Jean-Pierre Nadeau, Xavier Fischer - Research in Interactive Design - Vol. 3 - Virtual, Interactive and Integrated Product Design and Manufacturing For Indus

Research in
Interactive Design
Vol. 3
Virtual, Interactive and Integrated

Product Design and Manufacturing
for Industrial Innovation
Springer
Paris
Berlin
Heidelberg
New York
Hong Kong
Londres
Milan
Tokyo
Xavier Fischer
Jean-Pierre Nadeau
Research in Interactive Design

Vol. 3
Virtual, Interactive and Integrated

Product Design and Manufacturing
for Industrial Innovation
Xavier Fischer
ESTIA
Technopole IZARBEL
64210 Bidart
France
Jean-Pierre Nadeau
Arts et Métiers ParisTech
Esplanade des Arts et Métiers
33405 Talence Cedex
France
Additional material to this book can be downloaded from http:// extras .springer .com .
ISBN : 978-2-8178-0168-1 Springer Paris Berlin Heidelberg New York
© Springer-Verlag France, 2011
Printed in France
Springer-Verlag France is a member of the group

Springer Science + Business Media
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general use.
Cover design: Jean-François Montmarché

Instructions
Research in Interactive Design - Volume 3 presents the last successful de-

velopments in Integrated and Interactive techniques, tools and processes
dedicated to Product Design and Manufacturing. Within the present
book and an interactive CD-ROM, the readers is invited to discover
new techniques interested in product engineering. Research in Interac-
tive Design - Volume 3 is the right argumentations for all researchers
and industrial experts aiming to implement ecient solutions to support
decision making for improving the realization of innovation.
The book includes 10 main chapters coordinated by chapter guest
editors. Through the dierent chapters, the reader is invited to have a
look on the 150 articles written by high experts of product design and
manufacturing. These articles represent 50% of a large set of proposals:
they were selectionated by an international board of referees.
After introducing an important topic of product design and manu-
facturing, the editors will rapidly present each articles. Full articles are
next available in the CD-ROM.
In the book, abstract of articles are referenced and identied accord-
ing to the following presentation:
Title: Article Title
Authors: list of authors
Key Words: main words dening the topic of the article
Here, an outline of the article is provided through a detailed

abstract, wole article being included in the CD-ROM.
Full Text: electronic reference of article within the CD-ROM
Acknowledgement
We wish to start this section by sincerely thanking all the authors for
their high-quality contributions integrated within the present manuscript
Research in Interactive Design - Vol. 3.
Nevertheless, the recognized quality of the proposed discussions is
also due to the presence of an International Scientic Committee com-
posed of prestigious researchers. Each member of this committee is grate-
fully and highlighted for his involvement.
This book was not able to exist without the presence and the high-
quality work of the associated editors: Dr. Philippe Darnis, Dr. Yann
Ledoux, Dr. Nicolas Perry, Dr. Dominique Scaravetti, Dr. Patrick
Sébastian and Dr. Denis Teissandier. All of our congratulations are
addressed.
We benet this short section in order to highlight the great involve-
ment of chapter editors. We thank you Pr. Georges Fadel, Pr. Di
Gironimo and Pr. Lanzotti, Pr. Patalano and Pr. Rivière, Pr. Millet,
Pr. Verlinden and Pr. Kanai, Pr. Rizzi, Pr. Eynard, Pr. Roucoules and
Pr. Yan. who have all participated to the enhancement of this book by
building high-quality special sections focused on in-depth recent studies.
We much congratulate also Pr. Tichkiewitch who accepted to realize
the last chapter of the present book, oering an overview of ecient rela-
tionships between States, academic and industrial areas on the problem
of engineering process improvements.
Contents
1 Interactive Design: Then and Now 1
1.1 Short History of Creation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Knowledge Modelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Interactive Support to Decision Making: a Virtual Way . 3
2 Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical

Engineering 7
2.1 Product Design Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Multidisciplinary Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Conceptual Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.4 Collaborative Product Design and Manufacturing . 13
2.5 Knowledge in Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.6 Advanced Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.7 Inspection and Reverse Engineering Techniques . 26
2.8 Product Lifecycle Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.9 Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
2.10 Tolerancing in Design and Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . 33
2.11 DFA and DFM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.12 Process and Production Management . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.13 Re-Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3 Interactive Product Design 45

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.1.1 Interactive product design through the lifecycle . . 46
3.1.2 Needed requirements for the interactive design . . 48
3.1.3 Feedback of the industrial engineering support
systems and outlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 Interactive Simulation for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
3.3 Interfaces for Interactive Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
x Research in Interactive Design - Vol. 3
3.4 Team and Process Interactive Management . . . . . . . . 57

3.5 Interactive Virtual Representation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
3.6 Virtual and Geometric Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.7 Human Centred Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
3.8 Models for Interactive Design: Techniques and Qualication 68
3.9 Interactive Exploration of Design Spaces . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.10 CAE, CAD and Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.11 Behavioural Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.12 Assistance and Virtual Reality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.13 Robust Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.14 Risk Prevention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
4 Green Engineering, Design and Innovation 85
5 Global Design and Manufacturing 93

5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.1 Prologue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
5.1.2 Current academic and industrial solutions . . . . . 94
5.1.3 Design rationale issue and expected trends . . . . . 94
5.2 Global Design Tools, Methods and Techniques . 95
5.3 Extended and Virtual Factory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
5.4 Information Technology for Global Design and Manufacture100
6 Virtual environments and prototyping for human health

and safety 103
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.2 Human Factors in Virtual Maintenance and Manufacturing 105
6.3 Interactive Robotic Simulation in Cooperation Scenarios . 108
6.4 Virtual Prototyping in Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
7 Product and Interaction Design Environments for the

Future 113
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.2 Advanced Prototyping for Interaction Design . 114
7.3 Virtual and Mixed Reality for Design . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
7.4 Advanced Tools for Early Product Design . . . . . . . . . 118
8 TRIZ and Intellectual Property Management 123

8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
8.2 Developments on Creativity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
Contents xi
9 Methods and Simulation Tools for Assembly Design and

Manufacturing 129
9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
9.2 Developments on Tools for Assembly Design and Manu-
facturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
10 European Qualication and Certication for the Lifelong
Learning 135
10.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
10.2 ECQA and EMIRAcle for Lifelong Learning . . . . . . . . 136
10.2.1 EMIRAcle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
10.2.2 ECQA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
10.2.3 The ECQA Qualication and Certication Schema 138
10.3 Modern Job Roles in Innovative Product Development 139
10.3.1 ECQA Certied Integrated Design Engineer . . . . 139
10.3.2 ECQA Certied Lean Six Sigma Expert . . . . . . 140
10.3.3 ECQA Certied EU Researcher-Entrepreneur . . . 140
10.4 Training and Certication System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
10.4.1 Training Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
10.4.2 Training Material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
10.5 Involvement of AIP-PRIMECA Network . . . . . . . . . . 145
10.6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
1
Interactive Design: Then and
Now
1.1 Short History of Creation

An obvious fact of the present industrial epoch is the advancement of
computing techniques that has strongly contributed to the emergence
of engineering processes becoming more and more ecient, rapid and
high-powerful. Computing Science has allowed ecient virtual tools to
emerge. Nevertheless, today all industrial experts share the idea that
computational tools do not represent a sucient solutions for leading
to innovation. Some strong transfers between Industry and Research
have been developped in order to make around the virtual tools new
techniques that lead to whole and complete solutions really ensuring a
support to decision making in product engineering.
Since the eighties, product design and manufacturing benet new cre-
ation of processes founded on the concept of integration. The integration
consisted in joining dierent engineering cultures by the way of compu-
tational tools. This realization naturally reinforced the collaboration
between experts. The rst realizations of expert interaction demanded
some new developments on the domain of knowledge engineering. Inte-
grated design was bord.
Later, in 2000, Interactive Design was provided with the goal to cen-
tre the design process on Human. Here, Human is an expert, but also
a user. New methods were developped, rst, to support the knowledge
modelling in preliminary design and, secondly, to interactively explore
design spaces: the roots of Interactive Design were created.
2 Research in Interactive Design - Vol. 3
1.2 Knowledge Modelling

In interactive design, the creation of a product is considered to be con-
strained by 3 factors:
1. the experts' knowledge: even if own knowledge leads to secured

solution during design, crossing of dierent knowledge ensures the
creativity. This statement implies that cognitive interaction is re-
quired to well-drive the product engineering,
2. the end users' satisfaction: a product that not allows the realiza-
tion of end-user perception will not be successful. This evidence
impose to handle new tools enabling the consideration of sensorial
interaction during design,
3. the realization of functions: a product is created for assuming spe-

cic behaviours in a physical environment, providing new func-
tions to each element of this environment. This concept requires
to sooner exhaustively identify physical interactions that are real-
ized between physical components of an environment.
The challenge of interactive design is really to supply ecient solutions

for leading product engineering: it is proposed from the analysis of cog-
nitive, sensorial or physical interactions.
Interactive design suggests the modelling of a design problem by re-

garding, identifying and modelling interactions and induced behaviours
withon in an environment hosting the product.
Around the concept of interaction, some systematic methods aid to
the description of environment mechanisms. The description of interac-
tions and component behaviours constitutes the source of the model of
the design problem. These techniques involve the using and integration
of:
creativity methods,
combined Articial Intelligence and numerical techniques,
sensorial approach,
knowledge engineering tools.

Chapter 1 Interactive Design: Then and Now 3
The studies that make interactive design come from the crossing of dif-
ferent expertise and cultures.
From 2004 to nowadays, the developments on interactive design were
focusing on the centering of product engineering on Human. Human is
considered as the source of model, being the best computational tool for
describing in advance an environment and the main mechanisms induced
by the arrival of the product. The model of a design problem is now the
set of component behavioural and interaction models, developped thanks
to high-specialized computational techniques.
1.3 Interactive Support to Decision Making: a

Virtual Way
First, interactive design is a homogeneous mixture of modelling tech-
niques, which may be dedicated to sensorial, physical or know-how as-
pects.
The heterogeneous models are next currently handled in order to
interactively explore solution spaces. From 2006, research activities have
allowed the emergence of 2 approaches that are recognized as the natural
evolution of CAD systems by numerous industries:
1. the multi-sensorial, behavioural simulation of physical environ-
ments, either based on advanced simulation or virtual reality tech-
niques,
2. interactive exploration of solution spaces, being based on the ma-
nipulation of dynamic optimizations and satisfaction methods.
Both solutions enable designers to better integrate Human expectations
in decision making.
Design solutions are then sorted out from the processing of knowledge
combination. And, thereby, the interactive design consists in making
design choices from the possible interactions that could exist between
the product and its environments, necessarily including Human.
For many years, the whole interactive design process was only dedi-
cated to one expert in one geographical location. In 2008, a new prob-
lematic initiated the problem of interactive design process implementa-
tion within extended enterprise or distributed environment. The works
shown that this topic required some strong developments and adapta-
tions of tools. This aspect certainly constitutes the new challenges of
research studies.
Such as it is presented in Research in Interactive Design vol. 3, in-
teractive design is an emerging engineering approach coming from the
crossing of dierent disciplines that are Mechanical and Industrial Engi-
neering, computing and numerical sciences and cognitive studies. Inter-
active Design is now commonly perceived as a new technique applied to
the early phases of the design process to support decision making from
the:
using and adaptation of new virtual techniques for dierently re-
garding the product under studies or exploring design solution
spaces,
integration of the product-end-user in the design process,

implementation of Human-centred design techniques,
realization of a real multi-disciplinary engineering approach,
analysis, modelling and simulation of product behaviour in each
phase of its life: it considers a design based on the product lifecycle
modelling.
Today, Interactive Design has been developed by researchers having ex-
perience in Mechanical Engineering. Even if the concept of Interactive
Design is well-dened, the lack of knowledge in computing science of the
founders justies the locks that limit today ID:
the possibility of handling ID in extended enterprises (Distributed
Environments),
the lack of solutions to virtually display design solution and knowl-

edge spaces, by using Virtual reality devices,
the supplying of ergonomic interfaces allowing design expert to

handle ID without advanced knowledge in Articial Intelligence.
The book Research in Interactive Design vol. 3 aims at introducing
a new approach for the product design and manufacturing based on
the concept interactions. The interaction is modeled, simulated and
stimulated.
The present book proposes to present the new recent solutions on:
Chapter 1 Interactive Design: Then and Now 5
knowledge, behaviour, interaction modelling and processing tech-

niques,
global system analysis,
creation of a software for analysing preliminary design problem,
interactive and integrated Design and manufacturing methods,
integration of virtuality in product engineering,
design and manufacturing support system.
2
Integrated Design and
Manufacturing in Mechanical
Engineering
2.1 Product Design Process

Contribution 1
Title: A Novel Search Algorithm for Interactive
Automated Conceptual Design Generator.
Authors: Rahul Rai, Pranay Killaru.
Key Words: graph grammars, interactive design evaluation,
stochastic search, generative methods.
Automated concept generation is non-trivial task. The complexity of
this problem is mainly due to lack of formal representation frameworks
that lend themselves easily to a computational approach. Generative
grammar has emerged as a potential solution to this problem and
presents a number of dierent possibilities for conceptual design au-
tomation. A novel search method is presented: it has been developed
specically for search trees dened by a special class of generative
grammar in which rules of the grammar have parameters associated
with them. A novel feature of the proposed search is Human in the
loop approach in which learning about the search space is achieved by
querying the user. The user fatigue restricts the maximum number of
comparisons of candidate solutions (30-50). From the data gathered
from the comparisons, a stochastic decision making process proposed

in this paper quickly converges to a region of design space which best
meet the user s preference. The method is implemented and applied to
a grammar for shampoo bottle concept generation. It is shown through
multiple user-guided and automated experiments that the method has
ability to learn and adopt through human computer interaction process.
Full Article: VC-P73
Contribution 2
Title: A Heuristic Method for Functional Aggregation
within Design Process.
Authors: Adel Amin Ammar, Dominique Scaravetti, Jean-

Pierre Nadeau.
Key Words: design methodology, functional decomposition,

heuristics, aggregation phases, small enterprise.
A design methodology, integrating the simplication of the system
architecture, within the rst phases of design process is presented. This
methodology is based on functional decomposition. Bases of verbs and
complements are used in order to facilitate the expression of functions.
In order to simplify the architecture of the system, the number of
functions can be reduced during two aggregation phases. Aggregation
heuristics are proposed which are based on a design experience. The
overall design process has been developed to be suited to a small
enterprise.
Full Article: IDMME-P18
Contribution 3
Title: Towards Creative Case Based Reasoning.
Authors: Hsu Hung-Yao.
Key Words: case based reasoning (CBR), creativity, creative

case based reasoning (CCBR).
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) solves new problems by re-using
the old solutions in similar contexts. However, repetition of previous
solutions in new situations is not creative and thus becomes an issue
Chapter 2 Integrated Product Engineering 9
to CBR, considering the fact that creativity is required to solve new

problems. The majority of existing CBR applications is still used for
solving routine problems. Consequently, this paper rstly identies the
possible root causes that may restrict the CBR method to be applied
into creative problem-solving tasks. Then, in order to address the CBR
issue in creativity, a concept of Creative Case Based Reasoning (CCBR)
is proposed, which not only re-highlights the importance of creativity in
CBR, but also serves as an initiative for exploring the CBR s potential
in generating creative solutions. Finally, this paper is summarised with
concluding remarks.
2.2 Multidisciplinary Approach
Contribution 1
Title: Qualication of Turbine Architectures in a
Multiphysical Approach: Application to a
Turbo-Engine.
Authors: Laurent Pierre, Daniel Teissandier, Jean-Pierre
Nadeau.
Key Words: geometric variability, tolerancing analysis, ther-
momechanics, performance criteria.
The performance of a turbo-engine derives essentially from the
performance of the turbine, which in turn is closely correlated with
rotor/stator clearance at the blade tips. In this article we propose to
dene criteria for qualifying turbine architectures based on a geometric
model which integrates variability due to the processes of obtaining
parts, the assembly processes and the thermomechanical behaviour of
the turbine. The geometric model proposed here integrates thermome-
chanical strains in 3D dimension-chains formalised by operations on
polytopes (Minkowski sum and intersection).
Contribution 2
Title: System Level Modelling of Autonomous
Microsystem.
Authors: Rafael Radkowski, Matthias Linnemann.
Key Words: Multidisciplinary approach, system-level mod-

elling, energy sources, energy harvesting, au-
tonomous microsystems.
We propose a multidisciplinary approach for embedded autonomous
microsystems design. Such devices are usually performed with batteries
involving the introduction of cables and a limited lifetime. Our aim
is to support the design of autonomous microsystems able to harvest
the available energy in their environment. Microsystem design requires
multidisciplinary skills to get ecient structures that are consistent with
the specications. However, few designers have the expertise in all the
implicated engineering elds. Thereby, we propose a multidisciplinary
approach beginning by a problem analysis through functional analysis
tools. Then, we develop an approach to select the microsystem archi-
tecture regarding the energy harvesting issue. This block decomposition
helps designer to get a system-level modelling of the microsystem.
This global model is then improved with specic simulations and the
multidisciplinary aspect of the design is taken into account by creating
gateways between specialised software programs.
Contribution 3
Title: Mobile Robots Design and Implementation: From
Virtual Simulation to Real Robots.
Authors: Fernando Santos Osorio, Denis Wolf, Kalinka

Castelo Braco.
Key Words: autonomous mobile robots, tele-operated mobile

robots, virtual design, simulation, robot control
system architecture.
An analysis of mobile robot designing is focusing on its computa-

tional components. More specically, we address: design methodology,
system requirements, architectural components, and virtual simulation.
Considering the recent growing in the use of mobile robots for domestic
and industrial applications, it is important to review and to structure the
main concepts related to the design and implementation of these com-
plex systems. In order to meet the requirements of the consumer market,
mobile robots should be adequately designed incorporating aspects such
as: modularity, software reuse, safety and fault tolerance. We propose
a general framework for designing, building and testing mobile robotic
systems using a virtual simulation environment.
2.3 Conceptual Design

Contribution 1
Title: Dynamics of Denition and Evaluation of Value
Creation Strategies and Design Concepts.
Authors: Ndrianarilala Rianantsoa, Bernard Yannou,
Romaric Redon.
Key Words: value creation strategies, value drivers, design con-
cepts, value dimensions, knowledge management.
The preliminary design phase is very important in a new product
development project since it already denes globally the created value
to the stakeholders. The main purposes of this phase consist in dening
the pertinent strategies of value creation and design concepts. It has to
be ensured that these latter create enough value and even higher value
than the existing concurrent products. Our proposal is a method based
on knowledge acquisition management and a model of stakeholders
value dimensions for the exploration of value drivers, the establishment
and evaluation of value creation strategies and design concepts.
Contribution 2
Title: Case Based Design and TRIZ: a Knowledge Based
Design Process.
Authors: Guillermo Cortes Robles, G. Alor Hernández, S.

Negny, U.Juarez Martinez, D. Huerta Harris.
Key Words: case-based design, TRIZ theory, computer aided

innovation, innovation, contradictions.
Solving problem activities create an environment where human
capacities like creativity and knowledge are revealed and mobilized to
reach an objective. The complex interaction deployed in this process
could be partially stored and then reused if a similar situation arrives.
The Case-Based reasoning (CBR), an approach developed in the
cognitive science eld, but broadly used in several technical domains
is focused to this goal: to capture, index and to reuse knowledge
for solving new problems. In this paper is employed a more exible
approach, also derived from the CBR process: the Case-Base Design
which has been conceived to assist design activities. But even if the
Case-Based Design had proved its ecacy and it is a more exible
approach, it needs specic tools or methodologies to eectively solve
problems that have not been solved in the past, which is in fact, one
of the most important drawbacks of the CBR. A theory and its tools
are capable to surmount this limitation: the TRIZ theory or theory of
inventive problem solving. Consequently, in this paper is proposed the
integration of both approaches in a particular context: inventive design.
The proposed integration has been implemented in a solver useful to
confront inventive problems.
Contribution 3
Title: Innovation in Design by Using the Approach of
Knowledge Management.
Authors: Jing XU, Rémy Houssin, Emmanuel Caillaud,

Mickael Gardoni.
Key Words: Innovation, design knowledge, engineering design,

knowledge management.
Under the erce global competition, the low cost and consistent
quality of products can no longer guarantee the success or even the
survival of a company. Indeed integration of innovation into the design
process has become an imperative necessity nowadays. Knowledge
always plays a signicant role in innovation and design, thus knowledge
management (KM) is increasingly considered as a promising enabler for
innovation. The purpose of our study is to explore how to support inno-
vation in design through the approach of KM. An industrial questionary
has been developed and distributed, whose initial results illustrate the
validity and applicability of our approach. Finally, a prototype software
on development is presented and to be applied in our partners.
2.4 Collaborative Product Design and

Manufacturing
Contribution 1
Title: Enabling Collaborative Conceptual Design and
Knowledge Management for Space Systems
Projects.
Authors: Walter Abrahao Dos Santos, Alan Hardwick, B.
F. Leonor, Stephan Stephany.
Key Words: SOA, SysML, systems engineering, information
reuse and integration, collaborative work.
Space systems engineering demand coordinated expertise from
dierent disciplines. Furthermore, satellite systems are growing even
more complex making conceptual design a key driver for cost and
deadline. When poorly performed, various problems may arise. One
solution is to underpin this project phase with a collaborative systems
engineering environment and by adoption of a model-driven engineering
approach (MDE) where models are the main artefact during system
development. This work reports the development and application of a
novel knowledge-based software tool, named SatBudgets, that employs
satellite SysML (Systems Modelling Language) models and web services.

This enables information reuse, collaboration and integration to deal
with interdisciplinary nature of this problem domain in an extended
enterprise environment.
Contribution 2
Title: Benets of a Research Methodology from Organ-
isational Sciences for Analysing Design Interac-
tions.
Authors: Guy Prudhomme, Kristine Lund, Jean Laurent

Cassier.
Key Words: cooperative design, design interactions, research

methodology, epistemological posture.
As manufactured products and industrial organisation become more
complex, design implies more and more experts having to cooperate.
Our research focuses on understanding and supporting activities and
interactions during synchronous cooperative design phases, such as
design reviews. This paper concerns a research methodology from the
organisational sciences used to render dierent types of knowledge
explicit in regards to such cooperative design processes. We rst present
this research methodology. Then, while bearing in mind that design is
part of the sciences of the articial but also a social activity, we explore
from this methodological perspective a corpus of design interactions we
collected at the Volvo Truck company. We reect upon the research
activities we led while gathering and analyzing this corpus and we
explore the benets that activating this methodology in a design context
could gain for us. Conditions for success of this activation are discussed.
Contribution 3
Title: Using Consensus Evaluation in Collaborative and
Distributed Engineering Design.
Authors: Egon Ostrosi, Ya Min Li, Michel Ferney.

Key Words: engineering design, collaborative and distributed

design, consensus identication, fuzzy modelling,
multiple engineering criteria.
An approach for the consensus modelling and using during engi-
neering design is proposed. A fuzzy set based formal model is proposed
to represent the consensus. Denition of a design cluster as a fuzzy
evaluation relationship between a group of functional requirements and
group of conjecture regions allows introducing the concept of consensus
as a problem of dierent perspectives clusters overlapping. The concept
of consensus is used to evaluate a solution in terms of consensus to assist
the collaborative designing of a part or the whole solution according
to consensual criteria and to capitalize and share the know-how of the
dierent actors. The data and results from design experiences have
supported the assumption that the collaborative and distributed design
in design engineering is a process of consensual information searching.
Contribution 4
Title: Transfer of Project Specications Applied to Use
of Performance Indicators.
Authors: Manuel Goncalves, Denis Teissandier, Philippe
Girard.
Key Words: specication transfer, performance indicator,
project specications.
The deployment of design project specications of the Product
Process Organisation (PPO) is realized in a collaborative context.
Transfer mechanisms for project specications are characterised to
ensure their traceability. This enables us to establish the robustness of
levers associated with performance indicators for the project in progress
in relation to stated objectives. An example scenario describing the
design of a high pressure turbine illustrates the use of project specica-
tions. The originality of this work is that when project specications are
considered, product, process or organisation dimensions are integrated
into the procedure.
2.5 Knowledge in Engineering

Contribution 1
Title: A Knowledge Based Application to Enhance Fired
Heater Design.
Authors: Caterina Rizzi, Giorgio Colombo.
Key Words: design automation, knowledge-based engineering,

product conguration, re heater, product and
process knowledge.
Meaningful issues related to the development of a Knowledge Based
(KB) application to automatically congure red heater for a chemical
plant is presented. It concerns a typical example of product technical
conguration. The paper discusses dierences between commercial and
technical conguration and motivates potentialities of KBE approach
in the domain of chemical plant design. In the developed application,
the automation of the conguration process is based on two dierent
models: the rst one for the plant components, while the second for the
design process. This choice has been done because the design of a red
heater, such as many other products, requires the execution of specic
design tasks and in parallel the denition of the product architecture.
In detail, the product architecture is represented by a tree structure
while the conguration process by a list of activities with possible
iterations. The paper describes the product and process formalization
as well as the most relevant aspects of the implementation activity. The
KB application demonstrates how the use of simple data structures can
help to solve complex technical problems.
Contribution 2
Title: A Decision Support System Designed for Knowl-
edge Integration into Personalized Maintenance
Document.
Authors: Ying HUANG, Mickaël Gardoni, Amadou

Coulibaly.
Key Words: personalized maintenance document, knowledge

modelling, decision making, utilization conditions,
customer based design.
Product manuals play an important role in improving customer
satisfaction. Many kinds of product manuals are developed to support
the product utilization during the life of the product. Some of them
intend to be only a functional equivalent and a replacement of the
paper-based manual. Utilization Conditions of the product are often
omitted or just considered as add-on appendices focused on some
specic aspects. Some of them tend to shrink to an information search
tool while the previous experience and knowledge are not taken into
consideration. One way to overcome the above problem is to develop a
system in form of Personalized Maintenance Document (PMD) which is
able to support both on information instruction side and on maintenance
strategy side in order to guide the maintenance implementation process
more eectively. Previous experience and knowledge are collected and
employed to predict the failure rate of sub-systems by taking into
account the typical Utilization Conditions of each product instance. In
this paper, a decision support system is designed to, rstly, acquire
and extract knowledge from the state of the product depending on its
utilization, secondly, to reason and reuse this knowledge. Finally, failure
rate ranking is predicted which aims to provide the display strategy to
PMD.
Contribution 3
Title: The Integration of Knowledge and Feature-Based
Modelling for Wood Furniture Design and Manu-
facturing.
Authors: Chaiwat Numthong.
Key Words: knowledge and feature based modelling, case-
based reasoning, wood furniture design and man-
ufacturing.
Computer aided design and process planning are a critical tool
for productivity improvement and increased potential of competition.
It causes to meet the eciently not only consistent quality but also
time and production reduction. Design and manufacturing process
planning require the experience and skill people. Furniture design

and process planning are also needed experiences and one of the
shortage areas. If the furniture design and manufacturing process do
not plan properly, it makes high cost and long production lead time.
Presently, knowledge-based method has been established to be a good
tool for collecting experiences in a computer system. Knowledge-base
consists of engineering knowledge capturing from text documented
and experienced data from factory experts. Such knowledge can be
successful or failure knowledge which is already approved to match
with each company constraints. This paper presents the knowledge and
feature based modelling with case based reasoning for furniture design
and manufacturing. The results of the system are wood furniture design
and manufacturing. The system has been successfully tested with the
sample case study. It is found that the system can reduce design and
manufacturing process planning time of wood furniture.
Contribution 4
Title: When should design changes be allowed to accu-
mulate?
Authors: David C. Wynn.
Key Words: change packaging, process simulation.

