絕版舊制 HKALE HKAL Pure Mathematics (Breakthrough) Book 2 - Calculus with Coordinate Geometry

CRLCULU
匚口ORDINRTE GEOMETRY
5 SecondEdition
Pure Mathematics
CRLCULU
COORDINATE GEOMETRY
S Second Edition
With the compliments

of
VISION Publishing Co. Ltd.
Y. L. NG （
吴衍林）& K. M. PANG （
彭改文）
Vision W7
Publishing
宏思出版有限公司
Co. Ltd.
PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION
his two-volume book is written to cover the new Pure Mathematics syllabus of the Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination. The new
syllabus will first be adopted in September 1992 and examined in April 1994. Materials of the book were based on the author's lecture notes
given to students of matriculation classes over the past fourteen years. The first complete edition of these notes appeared 8 years ago and has
been circulated among teachers in various schools. It has been revised and
Tupdated in subsequent years and proved popular with teachers and students alike. Such favourable responses motivated the author to publish
these notes in book form and make them available for public consumption.
This book was designed to be student oriented and is meant to bridge the gap between the school certificate level and the advanced level. As
such it serves not only as a textbook but also an ideal reference for selfstudy.
Many outstanding features can be found in this book. Most significantly is its overall innovative approach. One example is illustrated
by the section on calculus. The layout introduces first graphical treatment of limit, followed by manipulation techniques and then concluded
with abstract mathematical theory. This format has proved most helpful to students in advancing their mathematical knowledge
progressively from the elementary level to the advanced level. (A suggested teaching sequence is included for reference.) Furthermore,
plentiful exercises are provided at the end of each section and are designed to enhance the student's practical skills. Abundant hints to
problems are given to guide the student towards logical thinking rather than simply give the whole solutions to problems. On top of this,
mathematical terms are accompanied by their Chinese equivalents. This is useful to learners and teachers when they want to refer to
Chinese texts. Those students who use Chinese as their learning medium will find such arrangement
particularly beneficial.
There are other distinctive features in this book. One example is the appearance of the biographies of selected famous mathematicians at
the beginning of each chapter. The author's intention is to inspire and to provide the human touch. Another example is the provision of special
symbols at appropriate junctions to draw the readers5 attention to various connotations. These symbols are:
which indicates the end of a paragraph; 0

which means that hints to the problem can be found at the
back of the book;
which indicates a particularly important which denotes a valuable question and it is example; worthwhile for the student to
think
carefully before going on reading.
Lastly, I would like to thank the staff of Vision Publishing Company. They have given me every assistance possible and made the publication
of this book a reality. I also want to express my sincere thanks to Mr H.L. Chan who gave me valuable reference materials and to Mr S.M.
Fan who provided me with much critical comments, creative ideas and suggestions.
Y. L. Ng
March 1992
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Questions from the

Hong Kong Advanced Level Examination Papers
are reproduced by permission of
the Hong Kong Examinations Authority.
■ Intuitive Concepts of
Limits, Continuity
and Differentiability
§1 Absolute Values
§2 Some Special Symbols
§3 Limit of a Function
§4 Infinity
§5 Evaluation of Limits
§6 Continuity of a Function
§7 Definition of Derivative
§8 Differentiability of a Function
Mathematics do not deal in objects, but

in relations between objects: thus 9 they are free to
replace some objects by others
so long as the relations remain unchanged. Content to them
is irrelevant; they are interested in form only.
Henri Poincare
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
Intuitive Concepts ofLimits, Continuity and Differentiability
CHAPTER 1
Intuitive Concepts of Limits, Continuity and Differentiability
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 1
❶ Given the graph of each of the functions. State whether or not the function is differentiable
x = a.
if x< 1
e Let /(x) =
if x> 1
Find 广 +(1) and f f_ ⑴ by definition.

Does f '(1) exist? Why?
❸ Let /(x) = , show that f '(0) does not exist.

