLOW 2 or more sf
2 2.6 x 2
Use of n = PV/RT ✓
n =(1100 x 1.5 x 10-3)/8.314 x 253 =
7.84 x 10–4 (mol) ✓

FIRST CHECK ANSWER ON ANSWER

LINE
If answer is 20 (cm3) award 2 marks Allow ECF from (i)
2 AO
ii
Use of V = nRT/P ✓ 2.6 x 2 Mp2 is only scored if answer is given to 2sf

Ans to (d)(i) x 8.314 x 298/97 x 103 =

2.00 x 10–5 m3 = 20(cm3) (2sf) ✓

5
B 2.7
4

Part C – Pollutants and alternative fuels

ALLOW no carbon emissions / particulates /

SOx
NOT less CO etc
4 d Produces no CO2 / CO ✔ 1
IGNORE H2O2 only produces water /
reference to greenhouse gases / global
warming

8 A 1

9 B 1

1
D 1
2

1 a Two marking points from the 2 ALLOW ethanol has a lower enthalpy
4 following: change of combustion than petrol
  Large amounts of arable land
are required to produce the
crops required to obtain large
amounts ethanol
 (Environmental problem
caused by) disposal of
fermentation waste
 Current car engines need to IGNORE better for the environment
be modified to use high
concentrations of ethanol

✔✔

1
D 1
6

C5H8O2 + 6O2 → 5CO2 + 4H2O

2 Correct molecular formula of GMV ✔

i 2 IGNORE state symbols
1

Balanced equation (with ECF) ✔

FIRST CHECK THE ANSWER ON THE

ANSWER LINE
ratio = 1 : 1.4 or more sig figs
(1.395….) award 3 marks

mass CO2 per mole GMV = 5 × 44 =

220 g
ii mass CO2 per mole hexane = 6 × 44 = 3
264 g ✔

OR moles CO2 per mole fuel

Mr values GMV 100; hexane 86 ✔ ALLOW ECF from first marking point

ratio (220/100) : (264/86) = 1 : 1.40 ✔

Comparison of CO2 is important as it

is a greenhouse gas / contributes to

global warming ✔
iii 2
Should be CO2 per kJ released on

burning (AW) ✔

High pressure (under the ocean

keeps the CO2 in place ) ✓ AW
2
a i OR 1
5 it will dissolve in seawater (before it ALLOW becomes aqueous
can escape) AW ✓

4
B 1
0

c Please refer to the marking 6(AO1. Indicative Scientific points include:

instructions on page 4 of this mark 2x3
scheme for guidance on how to mark

this question.
Level 3 (5-6 marks)
Gives a balanced and detailed
account of the adv and disadv of
biofuels (detailed means more than a
simple statement).
There is a well-developed line of
reasoning which is clear and logically
structured.
Level 2 (3-4 marks)
Gives a balanced account of the
advantages and disadvantages of
biofuels.
OR
Gives a detailed account of the
advantages and outlines the
disadvantages of biofuels, or vice
versa.
2.5 x 3)
There is a line of reasoning
presented with some structure. The
information presented is relevant and
supported by some evidence.
Level 1 (1-2 marks)
Gives some of the advantages of
biofuels.
OR
Gives some of the disadvantages of
biofuels.
There is an attempt at a logical
structure with a line of reasoning.
The information is in the most part
relevant.
0 marks
No response or no response worthy
of credit.
Oxygen and nitrogen from the air ✓
5 2 AO
b i
2 1.1
react in the high temp in engine ✓
5
C 1.2
5
Part D – Polymers
1 i
n H2C = CHCl → {−CH2 − CHCl−}n ✔
0 unambiguous way but ‘end bonds’ must be
Advantages (compared with fossil fuels)
 renewable
 the CO2 they produce when burnt is
the CO2 the plants absorbed while
growing/they are carbon neutral/less
greenhouse gases/less global
warming
 can be produced from waste (that
would otherwise go to landfill)
 sustainable
 can be used as a straight
replacement for diesel
 (biodiesel is) biodegradable (if
spilled)
 (virtually) no sulfur/less SO2/less
acid rain
 less particulates/less damage to
lungs
 less CO/less poisonous emissions
 less HC emissions/less
photochemical smog/less respiratory
problems
(Ignore references to cost)
Disadvantages (compared with fossil fuels)
 not a straight replacement for
petrol/car engines need to be
modified (to use fuels of high ethanol
concentration)
 land used to grow crops for fuels
can’t be used to grow crops for food
 not carbon neutral as CO2 is still
produced when producing and
transporting the fuel
 more NOx
 (NOx causes, so) more tropospheric
ozone/more respiratory problems
(Ignore references to cost)
ALLOW ‘heat’ for high temperature
IGNORE ‘pressure’
1 Formulae can be represented in any
shown for the polymer.
 Brackets (any type) and ‘n’s essential

Must be full structural, showing all bonds

2
i 1 and atoms
2
IGNORE brackets and ‘n’

4 IGNORE brackets and ‘n’

1
3 must be full structural with ‘spare’ bonds.

5 1(AO2.
a Propene ✓ ALLOW propylene
3 1)