Engineering changes are ubiquitous in development projects.
Changes are unpredictable in terms of when they occur, but also to
their nature where they occur and how they propagate through linkages
between subsystems and design activities. In practice, changes which
arise unexpectedly during a project are often put aside and allowed to
accumulate. Accumulating changes and then executing them together
can reduce overheads such as setup time before and testing after
performing the rework; however, it can also create additional work as,
while changes wait to be processed, tasks are done which will later
have to be revisited when the changes are eventually processed. This
paper discusses some of the issues involved in deciding how to process
changes and introduces a simulation model which can be used to identify
the most appropriate processing approach for a given project. The
simulation model is applied to a case study of an electronic product,
and general implications are highlighted from the results.
2.6 Advanced Manufacturing

Contribution 1
Title: Productivity Improvement for Preformed Part
Machining with PKM.
Authors: Sylvain Pateloup, Hélène Chanal, Emmanuel Duc.
Key Words: Parallel Kinematic Machine tool, kinematic be-
haviour, anisotropic behaviour, productivity im-
provement, non cutting tool path.
In the automotive or aeronautical industries, few Parallel Kinemat-
ics Machine tools (PKM) are used in High-Speed Machining (HSM).
However, the dynamics of these structures could be relevant for HSM
since their acceleration potential is much higher than Serial Kinematics
Machine tools (SKM). Furthermore, this kinematic behaviour depends
on the tool pose. Thus, this article proposes a method to increase the
productivity of performed part machining with PKM by decreasing
the non cutting time. This method is achieved in three steps based
on a modelling of the kinematic behaviour of a given PKM. The rst
one denes the part pose with regard to the kinematic behaviour. The
second one determines the planning of the machining operation. The
third one ensures to compute faster tool paths between cuttings. This
method is applied on the Tripteor X7 machine tool developed by PCI
for drilling a preformed part.
Contribution 2
Title: Thermal aspects on Robot Machining Accuracy.
Authors: Mehdi Cherif, Jean-Yves Knevez, Alex Ballu.
Key Words: robot accuracy, thermal deexion, TCP accuracy.
For years, industrial robots are widely used in the automotive
industry for various operations handling, welding, painting etc.). For
composite application in the aerospace industry, robots are now used for
emerging high precision operation (trimming, drilling, polishing, etc).
For those applications, the Tool Center Point (TCP) must be measured
with a good accuracy in order to allow o line programming. During

a high speed moving cycle, the heat generated by the motor and the
reduction gears leads to thermal deformation that induces an important
decrease of the overall TCP positioning accuracy. This paper points
out the inuence of the thermal deformation of the dierent axis on the
TCP positioning accuracy for the KUKA Kr240 Robot during a heating
cycle. By using the small displacement theory and an experimental
setup, the TCP thermal drift (position and orientation) are indentied.
Contribution 3
Title: Identication of Machining Defects by Small Dis-
placement Torsor and Form Parameterization
Method.
Authors: A. Sergent, H. Bui-Minh, H. Favreliere, D. Duret,

S. Samper, F. Villeneuve.
Key Words: machining defect, Small Displacement Torsor

(SDT), form parameterization method, associated
plane, tool path.
In the context of product quality, the methods that can be used to

estimate machining defects and predict causes of these defects are one
of the important factors in manufacturing process. The two approaches
that are presented in this article will be used to determine the machining
defects. The rst approach uses the concept of Small Displacement Tor-
sor (SDT) to determine displacement dispersions (translations and rota-
tions) of machined surfaces. The second one uses a geometrical model
based on the modal shapes' properties, namely form parameterization
method. In this model, the form errors of surfaces (i.e. twist, comber,
undulation) are considered. A case study with a simple machined part
will be used to analyze their defects.
Contribution 4
Title: Dynamic Analysis of the Tripteor X7: Model and
Experiments.
Authors: Thomas Bonnemains, Hélène Chanal, Pascal Ray.
Key Words: PKM, Tripteor, modal analysis, dynamic, machine
tool.
The development of the dynamic analysis of a Parallel Kinematic
Machine tool (PKM), the Tripteor X7 is presented. Parallel manipula-
tors present, most of the time, important variations of their mechanical
characteristics (stiness, natural frequency, etc.) in function of the
position of their end-eector. This particularity leads to new issues
in the preparation of a machining operation. The part positioning for
instance is becoming more and more important in order to guaranty
the quality of the nal product. A compliant multibody dynamic model
is then proposed in order to simulate the dynamic behaviour of the
Tripteor and validated through experiments: a suitable operation and
experimental modal analysis.
Contribution 5
Title: Finishing Process of Mold in Composites Material
with an Abrasive Diamond Tool.
Authors: Grégory Chardon, Hélène Chanal, Emmanuel
Duc.
Key Words: nishing process, abrasive diamond tool, mold,
composites material, grinding.
Composites materials made of polymer resin and brous reinforce-
ments are increasingly used for aeronautical structures parts. One of
the primary processes for production of composites parts is the process
LCM (Liquid Composite Molding). This process is based on the resin
injection in a mold usually metallic. Today, works are undertaken to
produce these molds in Hextool, a carbon ber-reinforced thermosetting
plastic. Molds, realized by draping prepregs, must be nished by
free-form machining to reply to the dimensional and surface quality

requirements. In particular, roughness requirements are highs, an
arithmetic roughness of 0.8μm is expected. For now, this quality is not
reached just by milling and a manual operation of polishing is required.
The aim of this work is to show the capacity of an abrasive diamond
tool to machine a mold complying with surface quality requirements.
In this way, dierent tests are conduced on NC machine followed by
roughness measurements.
Contribution 6
Title: Grinding of Glass: Optimization of Process Pa-
rameters to Improve Surface Roughness.
Authors: Marc Brissot, Antoine Brient, Jean-Christophe

Sangleboeuf, Tanguy Rouxel.
Key Words: grinding, glass, design of experiments, response

surface methodology, roughness.
The use of brittle material in technology elds such as civil en-
gineering, transports or optics raises the question of how machining
could be optimized with regards to the workpieces lifespan. Indeed,
machining of brittle materials is a complex process where scratches and
cracks could propagate leading to the workpieces fracture. Machined
glass workpieces are mainly obtained by rough grinding followed by an
extensive polishing phase to smoothen the surface and eliminate the
visible damages. This process could be optimized if roughly ground
surfaces match lifespan criteria, i.e. reduced scratches amount and size.
This paper deals with the optimization of grinding parameters with
regards to the surface nish in order to maximize the lifespan of a glass
workpiece. The authors tackle the surface characterization by discussing
the relevancy of roughness parameters for the measurement of scratches
and cracks. Use of the parameters extracted from the Abbott-Firestone
curve is proposed. Then an optimization of cutting conditions, i.e. wheel
speed, feed rate and depth of cut as well as manufacturing strategy,
based on a design of experiments using response surface methodology
has been performed. Results leading to minimizing the depth and
amount of valleys of the machined glass surface are proposed.
Full Article: VC-P5
Contribution 7
Title: Machining Advanced Simulation: Distortion Pre-
diction of Prestressed Machined Parts in NC-
SIMUL environment.
Authors: Habib Karaouni.
Key Words: CAD/CAM, Machining simulation, Residual
stresses, FEA, Reverse engineering.
We discuss machining simulation of high added-value revolution
parts which may deviate from the nominal shape because of residual
stresses relaxation initially induced by primary manufacturing processes.
Always today, NC machine-tools simulation software, such as NCSIMUL
from SPRING Technologies, is able to simulate the whole numerical
command in the virtual machine environment. Nevertheless, it is not
possible to take into account part distortions during machining, since
it is assumed rigid. Finite element analysis can be used to study this
problem. This solution is not without diculty since it is necessary
to match continually the workpiece mesh along the cutting interfaces.
Also, the continuum s issue of the numerical chain remains a big
problem since a gap still exists between the world of NC machining
simulation and that of the physical behaviour one. This paper describes
an integrated industrial-driven approach for predicting distortions in
pre-stressed machined parts.
Contribution 8
Title: Robotic Cell: Application to Meat Cutting.
Authors: Grégory Guire, Grigore Gogu.
Key Words: robotization, boning, process constraints, boning,
meat cutting, cut.
Nowadays, companies in the abattoir and meat-cutting sector are
encountering increasing diculties in meeting their labor requirements.
Therefore, the mechanization of these professions has become essential.
The rst part of this article involves on in-depth study of operators
expertise, so as to translate their actions into automatable operative

tasks and to identify the constraints of robotization. We detail more
particularly a cutting strategy using a bone as a guide which shows
the complexity of the process. The analysis of the cutting and task
constraint parameters involves the use of a kinematically redundant
robotized cell with force control. Then the cell model is developed, and
experimentation is performed. This study was carried out within the
framework of the SRDViand project in cooperation with meat industry
partners.
Contribution 9
Title: Development of a Strain-Gradient Plasticity Be-
haviour Law for Use in Machining Processes.
Authors: Raphaël Royer, Philippe Darnis, Raynald La-

heurte, Alain Gérard, Olivier Cahuc.
Key Words: Strain gradient, plasticity, nite elements, machin-

ing, thermodynamics.
A mean to better understand the complex phenomena involved
in the cutting process is to better qualify the behaviour law used in
the simulation of machining processes (analytical and nite element
modeling). The aim of this paper is to present the choices made
regarding the behaviour law. Our study is based on a strain-gradient
plasticity theory with at rst a brief state-of-the-art review. We then
concentrated our eorts on the strength and limitations of such theories
in the context of machining.Gurtin 's work on strain gradient plasticity
shows the most promising insight toward our work. We nally present
what our initiatives, regarding this existing work, will be in order to
present a road-map for our future work.
Contribution 10
Title: Verication for Visco-Plastic Behaviour: First Re-
sults for Local Quantities of Interest.
Authors: Benoit Blaysat, Eric Florentin Pierre Ladeveze.

Key Words: verication, error, quantities of interest, upper

bound, plasticity.
The rst tests for estimating error on outputs of interest for nite
element problem with plasticity are herewith detailed. The objective is
to get sharp strict bounds. The method is applied to a simple example.
The rst numerical tests are presented. This is the rst application of
this method to plasticity.
Contribution 11
Title: Milling Experimental Model: Adding the Compo-
nent of Moment.
Authors: Gaëtan Albert, Philippe Darnis, Jean-Yves
K Nevez, Raynald Laheurte, Olivier Cahuc.
Key Words: Milling, energy balance, cutting moment, cutting
model, chip section.
To optimize the cutting conditions during the milling process,
the control of cutting energy parameters is essential. Our previous
works have shown the existence of the six components of the cutting
mechanical actions. Thus, the inuence of geometric and kinematic
parameters on the six components must be quantied. Based on the
experimental approach explained in our last works, this study proposed
an energetic criterion characterizing the cutting moment in orthogonal
cutting conditions. Then, the energy balance taking into account the
cutting moment highlights the utility of this criterion. Therefore, the
cutting moment model proposed allows an accurately evaluation of the
energy balance and the mechanical actions (forces and moments) to
which the workpiece is subjected. Thus, the cutting parameters can be
chosen in order to optimize the cutting power consumption.
Contribution 12
Title: Simulation of the Material Removal Rate and Tool
Wear to Improve 5-Axis Automatic Polishing Op-
erations.
Authors: Christophe Tournier, Anthony Guiot, Luc

Mathieu.
Key Words: polishing, material removal rate, tool wear, nu-

merical simulation, form deviation.
In plastic injection mould and prosthesis industries, mirror-eect
polished surfaces are required for obtaining transparent parts or surfaces
without scratches. Traditionally done manually, we have proposed
to automate polishing on 5-axis machining centre. One of the main
advantages of automatic polishing is the repeatability of the machine
movements in order to achieve conned form deviations. However, the
material removal rate (MRR) during polishing depends on parameters
such as contact pressure, velocity, tool path and tool wear. We have
thus developed a virtual tool to model the eective MRR and choose
the correct polishing parameters before any machining regarding the
specied form deviation. After a brief review of MRR modelling in the
literature, we present our approach to polish surfaces on 5-axis milling
centres as well as the simulation tool we have developed to predict the
material removal rate. Our process has been tested on a part made of
X38CrMoV5 steel (53 HRC) with several tool grades and tool paths. 3D
surface roughness measurements using a noncontact measuring system
allow us to compare the dierences between our prediction and the
polished surface.
Full Article: VC-P9
2.7 Inspection and Reverse Engineering

Techniques
Contribution 1
Title: Maintainability Assessment at Design Stage Using
Semantic 3D Models in Advanced Cad Systems.
Authors: Amadou Coulibaly, François De Bertrand De

Beuvron, Jean Renaud.
Key Words: 3D modelling, maintainability, extended-dsm, re-
liability, criticality.
In mass production industries, the manufacturing equipments
downtimes should be strictly avoided; and if failures occur the repa-
ration time should be as short as possible to prevent from production
losses that may aect dramatically the delivery delay. So, a high
level of reliability and an easy maintainability are required for those
machines tools used for high speed production. Many research works
have been carried out about reliability estimation using simulation tools
but there is lack of ecient approaches for maintainability assessment
and improvement at design stage. This paper proposes a framework for
maintainability analysis within advanced CAD systems. The approach
proceeds by four steps: the product decomposition, the digital mock-up
semantic enrichment, the extended Design Structure Matrix building
and the maintainability indicator calculation. In this procedure we con-
sider the product nomenclature including not only its main components
but also assembly artefacts. An application is presented to illustrate
the approach.
Contribution 2
Title: Using Lattice Data to Compute Surface Integral
Properties of Digitized Objects.
Authors: Duane Storti.
Key Words: surface area, voxel, 3D imaging, level set.
A method for computing surface integral properties of digitized
objects is presented. In contrast to methods which operate solely on
voxel sets, the method presented leverages knowledge of function values
sampled on a lattice. Only samples in a tubular neighbourhood of the
surface contribute, and function values at neighbouring vertices provide
estimates of surface normal vectors and the eective size of surface
elements. The function values can correspond to sampled values of
an implicit function representation (f-rep) or, in the case of imaging
data, to the signed distance values produced as a by-product of level

set segmentation methods. The method arises from a multi-resolution
approximation of the underlying continuously dened function provided
by interpolation of the sampled data using Daubechies wavelets whose
properties ensure that the result converges correctly as the sampling is
rened. Sample results are provided for both the sampled function case
and the segmented imaging case.
Contribution 3
Title: Model-Based Design of Exploitation Guidelines.
Authors: Raphael Chenouard, Catherine Da Cunha, Florent

Laroche, Alain Bernard.
Key Words: modelling, control, key performance indicators,

performance drivers.
Piloting a system aims at reaching the expected performances. This
can be achieved by applying an exploitation guideline that consists of
the appropriate performance drivers. The argumentation stresses the
potential of reverted models for the exploitation of complex systems.
The diculty of this approach mainly results from the existence of
several multidisciplinay models that have to be jointly considered.
Contribution 4
Title: A knowledge-Based Reverse Engineering Process
for CAD Models Management.
Authors: Nadege Troussier, Matthieu Bricogne, Alexandre

Durupt, Farouk Belkadi, Guillaume Ducellier.
Key Words: engineering design, reverse engineering, reverse en-

gineering process, CAD, PDM.
The paper presents a knowledge-based reverse engineering approach
to identify several parametric CAD models from point clouds and
manage the relationships between the CAD models. This knowledge
intensive process enables designer interaction to capture design intents
and to integrate digital data from previous product in a new product

lifecycle. The obtained parametric CAD models are easy to change and
to make evolve to design a new product using physical product data in
a PLM approach. The paper presents the proposed knowledge-based
reverse engineering process that implies to manage several CAD models
generated from the same reverse engineering process. The data model
used to link parametric features to point clouds, and to associate
features to generate several CAD models that can be managed in a
PDM system is presented. These CAD models can represent at least the
physical product and the new one to be designed. It can also represent
several views or product alternatives in the new design process.
2.8 Product Lifecycle Management

Contribution 1
Title: An Information System to Support the Recycling
Process of Manufactured Products.
Authors: Khalifa Gaye, Mickaël Gardoni, Amadou
Coulibaly.
Key Words: recycling, product modelling, process modelling,
organizational model, information system.
The problematic of structuring information in the recycling process
of manufactured products is a current issue. To this purpose we take
into account the deciency identied in this area, and propose an
approach to improve the information system. Recycling is a concept
already old, but is increasingly popular, especially with the increasing
regulation pressure for the treatment of products at the end of life.
Firms are forced to be engaged in an environmental approach. For the
treatment of the product at end-of-life, there are information systems
that operate more specically on two aspects: either to give information
on the environmental impact of the product that has reached the end
of its life, or to provide information to recyclers on that product. Our
contribution is focused on the recycling process and is aimed to put
in place an information system that allows better management of the
recycling process.
Contribution 2
Title: The CEP Approach: a New Continuous Collabo-
rative Engineering Platform.
Authors: Amelie Schyn.
Key Words: continuous engineering, collaborative work, model

based design, process unication, tool chain.
The concept of the Continuous Collaborative Co-engineering Plat-
form allows a continuous and collaborative engineering process, based
on a shared data model, in which the role and responsibility of each
actor if dened. This concept is supported by the Sphinx project which
is a technology that eases the development of model-driven engineering
tools and brings interoperability between such tools.
Contribution 3
Title: Designers Needs Analysis for Assisting the Selec-
tion of Design Methods.
Authors: Nathalie Lahonde, Jean-François Omhover,

Améziane Aoussat.
Key Words: design methods, optimization, design process, se-

lection, need analysis.
Design methods play an important role in the optimization of prod-
uct design process. They allow designers to structure and rationalize
their activities, they help them to reduce development time, minimize
errors and improve quality of products. Nevertheless, many studies
report their lack of use in practice. This is not a new phenomenon and
yet, no appropriate answer has been proposed to overcome this problem.
There seems to be a consensus in the scientic community that a system
which supports designers in the selection of design methods should
answer the needs. In this paper, we propose an original approach to
understand precisely their expectations. Thus, 22 interviews with full
time designers have been carried out. A new guide for assisting designers
in their choice of appropriate design methods will be developed based

on the results of the application of this qualitative method.
Contribution 4
Title: Visual Structure for Preliminary Design of Physi-
cal Production System.
Authors: Abdellatif Dkhil, Marc Barth, David Damand.
Key Words: design, production system, routing, graph.
The data related to product routings play a major role in the design
project of a physical production system. The analysis of these data
allows us to identify and extract some specic characteristic of physical
ows between workstations. The Flow graph drawings are essential to
presenting these characteristic to the design project managers. The size
and variety of the data to analyze, the number of properties of analysis
to apply, and the number of production ow graphs to be built make
the manual graph drawing and the data analysis a tedious task. The
main objectives of the study consists in improvinge the quality, reducing
the processing time, decreasing the cost of the manual graph drawing
and the data analysis by leading the ow graph elaboration.
2.9 Creativity
Contribution 1
Title: Identifying Key Parameters in Creative Design.
Authors: Yuemin Hou.
Key Words: creative design, key parameter, order parameter,
control parameter, analytical method.
Key parameters determining the structural development of artifacts
in creative design have to be identied. A six-stages design framework is
used to model the representation and transformation of design concept
so that the key parameters in design can be identied. Order parameters
and control parameters in synergetics are borrowed to describe the

key parameters and their eects on design. Design cases are analyzed
to illustrate the eects. The paper provides an analytical method to
identify what parameters control the formation of systems or structures
in design.
Contribution 2
Title: Distribution of Animation Roles in a Technical
Creativity Meeting.
Authors: Denis Choulier.
Key Words: collaborative design, modelling activities, concep-

tual design, creativity, animation roles.
Animation of technical creativity sessions is highly reexive in a
meaning similar to that of Schon. It is presented as a mean to ght
common pitfalls currently observed in creativity design sessions. We
propose six roles for the animation of such meetings. In an experience,
these roles are allotted to dierent design actors as a small part of the
work they have to do. The results show that at least 3 out of these roles
give the one who hold them the possibility to observe and understand
part of the situation he is living, and probably to guide his action.
Another is also justied. And two roles have certainly to be redened.
Such roles denitions allow the sensitisation to animation and oer
possibilities for managing meetings.
Contribution 3
Title: Reections on Creative and Collaborative Team-
work in Charrettes, 24 Hours of Innovation.
Authors: Luz Maria Jimenez, Mickael Gardoni.
Key Words: quick projects development, charrettes, creative

work, collaboration in design, innovation.
Three discussion topics regarding creative teamwork in charrettes of
technological projects are detailed: a) team building and their required
production time, b) an analysis of the issues presented and the teams

response, as well as, c) the use of time in work sessions.
Contribution 4
Title: Project Tatin: Creativity and Collaboration Dur-
ing a Preliminary Product Design Session Using
an Interactive Tabletop Surface.
Authors: Atman Kendira.
Key Words: collaborative design, multi-touch and multi-user
surface, creativity, user testing, groupware.
Project TATIN was conceived with the goal of increasing the
eectiveness of preliminary design sessions. This goal necessitated
the construction of an extra-large interactive table, which would be
multi-touch and multi-user. We develop BrainTouch, an application for
the table to be used by design teams to help facilitate the process of
brainstorming Post-it note session, which is a popular preliminary design
among group team. We conducted a lengthy experiment to not only test
the usability of the interactive tabletop but to understand collaborative
behavior and creativity in preliminary design group session. This article
presents the earliest results from the experiments.
2.10 Tolerancing in Design and Manufacturing

Contribution 1
Title: Experimental Evaluation of Convex Dierence
Surface for Planar Joint Study.
Authors: Alex Ballu, Antoine Jay, Philippe Darnis.
Key Words: Gap hull, dierence surface, joint behaviour, form
defect, tolerancing.
In tolerancing, numerous works deal with the theory of tolerance
analysis and synthesis of mechanism, other ones deal with verication
of isolated part, but none about metrology of mechanism. Now,

metrology of mechanism is important for validation of theoretical
model of joint. At rst, a measuring system is presented; it allows to
determine experimentally joint behaviour. The device is based on a
set of displacement sensors, located outside the pair, to capture every
spatial displacement. From the measures, the three rotation and three
translations of displacement are computed. The particularity of the
system is to permit the visualization of the gap hull of the joint. More,
the distribution of the local form defects of the surfaces in contact
inside the joint may be determined. In parallel, the surfaces in contact
are measured with a texture surface measurement instrument and the
dierent results are compared.
Contribution 2
Title: Capability of a Measuring Machine : Case of an
Optical Measuring Machine Without Contact.
Authors: Valery Wol, Arnaud Lefebvre, Dimitri Pachel,