X — I
2
❹ Let /(x) = x , show that f '(0) does not exist.
2 。］CHAPTER 1
■ Methods of
Differentiation
§1 Fundamental Formulas for Differentiation
§2 Rules for Differentiation of Composite

Functions and Inverse Functions
§3 The Number e
§4 Differentiation of Logarithmic and

Exponential Functions
§5 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
§6 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions
§7 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric

Functions
§8 Equations of Tangents and Normals to a

Curve
§9 Second Derivatives
§10 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitaKs Rule
He who loves practice without theory is

like the sailor who boards ship without a rudder and
compass and never knows where he may cast.
Leonardo da Vinci
[ CHAPTER 2
[ CHAPTER 2
[ CHAPTER 2
[ CHAPTER 2
Methods of Differentiation
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
CHAPTER 2
Methodsof Differentiation
Evaluate
i
z>
(a)
] ex - 1 - sinx
lim -------------- , (b)
] ( 3e x + 2 \
lim — -— .
(於〕、
(6 marks)
. . 。 XZ
XT . 5 J
[HKAL 1998]
CHAPTER 2
■ Indefinite
Integrals
§1 Definition of Indefinite Integrals
§2 Integration Formulas for Standard

Forms
Integration by Change of Variable
§4 Integration of Trigonometric
Functions
§5 Integration by Parts
§6 Integration by Substitutions
§7 Integration of Rational Functions
§8 Integration of Rational Functions of

sinO and cosO
§9 Reduction Formulas
Histories make men wise; poets, witty;
natural philosophy^ deep; morale grave; logic and
rhetoric^ able to contend; mathematics^ subtle.
Francis Bacon
CHAPTER
Indefinite Integrals
CHAPTER
80
I 82 CHAPTER 3
I 84 CHAPTER 3
I 86 CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
3
3
Indefinite
| 94 [ CHAPTER 3
Indefinite
| 96 [ CHAPTER 3
| 98 [ CHAPTER 3
[ CHAPTER 3
[ CHAPTER 3
CHAPTER 3
■ The Definite
Integrals
§1 Definition of Definite Integral
§2 Properties of Definite Integrals
§3 Evaluation of Definite Integrals
§4 Integration by Substitutions
§5 Integration of Odd, Even and Periodic

Functions
K
d 5
-
s•1n mA
§6
an
§7 Improper Integrals
§8 Reduction Formulas
§9 Some Harder Examples
Numbers are an indispensable tool of civilization^

serving to whip its activities into
some sort of order...
The complexity of a civilization is mirrored in
the complexity of its numbers.
Philip J. Davis
CHAPTER 4
The Definite Integrals
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
4
4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
746 [ CHAPTER 4
748 [ CHAPTER 4
750 [ CHAPTER 4
CHAPTER 4
4
4
4
(b) Suppose g is a non-constant continuous function defined for all positive
real numbers and g(xy) = g(x) + g(y) for all x,y>0. By considering
*)
the function f(t) = g( for 住 R, show that g(x) = log. x for
some a>0. (7 marks) (
[HKAL 1998]
4
CHAPTER
■ Higher
Derivatives and
Applications of
Differential
Calculus
§1 Higher Derivatives
§2 Leibnizs Rule
§3 Maxima and Minima
§4 Increasing and Decreasing Functions
§5 Criteria for Determination of Maxima and Minima
§6 The Greatest and Least Values of a Function
§7 Practical Problems
§8 Convexity of a Function
§9 Points of Inflexion
§10 Asymptotes to a Curve
§11 Curve Sketching
§12 Rates of Change
The science of Pure mathematics^ in its modern

developments^ may claim to be
the most original creation of the human spirit.
A. N. Whitehead
CHAPTER
Higher Derivatives and Applications of Differential Calculus
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
| J78 CHAPTER 5
| J80 CHAPTER
| J82 CHAPTER
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
J88 CHAPTER 5
Higher Derivativesand Applications of Differential Calculus
| J90 CHAPTER 5
| J92 [ CHAPTER 5
| J94 [ CHAPTER 5
| [ CHAPTER 5
[ CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
b lim 4-00
1-x +
lim since x > 0

