Introduction:

Understanding where our values come from is like unraveling the threads that weave our beliefs
and behaviors. These sources, like family, culture, religion, education, and society, shape how
we see the world and make choices. Exploring these roots helps us grasp the basics of how we
interact, build communities, and share common values. In essence, delving into the sources of
human values is like peering into the foundations that shape who we are and how we navigate
the complexities of life.

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY

The family unit is central to Nigerian society, and strong family ties are highly valued. Values
such as respect for elders, communal support, and responsibility to one's family are instilled from
a young age. These values contribute to social cohesion and stability. Aristotle, a renowned
Greek philosopher, regarded the family as a cornerstone of societal structure. He contended that
the family is a natural institution indispensable for human flourishing. Aristotle's perspective is
rooted in the belief that the family provides a nurturing environment essential for the cultivation
of virtues and ethical character. According to him, familial relationships play a pivotal role in
fostering virtues like compassion, friendship, and a sense of responsibility.
Furthermore, the French philosopher Jean-Jacques Rousseau approached the family within the
framework of social contract theory. Rousseau argued that the family stands as the initial and
most natural form of social organization. For him, the family unit serves as a crucible for
instilling basic principles of cooperation and social bonds. Rousseau envisioned the family as a
microcosm of the broader society, also asserting that within familial relationships, individuals
learn to harmonize personal interests with the common good of the society in which one lived in.
J.S. Mbiti took the concept of family as a source of human value a notch higher here, "In
African traditional thought, the family is the Centre of life. The family is more important than the
individual, and the individual is defined largely in terms of the family. One of the most important
African proverbs says, 'I am because we are; and since we are, therefore I am.' This means that
the person receives his identity and value through the family, through other people. In other
words, he is not an isolated individual, but part of a greater whole." the family is often seen as a
source of guidance, socialization, and a foundation for instilling virtues and communal values.
Every Nigeria child learns values from his or her family from a young age and retains these
values throughout life. The way that parents raise and educate their children shapes their
personality and instills values in them. Family is an important institution for transmitting values,
as it provides a stable environment for children to learn and develop.
IMPORTANCE
The family unit is central to Nigerian society.
Strong family ties are highly valued, and key values such as respect for elders, communal
support, and responsibility to one's family and society are instilled from a young age.
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS
Religion is a complex and multifaceted concept that encompasses a wide range of beliefs,
practices, rituals, and values. religion generally involves a system of beliefs and practices
centered around questions of ultimate meaning, purpose, and the nature of existence. It often
includes beliefs in a higher power or powers, sacred texts, moral principles, and rituals.
According to Immanuel Kant, "Religion has an innate and indispensable influence on moral
ideas and their efficacy. For man, in order to act morally, must believe himself to be accountable
to God and subject to a future life; otherwise, in all those actions which do not depend upon
immediate sensation, reason can never determine him, because its influence is only in the future,
and rests solely upon this faith."
In this quote, Kant argues that religion is necessary for morality, as it provides a belief in a
higher power that holds people accountable for their actions through share value. Durkheim sees
religion as a system of shared beliefs and practices that unite people together into a sacred
community. He argues that this sacred community serves as the foundation for all social life, and
that it is through religion that people develop a sense of social cohesion and solidarity. In this
way, religion acts as a "society molder," shaping the values and principles that guide the way that
people interact and relate to each other. Some of these include, Honesty, respect for elders,
kindness, hard work and the rest.
In Nigeria society, religious organizations play a central role in instilling values. For example,
with a diverse range of religions practiced throughout the country. religious institutions in
Nigeria promote values such as faith, integrity, honesty, and hard work. Many religious
organizations run schools and hospitals, and these institutions are renown for values such as
discipline, respect, and service to others. Most of the religious body have a set of principles and
value that members aspire to adhere to, which in turn build their individual value. In addition,
many religious organizations in Nigeria work to promote peace and reconciliation, coexistence
and they often advocate for social justice and equality. Religion also to a large extent determine
who is who, and what one becomes in Nigeria.
IMPORTANCE
Moral Foundation: religion provides a moral foundation for individuals in Nigeria. It is the
connection between religious beliefs and moral values, as articulated by Immanuel Kant. This
moral foundation has contributed to the value of the Nigeria society.
Social Cohesion and Unity: In a country as diverse as Nigeria, with various religious practices,
the shared values promoted by religious institutions act as a unifying force, bridging societal
divides.
Guidance for Individual Values: Religious bodies in Nigeria have a set of principles and values
that members aspire to adhere to. This guidance has played a significant role in shaping
individual values in Nigeria, contributing to the development of responsible and principled
citizens.
CULTURAL HERITAGE
Cultural heritage is a vital source of human value, encompassing the collective wisdom,
traditions, value, and experiences passed down through generations. It serves as a reservoir of
community and individual identity of the Nigeria person, connecting individuals to their roots,
fostering a sense of belonging, and enriching our understanding of the society and the world.
Preserving cultural heritage honors our shared past, promotes diversity, and cultivates values
such as respect among global communities.
Edward Burnett Tylor, often considered a founder of cultural anthropology, defined culture as
"that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society." Clifford Geertz, an influential
cultural anthropologist, viewed culture as "a system of inherited conceptions expressed in
symbolic forms by means of which men communicate, perpetuate, and develop their knowledge
about and attitudes toward life."
Kwame Anthony Appiah, a contemporary philosopher, sees culture as "works of art and
literature, manners, morals, laws, politics, rituals, games, and so forth — are the things through
which we express who we are and what matters to us." In the case of social conduct and
etiquette observed within a community. Appiah recognizes that cultural norms or value and
behavioral expectations play a crucial role in defining how individuals interact with one another
and contribute to the fabric of a society. Appiah emphasizes further that cultural values and
moral codes are intrinsic to the identity of a community. These shared moral foundations shape
the ethical decisions and actions of individuals within a cultural context. Appiah also
acknowledges that the laws established within a society reflect its values, priorities, and notions
of justice. The Nigeria Legal frameworks are not only practical guidelines but also carries biases
and nuances of cultural perspectives on fairness and order. The way the Nigerian societies
organize and govern themselves, as well as the political philosophies we adopt, are reflective of
our cultural values and aspirations.
Nigeria is home to numerous ethnic groups, each with its own distinct cultural practices,
traditions, and values. Cultural heritage plays a vital role in shaping the values of individuals and
communities. It fosters a sense of identity and pride, contributing to the richness and diversity of
our nation. From the way an average Nigerian speaks and behave, showcases our cultural
heritage. Example, Yoruba men greets older person or parents by prostrating, which symbolizes
respect for elders. The Idoma’s in similar manner, bow their head to greet an older person and
attach their left hand to the right wrist when engaging in hand shake with the same person. Some
Nigeria culture frown sternly at dishonesty, corruption, murder and the rest. Most individuals go
on to carry those customs and value as life guide on how they relate with the larger and diverse
Nigeria society.
IMPORTANCE
Cultivation of Values: Cultural heritage in Nigeria cultivates values such as respect among
global communities. It shapes the ethical decisions and actions of individuals by providing
shared moral foundations intrinsic to the identity of communities, as highlighted by Kwame
Anthony Appiah.
Governance and Laws: Nigeria's legal frameworks and political philosophies are reflective of
our multiple ethnic cultural values and aspirations. The laws not only serve as practical
guidelines but also carry biases and nuances of cultural perspectives on fairness and order, this
highlighting the impact of cultural heritage on running the day-to-day life of the Nigerian
society.
Identity and Belonging: Cultural heritage is a vital source of human value in Nigeria,
connecting individuals to their roots and fostering a sense of belonging. It serves as a reservoir of
community and individual identity, contributing to a rich and diverse national tapestry.

EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM:
Education is a transformative journey that goes beyond imparting knowledge; it serves as a
profound source of human value. Through the acquisition of knowledge, development of critical
thinking, and fostering of ethical principles, education shapes individuals into empowered,
culturally aware, and socially responsible beings. It is a catalyst for personal growth, promoting
resilience, adaptability, and the cultivation of skills that contribute to both individual success and
the betterment of society. In essence, education is not just a means of learning; it is a powerful
source that enriches lives and instills enduring values in humanity.
Several authorities and scholars emphasize the role of the educational system as a crucial source
of human values. Here are some perspectives:
John Dewey: A renowned philosopher and educational reformer, Dewey believed that education
is not only about acquiring knowledge but also about instilling values and fostering ethical
development. He argued that schools should be environments where students learn to be
responsible, cooperative, and engaged members of society.
UNESCO: The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
recognizes the importance of education in promoting values that contribute to peace, justice, and
human rights. UNESCO's initiatives often highlight the role of education in shaping responsible
global citizens.
Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development: Lawrence Kohlberg, a psychologist, developed a
theory of moral development that includes stages of reasoning and ethical decision-making. He
suggested that educational experiences can influence individuals' moral development by
exposing them to diverse perspectives and moral dilemmas.
National Education Policies: Many countries include the cultivation of values as an explicit goal
in their national education policies. These policies often highlight the importance of teaching
values such as respect, responsibility, and empathy alongside academic content.
Global Education Initiatives: Various global initiatives, such as the Global Citizenship Education
(GCED) program, emphasize the role of education in shaping values that promote sustainability,
intercultural understanding, and ethical engagement with global issues.
These perspectives underscore the idea that education is not just about transferring knowledge
but also about fostering the development of responsible, ethical, and values-driven individuals.
A well-designed educational system can contribute significantly to shaping the values that guide
individuals in their personal and societal interactions.
IMPORTANCE
Ethical Development: Education instills values and fosters ethical development, shaping
individuals into responsible and cooperative citizens.
Cultural Awareness: Through exposure to diverse perspectives, education promotes cultural
understanding, fostering tolerance and respect for our diversity as a nation.
Moral Decision-Making: Education influences moral development, challenging individuals to
think critically and make ethically sound decisions, contributing to a morally conscious society.
In essence, education in Nigeria plays a crucial role in shaping individuals with strong ethical
foundations, cultural awareness, and moral decision-making skills.