Jasper Thijs.
Key Words: no-contact measuring system, metrology, toleranc-

ing and dimensioning of a product, industrial vi-
sion, design of experiment.
A method for acquiring geometric elements by using a dimensional
no-contact measuring machine with an optical sensor (TESA Visio 300)
is presented. Using the measurement of a circle, we would be able to
give some help to an operator by giving him the best combination of
parameters to realize a measure. The design of experiment is based
on a variation of the Z position of the measured circle, the choice of
a lighting system, the best zoom to use and the number of points to
measure. The aim is to reduce the variations on the diameter obtained
by the measure and also the variation we can obtain for the position
of the center of the measured element. The results have been obtained
from several design of experiment. We took Taguchi L9 tables, and each
combination of parameters was repeated ve times to permit statistical
evaluation. Taking into account the best combination of parameters
before a measuring operation will allow limiting the dispersions, and
will signicantly improve the quality of the geometric model.
Contribution 3
Title: Discrete Geometry for Product Specication and
Verication.
Authors: MinZhang, Nabil Anwer, Luc Mathieu.
Key Words: geospelling, discrete geometry, geometrical prod-
uct specication, skin model.
GeoSpelling is a geometrical product specication model used to
describe parts and assemblies geometrical variations considering the
whole product life cycle. Discrete geometry is a branch of geometry
that study discrete geometric objects. In this paper, discrete geometry
theory is used to enhance digital processing capability of GeoSpelling.
Fundamental concepts of GeoSpelling are then mapped to discrete
geometry objects and digital processing techniques (aka. computational
geometry). The skin model approach as the foundation of GeoSpelling is
simulated using constrained multivariate normal distribution. A study
case of a toleranced plane is discussed.
Contribution 4
Title: A New Method for Product and Process Toleranc-
ing for Industrial Processes not Daily Adjustable
in Mass Production. Improvement Proposal to
W.A. TAYLOR Process Tolerancing Method.
Authors: Jean-Marc Judic.
Key Words: statistical tolerancing, product and process engi-
neering, statistical process control quality, capa-
bilities.
Numerous authors have demonstrated that usual tolerancing meth-
ods, as WorstCase or common root some square statistical one, are
not appropriate to mass production, and unfortunately are not robust.
WorstCase tolerancing impose so short tolerances on components,
without probabilistic approach, without risk assessment, increasing
systematically parts cost and imposing to manufacturers an unsuitable
100percent checking. Reason for its success, statistical tolerancing allows

to enlarge signicantly tolerances, but can be severely dangerous when
hidden assumptions are not perfectly fullled. The most critical item
is components centering, never fully guaranteed with not adjustable
processes as ne blanking, stamping, moulding; and unavoidably
variable along production (wearing, batches variability, maintenance,
etc.). Maurice Pillet has very well illustrated the statistical issue and
proposes the Inertial tolerancing, method fully adapted to industries
using adjustable processes, as cutting, where no reason exists to let go
for long a production o its target. Process tolerancing from Wayne
Taylor, based on the same analysis, has the advantage of being much
better adapted to industrial processes requiring operational margins for
mean centering. The method and proposes a mathematical improvement
for its computation. Then, associated tools and methods to adapt SPC
routines to this new method are proposed.
2.11 DFA and DFM

Contribution 1
Title: An Assembly-Level Design for Additive Manufac-
turing Methodology.
Authors: Hugo Rodrigue, Mickael Rivette.
Key Words: DFAM, rapid prototyping, product design, layered

manufacturing, assembly conception.
Design for Assembly and Design for Manufacturing methodologies
aim at making products easier to fabricate and assemble based upon
the limitations of current processes, however due to the capacities of
Rapid Manufacturing processes these limitations no longer apply and
new possibilities are not taken into account. This paper describes a
design methodology for Rapid Manufacturing through which the user
can consolidate and optimize a product using the capacities of Rapid
Manufacturing processes. The proposed methodology is then applied to
a mechanical assembly.
Contribution 2
Title: Characterization of Beech Wood Pulp towards
Sustainable Rapid Prototyping.
Authors: Julien Gardan, Lionel Roucoules.
Key Words: CAD, mass market product, DFM, DOE, modied

starch, rapid prototyping, wood our.
Wood has several advantages that are transferable to various
derivates allowing the introduction of a sustainable material into the
product lifecycle. Our study is to apply a DFM approach based on
wood our rapid prototyping, while associating the requirements of the
mass market product in the implementation of a customized product.
New communication tools allow consumers to be involved in the design
process. Prototyping processes allow direct manufacturing of products.
Contribution 3
Title: Method to Optimize Conceptual Design for As-
sembly.
Authors: Michele Germani.
Key Words: design for assembly, modularity, functional struc-

ture.
The development of modular products is evermore diuse in modern
production due to the achievable exibility and customisation. Modular
products can maximize the eciency of manufacturing processes if
they are structured in order to be easily congurable during the main
assembly phases. In this context the present work proposes an approach
in order to dene the product modular architecture nalized to improve
assemblability. In particular it optimises the conceptual design for
assembly approach by taking into account the role of ows in the
modular product structure. A case study allows showing the approach
results and highlighting advantages and drawbacks.
Contribution 4
Title: Modular Design for Complex Systems.
Authors: Laurent Tapie, Luc Mathieu, Benoît Dantin,

Nicolas Chevassus.
Key Words: modular design, modular decomposition, modular

assembly, aeronautical modules.
This paper addresses the modularization of complex systems. The
aim of this paper focuses on design methods useful for complex systems
integration in the context of aircraft industry. Aircraft Design introduces
specic criteria to be achieved such as the multi physics systems aspect,
reliability, robustness, standardization, and weight. Besides aircraft
design introduces many constraints to be respected, such as economic
and ecological constraints. The principle of modularization systems
can be approached via two dierent ways: modular decomposition
and modular design. In this paper the basic concepts of modular
design and modular decomposition are presented in order to build a
specic modular design method for aircraft complex systems. The
usual methods found in the literature are more oriented in modular
decomposition than in modular design. Theses methods are mainly
based on decomposition tools and data organization. Methods coupling
DSM tools and Axiomatic Design are relevant to t aeronautics criteria
and objectives.
2.12 Process and Production Management

Contribution 1
Title: Managing Complex Industrial Change trough
Projects.
Authors: Clement Perotti, Stephanie Minel, Benoit Roussel,

Jean Renaud.
Key Words: surface area, voxel, 3D imaging, level set.

A method for computing surface integral properties of digitized

objects is presented. In contrast to methods which operate solely on
voxel sets, the method presented leverages knowledge of function values
sampled on a lattice. Only samples in a tubular neighbourhood of the
surface contribute, and function values at neighbouring vertices provide
estimates of surface normal vectors and the eective size of surface
elements. The function values can correspond to sampled values of
an implicit function representation (f-rep) or, in the case of imaging
data, to the signed distance values produced as a by-product of level
set segmentation methods. The method arises from a multi-resolution
approximation of the underlying continuously dened function provided
by interpolation of the sampled data using Daubechies wavelets whose
properties ensure that the result converges correctly as the sampling is
rened. Sample results are provided for both the sampled function case
and the segmented imaging case.
Contribution 2
Title: Implementation of Agile Manufacturing into Value
Engineering Technique for Industries.
Authors: Ali Mostafaeipour.
Key Words: agile, manufacturing, value engineering, imple-
mentation, creativity.
Agile manufacturing (AM) is a new concept in manufacturing which
tries to improve the competitiveness of rms. It is also believed that agile
manufacturing allows fast cost-eective responses to unpredictable and
ever-changing product demand, and supports quick product launches
for previously unplanned products tailored to satisfy customers. Value
engineering (VE) is a systematic application of recognized techniques
which identies the function of a products or services, establishes a
value for that function and provides the necessary function reliably at
the lowest overall costs. It improves the value of a product, project or
system and optimizes the life cycle cost. In this paper, combination of
VE and AM was discussed in order to lower unnecessary costs, improve
quality, respond quickly and satisfy customers. By implementation of
these two techniques, maximum success would be attained.
Contribution 3
Title: Identication of Technical Factors in the Success
of Cellular Manufacturing Applications by Meta-
Analysis Approach.
Authors: Adan Valles, Jaime Sanchez, Erick Colin, Alfonso

Aldape.
Key Words: cellular manufacturing, meta-analysis, technical

factors, lean manufacturing.
With the entrance of lean manufacturing a lot of industries have
used its tools with the objective of waste reduction; one of those
techniques is Cellular Manufacturing that has become to be one of the
most powerful tools for waste reduction. With growth of the demand of
the Cellular Manufacturing each pioneer, author, researcher, engineer,
etc. has developed his own methodology or the most appropriate
methodology for each case where the application is doing; this causes
many dierent procedures for the application of Cellular Manufacturing.
An exhaustive review of lot of application of manufacturing cells is
presented: the argumentation deals with the purpose to detect the
diverse range of technical factors involved in cellular manufacturing
based on the Meta-Analysis methodology, this approach can generate
a procedure based on the extensive review of applications, the research
results are presented and discussed.
Contribution 4
Title: Product-Driven Process Planning and Evaluation.
Authors: William Derigent.
Key Words: integration of process planning and scheduling,

product-driven manufacturing systems, intelligent
resources.
IPPS (Integrated Process Planning and Scheduling) is detailed.
After a short state of the art, product-driven systems are proposed as a
solution to lacks and weaknesses currently observed with classical IPPS

models. In a last section, a rst implementation of a product-driven
system for IPPS is developed and the rst results are discussed.
2.13 Re-Design
Contribution 1
Title: Indicator for in Use Energy Consumption (IUE):
A Tool Enhancing Design For Energy Eciency of
Products.
Authors: Lucie Domingo, Fabrice Mathieux, Jérémy Bon-
voisin, Daniel Brissaud.
Key Words: ecodesign, energy eciency, design indicator, en-
ergy using product (eup), value engineering.
Environmental impact of non mobile electr(on)ic products is mostly
due to energy consumption in use phase. Along with the growing
concerns on energy supply, it explains the increasing interest on ecient
management of energy during use of electr(on)ic equipment. A new
indicator to follow the in use energy consumption from the earliest
design stage to the beginning of the manufacturing stage is introduced.
Energy in use is characterized by lifetime by power. Lifetime is dened
as sequences of function and power as sequences of stable power
consumptions of sub-assemblies. The use of the indicator is simulated
in the redesign of a set top box.
Contribution 2
Title: Redesigning of Industrial Products by Adaptation
Design.
Authors: Nattawut Janthong, Suthep Butdee, Daniel Bris-
saud.
Key Words: redesign, reuse design, adaptation design, design

methodology, product customization.
The research is investigating how companies should react to
answer customers demand of industrial products in responds to the
continuous changes of the customer s needs, of the innovative technology
development and of the pressure of competitiveness. This paper aims at
presenting the redesigning method developed. It mixes reusing company
knowledge and adapting techniques to congure and design the new
solution. The advantage of redesigning products strategy is that all
the knowledge gained throughout the life cycle of the product can
be convoked to specify the new design problem and help nd reliable
solution.
Contribution 3
Title: Knowledge Capitalization to Bus Body Light
Weight Redesign and Validated by FEM.
Authors: Suthep Butdee.
Key Words: capitalization knowledge, bus body light weight

redesign, fem.
Due to Due to the lack of competitiveness, bus-body structural
design in Thailand does not concern much with either structural
weight or total weight. This results in high fuel and over material
consumption, long process time, and high cost, which lead to lower
eciency and performance. The paper proposes a new methodology
for a bus-body structural redesign with less weight, less material used,
less fuel consumption, and less cost. This research investigates existing
bus structure, creates the CAD model of a bus, and obtains opinions
from experts in a bus company on how to reduce the elements of the
bus structure based on their experience. Analysis by using FEM and
reduce weight by taking out unnecessary elements. Bus-body structural
redesign, the method of calculation and analysis the suitable weight
of Thai bus structure, and suitable material that supports eco-design
and sustainability concepts are presented. This research benets
manufacturing process by reducing cost, fuel consumption, material
usage, and production lead time.
Contribution 4
Title: The Application of an Interaction Based Informa-
tion Structure to Support Design Reuse.
Authors: Carlos A. Costa.
Key Words: information model, interactions, design reuse,
product range model.
The design activity involves many decisions, which must be
made based on a wide range of information and knowledge. Product
models approaches have been applied to support co-operation across
product development within a CE environment. However, to support
design decisions with quality and more consistently, additional types of
information and knowledge need to be captured within this approach.
This presents an additional information model, named Product Range
Model, to capture design constraints supporting the design decision
making process with quality information. The concept of Interaction
Elements is presented, as well as their relationships with possible design
solutions to support product functional design. An object-oriented
approach has been applied providing a relatively simple structure to
deal with the capture of constraints, as well as allowing the reuse of
these elements for dierent design criteria. The work has been based on
injection mould tool to explore the ideas developed.
3
Interactive Product Design
Chapter Editor:
Xavier Fischer ESTIA (France)
Georges Fadel Clemson University (USA)
Yann Ledoux Bordeaux University (France)
3.1 Introduction
The interactive product design is of major economic and strategic im-
portance in the development of new and innovative industrial products
and processes. Designers have to deal with new constraints coming from
the increasing customer requirements, the new environmental constraints
(fuel consumption, emission of dioxide of carbon. . . ), the constant muta-
tion of the product and the continuous needed of specialist employees to
drive and realize such products and processes. The research in interac-
tive product design is related to a wide range of various thematic of re-
search and engineering activities embracing high realistic multi-sensorial
virtual prototyping. The main objectives are to facilitate, develop and
support industrial innovations. The classical approaches supporting de-
sign and manufacture phases have to mute. This mutation should enable
industrials to develop new techniques to quickly emerge creative ideas,
development of eective low cost solution and the creation of technical
consensus to market, leading immediately benets on the economic re-
quirements. Virtuality should be used as early as possible all along the
lifecycle of the development of product and associated processes. Since
the tools related to the virtuality allow exploring rapidly solution spaces,
to accurate study draft solutions into their future environment through
a high realistic way and to assess the product eciency with their future
product end-users. Interactive product design and manufacturing meth-

ods are implemented in various tools and processes responding to these
expectations covering a wide spectrum of multidisciplinary research.
3.1.1 Interactive product design through the lifecycle

The early design phases, usually called preliminary design, starting from
the research of feasible concepts to embodiment design, correspond to a
series of crucial steps for the product. It is well known that at this earlier
stage, every decision on the product engages the majority of the future
costs of design, production, assembly, maintenance, disassembly. . . The
challenge is to ensure that the design matches the best concepts and
associated technical choices involved. The formalization of the behavior
of the product through numerical or analytical models is a complex phase
because, until this stage of design, the product is only partially dened
(i.e. few elements of the system have been dened and some of data
are imprecise). Thus, a possible way to face with these requirements is
to use the interactive tools and methods. Since the recent research and
technical improvements, interactive design and associated methodologies
propose tools that can assist:
Groups of specialists in their research of creative concept,

Designers to develop products eciently, quickly and accurately
to ensure the required level of performance, by minimizing the
associated risks during the situation of using, to control possible
failures, to warranty the reliability and the robustness, to valid the
maintainability.
During all these phases related to the genesis of the product, the tools
of virtual reality provide solutions. Today, the exponential growth of
simulation tools and the development of advanced calculations and sim-
ulations have greatly contributed to their popularization. These numer-
ical tools are based on huge elds of knowledge, information and data
which are modeled, developed and capitalized for assisting engineering
activities and lead to innovative solutions.
During the phase of detailed design, the software supports are needed
to improve the eciency of the designer, to encourage the exchange
between the dierent actors of the project. For that, an important among
of knowledge, data base is available and has to be structured in the aims
to facilitate their uses.
Chapter 3 Interactive Design 47
Once the product is fully designed, it is necessary to realize a trans-

fer between the numerical models of the product, from cad system for
instance, into the real product. Therefore, the choices of production ma-
chines, the organization of processes (. . . ) are major factors that will
achieve a good product quality that respects customer requirements as-
suring dierent technical aspects like the robustness, the reliability and
the durability. . . For achieving these points, many technical data, busi-
ness rules, technical skills based are all available resources that engineers
have to exploit. The main diculty is generally to formalize such knowl-
edge information into mathematical or numerical tools which could be
directly interpreted for example in the optimization phase of product or
process.
In the framework of the manufacturing and product design, the most
usual support is based on concept of product and process simulations.
The challenging is to model all the dierent phases of the engineering
activities into a virtual representation. This numerical artifact is useful
to valid new innovative solutions and choices, to anticipate engineering
defaults and allow the information supports between specialists, decision-
makers and engineers in a particular context of extended enterprise. To-
day, the exponential increase in performance computing machines, sim-
ulation tools and the development of advanced simulation techniques
have greatly contributed to their popularization. These numerical tools
are based on huge elds of knowledge, information and data which are
modeled, developed and capitalized for assisting engineering activities
and assuring to lead innovative solutions. This conjunction makes the
creation of virtual object possible by considering the virtual object be-
havior (in static or dynamic phase). The development of such tools has
to be based rst, on complex numerical behavioral model by consider-
ing multi-physical and multi-scale models, second, on structured model
of engineering skills resulting from identied, extracted and capitalized
knowledge, and nally, on innovative concept solutions that only can
emerge from the creativity of the group of actors involved in project.
The uses of interactive tools are not restricted to the phase of design
and phase of manufacture. Indeed, since the product is globally designed,
developed and manufactured, virtual reality has useful support to guide
and trains the users or future users. Among the rst virtual reality,
tools in this eld of application include driving simulators object such as
ight or boat simulators which consisted as primarily derive a particular
behavior of the system based on actions performed by the user. The
interaction between the user and the simulator were performed mainly
through a screen and some actuators (i.e. buttons) on a dashboard.
This initial version has been gradually expanded to reect more complex
behavior of the controlled system. It has been observed the emergence of
active controls to stimulate dierent senses of the user during simulation
(noise, sounds, vibrations, accelerations ...). Now, these simulation tools
are spreading in more general contexts such as the sequential simulation
of the assembly phases of product, the training of medical personnel, for
example, at the introduction of biomedical implants in the patient body.
The virtual reality proposes more rich experiment with more realistic
training for instance with total immersive experience by using haptic
interface devices for feeling the motion, shape, resistance and surface
texture of simulated objects.
Such numerical simulations can also improve the phase of maintain-
ability of product by replacing the classical technical books which require
specialists to analyze, understand and act on the defective product. For
the disassembly phases of product, during the end of life of the product,
same simulation can provide a well knowledge base to trace the material
use, the disassembly procedure. . .
Finally, the virtual reality deals with very large topics which have
started from the CAD/CAE software, the development of innovative
techniques for the modeling of product and systems behavior. The gen-
eration of knowledge is a key factor of the virtual reality and it is neces-
sary to integrate and centre the human into the general process of prod-
uct and process development (i.e. research solutions and exploration of
design space, interactive virtual representation. . . ). Currently, one di-
culty is that the initial product media is mainly based on tools for CAD
/ CAE and it is dicult to integrate, in a dynamic and real-time, for
example, strains of adjacent parts of the product during the assembly
phases or real interaction between user and numerical product.
3.1.2 Needed requirements for the interactive design

Evolutionary model of product
To be eective and relevant throughout the life cycle of the product,
the product model must be scalable and adaptable. It must take into
account dierent levels of knowledge:
Understanding physical, economic, environmental,

Business rules related to the formulation of manufacturing con-

straints, assembly, disassembly, recycling (DFX),
Design heuristics,
Models to manage the interaction with humans (cognitive, sensorial
interaction).
These dierent types of models use analytical techniques and formaliza-
tion (fuzzy logic, rough sets, desirability functions...) to reect uncer-
tainties, requirements or rules. These models reect a priori the par-
ticular needs and requirements in terms of performance and robustness.
The common resolution of physical models and empirical rules will con-
verge through the numerical processing to the design problem of robust
solutions both in terms of mechanical behavior and in terms of the ro-
bustness of decisions. The challenge is to produce and use knowledge for
a "new" product, free from any baseline. More the product is innovative,
more the diculties are amplied because they generate new situations
for project managers, designers and potential users. Thus, the tools of
virtual reality and advanced computer simulations of behavior should be
harnessed to ll up the lack of knowledge about this innovative product.
The data can be used and may be derived from knowledge base of pre-
vious design solutions from existing and validated products. Dierent
tools and methods can be used like data mining, pairwise comparison
(...) to create or use data models of empirical rules.
Interactions of product with human and environment
The product is initially design for particular set of functions. During

the situation of using, the product is in interaction with many dierent
elements. First of all, the human is directly in interaction with the
product. The main challenge concerning engineers is that they have to
consider and mix both technical requirements and marketing sights. In
this phase, the product and a human can exchange energy ows. These
energy exchanges lead to generate sensations to the user or represents
action of the user in the product.
To realize and channel this exchange, designers have to develop inno-
vative system interfaces through dierent variety of medias. Designers
have to be concentrated on the aspects of the interface that dene and
present its behavior over time, with a focus on developing the system to
respond to the user's experience and not the other way around. The sys-
tem interface can be realized thought artifacts (whether visual or other

sensory) to lead designers and engineers to better understand the wishes
of the end users of products and to develop more ecient tools and
dashboards to interact with users. The other type of interaction comes
from the environment of the product and corresponds to pure physical
interaction. The physical behavior of components is inevitably due to
solicitations with other elements of its environment. The dierent ener-
getic ows through the components constituting the system and nally
can be exchanged with the environment. These energetic ows can be
completely transmitted, operated or controlled by the component and
exploit it for upholding its own behavior. This modication of behav-
ior has consequence on the other one of the dierent components of the
system. These dierent coupling in the behavior of inner and outer com-
ponent of system has to be modeled and simulated to improve the global
eciency of the product and limit the negative impact of the product on
its environment.
Interactive simulation of product behavior
Traditionally, the simulation codes are used to model one or several phys-
ical phenomena. In general, these simulations are implemented and set
up by experts. After calculation, the simulation produces results that
are stored in les, then these results are analyzed using visualization
tools (post-processing), providing maps of results elds or graphics. Af-
ter analysis, the expert may choose to "re run" the simulation with new
parameters and so on. This approach has the advantage of being simple
to implement and enable easily archiving the results associated to each
simulation. However, it requires a lot of manipulation and if the user
wants to make, for example, sensitivity analysis of a large set of param-
eters, it could become very long and tedious analysis. The interactive
simulation is developed to improve this classical process of numerical sim-
ulation (modeling, computation, analysis). In this approach, the user is
not waiting passively for the results of the simulation but can interact,
in "real time" of the calculation, by modifying certain parameters of the
model and more generally by controlling the calculation ows. This ap-
proach allows greater exibility in the use of simulation tools. This alter-
native approach improves the productivity and the eciency of analysis
by signicantly reducing the time between the changed parameters and
the display of results. This approach can be very useful for rapid detec-
tion of errors, especially in the case of long simulations. Furthermore, by
changing some parameters and visualizing the eects immediately on the

model, the relationship between cause and eect becomes more obvious
and the user can realize such approach as in experimental one. He can
follow its own intuition, explore the model, develop and test hypotheses
quickly. From a technical point of view, the development of such tools is
a real challenge and must rely on multi-physics and multi-scale models.
During this exchange between the simulation tool and the user, it is nec-
essary to develop tools for multi-sensorial virtual prototyping with high
realistic behavior to propose a real interaction between the user and the
simulated model. This immersion in virtual reality, should simplify the
exchange product - human to make tangible the product before its real
existence.
Decision support systems

Many applications of the engineering design are facing to the develop-
ment of decision support systems. It is possible to cite some of the dif-
ferent heterogeneous elds concerned with the development of decision
support systems like mechanical engineering, energy engineering, process
engineering, material engineering, design for manufacturing and more
generally design for X. The decision support systems have to manage
the dierent models and results coming from analysis, physical model-
ing, simulation and knowledge base. It fullls an important eld in many
industrial sectors dealing with decisional problems highly constrained by
complex and coupled physical phenomena. The challenge is to bring
enough information to assist the decision process. Usually, the environ-
ment of the product or the process studied is often only partially dened
and many elements of the problem are still established only vaguely. The
problem is thus essentially posed in a very imprecise way while at the
same time, coupled physical phenomena need to be studied and ana-
lyzed and their interaction is very much aected by this imprecision. It
is essential to search for a compromise between the precision, exactness,
complexity and extent of the area of application of all the knowledge
brought into play in order to resolve a design problem.
The approach to develop here has to tackles this problem by focusing
on the qualication and the adaptation of the model to provide decision
support to assure a possible exploitation. These phases of qualication
and adaptation have to lead to models which are suciently precise,
exact and parsimonious with an area of application suciently large to
be useful with decision support.
3.1.3 Feedback of the industrial engineering support

systems and outlooks
The recent industrial experiences lead to conclude that ideal engineering
support systems would be a tool able to:
reinforce the interrelation within engineers by improving the cre-

ative eciency of the group. The creative activity and the re-
search of innovative solutions always result from the association
of technical knowledge, professional skills and for above all, from
interactions between human,
provide and develop extended simulations where the studied vir-

tual solution is really immersed in its future environment and being
able of pure physical interactions with other elements. It is really
common that the suitable solution appears because engineers have
correctly anticipated the problem of possible noisly physical inter-
actions with other components. This eect has to be reinforced
with the all virtual where simulation of global environments may
really highlight the problem of global organization that can not
being visible on only isolated simulation of components,
allow a human to feel and to act on a virtual product as in the real

life. It consists in guaranteeing the perceptual relations between a
user and its future product through high realistic simulation.
Face to these challenges, commonly with industrial companies, the in-

ternational scientic community develops and sets up models, methods
and tools to better consider these three points. Most of them concern
interactive simulations, the development of interfaces for virtual repre-
sentation, the integration of human consideration into new systems and
products. More particularly, tools and methods are devoted to the design
phase such as interface for improving the design, the representation of
design spaces for instance through architectural representation of feasible
solutions.
3.2 Interactive Simulation for Design

