1. What is a network?

A computer is an interconnected collection of autonomous

computers. The computers are to be interconnected, if they are
capable to exchange the data or information one computer to
another computer. Autonomous means a facility of network
connection in which a computer can easily start, stop or control an
another computer , so a network allow the computer user to share
the computer equipment, software, programs one computer to
another computer.
2. What are the needs for networking?
1) To share the computer data and information one computer to
another computer.
2) To share the computer hardware such as printer, hard-disk etc.
3) To make the communication with any other computer which is in
network.
4) To share the computer software
5) To improve the communication speed and accuracy
3. What are the types of networking?
1) LAN
2) MAN
3) WAN
4. What is LAN?
LAN stands for Local Area Network. This is the computer in which we
directly connected two or more than two computers through cable
wire. It cover small distance in network and relatively small numbers
of computers are connected to each other in Local Area network. It
cover small range such as building, groups building, colleges,
university etc.
Characteristic of LAN:-
a) Total diameter is not more than 5 km.
b) Data communication is at the rate of 100 Mbps it is due to
short distance covered by LAN.
c) It is owned by a single organization and is not subject to tariffs.
d) It provides E-Mail and other communication services in office
systems.
 e) It provides user with access to several resources like hard
disks, printers, files etc.
5. What is MAN?
MAN stands for Metropolitan Area Network. This is the computer
network between Local Area Network and Wide Area Network. It can
cover small cities and towns. In railway stations generally Man Area
Network use.
6. What is wan?
WAN stands for Wide Area Network. It can be define as global
network. A wide area network (WAN) is a computer network that
covers a large geographic area such as a city, country, or spans even
intercontinental distances, using a communications channel that
combines many types of media such as telephone lines, cables, and
air waves
7. Difference between LAN and wan?
LAN WAN
Stands For Local Area Network Wide Area Network
Covers Local areas only (e.g., Large geographic areas (e.g., cities,
homes, offices, schools) states, nations)
Speed High speed (1000 mbps) Less speed (150 mbps)
Data transfer LANs have a high data WANs have a lower data transfer
rates transfer rate. rate compared to LANs.
Ownership Typically owned, WANs (like the Internet) are not
controlled, and managed by owned by any one organization but
a single person or rather exist under collective or
organization. distributed ownership and
management over long distances.
Set-up costs If there is a need to set-up a For WANs since networks in
couple of extra devices on remote areas have to be connected
the network, it is not very the set-up costs are higher. However
expensive to do that. WANs using public networks can
be setup very cheaply using just
software (VPN etc).
Geographical Have a small geographical Have a large geographical range
Spread range and do not need any generally spreading across
leased telecommunication boundaries and need leased
lines telecommunication lines
Maintenance Because it covers a Maintaining WAN is difficult
costs relatively small because of its wider geographical
geographical area, LAN is coverage and higher maintenance
 easier to maintain at costs.
relatively low costs.
8. What is internet?
o Internet is defined as a connected group of computer networks
allowing for electronic communication. The networks:
o Are comprised of educational, commercial and government sites
o Can be made up of any number of computers from two to infinity
 Internet History
o It began in 1973 as a project proposed by the United States
Department of Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency to link
research facilities at defense agencies and universities within the
United States.
o In 1983 the Internet was released to the world.
o The World Wide Web was designed by the European Center for
Nuclear Research (CERN) in 1989 and allowed for all available
published information to be searched and viewed in graphical mode.
o By 1996, there were more than 25 million computers online in over
180 countries.
9. What is Arpanet?
The Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (ARPANET) was
the world’s first operational packet switching network, the first
network to implement TCP/IP.
10. What is topology?
The way of connecting one computer to another computer through
cable wire is called Topology. Using Topology we can directly connect
one computer to another computer in Local Area Network to make
the communication between any two computers.
11. What are the types of topology?
THERE ARE SIX TYPES OF TOPLOGY
1. STAR TOPOLOGY
2. RING TOPOLOGY
3. BUS TOPOLOGY
4. COMPLETE CONNECTED TOPOLOGY(MESH TOPOLOGY)
 5. TREE TOPOLOGY
6. HYBRID TOPOLOGY
12. What is STAR topology?
Star topology is a network topology in which all the computer are
connected with a single computer or hub. This computer is known as
host or server. In this network topology the data transmission is
depends upon the number of computer.
All the computer are directly connected with host or server computer
therefore it required long cable length, so this is an expensive
network topology. In this topology if any one local area computer will
be fail then other computer are work normally but if the host
computer will fail then entire network will be break down.
13. What is RING topology?
The ring topology is also called loop topology. In this topology each
computer is connected with two or more the two neighbor
computer. The data is accepted from one neighbor computer and
transmitted to another computer. It required short cable length,
therefore this network is less expensive compare to star network
topology
14. What is BUS topology?
Bus topology is a network topology in which all the local area
computer are directly connected with common communication line.