X —> +<
1 - lim
X T +8
1
1 - lim (apply UHospitaFs Rule below)
X —» +oo
1 (3 + x) - x
2 (3+x) 2
1 - XTlim+8 <
(Simplification )
1 2
3
2
1 —x +
Or a lim
X T -8
lim x<0
x —>
lim 1 =
X —>一
8
x<0
1 + lim
XT
X
5 (Applying UHospitaFs Rule and simplifying as above.)

1+
2
| 4 CHAPTER
| 5
|
号
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
The curve is sketched below:
x = 2 Figure 5.48
Sketch the graph of y = ( a > 0).

，
:您:粉
lolutioE y is a real number.

x3
— >0
X —C
l
n a:3(x -6 z) > 0 and x^a
=> x<0 or x> a .
_i
/ _ .3 ) ， 3 力2( 尤 _ i) _
2 \x - a ) (x - a) 2
启由房 m ㈠。
）
1
When x t 0- ，y't 0;
When x - a, y' does not exist.
But as x a +, y' — - 8.
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER
230 CHAPTER
232 CHAPTER 5
234 CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
CHAPTER 5
■ Geometric
Applications of
Definite Integrals
§1 Areas of Plane Figures
§2 Arc Length of Plane Curves
§3 Volumes of Solids of Revolution
§4 Shell Method
§5 Solids with Known Parallel Cross Section
§6 Area of Surface of Revolution
Mathematics is a more powerful instrument

of knowledge than any other that
has been bequeathed to us by human agency.
Rene Descartes
( The father of philosophy)
[ CHAPTER 6
To start this chapter, readers are advised to study Calculus chapter 10 first.
Areas of Plane Figures
CZEJ Equations of Curves are represented in Rectangular Form
It is assumed that readers have learned how to evaluate the areas of plane figures bounded by
curves whose equations are expressed in rectangular form.
Now, a brief revision is given below:

Let A denote the area (or total area) of the shaded region.
\fM\dx
\fM - g(x)\dx
Geometric Applications of Definite Integrals

[ CHAPTER 6
[ CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
Definite Integrals
Definite Integrals
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
6
6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
CHAPTER 6
Geometric Applications of Integrals
CHAPTER
Geometric Applicationsof Integrals
CHAPTER
■ Limit of a
Sequence
Definition of the Limit of a Sequence
§2 Infinity
Bounded and Unbounded Sequences
§4 Properties of Limit of a Sequence
§5 Operations of Limits of a Sequence
§6 Some Worked Examples
§7 Subsequences
§8 Monotonic Sequences
§9 Infinite Series
The mathematicianhas reachedthe highest

rung on the ladder of human thought.
Havelock Ellis
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of aSequence
CHAPTER
Limit of aSequence
CHAPTER
Limit of aSequence
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of aSequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
Limit of a Sequence
7
Limit of a Sequence
7
Limit of a Sequence
7
Limit of a Sequence
7
Limit of aSequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
Limit of a Sequence
CHAPTER 7
imit and
Continuity
of Functions
§1 Definition of Limit of a Function
§2 Infinity
§3 Properties of Limit of a Function
§4 Operations of Limit of a Function
§5 Two Important Limits
§6 Definition and Properties of

Continuous Functions
§7 Operations of Continuous
Functions
The true spirit of delight, the exaltation^

the sense of being more than Man, which is the
touchstone of the highest excellence^
is to be found in mathematics as surely as in poetry.
Bertrand Russell
CHAPTER 8
Limit and Continuity of Functions
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
CHAPTER 8
(c) Show that f (对)= af(x) for all a g R and x g R + .
(You may use the fact that for any o g R , there exists a sequence
{ r n } in Q such that lim r. = a .)c (3 marks)
nT 8
(d) If f (2) = 1 , show that /(%) = log 2 x. (2 marks) 铮