Contribution 1
Title: Real Time Interaction with Deformable Industrial
CAD Model through Haptic Interface in VR.
Authors: Georges Dumont.
Key Words: virtual reality, haptic interface, deformation sim-
ulation, modal analysis, adapted meshing.
Real-time interaction between designer and deformable mock-ups in
VR (Virtual Reality) environment is a natural and promising manner
to evaluate designing feasibility. Our research focuses on deformation
verication of polystyrene moulds through real time haptic interac-
tion. In order to produce high delity physically based simulation,
nite element method (FEM) was introduced, but latency issue is
a problem for real time haptic applications. This paper proposes a
two-stage method extended from linear modal analysis: modal subspace
is pre-computed oine, and real time deformation is obtained by
superposition of the responses of certain modes that are chosen based
on interaction requirement. The rst feature of the method is that,
in pre-computation process, we apply adapted meshing technique that
allows switching between dierent modal subspaces that correspond to
dierent interaction regions. The second feature is that we divide real
time deformation computation into two separate modules by extracting
a sub-matrix from pre-computed modal matrix. We implement single
haptic interaction concerning local manipulation scenario and the results
not only validate the deformation accuracy due to the use of FEM based
model reduction method but also illustrate the good haptic interaction
performance due to oine pre-computation.
Contribution 2
Title: Visualizing The Blast Furnace.
Authors: Bin Wu.
Key Words: virtual reality, blast furnace, cfd , training.
In the iron making industry a blast furnace is used in order to process

iron. The blast furnace consists of many dierent physical components,
complex phenomenon, and dierent reactions. The blast furnace under
normal operating conditions is an inhospitable environment making
direct observations impossible. Geometric and numerical computational
uid dynamics models have been used to explain detailed information
about the furnace, but are usually very dicult to understand in their
basic form. This work presents an introduction to a virtual blast furnace
package that will provide an easy communication medium for even
some of the most complex numerical and geometric data related to the
blast furnace. Also included in this package is a training tool that will
help explain the many facets of the blast furnace to people of many
dierent backgrounds. These tools can be used to enhance blast furnace
understanding and communication.
Contribution 3
Title: Explicit Simulation And High-Performance Com-
puting, Application To A Bolt Tensile Test.
Authors: Louis Adam, Elodie Bonhomme, Alain Daidie,

Bruno Castanie.
Key Words: fasteners, simulation, nite elements, high-

performance computing, experiments.
The European project Maaximus (More Aordable Aircraft Struc-
ture Lifecycle through eXtended, Integrated and Mature nUmerical
Sizing) aims at demonstrating the fast development and right-rst-time
validation of a highly-optimized composite airframe. In this context,
accurate models of fasteners are crucial to ensure correct structure
modeling at a higher level. This is why the behavior of a bolt in tension
is evaluated experimentally and compared to simulation results. Explicit
simulation is studied, with its specicities: resolution algorithm, mass
and time scaling, comparison of energies. A great optimization of the
computation time can be reached by choosing correct parameters. We
also discuss about High-Performance Computing (HPC), and the need
of consistency between model and computation structure. Optimization
of parallel computation is evaluated on a 256-processors computer
cluster. These simulation techniques are then applied to the modeling
of the fastener tensile strength test. Experiments have been led with
various fasteners diameters. We observe correlation between simulation
and experimentation. This correlation is successful both qualitatively
(breakeage behavior depending on nut position on the screw) and
quantitatively (elastic behavior).
Contribution 4
Title: CFD And VR Application In Coal Fired Power
Generation Components.
Authors: Bin Wu.
Key Words: cutaway viewing, geometric models, Boolean op-
eration, model simplication.
Developing the techniques for an easy and intuitive understanding of
complex 3D geometric models is one of the important issues for the 3D
applications in several areas. First, our interactive cutaway viewing sys-
tem is introduced. In the system, an ecient understanding of complex
3D geometric models is realized by showing the cutaway model, which
is the result of the Boolean dierence operation on the given model and
arbitrary cutting volume, using a 3D user interface which consists of
6DOF input devices and a glassless stereoscopic display. The ecient
cutaway model generation method for the interactive cutaway viewing
system is proposed in the following section. The method consists of the
distance thresholding between the cutaway volume and the objects for
reducing the collision and inclusion test, the use of time coherence for
updating the object information eciently, and the model simplication
and adaptive cutaway model generation for reducing several geometric
calculations. The eectiveness of the method is shown thorough the
experimental results using various types of complex geometric models.
3.3 Interfaces for Interactive Design

Contribution 1
Title: A New User Interface For Human-Computer In-
teraction In Virtual Reality Environments.
Authors: Tommaso Ingrassia, Antonio Mancuso.
Key Words: virtual reality, human-computer interaction, bi-

manual interaction, virtual prototyping, tracking
systems.
The development concerns the result of a research activity about the
problems related to the human-computer interaction (both hardware
and software) in virtual reality systems. In particular, a virtual reality
application package, called VIRDE and used for the design review in
immersive environment, has been used as a case study. After a detailed
analysis of the hardware and software systems, and the examination of
the main functional requirements, a new user interface has been devel-
oped. This new interface being composed of two input devices (tracked
by an optical system) permits the two-hands interaction, instead of
the most commonly single-hand interaction. The measurement of the
software usability level, made by evaluation tests with users, shows that
the new interaction system allows the users a more natural and eective
software management compared to the previous solution.
Contribution 2
Title: The MagicPad: A Spatial Augmented Reality
Based User Interface.
Authors: Leith Chan, Henry Y. K. Lau.
Key Words: tangible user interface, spatial augmented reality,

virtual reality, projector.
We describe the novel implementation of a tangible user interface
framework, namely the MagicPad, inspired by the concept of Spatial
Augmented Reality. By using an Infrared pen with any at surface,
such as a piece of paper that receives projected images from a projector,
a user is able to perform a variety of interactive visualization and ma-
nipulation in the 3D space. A number of case studies of implementation
using the MagicPad framework have been presented, which include the
magic lenses like interface inside a CAVE-like system, a physics game
and a virtual book in an art installation.
Contribution 3
Title: A User Study on Visual Eects of High Dynamic
Range Images and Tone Mapping in Augmented
Reality Applications.
Authors: Rafael Radkowski, Matthias Linnemann.
Key Words: augmented reality, image-based lighting, high dy-
namic range, tone mapping, user study.
One objective of Augmented Reality (AR) is a realistic presentation
of virtual objects. Ideally, the user should not be able to distinguish
real from virtual objects. That requires a seamless integration of virtual
objects into the real space. Image-based Lighting (IBL) is a method,
which facilitates the seamless integration of virtual objects. However,
the appearance of virtual objects rendered with IBL does not meet the
expectations of a user. High dynamic range images and tone mapping
show potential to enhance IBL and the appearance, especially the color
and contrast of virtual objects. In this paper we present a user study,
which objective was to nd out whether HDR-images and tone mapping
improve the appearance of virtual objects. Does a user recognize a
visual eect using a state of the art AR application? Therefore, dierent
users compare images of scenes. The study shows that both methods
improve the shading, the color, the reections, and the illumination of
virtual objects.
3.4 Team and Process Interactive Management

Contribution 1
Title: A Framework For Flexible And Autonomous Reli-
ability Tests Of Household Appliances Supported
By Virtual Planning.
Authors: Roberto Raaeli, Andrea Cesetti, Giacomo An-
gione, Luca Lattanzi, Sauro Longhi.
Key Words: reliability test system, autonomous diagnostic

testing, virtual planning and simulation.
The development of a framework for diagnosis and testing in the
production line and reliability laboratories (life test labs) of household
appliances is addressed. The proposed system targets the repetitive
task of gathering numerous measurements on products in order to
guarantee a standardized and repeatable quality control. The proposed
innovation considers the diagnosis and testing station not as a xed
system but as a exible one, based on mobile robot with sensory and
diagnostic skills. The paper describes the proposed system framework
and an implementation dedicated to washing machines inspection. The
developed framework mainly consists of a service oriented software
infrastructure for virtual planning and simulation of inspection tasks,
hardware setup composed of an autonomous platform with sensors and
actuators, a control system dedicated to navigation and perception.
Details on the implementation as well as result in terms of performances
are also presented.
Contribution 2
Title: Escaping Paper Flatland.
Authors: Mark Mobach.
Key Words: facility innovation, organizational spaces, societal

developments, virtual reality, visualization.
Societal developments show that future demands for visualisation
can be expected to grow. In many areas of organised human activities
organisations may turn away from textual and numerical atlands, and
rely on the convenient and multidimensional digital worlds. Virtual
worlds for organisational space are no exception, it has an enormous
potential to help organisations nding the right spaces that t the
human activities they perform. However, a major take-up of virtual
worlds for organisational space, allowing a comparison between present
and future, is yet to come. Perhaps such applications, interweaving
virtual and real worlds in order to design better organisational spaces
are at its beginning stages. One thing is clear: sophisticated applications
may have remained absent until today, but it will come to us. Digital
worlds start to normalise and the design of organisational spaces can

benet from that development.
Contribution 3
Title: A New Approach For Specifying And Solving Lay-
out Problems.
Authors: Julien Benabes, Fouad Bennis, Yannick Ravaut.
Key Words: design optimization, layout problems, user inter-
action.
Component and facility layout plays an important role in the design
and usability of many engineering products and systems as mechanical
design, process plan, management and architecture including ship
compartment layout. Generally, layout problems are formulated and
solved on a case by case basis and, as far as we know, there is no general
method to specify the similarities and characteristics of each problem.
Then, this paper proposes an innovative generic approach in order to
describe, formulate and solve layout problems. This approach suggests
in particular a new classication of layout components, introducing
the concept of virtual component. Moreover, in order to propose to
the designer an optimal spatial arrangement in a reasonable time, this
paper presents an interactive optimization strategy for solving layout
problems.
Contribution 4
Title: Proposing A Solution To Couple Project Manage-
ment Process To Product Design Process: Re-
Planning Phase.
Authors: Abdeslam Jakjoud.
Key Words: project management, product design, coupling,
game theory, multi agent systems.
The modern business is mostly concerned about the quality of the
business process as a guarantee of the product quality. The industrial
business is struggling against the increasing complexity of the processes

used to produce systems, requiring better coordination between them.
We are interested in this paper in coupling the project management
process to the product design process. We shall begin with presenting
the related work then suggest a method to couple these processes.
The latter is based on a mathematical model that generates and
optimizes project / production scenarios. This model is similar to a
game theory problem for which we propose a resolution algorithm. The
implementation of our approach is performed on a multi-agent system.
3.5 Interactive Virtual Representation

Contribution 1
Title: Ecient Cutaway Model Generation for Interac-
tive Cutaway Viewing System.
Authors: Hiroaki Date, Furukawa Hiromu, Onosato

Masahiko.
Key Words: cutaway viewing, geometric models, Boolean op-

eration, model simplication.
Developing the techniques for an easy and intuitive understanding
of complex 3D geometric models is one of the important issues for the
3D applications in several areas. First, our interactive cutaway viewing
system is introduced. In the system, an ecient understanding of
complex 3D geometric models is realized by showing the cutaway model,
which is the result of the Boolean dierence operation on the given
model and arbitrary cutting volume, using a 3D user interface which
consists of 6DOF input devices and a glassless stereoscopic display.
The ecient cutaway model generation method for the interactive
cutaway viewing system is proposed in the following section. The
method consists of the distance thresholding between the cutaway
volume and the objects for reducing the collision and inclusion test, the
use of time coherence for eciently updating the information of object,
and the model simplication and adaptive cutaway model generation
for reducing several geometric calculations. The eectiveness of the
method is shown thorough the experimental results using various types

of complex geometric models.
Contribution 2
Title: Appearance Preserving Simplication Of Large
Scale Assembly Models By Invisible Part And
Form Feature Removal.
Authors: Daisuke Iyoda, Satoshi Kanai, Yui Endo, Hideki
Sakamoto, Naoki Kanatani.
Key Words: 3D CAD, assembly model, solid model, form fea-
ture, model simplication.
Recently, 3D CAD models have been widely used not only in product
development but in design review. And large scale assembly models,
which have full-detailed inner structures, force 3D CAD systems to take
a fair amount of time to read and render them. However, when they are
used for browsing, styling review and sales purposes, there is rarely the
occasion where full-detailed assembly models are required, the primary
purpose of the systems is to fast render external shapes rather than
to render detailed inner structures. Therefore, appearance preserving
simplication of large scale assembly models is strongly needed. In this
paper, we propose two appearance preserving simplication methods of
large scale assembly models by removing invisible parts or invisible form
features from the model in commercial 3D CAD systems. Our methods
are based on an algorithm which can detect invisible parts or features by
pre-rendering the models from multiple view directions and by reading
the rendered results from the frame buer. Our algorithm can be carried
out regardless of the CAD system used. Invisible parts or features
detection is robust and fast with the algorithm. The performances of
both methods are discussed.
Contribution 3
Title: A New Design Framework For Lower Limb Pros-
thesis.
Authors: Marco Buzzi, Giorgio Colombo, Giancarlo Fa-

coetti, Stella Gabbiadini, Caterina Rizzi.
Key Words: lower limb prosthesis, socket modelling, virtual

prototyping, Knowledge based system.
The development presents an innovative design framework to design
lower limb prosthesis. The framework integrates virtual prototyping
tools and knowledge-based systems; the designer is guided step by
step during the conguration process by specic domain knowledge
of experts, providing rules and suggestions acquired from the analysis
of the traditional manufacturing process. The virtual model of the
prosthesis is centered on the digital model of patient and characteristics
(e.g. anthropometric and physiological data) that guide both the
selection of standard components and the denition of the socket digital
model. The paper describes the design steps and tools adopted. In
detail, a commercial KBE system has been adopted to manage product
and process knowledge. It has been integrated with a commercial
3D CAD system for standard components and ad hoc modelling tool,
named Socket Modelling Assistant, specically developed for the socket
design. The new design approach foresees also the use of FEA (Finite
Element Analysis) tools to optimize the socket model analyzing the
interaction socket-stump and of the multi-body system to carry out the
setup of the prosthesis. First tests are encouraging and we are planning
to check the framework with dierent patient cases, both transtibial
and tranfemoral.
Contribution 4
Title: Simplication of CAD Geometry Using an Hybrid
Method.
Authors: Mounir Hamdi, Nizar Aifaoui, Borhen Louhichi,

Abdelmajid BenAmara.
Key Words: CAD geometry, integration, idealization, simula-

tion, hybrid method.
The simulation is at the heart of the product development cycle. To
accelerate the design and simulation tasks, it is necessary to adapt the
Computer Aided Design (CAD) model before the simulation process.

This pre-processing task consists in adapting the CAD geometry,
performing a mesh, specifying boundary conditions and loads, etc. This
paper presents a hybrid method based on an original algorithm in order
to adapt and simplify the design geometric model to a simulation by
the nite element method. It consists in the idealization of the CAD
geometry by eliminating details (holes, chamfers, etc.) and fuses the
faces using energetic method. These details increase the computing
time due to a rened mesh in these details, which are considered as
constraints hubs, without providing more precision in the simulation.
An implementation of the proposed algorithm on the Open Cascade
platform is also presented. The last part of this paper presents two
examples of mechanical parts, which are simulated before and after sim-
plication. The results of simulation illustrate the major contribution
of the proposed method in terms of computing time without aect the
quality of results.
3.6 Virtual and Geometric Models

Contribution 1
Title: Automatic Reconstruction of 3D Partitions from
Exported Non-Manifold Models.
Authors: Alexei Mikchevitch, Aurélien Bargier, Jean-
Philippe Pernot.
Key Words: CAD modelling, data exchange, non-manifold
models, 3D partition.
The study sets up a methodology for reconstructing 3D partitions
from exported non-manifold CAD models. It aims at increasing the
yield of the data exchanges between distinct software to avoid the
recreation of geometric models starting from scratch, especially when
exchanging complex models made of non-manifold surfaces used to
partition a CAD models in a set of 3D partitions. Partitions are
used to prepare complex mesh models required for advanced Finite
Element simulation: mapped meshing, creation of double mesh entities,
material separation, denition of specic boundary conditions, etc. The

proposed algorithm works in three steps. First, starting from a set
of potentially disconnected faces, the CAD model is stitched using an
accuracy parameter. Then, the shells used to create the 3D partitions
are recovered using an iterative propagation strategy which starts from
the so-called manifold vertices located on the future skin of the 3D
object. Finally, using the identied closed shells, the 3D partitions can
be reconstructed. The proposed methodology has been validated on
academic as well as industrial examples.
Contribution 2
Title: Embodiment Mesh Processing.
Authors: Sebastian Pena Serna, Andre Stork.
Key Words: engineering design; exploration of design

variations, embodiment design and analysis,
CAD/CAE integration, dynamic meshes.
During the last two decades, several approaches have been proposed,
in order to deal with the integration in the embodiment phase of
the engineering design. This phase deals with the virtual product
development and it is supported by Computer-Aided Design (CAD)
and Computer-Aided Engineering (CAE). Nonetheless, this integration
has not really been achieved. There is a well established communication
from design to analysis, but there is a lack of design operations and
functionalities within an analysis environment. This lack of integration
will always be presented as long as there are used dierent representation
schemes for design and analysis. Hence, Embodiment Mesh Processing
(EMP) is based on a common mesh representation and it aims to provide
mesh-based modeling functionalities within an analysis environment.
We present our reasoning behind EMP and the needed building blocks
for enabling a fully integrated design-analysis interaction loop and the
exploration of design variations.
Contribution 3
Title: A Voronoi Based Tessellator for Digital Elevation
Models.
Authors: Marco Calderan, Giuseppe Conti, Raaele de Am-
icis.
Key Words: TIN, Voronoi, Delaunay, DEM, GIS.
A key issue when rendering a terrain from digital elevation models, is
to achieve good degree of realism without compromising responsiveness
of the application. Since the original dataset can not be used, due to its
sheer size, it is essential to develop algorithms capable of supporting the
most eective forms of LOD. Most techniques in literature are designed
to work with regular, hence equally distributed, vertex sets. We propose
an extensible, simple, yet ecient approach that exploits the properties
of Voronoi diagrams, to manage irregular datasets and render them
within a 3D WebGIS. We have implemented an algorithm to handle
quadtree-based LOD that includes a volume preserving simplication
metric to preserve the morphological features of the underlying terrain.
The algorithm developed can exploit the multithreading capabilities
of modern GPUs, as it uses CUDA to perform calculations required
for ray-triangle intersection on graphics hardware. Results of tests are
provided and discussed.
3.7 Human Centred Design

Contribution 1
Title: Capture User Emotions during Computer- Aided
Design.
Authors: Ying Liu, Kosmadoudi Zoe, Raymond Sung,
Theodore Lim, Sandy Louchart, James Ritchie.
Key Words: psycho-physiological signal, human factors, CAD,
engineering design, emotion recognition.
Most communications among humans are through non-verbal

behaviours, such as facial expression, gestures, etc, which imply the
aective emotion status of human. There is much research recently
focuses on emotion-recognition which allows the human-computer
interfaces (HCI) to mimic the way humans communicate. This paper
investigates the aecting aspect of users during an engineering design
task in Solid Edge. A fuzzy logic model is introduced to map the
psycho-physiological signals to the associated aective emotions. By
studying the psycho-physiological attributes associated in a CAD-based
engineering design process it is envisaged that engineering behaviour
can be more deeply understood and that, consequently, more natural
and intuitive CAD user interfaces can be developed.
Contribution 2
Title: Using Virtual Human For An Interactive
Customer-Oriented Constrained Environment
Design.
Authors: Liang Ma, Ruina Ma, Damien Chablat, Fouad

Bennis.
Key Words: virtual human, constrained environment design,

optimization, motion capture, trajectory plan-
ning.
For industrial product design, it is very important to take into
account assembly/disassembly and maintenance operations during the
conceptual and prototype design stage. For these operations or other
similar operations in a constrained environment, trajectory planning
is always a critical and dicult issue for evaluating the design or for
the convenience of users. A customer-oriented approach is proposed to
partially solve ergonomics issues encountered during the design stage
of a constrained environment. A single objective optimization based
method is taken from the literature to generate the trajectory in a con-
strained environment automatically. A motion capture based method
assists to guide the trajectory planning if local minimum is encountered
within the single objective optimization. At last, a multi-objective
evaluation method is proposed to evaluate the operations generated by
the algorithm.
Contribution 3
Title: Study of the Convergence of Interactive Genetic
Algorithm in Iterative User s Tests: Application
to Car Dashboard Design.
Authors: Emilie Poirson, Jean-François Petiot, Ludivine
Boivin, David Blumenthal.
Key Words: IGA (Interactive Genetic Algorithm), conver-
gence, shape design, car dashboard.
The development of new products that satisfy needs of customers
and preferences is a very important issue. In particular, the shape
of a product is an important factor in the success or the failure of a
product. Since several years, in various research elds, many works
are dedicated to the design of shapes by the analysis of perception
of users. The work proposed in this paper is based on the use of
interactive assessment tests for users to enhance creativity, by the way
of interactive genetic algorithms (IGA) for capturing responses of users.
We present a study of the convergence of the IGAs, where the tness
function of a classical GA is replaced by a selection by the userof the
well suited products. A methodology used to tune the input parameters
of the IGAs for a convergence of the results is presented. The proposed
application concerns the design of innovative car dashboards and is
briey described.
Contribution 4
Title: Investigation on Methods for the Design of Assis-
tive Device: UCD and Medical Tools.
Authors: Cecile Magnier, Guillaume Thomann, Francois
Villeneuve, Peggy Zwolinski.
Key Words: design method, assistive device, disability, user-
centred design.
The study reports the results of a study about design methods for
assistive device. Publications dedicated only to this question are rare.
That is why eighteen case-studies presenting the design of assistive
device have been analyzed: this paper extracts the underlying design
methods and whenever possible their benets and weaknesses. Unfortu-
nately, information about the choice of design methods and their impact
is often lacking in the literature. A table summarizes and classies
the design methods identied in the case-studies. Results show that
UCD tools are widely used for designing assistive device. Many authors
stated or expected the UCD approach to be helpful in this eld. Rarely
designers use additional tools from other elds such as anthropometric
values from ergonomics, joint range measure/psycho-motor tests from
medicine and ABAB design from psychology, although they seem totally
relevant.
3.8 Models for Interactive Design: Techniques

and Qualication
Contribution 1
Title: Venturi Scrubber Analysis And Optimization
With Computational Fluid Dynamics And Virtual
Reality.
Authors: John Moreland, Bin Wu, Chenn Zhou.
Key Words: computational uid dynamics, virtual reality, ven-

turi scrubber, simulation, visualization.
A steel manufacturer has observed that there is excessive wear on
part of the side wall within one of their Venturi scrubbers. This wear
causes production downtime and reduces the eciency of the scrubber
which is used to remove pollutant particles from gas before it is released
into the atmosphere. To address these issues Computational Fluid
Dynamics (CFD) simulation was used to gain a detailed understanding
of the ow characteristics within the scrubber. The CFD results were
then visualized in a Virtual Reality (VR) system. CFD experts worked
with plant engineers in the VR environment to identify likely causes
of the wear and make decisions to modify the design and iteratively
optimize the scrubber s eciency. A solution was found that solved the
issue of wear within the simulation and the steel manufacturer is moving
forward with plans to implement the solution in the real scrubber.
Contribution 2
Title: Forward Kinematics Model of Parallel Kinematics
Machine Tool Using Neural Network.
Authors: Rongjie Kang, Hélène Chanal, Thomas Bon-
nemains, Sylvain Pateloup, Pascal Ray.
Key Words: parallel kinematics machine (PKM), forward kine-
matics, neural network (NN), radial basis function
(RBF), measurement dispersion.
In general cases, Forward kinematics model (FKM) of parallel
kinematics machine tool (PKM) is complex due to the nonlinearities of
the obtained equation system. Thus, there is no analytical solution for a
majority of cases, and the numerical approach is generally implemented.
In order to reduce the time needed for dening FKM of a given PKM,
the neural network (NN) could be an alternative due to its nonlinear
approximation capability. The aim of this paper is to propose a forward
kinematic neural network model of PKM, achieving satisfactory accu-
racy for machining application. The study is carried out in two steps:
First, the neural network model is trained from a validated numerical
model, and the proper training methods are investigated. Second, with
the help of laser tracker, the neural network model is directly trained
from the measured pose data of PKM Tripteor. The accuracy of neural
network model could reach a high level, which is closely related to the
quality and quantity of samples. Compared with numerical model, the
computation time of neural network model is greatly reduced.
Contribution 3
Title: Qualication of Solutions In Mechanical Design
Through The Concept Of Elasticity.
Authors: Arnaud Collignan, Patrick Sebastian, Jérôme Pail-
hes, Yann Ledoux.
Key Words: design optimization, desirability, elasticity, genetic

algorithm.
In the industrial design process, designers are constrained by
development delays and costs. The aim of this paper is to propose an
optimization method, using the concept of elasticity and integrating
the unformalized designer knowledge. This method takes into account
preferences on response variables. Desirabily functions are used and
aggregated through design objectives indexes in order to constitute an
optimization problem without explicit constraint. It is started from an
initial design solution which has already engaged development costs.
The global design space exploration, to nd suitable design solutions,
is performed using a hierarchical organisation of the design variables.
The concept of elasticity is introduced to qualify a solution through
its neighboorhood. This method is validated through the design of an
aeronautical riveted assembly. Solutions are found close to the initial
solution but with better performances, and the elasticity concept is used
to characterise technological breakthroughs.
3.9 Interactive Exploration of Design Spaces

Contribution 1
Title: Contribution to the Selection of Products for Eval-
uation Tests: How to Select Products for the
Study of a Particular Semantic Dimension?
Authors: Emmanuel Aliouat.
Key Words: sensory science, sensorial design, product space,

subjective evaluation, feature s picking.
In the industrial eld, ensuring that products fulll the consumer s
requirements is a necessity. That is why manufacturers try to predict
acceptation in integrating consumer s point of views in the design
process. Fields such as Sensory Science or Kansei Engineering aim to
understand a preference or a semantic dimension (a product which
looks innovative, which inspires robustness, etc.), from the consumer
perception. Various methods in these elds are based on the assessment
of a set of dierent products, the product space, for investigating what

consumers perceive on concrete stimuli. Nevertheless, the choice of these
products is not an easy task and it may have signicant consequences
on the reliability of the nal results. The present work is dealing with
an experimental method, called feature s picking, which is dedicated
to the selection of a set of products to constitute the product space.
It allows as soon as possible in the design process the capture of the
consumer s point of view.
Contribution 2
Title: Design Optimization of Two-Stage Flash Evapo-
rators: a Trade-o Between Design Objectives.
Authors: Thomas Quirante, Yann Ledoux, Patrick Sebas-
tian.
Key Words: multiobjective optimization;trade-o;robust de-
sign;desirability function;ash evaporator.
In design processes, engineers often face with a compromise decision
problem between many design objectives. This problem arises because
the optimization of one property often degrades some others. In this
article, a methodology is developed to solve such a trade-o problem
applied to the global design of a two-stage ash evaporator. In the
wine industry, ash evaporators are mainly used for ash cooling and
concentration of juice applications. The design of ash evaporators
has to satisfy specic constraints related to these areas of applications
and full multiple design objectives such as process transportability,
cooling power, environmental eciency, operating costs. The trade-o
optimization method is based on the aggregation of many design
objectives into one objective function using desirability functions. As an
illustration of the trade-o based design, the method is used to achieve
design solutions leading to an optimal compromise between performance
and robustness of the product.
Contribution 3
Title: Method to Optimize Conceptual Design for As-
sembly.
Authors: Michele Germani, Claudio Favi.
Key Words: design for assembly, modularity, functional struc-

ture.
The development of modular products is evermore diuse in modern
production due to the achievable exibility and customisation. Modular
products can maximize the eciency of manufacturing processes if
they are structured in order to be easily congurable during the main
assembly phases. In this context the present work proposes an approach
in order to dene the product modular architecture nalized to improve
assemblability. In particular it optimises the conceptual design for
assembly approach by taking into account the role of ows in the
modular product structure. A case study allows showing the approach
results and highlighting advantages and drawbacks.
Contribution 4
Title: Multi-disciplinary Optimization of Railways Sys-
tems.
Authors: Edmondo Di Pasquale.
Key Words: multi-disciplinary optimization.