SOCIETAL NORMS
Societal norms are the unwritten rules, expectations, and behaviors that are widely accepted and
followed within our community or society. These norms serve as a source of human values by
influencing individuals' beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors within the larger social context.
Auguste Comte, a 19th-century French philosopher who believed that society could be studied
scientifically through the observation of its social facts. These facts included things like laws,
traditions, and customs, and Comte believed that they were the result of social evolution and
were necessary for maintaining order and stability in a society.
Comte, argued for the importance of maintaining social order through adherence to societal
norms. He proposed that society progresses through distinct stages, with the final stage
characterized by a scientific understanding of societal norms. Comte, believed that a stable
society Is one where individuals conform to established norms for the greater good. Comte who
was an optimistically realistic and idealistic philosopher had the social facts and they are the
things that the societies lack. But through science and learning, our understanding is turning.
We’ll find laws that are certain, to build a new world in its birthing A positive stage is in sight,
where reason and science unite. So, let’s study and observe, and improve what we observe.
According to William Graham Sumner: "Culture is the whole complex of traditional behavior
which has been developed by the human race and is successively learned by each generation."
William, emphasizes that culture and the idea that individuals should respect existing societal
norms. He argued that adherence to cultural customs provides a framework for moral conduct
and social stability.
Furthermore, Emile Durkheim says that, "Society is not a mere sum of individuals. Rather, it is
the system formed by their association represents a specific reality which has its own
characteristics". Emile Durkheim, a founding figure in sociology, argued for the importance of
societal norms in maintaining social order. In his work on functionalism, Durkheim emphasized
that shared values and norms are essential for cohesion in our society. He believed that
adherence to societal norms provides citizens with a sense of belonging and contributes to the
overall stability and well-being of our community.

Also, according to Confucius, "When we see men of a contrary character, we should turn
inwards and examine ourselves." Confucius, an ancient Chinese philosopher, stressed the
significance of societal norms and ethical conduct. His philosophy, Confucianism, advocates for
the cultivation of virtues such as filial piety, respect for elders, and adherence to social roles.
Confucius believed that a harmonious society is built on individuals following established norms
and fulfilling our societal responsibilities.
The profound insights from Auguste Comte, William Graham Sumner, Emile Durkheim, and
Confucius collectively emphasize the pivotal role of societal norms in shaping human values, and
by extension, the fabric of a cohesive and flourishing Nigeria society. As the nation charts its
course towards the future, these perspectives offer valuable guidance. Embracing the scientific
understanding of societal norms, as proposed by Comte, can contribute to the maintenance of
order and stability. William Graham Sumner's emphasis on respecting cultural customs aligns
with our rich diversity, providing a framework for moral conduct and social stability in Nigeria
evolving national narrative. Durkheim's focus on shared values and norms becomes crucial in
fostering cohesion and well-being within the Nigerian community. Furthermore, Confucius' call
for ethical conduct and adherence to societal norms resonates with the aspirations for a
harmonious society in the next Nigeria. By recognizing the significance of societal norms, we can
build a foundation that promotes unity, stability, and the flourishing of human values,
contributing toward progress and the greater good of the society.

IMPORTANCE

Cultural Unity and Stability: Societal norms, play a crucial role in promoting cultural unity in
Nigeria. Respecting and adhering to cultural customs provide a common framework for moral
conduct and social stability, fostering a sense of shared identity among the diverse population of
the nation.
Social Cohesion and Well-being: The adherence to societal norms becomes essential for
fostering social cohesion in Nigeria. Shared values and norms contribute to a sense of belonging
among citizens, enhancing overall stability and well-being within our respective community.
This cohesion is vital for a nation striving to build a harmonious and thriving society.
Ethical Governance and National Harmony: Ethical conduct and adherence to societal norms
provides a guiding principle for the next Nigeria nation. By incorporating these values into
governance and public life, the nation can aspire to create an ethical foundation that promotes
harmony. This not only contributes to individual virtue but also sets the stage for a just and
harmonious society, aligning with the aspirations of a flourishing Nigeria.

CONCLUSION
In essence, the tapestry of human values is intricately woven by the profound influences of
family, religious beliefs, cultural heritage, education, and societal norms. These pillars not only
shape our individual identities but also contribute to the collective essence of Nigerian society.
Unraveling the significance of these sources is key to unlocking a harmonious and thriving
future. As we journey forward, embracing and championing these values becomes the heartbeat
of a united, stable, and ethically guided Nigeria.