[HKAL 1997]
|g70 ]CHAPTER 8
Theory of
Differential and
Integral Calculus
§1 Differentiability of a Function
§2 Mean Value Theorem
§3 Convex Functions
§4 Definite Integral is the Limit of a

Riemann Sum
§5 Properties of Definite Integrals
§6 Differentiation of Integrals
§7 Miscellaneous Examples
As long as algebra and geometry travelled separate paths 9

their advance was slow and their applications limited. But
when the two sciences joined company^ they drew from
each other fresh vitality and thenceforward marched on
at a rapid pace toward perfection.
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Theory of Differential and Integral Calculus
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
Calculus
Calculus
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
CHAPTER 9
(c) Let / be a continuous function on [ a, b] . Define A =
z
r b
① If v(x) = h(x) - A for all x e [ a, b] , show that v(x)dx = 0
JQ
r b
(ii) If /z(x)w(x)Jx = 0 for any continuous function w on [ a, b] satisfying
a
r b
w(x)dx = 0 , show that h(x) = A for all x e [ a, b] . (7 marks) 命
J]
[HKAL 1998]
| 420 | CHAPTER 9
|
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
[
Coordinate Systems
[
Coordinate Systems
[
Coordinate Systems
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
Coordinate Systems
CHAPTER 1 0
CHAPTER 1
「
「
! !
寥褰 :密冬聂
辎缪
* 1
. Pairs of ...
^
纂 ■建鑫L 裁巍藻翼LL 密籍
缨赣
Straight Lines.
The Circle
PART A: Pairs of Straight Lines
§1 Equation of a Pair of Straight Lines
§2 Condition for a Pair of Straight Lines
§3 Angle between a Pair of Straight Lines
PART B: The Circle
§4 A Brief Revision
§5 Tangent and Normal
§6 The Chord of Contact
A point is that which has no part.

A line is breadthless length. A straight line is
a line which lies evenly with the points
of itself.
Euclid
CHAPTER 1
Pairs of Straight Lines. The Circle
CHAPTER 1
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 11
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER 1 1
CHAPTER 1 1
—一
•
. - 「
"
is 壬二;二二
_二, 磁备吃, U/ 泌
■ ■■ — m
'
■ Conic
Sections
§1 Equations of a Parabola
§2 Chords and Tangents of

a Parabola
§3 Normal to a Parabola
§4 Equations of an Ellipse
§5 Chords and Tangents of an Ellipse
§6 Normal to an Ellipse
§7 Equations of a Hyperbola
§8 Asymptotes of a Hyperbola
§9 Chords and Tangents of a Hyperbola
§10 Normal to a Hyperbola
§11 Rectangular Hyperbola
The heart has its reasons of which

reason knows nothing.
Blaise Pascal
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 12
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER
Conic Sections
CHAPTER
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
Conic Sections
CHAPTER 1 2
T heory of
General Conics
§1 Reduction of Equations of
Quadratic Curves to Standard
Forms
§2 The Invariants
§3 Discussion of the Equation