After an analysis of the design process of railway structures, we set
up a formulation for the multi-disciplinary optimization of a rail body
structure. The optimization takes into account several disciplines (static
and vibratory structural analysis, crash, re resistance, comfort), inte-
grating engineering design as well as regulation criteria. The proposed
methodology is used to compare dierent strategy of optimization and
to show the interest of taking into account several disciplines in order
to achieve cost-eective design.
3.10 CAE, CAD and Virtual Reality
Contribution 1
Title: Information-Preserving Procedural Translation of
CAD Data to Dynamics-Simulated VR Environ-
ments.
Authors: Guida Mariano, Paolo Leoncini.
Key Words: virtual reality, CAD, data conversion, CATIA, dy-
namics.
Nowadays many phases of the design activity of new industrial
products, such as Concept Design, Design for Maintainability or
DMU-based Design Review take advantage of VR techniques. On the
other hand the use of specialized VR software gives still signicant
advantages in terms of functionalities, exibility, performance and
simulation realism even if major CAD systems have improved their
support to VR interface devices and to advanced visualization systems.
Nevertheless, a standard format for data exchange between CAD mod-
eling and Virtual Reality simulations is, to date, still far from combining
the generality of standard formats with the information richness of
proprietary ones. This paper expose our approach to convert CATIA
V5 models to our Virtual Reality software ViRstperson, developed at
the Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA) over the last ten years.
A VBA plug-in for CATIA V5, named KinetiCAD, was developed to
this purpose. This software module walks the CATIA product tree
and it identies both the hierarchical organization of the models to
be converted into a scene graph external representation and dynamics
characteristics of the components (i.e. mass properties) in order to
generate a completely structured data-set to directly carry out a VR
physically-credible simulation into ViRstperson environment.
Contribution 2
Title: Movement Patterns of Design Engineer in Desktop
and Immersive Environments.
Authors: Madalina Ioana Toma, Florin Stelian Girbacia,

Csaba Antonya.
Key Words: virtual reality, physical ergonomics, multimodal

interface, movement pattern, CAD modeling.
Computer Aided Design (CAD) systems have become today the
basic tools used to design and develop products in the engineering
industry. On current CAD software, most of the editing commands are
issued with the aid of widgets and alphanumeric data input devices,
while research community is proposing the use of virtual reality en-
vironments for CAD modeling. This paper presents an experimental
study conducted to analyze the added value of direct spatial input
compared to the usage of 2D traditional user interface for the design
process of geometrical models. The results indicate, that in spite of the
variety of interface devices in the virtual environment which oers the
user with a natural interaction, the modeling time is the same or even
lower compared with a traditional desktop interface. Furthermore, the
multimodal interface presents a higher physical stress factor, the hand
movement distance being on average 2.3 times greater than the desktop
interface.
Contribution 3
Title: Coupling CAD and System Simulation Framework
for the Preliminary Design of Electromechanical
Actuators.
Authors: Marc Budinger, Amine Fraj, Touc El Halabi,

Jean-Charles Maré.
Key Words: preliminary design, geometrical validation, CAD

tools, system simulation, Modelica, electrome-
chanical actuator.
A methodology and an integrated tool framework has been developed
for automated design of electromechanical actuators. A CAD tool has
been integrated with system simulation tools for automatic geometrical
validation of an electromechanical actuator design. A Modelica library is
developed to perform the integration process. The proposed framework
is illustrated with the geometrical validation of an electromechanical

actuator in a nose landing gear doors mechanism.
Contribution 4
Title: Use of X-Ray Tomography and CAD Techniques
for Morphology-Based Wood Elements Models.
Authors: Raaele De Amicis.
Key Words: timber, morphology-based fem models, x-ray to-
mography, image-based meshing, cad-based mesh-
ing.
From the structural features of wood, the parameters of computa-
tional models can be drawn, in so called morphology-based models, in
order to depict the variability of material properties. For the denition
of realistic geometries of internal features, non-destructive imaging
techniques, such X-ray tomography, can be used. In this paper, we
describe methods by which the geometrical domain of morphology-based
FE macroscale timber models can be obtained from CT images, through
a number of dierent process paths. The ability and limits of dierent
process paths, in the generation of meshed wood models, are discussed.
3.11 Behavioural Simulation

Contribution 1
Title: Identiying Product Behaviour Using Constitu-
tive Equation Gap Method.
Authors: Eric Florentin, Gilles Lubineau.
Key Words: identication, nite element.
The Constitutive Equation Gap Method (CEGM) is a well-known
concept which, until now, has been used mainly for the verication of -
nite element simulations. This has led to many developments, especially
concerning the techniques for constructing statically admissible stress
elds. At the same time, the identication of material model parameters

is based more and more on full-eld measurements. The originality of
the present study resides in the application of construction of a CEGM
functional to identify heterogeneous isotropic elastic parameters. The
results obtained are compared with the actual material parameters.
This is made possible with the use of synthetic data: the experimental
data a generated numerically from set of exact material parameters.
Contribution 2
Title: Load Sharing Model and Thermal Study for Poly-
mer Cylindrical Gears.
Authors: Eric Letzelter Jean-Pierre De Vaujany, Michele

Guingand, Pauline Schlosser.
Key Words: plastic gears, polyamide (6,6), load sharing, vis-

coelastic, temperature distribution.
A study on the polymer gears is detailed. The mechanical behaviour
of polymers materials is very complex because it depends on time,
history of displacement and temperature. In addition, for several
polymers, humidity is another factor to be taken into account. This
paper is divided in two parts. In the rst one, a method to compute
the quasi-static loaded mechanical behaviour of Polyamide 6,6 gears
is presented and secondly an experimental method in order to study
the thermal behaviour of Polyamide 6,6 gears is described. In the load
sharing model, the displacement is obtained with the displacement
compatibility relation. This relation integrates the viscoelastic displace-
ment of the polymers materials with the generalized Kelvin rheological
model. This model is linked to temperature and humidity. Also, the
displacement compatibility relation integrates the bulk and contact
inuence coecients. In order to integrate the thermal behaviour in
quasi-static load sharing model, an experimental test bench has been
developed by the LaMCoS. In this one, an infrared camera has been
xed to record the thermal behaviour of Polyamide 6,6 gears. These
methods and experiment described in this paper permit to obtain results
such as the loaded transmission error, the load sharing and the meshing
and bulk temperature.
Contribution 3
Title: Study of an Interference Fit Fastener Assembly.
Authors: Manuel Paredes, Marc Sartor, Naoufel Nessi.
Key Words: interference t fastener, FE Analysis, Abaqus.
The study of an assembly of two plates using an interference t
fastener is presented. Such an assembly is commonly exploited in
aeronautics applications. The interference between the screw and the
plates induces a loss of load all along the screw axis due to the combined
eect of radial pressure and friction. This eect is simulated using a
nite element analysis with Abaqus. The evolution of pressure all along
the interference area shows that edges eects appear not only at the
external edges but also at the interface between plates. In order to
evaluate the capability of sensors to be experimentally exploited, the
evolution of the axial strain all along the screw axis is also investigated.
This study highlights the inuence of the radial pressure on the axial
strain on the axis of the screw. The inuence of both the interference
level and the friction factor are also investigated.
3.12 Assistance and Virtual Reality

Contribution 1
Title: Applicability Evaluation of Mobile Devices for Use
Within Manufacturing Environments.
Authors: Joshua Summers, Beshoy Morkos, Laine Mears,
Georges Fadel, Torsten Rilka, Joachim Taiber.
Key Words: mobile devices, virtual manufacturing, augmented
reality, inspection.
The emergence of mobile devices has opened new domains for
their use within manufacturing environments as tools that could be
used within dierent manufacturing processes. Evolving technology
has enabled the development of devices such as ultra mobile personal
computers that provide the function of a computer in a compact, mobile

conguration and augmented reality in a production environment where
hands-free operation is essential. This paper investigates potential
benets incorporating mobile devices within the manufacturing envi-
ronment. Eective communication mechanisms must be available to
communicate critical information such as breakdowns and schedule
changes to the relevant personnel. It is realized that the potential for
mobile devices in manufacturing process has not been fully exploited.
With use of mobile broadband communication, mobile devices can be
used for audio and visual communication and provide the ability to
transfer large data volumes. The use of mobile devices allows for more
eective communication and data sharing/recording. BMW explores the
use of mobile devices use within two manufacturing processes: assembly
training and pruefcubing. Through an internal study conducted, it
is realized that the use of mobile devices demonstrates improvements
within the manufacturing process in terms of time eciency, quality,
and communication capabilities.
Contribution 2
Title: Analysis of Designers Manual Skills for the Devel-
opment of a Tool for Aesthetic Shapes Evaluation.
Authors: Ferrise Francesco, Bordegoni Monica, Cugini Um-

berto.
Key Words: enactive interface, multimodal interface,

designers skills, aesthetic shape evaluation,
haptic interface.
Shape denition of style products is an activity that is usually per-
formed by industrial designers handcrafting scale models made of clay
materials exploiting their manual skill. Several computer-aided tools
have been introduced in years with the aim of making these shapes be
created digitally, but the low interest of developers to provide users with
a natural interface that would allow them continue to use their learned
manual capacity, has led them to continue to work on clay materials
and produce expensive physical prototypes. Enactive interfaces have
been demonstrated to be eective to support the exploitation of a skill
such as the manual one of industrial designers. In the paper we describe
an enactive interface that has been thought to support designers in

one of the task of aesthetic shape creation, the shape evaluation. The
interface is the combination of visuo-haptic technologies; it is the result
of some observations on the shape evaluation activity performed by
some manual skilled designers. In the paper we describe the working
principles of the enactive interface, and in particular of the deformable
haptic strip and nally the results of the testing activities.
Full Article: MISL-P85
Contribution 3
Title: I-Move: a Framework for Interoperable Mobile 3d
Geobrowsers.
Authors: Daniele Magliocchetti, Giuseppe Conti, Raaele
De Amicis.
The eld of Geographical Information Systems has assisted to a
substantial growth in the last years, both in terms of quality and
quantity of data available. As these data become publicly available,
it is essential to develop eective visualization applications, from
simple virtual sight-seeing or geobrowsing to more complex solutions
for urban planning or scientic visualization. This eld is rapidly
expanding to mobile devices to ensure ubiquitous access to geospatial
information. This work illustrates the research work which has brought
to a lightweight 3D geospatial application for the Android mobile
operative system. The system makes use of hardware acceleration,
it complies with several standards typical of the geospatial domain
and it is customizable through a layer-based architecture. After a
brief overview of the protocols and technologies adopted, the paper
presents the system, the results of a test phase, the problems tackled
and limitation to be faced.
3.13 Robust Manufacturing
Contribution 1
Title: A Predictive-Reactive Approach for JSP with Un-
certain Processing Times.
Authors: Ganggang Niu, Hudong Sun, Pascal Lafon, Lionel

Roucoules.
Key Words: job-shop, predictive-reactive scheduling, time-cost

tradeo, uncertainty.
JSP with discretely controllable processing times (JSP-DCPT) that
are perturbed in a turbulent environment is formulated, based on which,
a time-cost tradeo based predictive-reactive scheduling approach is
proposed for solving the problem. In the predictive scheduling process,
on the basis of a proposed three-step decomposition approach for
solving JSP-DCPT, a solution initialization algorithm is presented
by incorporating a hybrid algorithm of tabu search and simulated
annealing and a fast elitist non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; in
the reactive scheduling process, Pareto-optimal schedules are generated,
among which every schedule that is not dominated by any initial
schedule can be selected as the responding schedule so as to maintain
optimality of the objective that is to minimize both the makespan and
the cost. Experimental simulations demonstrate the eectiveness of the
proposed approach.
Contribution 2
Title: A simple and robust method for spiral bevel gear
generation and tooth contact analysis.
Authors: Julien Astoul, Marc Sartor, Emmanuel Mermoz.
Key Words: spiral bevel gear, hypoid gear, tooth surface

generation, tooth contact analysis, mathematical
model.
A simple and robust method to simulate spiral bevel gears gener-
ating and meshing processes is proposed. First, a mathematical model
of universal hypoid tooth surfaces generator is formulated, based on

Fong s approach and taking into account all the kinematic motions
of common CNC machine tools dedicated to hypoid gears generation.
This model is general enough to allow the simulation of various hypoid
gears cutting methods such as face-hobbing, face-milling, plunge
cutting and bevel-worm-shaped-hobbing processes. In this paper, only
developments related to face-milled spiral bevel gear generation are
presented. A simple and numerically stable algorithm is then proposed
for unloaded tooth contact analysis. The simulation method is based
on a discretization of one of the two conjugated tooth ank surfaces,
and a specic projection of the dierent nodes of this discretization on
the other ank. The contact path location can be easily approximated
using this method. The accuracy of the location of contact is directly
dependent on the mesh density. Although improving the accuracy
requires an increase in computation time, this method allows obtaining
in a very short time suciently accurate results to meet the needs of
designers, particularly in the preliminary stages of design.
Contribution 3
Title: Assessment of Impact of Calculation Methodolo-
gies on Defect Determinations in Manufacturing.
Authors: Alain Sergent, François Villeneuve, Daniel Duret.
More and more research works have been concerned about determi-
nations of manufacturing defects, which can be used to improve product
qualities. If the manufacturing defects are classied according to causes
of errors, it might include: machining defects (machine tool, cutting
tool, tool-path, machining program), positioning defects (work-holder
errors, datum errors (surface deviations from a previous setup), errors of
contacts between work-piece and work-holder) [KV], thermal errors, and
skill operation procedure of technicians, or it could be errors of methods
that are used to determine these defects from measured data. In this
study, an estimation of impact of calculation methodologies on defect
determinations in manufacturing will be presented. Firstly, the basic
concept of calculations that is used to obtain the manufacturing defects
will be presented. Secondly, calculation methodologies that are used
to calculate components of the defects in an experimental application

will be described. Finally, inuences of the calculation methods on the
manufacturing defects are assessed.
Contribution 4
Title: A Mixed Approach for Robust Design Integrating
Taguchi Method in Axiomatic Design.
Authors: Sergio Rizzuti, Francescatonio Giampà.
Key Words: axiomatic design, Taguchi method, robust design.

Robust design has become a valid instrument to reach steady
behaviour in product performance. The method emerged in the past
decades and is currently employed in the industrial eld. Also new
generation of technicians must bring up in the culture of robustness,
when discuss about the solutions they have found to solve an engineering
problem. The paper deals with the experience done at the University
of Calabria in the course of Engineering Design Method for master
degree in Mechanical Engineering, where students are involved in the
development of an industrial product. In order to check the validity of
a solution the Axiomatic Design approach is adopted. When a solution
passes the axiom of independence it has the necessary condition to be
further investigated. The axiom of information has some diculties
be employed in the design phase being results of tests on prototypes
not available. Taguchi method can be validly employed to analyze, by
means of computer experiments, the behaviour of a virtual prototype
and can allow designer to discuss about the future performance since the
earlier phase of design. The paper discusses about integration of both
methods and reports a case of study elaborated by students, during this
year course.
3.14 Risk Prevention

Contribution 1
Title: Gardening Work Simulation Tool in Virtual Real-
ity for Disabled People Tutorial.
Authors: Francisco Ostiategui, Aiert Amundarain, Alberto
Lozano, Luis Matey.
Key Words: virtual reality, natural interfaces, nature interac-
tion, training tool, disabled people.
Virtual reality simulators have been proved to be eective in
reducing accidents in the recent years. This paper illustrates how a
system and a pedagogic plan can be developed for the benet of disabled
people, while taking into account the dierent kinds of disabilities they
have. It contains a set of tools that address dierent problems that have
been found. Furthermore, it demonstrates why and how these tools are
used to solve them. In addition, some methods for interacting with the
environment, and the tests made to prove the system s usability and
consistency concerning its relation to tangible interactions are shown.
Contribution 2
Title: Toward a Methodology for Designing Virtual En-
vironments for Risk Prevention: the MELISSA
Model.
Authors: Fabrice Camus, Dominique Lenne, Emmanuel
Plot.
Key Words: knowledge representation, virtual environment,
Industrial safety, working situation, safety rules.
Industrial safety management systems are constituted of a set of
formal and informal rules. These rules are subject to constant negotia-
tions among industrial sta concerned by these rules. The goal of these
negotiations is to adapt rules to specic features to situations of daily
industrial operation. Appropriation of these rules by sta is central to
this negotiation process. Considering the above, this paper advocates
that the success of such negotiations depends on the identication of

required knowledge for representing contexts of rules application. Our
model MELISSA and its methodology allow the identication of this
knowledge, and its sharing with teams designing virtual environments
for risk prevention. In this paper, we rst describe knowledge needed
to represent a working situation. Then, we present elements required
for the conception of such virtual environment. Finally, we discuss the
interest of this approach.
Contribution 3
Title: Virtual Reality Based Safety System.
Authors: Omar Khan, Paul Huang.
Key Words: real-time, computer generated video image, micro-

electronics, operator aid.
The ability to use computer generated high quality real-time video
provides engineers/scientists/electronic game designers a powerful tool
in many applications. The advent of micro-electronics further enables
complicated devices to be put into smaller, inexpensive, and robust
packages. During the last few years, smaller video-image-based devices
have been installed in land-based vehicles to enhance driving comfort,
convenience, and safety. These include navigational aids, GPS, collision
avoidance devices, and many others. The proliferation of these devices
is mainly due to the relatively inexpensive and short life span of
land vehicles compared to that of airplanes (and submarines). This
paper reports the development of a pilot/driver aid that can be used
as an add-on to existing vehicles with minimal retrot. With this
device, pilots or drivers can operate the vehicles under extreme weather
conditions when visual contact with the out-of-the-window view is not
available.
4
Green Engineering, Design
and Innovation
Chapter Editor:
Dominique Millet Supméca (France)
Contribution 1
Title: Ergo and Eco Design for a Win-Win Situation: a
Case Study.
Authors: Stéphane le Pochat.
Key Words: SPIRES, ecodesign, ergonomic, environmental
analysis, life cycle.
A brief view on a Resarch and Development project (named
SPIRES) dealing with ergonomic and environmental design is presented.
A methodology has been developed to combine ergonomic and environ-
mental aspects within design development projects. This methodology
has been tested within two SMEs and will be applied in a second stage
on a wider range of enterprises. We present here the context of this
project, the methodology we developed and rst results on a case study
with a SME.
Full Article: GEDI-P110
Contribution 2
Title: Stimulate Creative Ideas Generation for Eco-
Innovation: an Experimentation to Compare Eco-
Design and Creativity Tools.
Authors: Benjamin Tyl, Jérémy Legardeur, Dominique Mil-

let, Flore Vallet.
Key Words: eco-innovation, eco-design, creativity, ideas gener-

ation, ecoASIT, ASIT, eco compass, LiDS Wheel,
experimentation.
In the literature there are many propositions of eco-design tools
on the one hand and creativity tools on the other hand to support
the early creative design phases of products and services development.
In this eld, one of the challenges of the eco-innovation approach
consists in hybridizing these two domains to promote the generation
of creative concepts in a more sustainable perspective. Consequently,
eco-innovation implies to develop new support methods and tools
that meet specic requirements to encourage the generation process of
sustainable ideas. In this paper we propose rst an identication of these
requirements to develop ecient eco-innovation tools with a special
focus on the idea generation phase. Then we present one experimental
test that was done to compare dierent eco-design and creativity tools:
ASIT, eco compass, LiDS Wheel and ecoASIT. The ecoASIT tool is the
result of our adaptation of the ASIT creative method to stimulate ideas
in the eld of the sustainable development. To conclude, the paper
describes the dierent perspectives for the exploitation of the test.
Contribution 3
Title: Preliminary Study for a Life Cycle Assessment of
a Hybrid Electric Vehicle.
Authors: J. Garcia
Key Words: life Cycle Assessment (LCA), automotive sector,

bibliography, hybrid electric vehicle.
Chapter 4 Green Engineering 87
Case Based Reasoning (CBR) solves new problems by re-using

the old solutions in similar contexts. However, repetition of previous
solutions in new situations is not creative and thus becomes an issue
to CBR, considering the fact that creativity is required to solve new
problems. The majority of existing CBR applications is still used for
solving routine problems. Consequently, this paper rstly identies the
possible root causes that may restrict the CBR method to be applied
into creative problem-solving tasks. Then, in order to address the CBR
issue in creativity, a concept of Creative Case Based Reasoning (CCBR)
is proposed, which not only re-highlights the importance of creativity in
CBR, but also serves as an initiative for exploring the CBR s potential
in generating creative solutions. Finally, this paper is summarised with
concluding remarks.
Contribution 4
Title: Tracking for Innovation, the Spins-o of a Solar
Tracking System Design.
Authors: Jean-Paul Chevalier, Jean-Michel Ruiz.
Key Words: life Cycle Assessment (LCA), automotive sector,
bibliography, hybrid electric vehicle.
In term of design, green technology could appear as relevant of
traditional engineering methodology. But, as green solutions are often
involved in innovation processes, they request new ways of thinking.
Traditional way of engineering and even of product design are showing
their limits. Solar energy is a very good example, it appears as free,
nonpolluting, and even inexhaustible; solar panels are available and are
used widely in xed frames, even if the solar system yield is therefore no
optimal. So, classical automatisation of tracking should be the logical
way of thinking. But tracking is not as simple as pure automatisation,
especially for a huge solar farm panel. Finding a good solution brings
to a new System. This methodology is described in this paper together
with the analogy between innovation tracking and solar tracking. The
methodology is of course a generic method, which can be used for other
green technology cases.
Contribution 5
Title: Dictionary of Elementary Eects: a New Func-
tional Approach for Supporting the Formulation
of Validated Functional Performance Specication
in Earlier Design Phase.
Authors: Heng Feng, Serge Rohmer.
Key Words: DELEE, Functional knowledge sharing, Func-

tional performance specication, Environmental
requirements.
A functional approach named Dictionary of Elementary Eects
(DELEE) is presented. DELEE explicitly expresses external functions
or constraints of product under development as a set of 16 pre-dened
functional primitives that represent the change of states of object over
time. As a domain free method, DELEE can either be used as an ontol-
ogy that helps designer to sharing functional knowledge across dierent
functional models, or as method to helps designer to formulate validated
functional performance specication in earlier design phase according
to the requirements of dierent stakeholders, eg. the environmental
requirements of relevant stakeholders.
Contribution 6
Title: How to Dene Upgrade Scenarii in Early Design
Phases of Remanufactured Product?
Authors: Olivier Pialot, Dominique Millet, Nicolas