Ax 2 + Bxy + Cy 2 + Dx + Ey + F = Q
Each problem that I solvedbecamea rule

which servedafterwardsto solveotherproblems.
Rene Descartes
1
Theory of General Conics
1
CHAPTER 1 3
CHAPTER 1 3
CHAPTER 1 3
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 14
Three-Dimensional Coordinate Geometry
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 14
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
14
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER 1 4
CHAPTER
CHAPTER
| 622 、
Index direction cosines （方向绘弦）532 direction
ratios （方向比）534 director circle （准 IH ）
abscissa （横坐檬）424 absolute maximum （大） 495 directrix （率知 476 discontinuous （不
177 absolute maximum value （大值）777 absolute 见^ ；） 23 displacement （位移）229
minimum （小）177 absolute minimum value displacement vector （位移向量）229
（ SW®小值）177 absolute value （^坐 I■值）2 divergent （畿散）135, 286 diverges to
acceleration （加速度）230 algebraic function （床; infinity （畿散於照穿大）294 eight-leaved
敷函敷）362 antiderivative （反^敷）68 approaches rose （八瓣蔷薇^ ） 435
（短於）342 arbitrary constant （任意常敷）69 arch eliminant （消去式）444 ellipse
（拱形）245 arithmetic-harmonic mean （等差一 II 和（ WB ） 486
中项）326 astroid （星形） 443 asymptote （渐近^ ） ellipsoid （球醴）276 epicycloid （外旋
209 axes （ N ） 487, 500 确；外腿^ ） 259
axis （W ） 477 bounded above （往 equations of the second degree （二次方程）510
上有界）299 bounded below （往下 equilateral hyperbola （等 Wt 燮曲^ ） 506 even
有界）299 bounded on S （茬 S 上 function （偶函敷）123 extends infinitely （伸展）431
有界）106 bounded sequence （有界 extent （） 430 extreme values （） 176 first
序列）299 cardioid （心） 433 derivative （一陪镖敷）372 first term （首项）284
Cartesian coordinates （卡氏坐榇）424 Cartesian focal chord （焦弦）477, 487, 500 foci （焦 IS） 486,
rectangular coordinate system （笛卡 5E 直角坐檬系） 499 focus （焦 SA ） 476 folium of Descartes （笛卡
424 兄之蝶^ ） 449 for sufficiently large of « （充分大的
catenary （） 256 n） 303 four-leaved rose （四瓣蔷痛^ ） 435
central conics （有心 IB St 曲） 520 general equation of a circle （ Bl 的一般方程）460
centre （中心）487, 500 chord （弦） global maximum （整醴桎大）177 global minimum （整
477, 487, 500 醴桎小）177 greatest integral part （最大整敷部分）8
chord of contact （切 ifi 弦）472 cissoid （蔓麻） greatest value （最大循）177 half closed-open interval
263 closed interval （） 22 concave downward （半） 22 half open-closed interval（半匾冏）22
（向下凹的）207 concave on / （在 H 冏/上的 higher order derivative （函敷；务重尊函敷）
凹） 199 concave upward （向上凹的）201
conics （曲^ ） 510 conjugate axis （共蜿事 163
由）447, 500 constant of integration （稹分常敷） horizontal asymptote （水平 Wf 近^ ） 209 hyperbola
69 constant sequence （常敷序列）287 （窿曲） 499
containing （包含）547 continuous （速君亶） hypocycloid （内旋输；内撮知 445
22, 357 continuously differentiable （速^可辱） improper integral （腐羲稹分）134
373 convergent （收敏）135, 286 convex on 7 increasing （遁增）178, 322 increment
（在 IM 冏/上的凸函敷）199 coordinate axes （增量）227 indefinite integral （不定稹分）
（坐榇翰）530 coordinate planes （坐檬苹面） 69 independent variable，（自燮量 t） 440
530 coordinate system （坐檬系）424 indeterminate of the form （不定型）58
infinite series （） 330 inflexional tangent
coplanar （共面）532
（拐切） 204
critical point （盛界 W?） 177 critical value （晦界值）
177 cross sectional area function （截面面稹函敷）
272 cusp （尖 IS） 440 cycloid （旋输^ ；） 443
decimal representation （小敷表示）8 decreasing
（ MM） 178,322 definite integral （定稹分）107, 387
degenerated conics （退曲 ^ ） 521 degenerated
ellipse （退） 521 degenerated hyperbola （退编燮曲
^ ） 521 degenerated parabola （退编抛物^ ） 521
derivable （可辱的）28, 372 derivative （ WM ） 25,
372
derived function （辱函敷）26 differentiable （可微的）
28 differentiable in the open interval ）a, b）（在品 IM
冏
）a, b） ft W） 373 differentiable on the closed
interval [a, b]（在