Tchertchian.
Key Words: Remanufacturing, Number of cycles, Attractive-

ness, Upgrade, Physical LifeTime.
Design of more sustainable products is a fundamental priority in
our society. While traditional eco-design methods (LCA, Check-lists,
Guidelines, DfX tools, etc.) are generally limited in local optimization
of product or macro-rules for environmental strategy, an eco-innovative
method for Remanufacturing is considered. It consists in identifying
lists of potential Upgrade Scenarii, of potential Products Architectures

and of potential Reverse-supply-chain Structures to form viable con-
cepts and after their assessment to specify the future remanufactured
product. An easy way to use methodology to identify Upgrade Scenarii
is presented, i.e. notably the potential couples Number of Cycles (NC)
and Duration of Cycles (DC) that characterize the remanufactured
products. The purpose is to help the design team rst to calculate these
couples NC/DC considering Physical LifeTime of modules (PLT) and
Production Cost (Cp) and environmental impact, and then to assess
them with attractiveness evolutions of product and upgrades strategies.
Contribution 7
Title: Composite Recycling: Design for Environment
Approach Requirements.
Authors: Nicolas Perry, Olivier Mantaux, Dimitri Leray,
Thierry Lorriot.
Key Words: eco-design, composites, composite recycling, de-
sign for environment, design requirements.
The concept of design for recycling (DFR) is becoming an integral
part of the designer s brief. DFR can be applied to all manufactured
products. However, it is of most complexes to composites products. One
of the main elements of DFR is the concept of design for disassembly
which deals with reducing the time spent disassembling the product,
thereby reducing costs. In addition, the recycling process needs specic
requirements to be ecient, and it gives recycled bres with new
properties and future applications. This paper highlights the product
design requirements, starting from the dierent possibilities and phases
of recycling process.
Contribution 8
Title: Inversion of Emission Model Using Constraint
Propagation on Tables and Interval; Application
to Ship-Ecodesign.
Authors: Pierre-Alain Yvars, Vincent Larroude, Dominique

Millet, Raphael chenouard, Alain Bernard.
Key Words: eco-design, greenhouse gases, modelling, con-

straint propagation, intervals.
The purpose of the study is to highlight the interest of using the
constraint propagation on intervals method for an exhaust emissions
model. The emission model used for our researches is resulting from
the MOPSEA project (MOnitoring Program on Air Pollution From
SEA-going vessels). A usual approach stemming from the literature and
presented in the rst part is able to quantify the emissions in a given
context, for dened control parameters. But setting all control parame-
ters highly limits the use possibilities of a model. The study developed
subsequently makes possible to inverse the model: one can identify
and dene allowed values intervals for each inuent control parameter.
That is to say, one can x a maximum emission level and nd dierent
solutions to obtain an emission level below this target. The integration
of this study in a dynamic behavior model opens new opportunities for
eco-design: it will lead to the consideration of minimizing environmental
footprint in aid routing systems, maintenance operations management,
utilities operation management, etc., for dierent means of transport.
Contribution 9
Title: An Environmental Typology Per Range of Prod-
ucts Used as a Streamlining Strategy for Setting
up the LCA within the Design Team.
Authors: Hery Andriankaja, Gwenola Bertoluci, Dominique

Millet.
Key Words: LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), EcoT, parameter-

ized models, products classication, environmen-
tal typology per range of products.
A new approach based on an environmental typology per range of
products, specic to the company Faurecia is described. This approach
is used as a streamlining strategy for setting up LCA within the design
team, by means of a specic tool called EcoT. The general research deals
with the creation of EcoT and the information system linking this tool
with the design team to perform LCA in the design phase. The paper
details the methodology for creating the company-specic environmental
typology, its application for the dashboard range and ends with the
perspective for the approach wide-spreading within Faurecia.
Contribution 10
Title: Relative Contribution of a Subsystem to the En-
vironmental Impact of a Complex System: Appli-
cation to Aluminium Electrolysis Conversion Sub-
stations.
Authors: François Cluzel, Dominique Millet, Yann Leroy,
Bernard Yannou.
Key Words: environmental evaluation, Life cycle assessment,
Complex system, Subsystem, Aluminium electrol-
ysis conversion substation.
We focus in this paper on the contribution of a subsystem to the
environmental impact of a system. In this way we propose to explore
some limits related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA), in particular
the consideration of the use phase specicities (for example lifetime,
technology or energy mix). Two cases studies concerning AREVA
T&D s aluminium electrolysis conversion substations are proposed to
illustrate these problems. The rst one considers the environmental
contribution of a transformer to the electrical substation, whereas the
second one studies the contribution of the substation to primary alu-
minium production. We show that the context specicities of a product
should be taken into account in order to assess its real environmental
impacts. To ignore them can lead to false conclusions, what is essential
to avoid when a company wants to orient its eco-design actions.
Contribution 11
Title: Eco-innovation Tool for Mal in Software, Applica-
tion on a Wae Iron.
Authors: Wafa Samet, Yann Ledoux, Jean Pierre Nadeau.
Key Words: triz theory, eco-innovation, functional and energy

analysis, physical model, Mal in.
Nowadays, the environmental integration in the framework of the
innovation is a key factor to assure the viability of an industrial product
facing with new environmental requirements. To meet these new con-
straints, it is necessary to change the existing tools and methodologies
of eco-innovation. Mal in is a software which has been developed to
propose a structured methodology for the innovation of products. This
tool is particularly relevant in the preliminary design phase of products
during the search of ideas and concepts.A migration of this initial
methodology into an eco-innovation tool is presented. This evolution is
mainly based on the set up of pre-analysis phase of product and a matrix
which denes actions, opportunities on the product, establishment of
knowledge through data sheets and particular structuring to facilitate
the resolution of the design problem. Finally, it is proposed to apply this
new methodology on a commercial wae iron, that allows to illustrate
the new eco-innovation approach developed in Mal in.
5
Global Design and
Manufacturing
Chapter Editor:
Benoit Eynard University of Technology of Compiègne (France)
Lionel Roucoules Arts et Métiers ParisTech (France)
Xiu-Tian Yan University of Strahclyde (UK)
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Prologue
The globalisation of manufacturing industries leads to a thirst for rapid
advancements in technological development and expertise in the elds
of advanced design and manufacturing, as it poses a number of new
challenges to both multi-national companies as well as for companies,
especially small to medium sized enterprises (SME), relying on an inde-
pendent supply chain. In this context, both industry and the academia
have an urgent need to equip themselves of latest knowledge, under-
standing, tools and techniques developed for design and manufacture for
this new paradigm.
Whilst the globalisation brings many benets to majority stakehold-
ers, it is however a complex approach and process since it can have mul-
tiple perspectives in the industrial context and the product development
process. The rst aspect of globalisation concerning the product devel-
opment considers the global lifecycle information required to support and
relate to the product development. This management of product lifecy-
cle information aims at reducing the impact of the development phase on

the later life-phases (e.g. manufacturing, maintaining, recycling. and so
forth). The second related aspect deals with nature of distributing life-
cycle actions that require the joint development of the global technology
chain of the product, manufacturing systems, recycling technologies that
cannot be studied separately any more. A third aspect concerns the re-
quirement for a global worldwide context of the extended enterprise that
should be tackled with innovative IT solutions and taking into account
social, cultural and economic situation of each stakeholders (contractors
and subcontractors). All these additional considerations as well as nor-
mal produce development process poses new challenges and issues to be
solved smoothly in order to reap the optimal benets that collaborative
work brings to all stakeholders.
5.1.2 Current academic and industrial solutions

As far as product development is concerned, advancement made in 1990
has been a real corner stone. Innovative industrial organisations and con-
current engineering fundaments have been proposed and implemented.
Information modelling (e.g. feature-based, FBS, multiple-view mod-
elling) and assessment (e.g. axiomatic design) have been set to go fur-
ther than the unique form feature modelling. Information and knowledge
management then brought some interesting solutions to support the de-
sign rationale and to ease the re-design process. Those approaches aim
at reducing the information retrieval process that remains a key issue in
industry to fully support designers to focus on innovation.
In term of IT solutions, CAD software systems have been linked to
PDM solutions in order to extend the information management from
form feature to the entire life cycle information. In that context PLM
strategy is now well-admitted and implemented in industry.
5.1.3 Design rationale issue and expected trends

Even if current CAD and PLM solutions provided high quality functions
and algorithms, a lot of new concepts introduced in the 90th are still not
fully implemented. Design rationale issue is then not fully supported
to trace the ve W concepts (Who? What? When? Where? Why?).
This approach should provide a full information management related to
Industrial organisation (design objectives, Performances indicators...),
the design process (tasks and corresponding resources) and the product
Chapter 5 Global Product Engineering 95
data.
This trend would provide good benets to centre the design process
on experts' knowledge and not any more on CAD models that actually
only provide an already-ltered representation of the design intents. De-
sign must be the activity of reducing a solutions space adding global
information (i.e. knowledge) to progressively go to the nal selection.
Form feature could be translated from that knowledge. This approach
is quite often called by least commitments approach in order to intro-
duce at least constrains as possible to keep the solution space as large as
possible so that it can foster innovation.
This concept has obviously to be linked with the management of the
whole digital design chain in order to manage the change impacts. Every
knowledge element (i.e. constrain) could then be removed or added to
relax or reduce the solution space in real time. Innovation is indeed
fostered as new equilibrium can be found in the global design space.
5.2 Global Design Tools, Methods and

Techniques
Contribution 1
Title: Towards Long-Term Archiving of 3D Annotated
Models: a Sneak Peek to a Potential Solution.
Authors: Louis Rivest, Fawzi Kheddouci, Fortin Clément.
Key Words: long-term archiving, 3D annotated models, 3D
PDF, STEP, CAD.
The use of engineering drawings is common practice, in the develop-
ment of mechanical systems, for product denition capture, exchange
and archival purposes. The latter is crucial for the aerospace product
development process, characterized by product lifecycles that can
exceed 70 years. For many enterprises envisioning the replacement of
traditional 2D engineering drawings with 3D annotated CAD models,
it becomes necessary to redene how to maintain product denition
data over such a long period of time. This paper discusses the problems
associated with the long-term archiving of 3D models annotated with
geometric and dimensional tolerances, and other specications, in light
of aerospace requirements that include regulatory and legal aspects.
Overviews of the various initiatives as well as possible avenues for

solutions are highlighted. A potential archiving solution based on both
Acrobat 3D PDF and STEP formats is considered.
Full Article: ICADAM-P177
Contribution 2
Title: Identifying Key parameters in Creative Design.
Key Words: creative design, key parameter, order parameter,

control parameter, analytical method.
The key parameters that determine the structural development of
artifacts in creative design are identied. A six-stages design framework
is proposed to model the representation and transformation of design
concept so that the key parameters in design can be identied. Order
parameters and control parameters in synergetics are borrowed to
describe the key parameters and their eects on design. Design cases
are analyzed to illustrate the eects. The paper provides an analytical
method to identify what parameters control the formation of systems or
structures in design.
Contribution 3
Title: A PLM Environmental Knowledge Management
System.
Authors: Thitiyam Manakitsirisuthi, Yacine Ouzrout,

Abdelaziz Bouras.
Key Words: knowledge management, multi-agents system,

product lifecycle sustainability, reverse logistics,
environmental knowledge base.
Today, the trend of doing business concerns not only the eciency
but also the sustainability of product and the health of environment.
In order to reduce waste generation and improve product or product
development process in term of time, cost and quality, organization
focuses more and more on Product lifecycle sustainability. It helps re-
ducing waste, conserving resources, using recycling materials, designing

product for easy disassembly and avoiding using hazardous material..
This paper proposes a knowledge management architecture, based on
a multi-agent system, which focuses on environmental knowledge such
as WEEE and RoHS directives to manage the knowledge related to
the environmental impact in all phases of the product lifecycle, and
particularly in the recovery process. The link between Product Lifecycle
Management (PLM) system and the knowledge management system
helps the decision maker in their decision making at each stage of
the product lifecycle by taking into account the environmental impact
related the product s activities. The prototype of the proposed system
will be validated in an industry case study.
Contribution 4
Title: Building Design Representation Space: Building
Blocks.
Key Words: design space, building block, attribute, heuristics,
navigator.
The goal of the reported research is to develop a method for building
a design representation space for innovative design. The focus of our
research is developing building blocks at three levels: (1) attributes
consisting of working objects, working principles, structure solution
and interrelationships; (2) heuristics consisting of ten basic thinking
techniques and part of inventive principles from TRIZ; (3) navigator
consisting of heuristic cues, stopping rules and other dynamic informa-
tion about what to do next during the designing process. The navigator
builds a dynamic link between heuristics and attribute building blocks.
The design solution for a particular design task can be generated by
instantiating related classes. The main contribution of our work is
linking a design space with 10 thinking techniques by introducing a
navigator.
5.3 Extended and Virtual Factory

Contribution 1
Title: Multi-Scales Simulations in Digital Factory, Ex-
periment on an Aeronautical Example.
Authors: Ronan Derroisne, Vincent Cheutet, Samir Lam-

ouri, Roberta Costa Aonso, Benoît Fricero, Hugo
Falgarone.
Key Words: digital factory, Virtual Factory, discrete event sim-

ulation, multi-scales simulation, Data Integration.
The digital factory goal is to design, simulate and optimize produc-
tion systems as early as possible in the product development process.
To achieve this goal, a lot of production systems simulation softwares
are available on the market. But these softwares are specic and
proceed only on one detail level. This article proposes a solution to
unify the dierent types of production system simulations based on a
multi-scales simulation tool. The tool specications are given thanks to
an aeronautical case study, proposed by our industrial partners.
Contribution 2
Title: Factory Planning through Paper-Based
Computer-Aided Sketching.
Authors: Philip Farrugia, Emmanuel Francalanza,

Jonathan Borg, Gilbert Attard.
Key Words: digital manufacturing, conceptual design, sketch

recognition, 3D visualisation.
Sketching has long served as a means to quickly express ideas in
the early stages of design. Whilst CAD systems oer visualization
capabilities that are not oered by a sketch, such technology is not
exploited in the early stages, as it does not allow sketching as input.
For this reason, Computer Aided Sketching (CAS) technology has
been developed to combine the benets of sketching with CAD. Yet,
although this technology has been applied in a range of domains (such as
architecture, product design, graphical user-interface design etc.), it has

not yet been exploited for shop oor planning. In view of this, on-going
research is being carried out to develop a framework allowing users to
quickly have a 3D CAD model of a factory directly from paper-based
sketches of the factory. A visual language was developed such that it
allows factory designers to schematically represent the shop oor, whilst
at the same time facilitates o-line computer-processing of the sketches.
Contribution 3
Title: Reverse Engineering for NC Machining Simula-
tion.
Authors: Nabil Anwer, Yang Yi-Jun, Zhao Haibin, Olivier
Coma, Jean-Claude Paul.
Key Words: NC simulation, reverse engineering, polyhedral
representation, segmentation, discrete dierential
geometry.
Reverse engineering for NC Machining simulation is becoming
an important component of NC simulation and verication. Design
engineers need more accurate and complete CAD model of the simulated
machined part for nite element analysis or parametric feature-based
modelling for design modication or update. The as-cut or inprocess
geometry should be correctly accessed in the CAD/CAM environment
at any stage of the machining process. Few commercial software are
addressing the reverse engineering issue and provide robust solutions.
Until now, inprocess CAD models for NC simulation have been created
with many drawbacks and inaccurate methods are proposed. This
paper addresses reverse engineering for NC machining simulation based
on polyhedral in-process geometry. Two complementary app oaches
are presented here. An enriched representation embedded in Spring
technologies Reverse engineering or SRE le format enables to convert
the polyhedral model to STEP le and a discrete shape recognition and
segmentation approach provides a promising issue thanks to discrete
dierential geometry.
5.4 Information Technology for Global Design

and Manufacture
Contribution 1
Title: A Survey on Tolerancing Task Integration in PLM.
Authors: Yasser Rhahli, Magali Bosch, Bernard Anselmetti,

Benoît Eynard.
Key Words: tolerancing, CAT systems, product lifecycle man-

agement, production engineering.
The issue of product tolerancing data management during its
lifecycle is not completely solved and need to take into account the
multidisciplinary nature of the engineering process, which includes
design, analysis, manufacturing and control. Nowadays, IT vendors
provide a various Computer-Aided Tolerancing (CAT) systems which
aid designer to address tolerancing challenges. But each system is used
in a specic stage of tolerancing process and the results provided can
not be used or explored by another tool. Moreover, these systems are
not always integrated into CAD systems. This situation raises some
questions that would need to be paid more attention in the future,
especially: How to manage tolerancing data used or generated during
tolerancing tasks? How to ensure traceability of tolerancing data
during product lifecycle? How to integrate CAT systems to CAD/CAM
systems? How to integrate tolerancing data to PLM platforms?
Contribution 2
Title: Towards Sketch-Based Modelling for Laser
Cladding.
Authors: Philip Farrugia, Ryan Cann, Alexandra Bonnici,

Maurizio Fenech.
Key Words: sketch recognition, rapid prototyping, tool modi-

cation.
Many designers use Computer-Aided Design (CAD) systems to visu-

alize their ideas. However, many still prefer to use sketching. Moreover,
there are designers that argue that having a three-dimensional (3D)
physical model would be more benecial when it comes to visualization.
A new rapid prototyping technique which has recently evolved is known
as laser cladding. This process can produce 3D physical models made
from metal. With such a competitive market there is a need to reduce
lead times. The facility of having a 3D metal component manufactured
directly from a 3D virtual model which is automatically obtained from
an initial paper-based sketch can potentially reduce the time-to-market
of a product. This paper presents a framework aimed at this direction.
A preliminary proof-of-concept tool, based on this framework has been
implemented and evaluated, with promising results achieved.
Contribution 3
Title: Ontology Building of Manufacturing Quality
Knowledge for Design Decision Support.
Authors: Keqin Wang, Shurong Tong, Nada Matta, Lionel
Roucoules, Benoît Eynard.
Key Words: knowledge management, multi-agents system,
product lifecycle sustainability, reverse logistics,
environmental knowledge base.
Today, the trend of doing business concerns not only the eciency
but also the sustainability of product and the health of environment.
In order to reduce waste generation and improve product or product
development process in term of time, cost and quality, organization
focuses more and more on Product lifecycle sustainability. It helps re-
ducing waste, conserving resources, using recycling materials, designing
product for easy disassembly and avoiding using hazardous material..
This paper proposes a knowledge management architecture, based on
a multi-agent system, which focuses on environmental knowledge such
as WEEE and RoHS directives to manage the knowledge related to
the environmental impact in all phases of the product lifecycle, and
particularly in the recovery process. The link between Product Lifecycle
Management (PLM) system and the knowledge management system
helps the decision maker in their decision making at each stage of

the product lifecycle by taking into account the environmental impact
related the product s activities. The prototype of the proposed system
will be validated in an industry case study.
6
Virtual environments and
prototyping for human health
and safety
Chapter Editor:
Giuseppe Di Gironimo University of Naples Federico II (Italy)
Antonio Lanzotti University of Naples Federico II (Italy)
6.1 Introduction
The chapter focuses on virtual environments and virtual prototyping
methods and techniques, whose application in the design of products,
manufacturing processes, assistive devices, medical tools and treatments,
can improve the human condition both in industry, and in everyday life.
Human beings can benet from experiments, carried out on digital hu-
man models, in order to evaluate their performances on the work, their
interaction with automated mechanical systems and their feedback about
innovative medical treatments. Virtual Ergonomics and Virtual Safety
are more and more recognised as crucial aspects of the life cycle man-
agement of industrial products. Indeed, it is understood that digital
humans simulations can be very useful to evaluate the Workplace Health
and Safety. Moreover, both in industrial and in non-industrial contexts,
reliability and safety are of great importance when human beings and
robots need to share their workspaces to collaboratively perform a spe-
cic task.
Finally virtual prototyping techniques are very promising in sup-
porting the doctors during a medical treatment. Thanks to new acquisi-

tion techniques, FEM analysis and interactive simulation of human body
parts, this research area gives an eective contribution to medical eld
in order to improve human condition and health. The topic on Hu-
man factors in virtual maintenance and manufacturing investigates the
simulation methods of human behaviour in maintenance and manufac-
turing tasks, aimed at improving ergonomics, safety and productivity.
This topic is of considerable interest to industries that pay attention
to ergonomic and safety issues, both in manufacturing processes, and
in maintenance activities. Behind this interest there is the following
principle: the better your working conditions, the better your ability to
produce.
As a proof, in recent years, the human factor is becoming more and

more important not only in designing and engineering, but also in pro-
duction and in maintenance of new industrial products.
The topic on Interactive robotic simulation in cooperation scenar-

ios focuses on interactive simulation tools for a new generation of robots,
including industrial robots and assist devices, designed to share the en-
vironment and to safely interact with people in cooperation scenarios.
Such machines must meet the strictest safety standards, yet also to de-
liver useful performance: this poses new challenges to the design of all
components of the robot, including mechanics, control, planning algo-
rithms, collision avoidance and supervision systems. Finally the topic
on Virtual Prototyping in medicine is rapidly emerging as very active
research area that uses advanced tools and methods of virtual engineer-
ing to improve human health simulating the behaviours of parts of the
human body. Nowadays this research area plays an important role in
biomedical investigations because it oers clinical and therapeutical ap-
plications in dierent medicine elds.
It is understood that medical research on living subjects may be
expensive and ethically questionable. On the contrary, the use of virtual
models and simulations can help to better performing an investigation,
by reducing costs of experiments both in vitro, and in vivo.
Chapter 6 Virtuality for Human Health 105
6.2 Human Factors in Virtual Maintenance and

Manufacturing
Contribution 1
Title: Human-Like Motion Generation for a Virtual
Manikin.
Authors: Agostino De Santis, Giuseppe Di Gironimo, Luigi
Pelliccia, Bruno Siciliano , Andrea Tarallo.
Key Words: virtual humanoid, human-like motion generation,
kinematic control, kineto-static duality, low-back
biomechanical analysis.
An algorithm to easily manage both human-like motion generation
and the joint torques computation for a virtual manikin is addressed in
this paper. This goal has been achieved using techniques derived from
robotics through the introduction of the so-called augmented jacobian
which allow to cleverly solve the inverse kinematic (IK) problem in terms
of a single closed loop inverse kinematic (CLIK) algorithm. A position
control for the center of mass (CoM), and for its projection on the
support plane, called center of pressure (CoP), has been implemented.
The CoP control allows to take into account a physical constraint such
as static balance of the manikin. Thus, the algorithm formulated, allows
to simulate complex task, moving the whole manikin, by means of
only the task related points. The resulting movement are quite natural
even simulating complex task. As a result of the kinematic formulation
problem it rises the idea of computing the torque joint through the
kineto-static duality, by means of the augmented jacobian and relate
them to biomechanical analyses.
Full Article: ViRMAN-P186
Contribution 2
Title: Implementing Augmented Reality to Aircraft
Maintenance: a Daily Inspection Case Study.
Authors: De Crescenzio Francesca, Fantini Massimiliano.
Key Words: virtual reality, augmented reality, computer vi-

sion, aerospace, human computer interface.
AR (Augmented Reality) has been investigated in the last decade
as a promising candidate technology to build up advanced interfaces for
maintenance operators. Nevertheless, many factors, such as the scarce
usability of cumbersome hardware, the need to use markers and the
complexity in creating digital contents for single applications seem to
aect its eective implementation in industry. In this paper we describe
an AR interface designed to support bringing this technology to the
industrial context. A Testing prototype taking into account usability
requirements has been provides. The display is composed of the main
window where the video stream and the virtual layer are overlaid. The
3D animation in the virtual layer depends on the specic status of the
maintenance intervention. Dierent contents have been derived through
the task analysis of the aircraft daily inspection. Finally, the evaluation
of the system performed by operators is presented.
Contribution 3
Title: A Virtual Ergonomics Approach to Predetermine
after-Sales Services Times in Automotive Indus-
try.
Authors: Di Gironimo Giuseppe, Lanzotti Antonio,

Marzano Adelaide, Di Martino Carmine, Russo
Gianluca.
Key Words: work measurement, predetermined time analysis,

virtual maintenance, ergonomics, human factors,
digital human models.
The preventive knowledge of serviceability times is a critical factor
for the quantication of after-sales services costs of a vehicle. Prede-
termined Motion Time System are frequently used to set labor rates in
industry by quantifying the amount of time required to perform specic
tasks. The rst such system is known as Methods-time measurement
(MTM). Several variants of MTM have been developed diering from
each other on their level of focus. Among them MTM-UAS is suitable
for processes that average around 1 to 5 minutes. However experimental
tests carried out in Elasis (Research Center of FIAT Group) demonstrate

that MTM-UAS is inadequate to measure serviceability times. The
reason is that this method does not take into account ergonomic factors.
In the present paper the authors propose to correct the MTM-UAS
method including in the task analysis the study of human postures and
eorts. The approach allows to estimate with an acceptable deviation
the time needed to perform maintenance tasks since the rst phases
of product design, by working on Digital Mock-up and Digital Human
models in virtual environment. As a byproduct of that analysis, it is
possible to obtain a list of maintenance times in order to preventively
set after-sales service costs.
Contribution 4
Title: Information-Preserving Procedural Translation of
Cad Data to Dynamics-Simulated VR Environ-
ments.
Authors: Guida Mariano, Leoncini Paolo.
Key Words: virtual reality, CAD, data conversion, CATIA, dy-
namics simulation.
Nowadays many phases of the design activity of new industrial
products, such as Concept Design, Design for Maintainability or
DMU-based Design Review take advantage of VR techniques. On the
other hand the use of specialized VR software gives still signicant
advantages in terms of functionalities, exibility, performance and
simulation realism even if major CAD systems have improved their
support to VR interface devices and to advanced visualization systems.
Nevertheless, a standard format for data exchange between CAD mod-
eling and Virtual Reality simulations is, to date, still far from combining
the generality of standard formats with the information richness of
proprietary ones. This paper expose our approach to convert CATIA
V5 models to our Virtual Reality software ViRstperson, developed at
the Italian Aerospace Research Centre (CIRA) over the last ten years.
A VBA plug-in for CATIA V5, named KinetiCAD, was developed to
this purpose. This software module walks the CATIA product tree and
it identies both the hierarchical organization of the models (product
tree) to be converted into a scene graph external representation and
dynamics characteristics of the components (mass properties) in order

to generate a completely structured data-set to directly carry out a VR
physically-credible simulation into ViRstperson environment.
6.3 Interactive Robotic Simulation in Coopera-

tion Scenarios
Contribution 1
Title: Virtual Prototype Based Method for Hybrid Re-
congurable Assembly Systems Design in Top
Class Automotive Industry.
Authors: Andrisano Angelo O., Leali Francesco, Pellicciari

Marcello, Pini Fabio, Vergnano Alberto.
Key Words: virtual prototype, digital manufacturing, hybrid

assembly, automotive assembly, recongurable as-
sembly systems.
Changeability is mandatory for top class automotive industry
to cope with new product development paradigms and demanding
market. Hybrid Recongurable Assembly Systems (H-RMSs) address a
customized exibility on product families, given by coexistence or coop-
eration of human workers and robots. Key-issues for the eective design
of harmonized hybrid assembly systems are: modularity; integrability
of humans, machines and components; customization; convertibility;
diagnosability of systems; and a smart utilization of robots and skilled
workers. Human and robotic tasks need a clear denition and allocation,
for an eective enhancing of human dexterity and cognitive proactivity,
together with robotic accuracy and strength. Virtual prototyping plays
a strategic role within the H-RMS design optimization process, to
explore dierent assembly setting and to interactively train operators
but represents a challenging task and needs advanced tools. The present
paper deals with the development of a Virtual Prototype based method
for H-RMS design in top class automotive industry.
Contribution 2
Title: A Bio-Inspired Strategy for Optimal Grasp of an
Anthropomorphic Robotic Hand.
Authors: Siciliano Bruno, Cordella Francesca, Zollo
Loredana, Guglielmelli Eugenio.
Key Words: hand conguration, human-based stable grasp,
robotic hand control, preshaping optimization al-
gorithm, power grasp.
Safety and dependability are basic requirements for human-robot
interaction. Bio-medical robotics is one area of robotics where the need
to comply with these requirements is obvious. In all the applications
requiring tight human-robot interaction, such as assistive robotics or
else prosthetics, grasp stability is a fundamental requirement to address,
in order to ensure a safe and reliable interaction with the user as well
as the handled objects. The problem of contact point identication is
crucial for ensuring a stable grasp with a robotic hand. In this paper,
on the basis of some studies made on human beings, a human-based
method for power-grip posture prediction has been adapted to a robotic
hand. The method is based on the minimization of a purposely dened
objective function, and its performance has been tested with a robotic
hand by means of simulation trials. The results have demonstrated the
eectiveness of the approach.
Contribution 3
Title: Optimal Performance of Haptic Devices in Train-
ing Virtual Environments.
Authors: San Martin Jose.
Key Words: haptics, optimal designing, manipulability, virtual
surgery, octrees.
The trainers based in virtual reality have come up with an enormous
interest in the eld of Minimally Invasive Surgery. According to the
importance of sense of touch in this surgery, training systems based
on virtual reality often include haptic devices. We look for optimize

the mechanical relative positioning of haptic devices into the simulator.
With this purpose we have dened a measure of how the operation
workspace ts within the volume where haptic device provides its best
manipulability, taking in account the frequency with which each zone
of the operation workspace is visited during the simulation session.
Using these tools, the positioning of each device has been optimized in
function of its role. Moreover, the orientation of the virtual environment
has also been studied. In order to improve the performance of the
haptic device the creation of a new simplied search algorithm of the
optimal solution is presented.
6.4 Virtual Prototyping in Medicine

Contribution 1
Title: Stress Distribution on the Bone Tissue: a Pre-
liminary Comparative Study of Dierent Fixture
Designs.
Authors: Franciosa Pasquale, Martorelli Massimo, Marenzi

Gaetano, Sammartino Gilberto.
Key Words: implant design, comparative analysis, FE mod-

elling, stress distribution, osteo-integration.
The structural and functional connection between living bone and
implant is a key issue is implantology eld. When a guest device is
installed in the living bone, many clinical responses may arise, such
as inammatory processes or osteo-integration failure. This paper
presents preliminary numerical results obtained on three dierent
commercial implants, in terms of stress elds at implant-bone interface.
Starting from 3D CAD models of implants, numerical FE analyses are
accomplished, by applying occlusal loads. Stress gradients in presence
of perfect and not-perfect osteo-integration are pointed out.
Contribution 2
Title: Nasal Prosthetic Rehabilitation: a Virtual and
Physical Prototyping Approach.
Authors: Fantini Massimiliano, De Crescenzio Francesca,
Ciocca Leonardo, Scotti Roberto.
Key Words: laser scanning, Rrapid prototyping, fused deposi-
tion modeling, computer aided design, customized
facial prostheses.
A virtual and physical prototyping approach to develop a customized
implant-supported nasal prosthesis is presented. The complete workow
involves data capture, prosthesis design and prosthesis manufacturing.
To design customized prostheses based on real anatomic shapes, a novel
Ear&Nose Digital Library developed by the authors involving students of
medicine and engineering in this multidisciplinary project is introduced.
First, the data capture of the patient s face is obtained by means of
laser scanning, then the design and direct manufacturing of the reusable
mold for the silicone processing and of the substructure for the retention
of the prosthesis is carried out by means of CAD-CAM procedures and
Rapid Prototyping technologies. Finally, an argumentation regards the
main design features that make the prosthesis a stable and reproducible
system to improve maxillofacial rehabilitation of patients with facial
defects.
Contribution 3
Title: Symmetry Line Detection for Non Erected Pos-
tures.
Authors: Di Angelo Luca, Di Stefano Paolo, Spezzaneve
Andrea.
Key Words: rasterstereography, back shape analysis, symme-
try line, posture prediction, anatomical land-
marks.
A new technique for symmetry line detection for non erected
postures is presented. The proposed approach, based on a symmetry

index previously dened by the authors, is adapted to analyse non
erected postures which can not be investigated with the other methods
presented in the literature. The method here proposed is validated by
analysing four dierent non erected postures in which the spine does
not ideally lie onto sagittal plane: twisted posture (left, right) and
laterally exed posture (left, right). The proposed approach evaluates
the symmetry line by means an adaptive process in which a rst
attempt is modied step by step until the solution converges to the best
estimation. The method is compared with the traditional approach to
symmetry line detection having as reference the cutaneous marking.
Results are analysed and critically discussed.
Contribution 4
Title: An Integrated Methodology for the Evaluation of
Bite Force and Contact Area in Removable Com-
plete Dentures.
Authors: Meneghello Roberto, Savio Gianpaolo, Cerardi

Andrea.
Key Words: virtual dentistry, articial teeth, occlusion, con-

tact, force, CAD, reverse engineering.
A methodology for the study of the occlusion in removable complete
dentures is proposed. Both the contact area and the bite force are inves-
tigated in order to evaluate the functional characteristics of removable
complete dentures and its relation to teeth morphology, position and
orientation in the dental prosthesis and to relative position between
antagonist teeth. The force is experimentally estimated by a 6-axis
strain gauges sensor, while the contact areas are virtually identied by
reverse engineering techniques. The proposed method will be applied
in the future to assist the functional design as well as the prototyping
phases of articial teeth for removable complete dentures.
7
Product and Interaction
Design Environments for the
Future
Chapter Editor:
Satoshi Kanai Hokkaido University (Japan)
Jouke Verlinden Delft University of Technology (the Netherlands)
7.1 Introduction
Industrial design is currently one of major keys to increase added-values
of products and to dierentiate them in the worldwide market. Espe-
cially, in case of high-tech and intelligent products with human interfaces
such as information appliances, the industrial design processes not only
includes styling design but also interaction design.
Styling design process consists of several steps; styling concept plan-
ning, creation of styling design ideas, evaluation and selection of styling
design alternatives, deployment of styling design into concrete models
and transfer of the models to detail product design.
However, the current commercial digital engineering and virtual pro-
totyping systems including 3D-CAD and CG are only supporting in the
downstream of these processes. The upstream steps of styling design
process still done depending on personal abilities of industrial designers
and cannot be eectively supported by commercial computer-aided tools
so far.
Similar to styling design, the upstream of interaction design process
still also greatly depend on the personal abilities of interaction designers

and commercial computer-aided tools cannot suciently support these
steps. Moreover, commercial computer-aided systems are still not ma-
tured yet which can support integrated and concurrent development ac-
tivities of styling design and interaction design of products with human
interfaces.
The chapter on Product and Interaction Design Environments for
the Future (PRIDE) aims at introducing advanced computer-aided tools
and methods to support these upstream steps of styling design and/or
interaction design and at eventually looking for Design Studio of the
future in industrial design.
The key feature of the track is that not only tools and methods for
advanced styling design but also those for advanced interaction design
are going to be discussed. The other feature is that tools and methods
useful in relatively upstream steps in industrial design are going to be
discussed.
The chapter covers broad range of research works of supporting up-
stream and conceptual steps concerning with styling design and interac-
tion design including geometric modelling, human-computer-interaction,
virtual reality, mixed reality, usability engineering, ergonomics, human-
centered geometric modeling and validations of the technologies in in-
dustry.
7.2 Advanced Prototyping for Interaction

Design
Contribution 1
Title: Event Code Generator: an Event Authoring Tool
for Reective Interaction Design Prototyping.
Authors: Ju-Whan Kim, Tek-Jin Nam.
Key Words: interaction design, reective prototyping,

designer s toolkit, feature recognition, code
generation.
Prototyping has become an important process in the concept
generation phase of interaction design. Although designers are not
specialized in technical realization, prototyping becomes an important
Chapter 7 Product and Interaction Design Environments 115
skill to increase design quality. However, as intelligent functions are

becoming common in recent products, few designers can implement
and test prototypes using state-of-the-art electronics and computer
technologies. One of the major technical challenges in prototyping in-
teractive products is in event-driven interactivity prototyping, in which
it is common for designers to build a system that recognizes human
actions based on intricate sensor input. An event authoring tool for
reective interaction design prototyping, named Event Code Generator,
is presented. It supports event-driven interactivity prototyping in
Flash. It allows designers to freely generate software code for feature
recognition behaviours of prototypes. In the user test for creating
design prototypes using the tool, 19 designers responded that Event
Code Generator facilitated design prototyping, considerably reduced
the time to build functional prototypes, and helped them overcome
diculties in textual programming. It also showed that there are
areas of improvement in interface of the tool and extensions to other
platforms. It is expected that the tool and the lesions from user study
can help reective interaction design prototyping.
Full Article: PRIDE-P163
Contribution 2
Title: Usability Assessment to Address Interaction De-
sign.
Authors: Maura Mengoni, Margherita Peruzzini.
Key Words: virtual reality, augmented reality, computer vi-
sion, aerospace, human computer interface.
Interaction design refers to the design of interactive products and
services with a specic focus on their use. Going beyond the traditional
instrumental qualities such as usability and usefulness, the present
research aims at dening a structured protocol and a proper supporting
experimental environment to assess the dierent perceived qualities
of consumers products with high aesthetic and technological values.
The protocol has been tested both on physically and virtually based
environments. Potentialities and limitations of traditional and advanced
Virtual Reality based set-ups have been discussed by comparing users
emotional and cognitive responses during products experience.
Contribution 3
Title: XAML-Based Usability Assessment for Prototyp-
ing Information Appliances with Touch Sensitive
Interfaces.
Authors: Satoshi Kanai.
Key Words: user interface, prorotyping, usability, XAML, in-

formation applicances, touch-sensitive interface,
usability-conscious design.
An advanced systems for user interface prototyping, user test and
usability assessment are proposed which enable 3D digital prototyping
of information appliances with touch sensitive interfaces and automated
user test and usability assessment. The 3D digital prototype was dened
by XAML which is an XML-based user interface (UI) markup language.
Not only UI elements, data binding and eventing but 3D geometric
model of the appliance can be dened by XAML. The specication
of XAML was extended to enable declarative description of dynamic
behavior of the UI. A gesture recognition function enabled the users to
manipulate the touch-sensitive UI on 3D digital prototypes in the user
test. Execution of user tests and analysis of missed operations could be
fully automated. A case study of the user test and usability assessment
of a digital camera showed an eectiveness of the proposed 3D digital
prototyping in ecient usability-conscious design.
7.3 Virtual and Mixed Reality for Design

Contribution 1
Title: Validating the Demand on Interactive Augmented
Prototyping in Industry.
Authors: Jouke Verlinden.
Key Words: augmented prototyping, industrial design, survey,

adoption.
At present, a multitude of advanced prototyping tools and methods

are being developed. They might oer great advantages, but dissemina-
tion in industry seems to fail. This article investigates the thresholds
of adopting such techniques as well as the intrinsic limitations of
Interactive Augmented Prototyping as a useful tool. To assess the
possible impact of such systems, a survey was executed among 13 top
design and engineering agencies in the Netherlands. The survey was
targeted at senior project managers in various domains, ranging from
well-known interior and furniture designers to studios in automotive and
product design. With each of them, we had a 90-minute semi-structured
interview and a short demonstration of IAP support of design reviews.
The results show that almost all rms extensively use models during
design reviews, and welcome technical advancements if they speed up
the design process or avoid errors and miscommunication. However,
IAP is not always judged as useful; only in the case where commu-
nication with the client can be improved, the senior design managers
see opportunities. Furthermore, the adoption approach diverges into
dierent domains: engineering, product design, and interior design have
dierent attitudes that need consideration in valorising research towards
marketable solutions.
Contribution 2
Title: Direct Haptic Rendering System for Nurbs Sur-
faces with Real Time Compensation of Aesthetic
Feature.
Authors: Hidetomo Takahashi
Key Words: haptic interaction, NURBS surface, aesthetic prin-
ciples, highlight line.
Direct haptic rendering system enables the operator to modify
geometric models directly and intuitively. On the other hand, clearness
or distortion-less is required to exterrior of product such as a car and
an electric appliance. Direct haptic rendering system gives intuitive
operation environment, but cannot prevent from generating distortion
onto the model. Therefore, a direct haptic rendering system for NURBS
model with real time compensation of aesthetic feature is described.
Contribution 3
Title: Mixed Reality Prototyping for Handheld Products
Testing.
Authors: Marina Carulli , Monica Bordegoni , Samuele

Polistina.
Key Words: mixed reality application, virtual testing, virtual

prototyping, product design.
Due to the rapid evolution of ICT during the last years, information
appliances have gained more and more importance in the industrial
products domain. Nevertheless, the process used for designing these
products has not been subjected to considerable changes, and the
evaluation phase is still carried out using expensive and time-requiring
real prototypes. The aim of this paper is to highlight, within a real
design process, the most important advantages and benets of using
virtual prototyping techniques in respect to the traditional development
and manufacturing of real prototypes. For this purpose, the paper
presents an experimental activity in which an information appliance -
a video storage device - has been developed according to a traditional
design process, whereas its evaluation has been carried out using a
Mixed Reality application specically developed.
7.4 Advanced Tools for Early Product Design

Contribution 1
Title: Input of Compound-Rhythm Log-Aesthetic
Curves and its Applications for Car Styling
Design.
Authors: Kenjiro T. Miur.
Key Words: log-aesthetic curve, compound-rhythm curve, con-

trol points, G3 continuity, car styling design.
A method of inputing a planar log-aesthetic curve with compound-
rhythm using four control points is presented. The logaesthetic curve

does not exhibit any undulations of curvature as its curvature increases
or decreases monotonically and it is suitable for practical product
design. Input methods using the control point presented to date can
generate only one log-aesthetic curve and are unsuitable to represent
characteristic lines of industrial products. Here, we report that the
compound-rhythm log-aesthetic curve made up of two log-aesthetic
curve segments connected with G3 continuity has sucient expression
ability to represent the character lines of cars by illustrating practical
design examples.
Contribution 2
Title: Development of System to Support and Evaluate
Chair Design.
Authors: Hideki Aoyama.
Key Words: chair design, design evaluation, mechanical stabil-
ity, sitting comfortableness, bottom slip, pressure
distribution, sweatiness.
A system to support chair design and evaluation is detailed. The
developed system is composed of a 3D digital chair model construction
module and a chair design evaluation module. The 3D digital chair
model construction module can easily construct a 3D digital chair model
by inputting a chair sketch and assigning chair form features. The chair
design evaluation module can evaluate chair design by catching the
views of a designed chair from arbitrary view points and can modify the
design in easy operations. The module can also evaluate sitting feeling
from the view points of mechanical stability, pressure distribution, and
sweatiness by using a digital human.
Contribution 3
Title: Multimodal Interaction with a Household Appli-
ance Based on Haptic, Audio and Visualization.
Authors: Francesco Ferrise, Monica Bordegoni, Joseba

Lizaranzu.
Key Words: multimodal interaction, virtual prototyping, hap-

tic interaction, human perception, interaction de-
sign.
Virtual Prototypes (VPs) are currently substituting physical ones in
some activities of the product development process, being more exible,
sharable and easy to modify. Several companies that currently make
use of this practice have put eort in the improvement of visualization
techniques and of the level of quality of the information that is visually
represented, which is indeed very high. Actually, the level of realism that
can be reached with VPs is constrained to vision, while other senses are
generally under considered. Adding other senses, like touch and hearing,
to the interaction with Virtual Prototypes has proved to be eective in
augmenting the kind and realism of the information we can represent,
and in addition allows us to simulate a grater number of phenomena.
We describe a multimodal application based on visualization, sound
and haptic technologies in which we have simulated the interaction with
a household appliance. The paper presents the multimodal model that
we have used to develop the application, and we discuss limits and
potentialities of the use of the combination of the senses for interacting
with the VP. The paper also presents the preliminary results of tests
performed with end users.
Contribution 4
Title: Shape Interpolation of Product Housings for Er-
gonomic Assessment Using Digital Hand.
Authors: Yui Endo, Natsuki Miyata, Makiko Kouchi,

Masaaki Mochimaru, Satoshi Kanai.
Key Words: shape interpolation, sphere representation, voxel

representation, digital hand, ergonomic assess-
ment.
A new volume-based reconstruction method of the sphere represen-
tation for two housing shape candidates and their interpolated shapes of
a product model is proposed. The sphere representation for each shape
is generated by using the distance eld of the voxel representation for
the shape. The system indirectly constructs the sphere representation
for the interpolated shape through the interpolation of the distance
eld.
8
TRIZ and Intellectual
Property Management
Chapter Editor:
Caterina Rizzi University of Bergamo (Italy)
8.1 Introduction
The capability to manage Intellectual Property is becoming essential,
especially for SMEs that actively try to face competition of emerging
countries and Far East (China, India, etc.). Whether a company is a
small, mid, or large one, a strong intellectual property portfolio will
provide the company with the ability to become a more eective com-
petitor and enhance shareholder value. Nevertheless, some aspects are
often neglected, such as the importance of patents, not only as a legal
protection from unauthorized copying of inventions, but also as a tool
for the innovation of both product and process. Establishing a strategy
for Intellectual Property Management is important for every company
that uses technology to secure a signicant competitive advantage. In
such a context, methodologies and tools for systematic innovation, such
as TRIZ, can help to deal with specic issues of Intellectual Property
Management (IPM) and are key issues to systematically innovate prod-
uct/process/service. These themes are really actual and are attracting
more and more interest from both industrial and academic communities.
The worldwide patents database is the widest collection of technical
knowledge ever formalised, on the base of which, since 1946, Genrich
Altshuller developed TRIZ theory. Actually, the pillars of TRIZ were

stated after a merely scientic observation of the inventions described in
patents, and became, after decades of renement, the structured method-
ology for inventive problem solving we know today. On the other hand,
TRIZ tools are used to speed up product/process innovation activities
and patents represent the nal step of research and development of suc-
cessful ideas. TRIZ underlying concept is that invention has logical rules
and principles that lead from problem to solution, i.e. there are common
patterns in ways of solving problems that, extracted and coded, technol-
ogists and researchers can use to obtain the capability to solve problems
creatively. Summarizing, the basic axiom of TRIZ is: objective laws
govern the evolution of any technical system. TRIZ has built a system
made of abstract principles and laws, together with a huge collection of
facts and applications examples in a readably applicable manner. Figure
1 shows at high level how solve problems using TRIZ methodology: once
acquired problem specications,
1. the problem is rst generalized and formalized dening a

structural-functional model,
2. then analyzing world of science and technology, general solutions

are found,
3. and then specialized for the specic problem.
TRIZ comprehends a set of tools for generating innovative ideas and

solutions; some of the most popular are:
Ideal Final Result (IFR),

Resources,
Substance-Field (SU-Field) modeling,
The Contradiction Matrix to solve technical contradictions,
The Separations Principles to solve physical contradictions,
Inventive principles and standard solutions,
ARIZ algorithm,
Laws of technical system evolution.
Chapter 8 Creativity and TRIZ 125
TRIZ oers great potential to increase the value of intellectual property

management as well as to provide ideas for circumventing existing intel-
lectual property. TRIZ tools can be protably integrated to face several
aspects related to IPM, among them they can be used for:
enhancing company technical knowledge,
formalising and classifying technical knowledge,
integrating and sharing acquired knowledge,
classifying patents,
constantly monitoring patents and their evolution,
classifying products and services,
product/technology forecasting.
Various research activities are under development with the aim of devel-
oping methods and CAI (Computer Aided Innovation) tools to deal with
mentioned issue. Laws of technical system evolutions have been used to
establish the directions for future improvements of industrial products,
Inventive principles for patent search and classication, Functional mod-
elling to collect, formalise and share knowledge or Trimming tool for
competitive Patent Circumvention.
In conclusion, the TRIZ problem solving methodology and related
tools, traditionally adopted to solve engineering problem, is becoming
more and more an important mean to face and manage intellectual prop-
erty.
8.2 Developments on Creativity