[a,b]±W） 373
differential coefficient （微 7f 系敷）25 differential
quotient （薇商）25 differentiate （求辱）26 directed line
（有向直^ ） 532 direction angles of the directed line
（有向直^之方向角）532
Index — partition （t!l 分）107, 387 period （痼期）
125 periodic function （遇期函敷）125
initial line （始立）425 point of contact （） 461 point of inflexion
instantaneous rate of change of y （y 的瞬 H 寺燮率）（拐黑占；1（折 W?） 203
228 integrable on [a, b] （lit [a, b]上可稹）107, 387 polar axis （ffitt ） 425
integral part （整敷部昇）8 integral sign （稹分符虢）69 polar coordinate form （桎坐榇形式）430 polar coordinate
integrand （被稹函敷）69 integration by change of
system （桎坐檬系）425 polar coordinates （桎坐麻）425
variable （揆元稹分法）72 integration by parts （分部稹
pole （ ffiSA） 425 positive octant （正卦限）530 primitive
分法）80 integration by substitution （代入稽分法）83
（原函敷）68 principle of squeezing （迫近原理）304
intermediate value theorem （介值定理）360 interval （）
radius vector ） 425, 438 rate of change （燮率）227
22 intuitive concept （直^概念）15 invariants （不燮量）
rational function （有逾函敷）92 ray （射^ ） 425, 431
517 inverse circular functions （反 Bl 函敷）48 inverse
real number line （） 4 reciprocal spiral （倒 j 敷螺^） 436
trigonometric functions （反三角函敷）48
rectangular hyperbola （直角燮曲） 506 rectifiable （苛求
jump discontinuity （跳踵不黑占）114 畏的）254 rectilinear motion with variable velocity （燮速
Lagrange theorem （拉格朗日定理）379 latus 直^逼 Sj） 229
rectum （正焦豉；通径）477, 487, 500 least reduction formulas （遁推公式；公式）97 reference
value （最小值）177 left continuous （左雇^ ） point （参客 Si） 229
358 left hand derivative （左毒敷）28, 373 left
hand limit （左侧桎限）11 left limit （左桎限） relative maximum （大）175 relative minimum
343 Leibniz's formula （萃布尼兹公式）169 （tlW®小）775
Leibniz's rule （莱布尼兹公式）169 Riemann integrable on [a, b]（在[a, b]上黎曼可稹）
lemniscate （） 432 limacon （瞄）434, 436 107, 387
limits of integration （稹分桎限）107 local Riemann sum （黎曼和敷）107, 387 right
maximum （局部械夫）175 local minimum （局部 circular wedge （正劈醴）272 right continuous
桎小）175 local property （局部性） 343 （右遍^ ） 358 right hand derivative （右璋敷）
logarithmic differentiation （取 H■敷求尊法）43 27, 373 right hand limit （右侧桎限）11 right limit
logarithmic spiral （敷螺寇）436 lower bound （右桎限）343 Rolle's theorem （落懈定理）379
（下界）299 lower limit of integration （稹分下 second derivative （二陪岑敷；二重 ^ 敷）56
限）107 UHospitaFs rule （洛必建法町 J） 59 section formula （液 IS 公式）531 semi-major
major axis （畏翰）487 maximum （桎大）175 axis （半后翰）487 semi-minor axis （半短 Wi）
maximum point （桎大！1?） 176 maximum 487 semicubical parabola （半立方抛物^ ） 440
value （桎大值）176 mean value theorem sequence of partial sum （部分和敷歹！j） 330
（中宿定理）179, 379 sequence of real numbers （敷序列）284 shell
mean value theorem of integral （稹分中值定理）399 method （外^法）269 skew lines （偏斜^） 532
minimum （桎小）175 minimum smooth （光滑的）254 spiral of Archimedes
point （桎小 St） 176 minimum （米德螺） 436
value （桎小值）176 minor axis
（短翰）487 monotonic （ ¥1^ ）
178
monotonic （） 322 monotonic decreasing （） 178,
322 monotonic increasing （增）178, 322 monotonicity
（罩翻隹）181 Napierian logarithm （鬲伯） 41 natural
logarithm （自然 If 敷）41 neighbourhood （痈域）174,
285 Newton-Leibniz formula （本顿-莱布尼兹公式）112
non-central conic （心曲） 520 normal （法^ ） 54
normal to the circle O at P （在尸 S5 上之法） 462
normal vector （法向量）538 〃th derivative （n 陪毒
函敷；n 重辱函敷）163
〃th partial sum ）〃次部分和）330 oblique
asymptote （斜渐近盘）209
octants （卦限）530 odd function （奇函敷）123 one-
sided limit （限）343 open interval （） 22 ordinate
（^坐檬）424 origin （1M3A ） 425, 530 orthogonal
（正交）537 orthogonal projection （正射影）556
parabola （抛物^ ） 435, 476 paraboloid （抛物商）
276 parameter （参敷）440 parametric equations （参
敷方程）440 particle （RSA） 229 particular cases of
conics （ BISS 曲^之特例）510

絕版舊制 HKALE HKAL Pure Mathematics (Breakthrough) Book 2 - Calculus with Coordinate Geometry

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CRLCULU

With the compliments

which indicates the end of a paragraph; 0

Questions from the

§2 Some Special Symbols

Mathematics do not deal in objects, but

Find 广 +(1) and f f_ ⑴ by definition.

❸ Let /(x) = , show that f '(0) does not exist.

§2 Rules for Differentiation of Composite

§4 Differentiation of Logarithmic and

§5 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

§6 The Inverse Trigonometric Functions

§7 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric

§8 Equations of Tangents and Normals to a

§10 Indeterminate Forms and LHospitaKs Rule

He who loves practice without theory is

§2 Integration Formulas for Standard

Integration by Change of Variable

§7 Integration of Rational Functions

§8 Integration of Rational Functions of

Histories make men wise; poets, witty;

natural philosophy^ deep; morale grave; logic and

rhetoric^ able to contend; mathematics^ subtle.

§2 Properties of Definite Integrals

§3 Evaluation of Definite Integrals

§5 Integration of Odd, Even and Periodic

§9 Some Harder Examples

Numbers are an indispensable tool of civilization^

The science of Pure mathematics^ in its modern

lim since x > 0

5 (Applying UHospitaFs Rule and simplifying as above.)

Sketch the graph of y = ( a > 0).

lolutioE y is a real number.

When x - a, y' does not exist.

§2 Arc Length of Plane Curves

§3 Volumes of Solids of Revolution

§5 Solids with Known Parallel Cross Section

§6 Area of Surface of Revolution

Mathematics is a more powerful instrument

Areas of Plane Figures

CZEJ Equations of Curves are represented in Rectangular Form

Now, a brief revision is given below:

Geometric Applications of Definite Integrals

Bounded and Unbounded Sequences

§4 Properties of Limit of a Sequence

§5 Operations of Limits of a Sequence

§6 Some Worked Examples

The mathematicianhas reachedthe highest

§3 Properties of Limit of a Function

§4 Operations of Limit of a Function

§5 Two Important Limits

§6 Definition and Properties of

The true spirit of delight, the exaltation^

(d) If f (2) = 1 , show that /(%) = log 2 x. (2 marks) 铮

§2 Mean Value Theorem

§4 Definite Integral is the Limit of a

§5 Properties of Definite Integrals

As long as algebra and geometry travelled separate paths 9

PART A: Pairs of Straight Lines

§1 Equation of a Pair of Straight Lines

§2 Condition for a Pair of Straight Lines

§3 Angle between a Pair of Straight Lines

PART B: The Circle

§5 Tangent and Normal