Contribution 1
Title: TRIZ-based Networks of Evolutionary Trends sup-
porting R&D Strategy Denition.
Authors: Gaetano Cascini, Federico Rotini.
Key Words: TRIZ, technology forecasting, maturity assess-
ment, laws of Evolution, contradictions.
Improving the eciency of R&D strategy denition is more and

more crucial both for private and public organizations in order to
combine the capability to propose innovative products and services
with the reduction of lead time and expenses. In this context a crucial
issue is the capability to identify the evolutionary scenarios for a
given Technical System having a concrete chance to appear and the
availability of means to assess the maturity of the related technologies
involved. In this context, the authors are working on the development
of systematic procedures to build robust technological forecasts and
means to support strategic R&D choices through evolutionary maps
and maturity assessment means. The research relies on the TRIZ Laws
of Engineering Systems Evolution to build a Network of Evolutionary
Trends (NET) for the Technical System under study, and on the analysis
of the type of contradictions characterizing each branch of the NET as a
means to assess the relative technological maturity of the corresponding
scenarios.
Full Article: TRIZ IMP-P133
Contribution 2
Title: A Systematic Exploration for Conceiving Function
and Behaviour Of a New Technical System.
Authors: Davide Russo.
Key Words: TRIZ, patent search, knowledge management,

technical creativity.
A methodological approach to guide the user to generate technical
solutions during the conception of a new system is presented. Such a
step by step method is inspired by an implementation of classical tools
from TRIZ, a theory to systematically dene a problem and support
the creative idea generation process. A combination of a selection of
ontologies for the functional representation of a system, and knowledge
(KM) management strategies and tools for extracting knowledge by
patents DB is provided. The aim is to trace a repeatable path to
support the inventor to get ideas in case of a new system generation.
The authors explain every step of the method by means of an industrial
case study in order to show concisely the eectiveness and the ease of
this application.
Chapter 8 Creativity and TRIZ 127
Contribution 3
Title: Rened Metrics for Measuring Novelty in Ideation.
Authors: Jef Peeters.
Key Words: idea generation, idea evaluation, ideation metrics,
novelty, design.
The idea generation phase is considered an important, although
fuzzy, step in product development. Supporting methods and tools have
been developed. However, their eectiveness has only been studied in
sporadic attempts, and the few controlled experiments only share little
similarity in conditions. Measuring the eectiveness of idea generation
methods and tools requires replicable evaluation methods and suitable
metrics, which have recently been developed. This paper proposes
a renement of an existing novelty metric used in these evaluation
methods. Furthermore, it is proposed to incorporate the variation on
novelty scores in the analysis of the eectiveness of idea generation
tools. Based on the analysis of the results from controlled experiments,
it is shown that these renements allow for more ne-grained analyses
of the eectiveness of an idea generation method.
Contribution 4
Title: A Framework for Assisting the Innovation Process
by Using TRIZ- Based Web Services.
Authors: Antonino Salas-López, René López-Flores, Daniel
Hernández-Marín, G. Cortes-Robles.
Key Words: TRIZ, computer aided innovation, collaborative
web applications.
Innovation is a complex process which is impelled by several
economic vectors, but it is also a process that involves creativity to
get started and a vast knowledge diversity to be crystallized in new
products (manufactured goods or services) or processes accepted in a
market. Innovation is then a social activity that demands a collabora-
tive environment where several individuals could interact to solve the
inherent problems of this process. The TRIZ theory (theory of inventive

problem solving) is useful to guide creativity and also for connecting
the problem requirements with available knowledge in other domains.
But even if TRIZ has the potential to guide problem solving activities,
it has been conceived to be deployed individually. Consequently, in
this paper is proposed a doctoral research that will explore, evaluate
and conceive several mechanisms for oering a collective dimension to
TRIZ. A capital objective in this research is to create the conditions for
enabling TRIZ- based open innovation services through collaborative
web services and software architecture.
9
Methods and Simulation
Tools for Assembly Design
and Manufacturing
Chapter Editor:
Stanislao Patalano University of Naples Frederico II (Italy)
Alain Rivière Supméca (France)
9.1 Introduction
The chapter on Methods and Simulation Tools for Assembly Design
and Manufacturing (MEST4ADM) deals with the methods and sim-
ulation tools aimed to face the design-manufacturing process, as a
whole, achieved through multi-station processes, within wide-spread fac-
tory contests.
Several critical aspects come out in such contests. One of these is
related to the common use of the path from assembly functional re-
quirements to geometrical product specication and, then, to man-
ufacturing tolerances. This path was deeply studied in the past, and
several signicant results were achieved. Nevertheless, the path con-
tains an implicit limitation due to the need of a double transfer. Inside
the design-manufacturing process, as a whole, building and managing
product data play a signicant role, when design-manufacturing activi-
ties are performed. A certain critical aspect deals with the possibility to
represent, in a complete and unique way, the geometric characteristics of
the product, independently from the coordinate systems used to repre-
sent that product. This ambitious challenge is focused on the possibility

to control, in case of complex assemblies and long series of assembly and
manufacturing cycles, displacements of both features and parts, from a
nominal and variational point of view.
When design-manufacturing activities are performed, the enrichment
of geometrical data, usually contained in CAD models, represents a key
approach to anticipate, in the early phases of designing activities, sig-
nicant choices to improve product lifecycle management, especially in
wide-spread factory contests. In case of complex products, assembled
through multi-station processes, a critical issue is related to the pres-
ence of deformable parts. The simulation of assembly processes, in
fact, performed when part deformation occurs, requires to account the
stress-strain behaviour of parts, for example through the Finite Elements
Method. Then, in a statistical contest, carried out with a Monte Carlo
method, these simulations are very time-consuming. On the contrary,
exible and quick simulations, performed in the early design activities
and essentially based on linear models, could be used to test dierent
clamping equipments, anticipating manufacturing requirements and pro-
moting an eective design-manufacturing integration.
All the presented challenges are particularly relevant in large compa-
nies, such as those operating in automotive and aeronautical elds, where
the fullment of complex assembly requirements has to be designed, ver-
ied and achieved through a long series of cycles. The chapter intends
to give a delimited contribute in the formulation of methods and tools
that has to be extend to such industrial contests.
9.2 Developments on Tools for Assembly Design

and Manufacturing
Contribution 1
Title: Assembling Coordinate Free Representations for
the Calculation of Geometric Variations.
Authors: Guillaume Mandil, Alain Desrochers, Alain Riv-

ière.
Key Words: geometrical requirement, life cycle, metric tensor,

gram matrices, non-cartesian geometry.
Chapter 9 Assembly Design and Manufacturing 131
An investigation on the use of a coordinate free approach for the

mapping of geometrical requirements along the product life cycle is
proposed. The geometry of the studied assembly is represented using
a Gram matrix that is derived from a parametric model constituted
of points and vectors. This parametric model is updated for all the
relevant phases of the product life cycle. More precisely, this paper
demonstrates how to combine two Gram matrices used as coordinate
free representations for two states of an assembly into a global one in
order to map the geometrical requirement evolution. This association is
carried out using the Cholesky factorization technique. The application
presented is constituted of a simple 2D case.
Full Article: MEST4ADM-183
Contribution 2
Title: Maintainability Assessment at Early Design Stage
Using Advanced Cad Systems.
Authors: Amadou Coulibaly.
Key Words: semantic modeling, maintainability, extended-
dsm, reliability, criticality.
In mass production industries, the manufacturing equipments
downtimes should be strictly avoided; and if failures occur the repa-
ration time should be as short as possible to prevent from production
losses that may aect dramatically the delivery delay. So, a high level
of reliability and an easy maintainability are required for the machines
tools used for high speed production. Many research works have been
carried out about reliability estimation using simulation tools but
there is a lack of ecient solutions for maintainability assessment and
improvement at design stage. This paper proposes a framework for
maintainability analysis within advanced CAD systems. The approach
proceeds by four steps: the product decomposition, the digital mock-up
semantic enrichment, the extended Design Structure Matrix building
and the maintainability indicator calculation. In this procedure we con-
sider the product nomenclature including not only its main components
but also assembly artefacts. An application is presented to illustrate
the approach.
Contribution 3
Title: From Function to Manufacturing: a Framework
for Optimum Tolerancing in Multi-Stage Machin-
ing Processes.
Authors: Julio Serrano-Mira, Jose V. Abellan-Nebot, Fer-

nando Romero-Subiron.
Key Words: tolerance transfer, assembly graphs, manufactur-

ing graphs; functional loops.
A direct tolerance transfer from functional requirements of a mech-
anism to manufacturing tolerances of individual parts is a research issue
not much dealt in the literature. In order to provide tools to overcome
this issue, this paper presents a unied graphical representation tool to
integrate the representation of the geometrical elements and relation-
ships that dene an assembly (assembly graph) with the manufacturing
stages and setup relations that dene the manufacturing processes
(manufacturing graphs) to manufacture the assembly parts. For this
purpose, the relationships between manufacturing stages are modelled
as a mechanism. Through this graphical tool, the functional loop that
relates the geometrical functional requirement of the mechanism with
the manufacturing stages can be systematically identied. Applying a
3D tolerance modelling approach, the functional loop can be converted
into functional tolerance chains. The potential use of the methodology
covers among others, activities such as geometric validation of the
manufacturing process, manufacturing tolerancing and direct transfer
from functional requirements to manufacturing tolerances (tolerance
specication and allocation).
Contribution 4
Title: Early Fast Analysis of the Eect of Dierent Fix-
ture Congurations in Compliant Assembly De-
sign.
Authors: Stanislao Patalano, Pasquale Franciosa, Salvatore

Gerbino, Alain Rivière.
Chapter 9 Assembly Design and Manufacturing 133
Key Words: early design, compliant assembly, tolerance analy-

sis, xture congurations; FE analysis.
Dimensional and geometrical variations have a signicant impact
on the manufacturing and assembly phase. Computer tools to predict
failures and control variations are welcome if they are able to spam
in a fast way more variety of design solutions including several types
of xtures and related statistical variability. In this direction the
SVA-FEA computer simulation tool is here used to analyse the eect of
dierent xture congurations of an assembly of two sheet metal parts.
A key characteristic is dened on the assembly and how it varies under
several combinations of assembly xtures is shown.
10
European Qualication and
Certication for the Lifelong
Learning
Chapter Autors:
Serge Tichkiewitch, Andreas Riel (1,2)
(1): EMIRAcle (Europe)
(2): Grenoble Institute of Technology (France)
10.1 Introduction
Modern innovative product development is characterised by an inte-
grated approach to master highly multidisciplinary issues of products,
services, and processes. Although university curricula are starting to get
adapted to this development on an international scale, it is evident that
there is an urgent need for interdisciplinary education and certication
programs on a postgraduate level. While universities are supposed to ed-
ucate in-depth knowledge in specic engineering areas, lifelong learning
programs and curricula are needed that teach the transversal links be-
tween the dierent engineering disciplines according to criteria that are
dened by industry. Industrialists demand for the certication of these
skills, as well as for their international recognition and exchangeability.
Today, such internationally recognized training and certication pro-
grams for job roles in modern manufacturing do not exist. This chapter
describes the approach that EMIRAcle (the European Manufacturing
and Innovation Research Association, a cluster leading excellence) takes
together with the ECQA (the European Certication and Qualication

Association) in order to dene and establish job roles, curricula and
certications on a European level in the domain of modern innovative
product development. Three particular programs will be introduced, and
their relevance to the French national network AIP-PRIMECA pointed
out.
Section 2 of the chapter gives an overview of the two international
associations EMIRAcle and ECQA in the context of lifelong learning
activities, and it introduces the schema according to which all ECQA
compliant job roles have to be specied.
Section 3 focuses on the three particular job roles which have been de-
veloped in international consortia and with funding support by the Euro-
pean Commission: ECQA Certied Integrated Design Engineer, ECQA
Certied Lean Six Sigma Expert, and ECQA Certied EU Researcher-
Entrepreneur.
Section 4 briey outlines the system that is used for training.
Section 5 shows how members of the AIP-PRIMECA network can
get actively involved in the dissemination and the continuous evolution
of these programs.
Finally, in the concluding section 6 we propose that AIP-PRIMECA
and EMIRAcle join in order to launch the development of programs for
further modern professions in innovative product development.
10.2 ECQA and EMIRAcle for Lifelong Learning

Eective implementation of improvements in organisations requires a
broad set of complementary skills, such as improvement management,
innovation management, integrated design, testing procedures, require-
ments processes, lean methods, agile methods and many more. Each
method needs recognition and support by industrial communities. Two
years ago, EMIRAcle partnered with ECQA in order to establish EU-
wide training and certication programs for modern job roles in inno-
vative product development. The rst results of this close collaboration
will be outlined in the following sections.
10.2.1 EMIRAcle
Improvement of Products, Systems, Services and Processes has been the
driver for the foundation of EMIRAcle in October 2007 with the mission
to internationally promote, bundle and consolidate research and edu-
Chapter 10 Lifelong Learning 137
cation in innovative product development. To this aim, the currently

23 EMIRAcle research institution members have intensive relationships
with governmental organisations and fruitful, long-lasting collaborations
with industrial and academic partners in numerous sectors. Among those
are most notably automotive, aerospace, shipping, clothing and furni-
ture.
Acting as an international non-prot organisation based in Brus-
sels and Grenoble, EMIRAcle provides its expertise in form of services
in Co-Engineering, Co-Manufacturing, Co-Innovation, Co-Research and
Co-Academy. Co-Engineering expertise is based on modern Integrated
Engineering competences. Co-Manufacturing addresses all kinds of is-
sues concerned with the planning and the optimization of manufacturing
systems. In Co-Innovation their expertise is in systematic innovation in
products and processes according to established and modern paradigms.
Joint research initiatives and projects in several forms are the core tar-
get of Co-Research. Finally, Co-Academy oers distance learning en-
abled training and European-wide certication for modern job roles in
innovative product development.
10.2.2 ECQA
The ECQA (European Certication and Qualication Association) is the
result of a number of EU-supported initiatives over the last ten years.
Numerous educational developments decided to join together in certify-
ing persons in the industry, with the support of funds from the European
Commission's Life Long Learning Program. Through the ECQA, it is
possible to attend courses for a specic profession in one or several coun-
tries, and to obtain European-wide agreed-upon certication at the end
of the course. The certicate will then be recognized by European train-
ing organisations and institutions in 18 member countries.
For European work forces that must be highly exible and open to
work for industries all across Europe, this will lead to even broader recog-
nition of the certicate and thus signicantly higher chances of employ-
ment for customers in an open European market. To date, the commu-
nities supported by the ECQA come from such elds as ECQA Certied
SCOPE Manager, ECQA Certied SPI Manager, ECQA Certied Inno-
vation Manager, ECQA Certied Governance SPICE Assessor, ECQA
Certied IT Consultant for SMEs, ECQA Certied E-Learning Manager
and many more.
10.2.3 The ECQA Qualication and Certication Schema

The ECQA dened a hierarchical structure according to which the skill
sets of all compliant job roles have to be specied. This structure is
compliant with the European Qualication Framework (EQF). For a
given job role, the number and complexity of elements in this structure
has to be adequate for professionals from industry. However, training
courses are also targeted towards graduate and doctorate students, who
can obtain credit points according to the ECTS credit system for ECQA
compliant training courses:
a domain contains,
job roles, which contain,
units, which contain,
elements, which contain,
performance Criteria, to be proved by,
evidences.
The ECQA dened the following structure for describing a skill unit:
skill unit name,

skill unit acronym,
skill unit description.
For each learning element of a skill unit the following structure has to
be used:
learning element title,

learning element acronym,
learning element note,
learning element list of performance criteria.
Performance criteria dene the competences the student must show ev-
idence of. In order to be certied for a specic learning element, the
candidate can either present evidences to certied assessors in order to
prove his/her competence per performance criterion, or he has to pass a
test which is composed by random choice of test questions from a pool

of test questions in the European skill portals of the ECQA. Certicates
issued by the ECQA are valid and recognized in all European countries.
This leverages mobility of professionals, and gives an added value to
university graduates and doctors looking for their rst jobs.
10.3 Modern Job Roles in Innovative Product

Development
This section gives an overview of the three training and certication
programs that have been established so far. For each profession, the
major characteristics will be described, and the agreed set of competences
will be specied in a table up to skill element level.
10.3.1 ECQA Certied Integrated Design Engineer

Designing modern products and systems in an innovative, sustainable
and competitive way demands the implementation of new paradigms
in development organisations. Among these paradigms, Integration is
of major importance. More specically, the integration of all the dier-
ent actors with specic roles in the complete product lifecycle is essential
throughout the design process of a product or a system. In modern prod-
uct and system development processes, design is no longer concentrated
on a specic phase. Design goes beyond aesthetics to coverall functional
aspects of a product or a system, thus driving the entire development
process.
Design engineers are often obliged to work on the basis of vague and
incomplete specications of functional and aesthetic product or system
properties, as well as requirements and constraints imposed by dier-
ent lifecycle phases and actors. Without these specications, however,
integrated design is impossible to achieve.
Thus, it is typically the implicit or explicit responsibility of design
engineers to procure the information they need. This requires knowledge
about the product or system lifecycle, and in particular about the experts
involved in each phase of the lifecycle. It also demands specic skills
to communicate with those experts so that designers can capture and
capitalize on the experts' information and knowledge.
Many of these integrated engineering skills are acquired throughout
the professional career of engineers rather than in their initial education,
as they require experiences in real working environments with complex

interdisciplinary development projects. Engineers thus have the need of
training and certication programs allowing them to improve and certify
the integrated skills they acquire along the way (gure 10.1).
10.3.2 ECQA Certied Lean Six Sigma Expert

Although there are several companies worldwide that train individuals
in Lean Manufacturing (LM) and Six Sigma, there is no global standard.
Some people that followed a four days training and with little experience
call themselves black belt and some green belt trainings do not include
statistical analysis. Furthermore theoretical knowledge on methodology
and tools is only one aspect. Applying these in real situations is a second
aspect which is even more important. As a consequence the belt-levels
can mean many things. One can train your employees or hire people
that call themselves green belt or black belt, but how does one know if
this person has the skills one is looking for? How green is the black
belt that one wants to hire?
In USA, companies are referring to the standards of the ASQ (Body
of knowledge). In Europe, there is no such like, although some training
agencies refer to the body of knowledge as well. The shortcoming of
the body of knowledge however is that it focuses on Six Sigma mainly
rather than lean. Most companies not on the level of Six Sigma yet, so
know how to apply lean is important as well.
In order to meet these problems the Lean Six Sigma Academy (LSSA)
has been established in September 2009 with the main objective to es-
tablish a common European certication standard by developing skill
sets, training material and an exam portal. People will be able to apply
for a European certicate for each of the four belt levels.
In Six Sigma one can be trained at a certain level, but generally
spoken engineers are trained at a green belt level. Team members and
work oor are trained at a yellow belt or orange belt level and process
improvement project managers and senior engineers are trained at a
black belt level. A belt level is called a Job Role within the domain
Process Improvement (gure 10.2).
10.3.3 ECQA Certied EU Researcher-Entrepreneur

Recent studies prove the strong link that exists between innovation
power and entrepreneurship. Some argue that one of the main reasons
Figure 10.1: ECQA Certied Integrated Design Engineer Skill Set.

Figure 10.2: ECQA Certied Lean Six Sigma Expert Skill Set.
why European's innovation power potential is largely unexploited lies

in the lack of successful entrepreneurship in the academic domain. Eu-
rope is far from exploiting its potential of successful entrepreneurship
in higher education, because it often fails to mobilize the right inno-
vative resources and young brains. The project ResEUr (Certied EU
Researcher-Entrepreneur) aims at delivering to innovative researchers
the qualication to determine if their work and/or their ideas have a
market potential, as well as to be able to create a commercial interest
for what they are doing (gure 10.3).
10.4 Training and Certication System

Based on an IT platform developed over years with funding support of
the European Commission, the ECQA has created an extensible pool of
knowledge for specic professions.
Figure 10.3: ECQA Certied EU Researcher-Entrepreneur Skill Set.
This pool is implemented by the following core elements:

1. self-assessment portal,
2. e-learning platform with discussion forum,
3. on-line examination system.
10.4.1 Training Process
Figure 10.4 gives an overview of the fundamental process of training
supported by the above mentioned systems.
The learning platform is based on the web based public domain learn-
ing management system Moodle. The assessment process is supported
by the so-called capability adviser, which is a web based assessment por-
tal system with a dened database interface to connect the systems. A
person can attend a course for a specic job role online through this
advanced learning infrastructure. The student usually starts with a self
assessment against the skills. Then she can sign into an online course.
Here he is guided by a trainer who sets up the course program, denes
Figure 10.4: Learning Process supported by the ECQA platform.
exercises and schedules on-line sessions (via videoconference or other

networking tools), during which questions to the training material, and
exercises will be discussed. The student uploads the exercises as home-
work on the platform for discussion in the networking session, and for
correction by the tutor before, during or after that session. Finally the
homework and the real work done in his or her profession or PhD project
are sucient to demonstrate the skills.
Currently open courses, as well as the self-assessment portal can be
accessed via a proper ECQA website, by going to the learning services
section, and registering as a student.
10.4.2 Training Material

Designing modern products and systems in an innovative, sustainable
and training modules are self-consistent videos with slides and student
notes. The videos, the slides and student notes pages are available in
English, French, German, Polish, Rumanian and Slovenian languages
(iDesigner, LSSA, ResEUr).
For on-site trainings, slides without videos can be used, and the level
of depth and detail adjusted to the particular needs of the audience.
This is due to the fact that the training focuses on principles, which are
documented using real-world case studies from dierent sectors. Prin-
ciples are well separated from case studies, in order to enable a exible
combination of the two.
The concise form of the training based on principles demands the

combination of passive and active learning in order to achieve satisfactory
results. For practically each element students are supposed to work on
practical exercises, which forces them to apply the learnt principles to a
practical example, typically from their specic domains. Not only does
this augment their motivation and capabilities to understand, but they
contribute practical case studies as results of exercises. Provided that
those are not condential, they can be use by trainers to extend the
knowledge base of the ECQA platform, and thus make them available to
other trainers and students. This corresponds to the implementation of
an IT-supported learning organization for a network of trainers, which
is to the knowledge of the authors unique in Europe.
10.5 Involvement of AIP-PRIMECA Network
For all the three programs introduced above AIP-PRIMECA members

are invited to become trainers. Dedicated train-the-trainer training
courses will be provided in distance by e-Learning and networking facil-
ities, as well as examinations for certication. Training and certication
are both free of charge during the subvention period of the respective
program, i.e., until December 2010 for iDesigner, September 2011 for
LSSA, and November 2011 for ResEUr. Afterwards, all certied train-
ing and certication organizations will be able to commercialize training
and/or certication. Several ECQA member organizations have been
doing this successfully for several of the ECQA supported job roles that
exist so far.
University members are also encouraged to use the provided training
material in specic doctorate courses. Grenoble INP for example, has
established a new annual doctorate course on Integrated Design for the
products of tomorrow with a total 24 hours. The mode of teaching is
on-site training and exercises blocked in one week, complemented and
supported by e-Learning lecture modules. The course is also open to
participants from industry. The experience from the pilot course in June
2010 showed that a mixed audience of doctorate students and profes-
sionals from industry is very benecial for both participating parties, as
well as for the trainers.
10.6 Conclusions
We have presented three dierent programs of qualication and certica-
tion of competences in the area of modern product development, which
comply with a European standard. The AIP-PRIMECA community
is invited to participate in these programs as trainers or students, as
well as dissemination partner. Based on the schema presented above,
we envisage new professions and corresponding trainings and certica-
tions created and supported by EMIRAcle and AIP-PRIMECA together.
Joining eorts of these networks has a unique potential of disseminating
an international training and certication scheme for modern job roles in
product development in France with strong links to international com-
munities.

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Research in

Virtual, Interactive and Integrated

Research in Interactive Design

Virtual, Interactive and Integrated

ISBN : 978-2-8178-0168-1 Springer Paris Berlin Heidelberg New York

© Springer-Verlag France, 2011

Springer-Verlag France is a member of the group

Cover design: Jean-François Montmarché

Research in Interactive Design - Volume 3 presents the last successful de-

Title: Article Title

Authors: list of authors

Key Words: main words dening the topic of the article

Here, an outline of the article is provided through a detailed

2 Integrated Design and Manufacturing in Mechanical

3 Interactive Product Design 45

3.4 Team and Process Interactive Management . . . . . . . . 57

4 Green Engineering, Design and Innovation 85

5 Global Design and Manufacturing 93

6 Virtual environments and prototyping for human health

7 Product and Interaction Design Environments for the

8 TRIZ and Intellectual Property Management 123

9 Methods and Simulation Tools for Assembly Design and

1.1 Short History of Creation

1.2 Knowledge Modelling

1. the experts' knowledge: even if own knowledge leads to secured

3. the realization of functions: a product is created for assuming spe-

The challenge of interactive design is really to supply ecient solutions

Interactive design suggests the modelling of a design problem by re-

 combined Articial Intelligence and numerical techniques,

 knowledge engineering tools.

1.3 Interactive Support to Decision Making: a

 integration of the product-end-user in the design process,

 the lack of solutions to virtually display design solution and knowl-

 the supplying of ergonomic interfaces allowing design expert to

 knowledge, behaviour, interaction modelling and processing tech-

2.1 Product Design Process

from the comparisons, a stochastic decision making process proposed

Authors: Adel Amin Ammar, Dominique Scaravetti, Jean-

Key Words: design methodology, functional decomposition,

Authors: Hsu Hung-Yao.

Key Words: case based reasoning (CBR), creativity, creative

to CBR, considering the fact that creativity is required to solve new

2.2 Multidisciplinary Approach

Authors: Rafael Radkowski, Matthias Linnemann.

Key Words: Multidisciplinary approach, system-level mod-

Authors: Fernando Santos Osorio, Denis Wolf, Kalinka

Key Words: autonomous mobile robots, tele-operated mobile

An analysis of mobile robot designing is focusing on its computa-

2.3 Conceptual Design

Authors: Guillermo Cortes Robles, G. Alor Hernández, S.

Key Words: case-based design, TRIZ theory, computer aided

Authors: Jing XU, Rémy Houssin, Emmanuel Caillaud,

Key Words: Innovation, design knowledge, engineering design,

2.4 Collaborative Product Design and

satellite SysML (Systems Modelling Language) models and web services.

Authors: Guy Prudhomme, Kristine Lund, Jean Laurent

Key Words: cooperative design, design interactions, research

Authors: Egon Ostrosi, Ya Min Li, Michel Ferney.

Key Words: engineering design, collaborative and distributed

2.5 Knowledge in Engineering

Authors: Caterina Rizzi, Giorgio Colombo.

Key Words: design automation, knowledge-based engineering,

Authors: Ying HUANG, Mickaël Gardoni, Amadou

Key Words: main words dening the topic of the article

The challenge of interactive design is really to supply ecient solutions

combined Articial Intelligence and numerical techniques,

knowledge engineering tools.

integration of the product-end-user in the design process,

the lack of solutions to virtually display design solution and knowl-

the supplying of ergonomic interfaces allowing design expert to

knowledge, behaviour, interaction modelling and processing tech-

with a good accuracy in order to allow o line programming. During

Key Words: Strain gradient, plasticity, nite elements, machin-

Key Words: verication, error, quantities of interest, upper

Authors: Valery Wol, Arnaud Lefebvre, Dimitri Pachel,

Key Words: CAD, mass market product, DFM, DOE, modied

Groups of specialists in their research of creative concept,

Understanding physical, economic, environmental,