In this network topology we can easily extend the number of
computer. This network is less expensive network as compare to star
network topology.
In this network topology if any one local area computer will fail then
other computer are work normally but if the common
communication line will fail then entire network will be break down.
15. What is COMPLETE CONNECTED topology?
Complete connected topology is network topology in which all the
computer are directly connected with every other computer. The
data communication speed of this network is very high as compare to
any other network topology. This computer network topology is very
costly as compare to any other network topology.
In this network topology all the computer are work just like a host
computer that means if any local computer will fail then no other
computer will affected, this topology is also called MESH TOPOLOGY
16. What is TREE topology?
Tree topology is a network topology in which more one computer are
directly connected with host computer. In this network there is a
root computer which connected with host computer and this host or
server computer is connected with many local computers.
17. What is Hybrid topology?
Hybrid topology is a network topology which is the combination of
two or more than two topology as we know that every computer
topology has its own advantage or disadvantage therefore according
to the requirement when we connect two or more than two topology
is called hybrid topology.
18. What is html?
HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language. This is a language
which provide the facility to create a web page. An internet all the
web page are directly create in HTML and then these pages are open
in internet as a web page. In HTML coded language we write the
information and make the link and save that file in internet web
page.
19. What is E-Mail?
E-mail stands for electronic mail. E-mail provide the facility to send
any data or information one e-mail to another e-mail id. In e-mail we
can send text, picture, file, song and video etc. when a person send e-
mail at that time the receiving person may be online or not the
information will automatically store permanently in their e-mail id
which can open any time.
20. What is E-Chat?
E-chat stands for electronic chat. This is one of the important service
by internet were user can chat with other user who are loged in at
that time. The chat service use a special software that allow the
computer user to type some comment or text.
21. What is E-Commerce?
E-commerce stands for electronic commerce. All the online purchase
and sale or any product and service is called E-COMMERCE.
22. What is website?
A web site is a collection of multiple web pages belonging to a
particular person, company or organization. In a web site all the
required data and information we store in different document or
pages. For example Google, yahoo, Facebook etc.
23. What is IP address?
An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a logical numeric address
that is assigned to every single computer, printer, switch, router or
any other device that is part of a TCP/IP-based network.
24. What is WWW?
W WW stands for World Wide Web. The World Wide Web is an
internet service based on a common set of protocols which allow a
computer server to distribute the document in a standard way.
The World Wide Web is a collection of millions of files stored in
thousands of computer all over the world. These files can be easily
distribute one server to another server by the help of World Wide
Web.
25. What is web page?
A web pages is a single unit of information often called a document
which is available in World Wide Web. A web page is a HTML
language that stored on web server in certain web site. A web page
may be contain only text, picture or a combination of text picture,
multimedia etc.
26. Which things are required to use internet?
1) ISP
2) MODEM
3) TELEPHONE LINE
4) WEB BROWSER
5) COMPUTER
27. What is ISP?
ISP stands for internet service provider. An Internet service
provider (ISP) is an organization that provides services for accessing,
using, or participating in the Internet. Internet service providers may
be organized in various forms. Example:-
1. BSNL- Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited
2. MTNL- Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited
3. VSNL- Videshsanchar nigam Limited
4. Airtel
5. Vodaphone
6. Tata docomo
7. Relince. etc.
28. What is MODEM?
 Modem stands for modulator and de-modulator. As we know that a
computer understands only digital data and through telephone line
(internet service provider) provide analog data. Therefore we use a
device which called modem for convert analog to digital data in vice-
versa. Modulator convert analog to digital and de-modulator convert
digital to analog.
29. What is Web Browser?
A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and
display content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages,
images, video and other files. As a client/server model, the browser is
the client run on a computer that contacts the Web server and
requests information. The Web server send the information back to
the Web browser which displays the results on the computer or
other Internet-enabled device that supports a browser.
30. What is telephone technology?
Mobile communication allows transmission of voice and multimedia
data via a computer or a mobile device without having connected to
any physical or fixed link. Mobile communication is evolving day by
day and has become a must have for everyone. Mobile
communication is the exchange of voice and data using a
communication infrastructure at the same time regardless of any
physical link.
31. What is video conference?
Video conference is sending your image and voice to one or more
than one person through the camera and microphone which is attach
with your computer.
32. What is Wi-Fi?
Wi-Fi is a technology for wireless local area networking with devices.
Devices that can use Wi-Fi technology include personal computers,
video-game consoles, phones and tablets, digital cameras, smart TVs,
digital audio players and modern printers. Wi-Fi compatible devices
can connect to the Internet via a WLAN and a wireless access point.
Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (66
feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can be
as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves, or as
large as many square kilometers achieved by using multiple
overlapping access points.
33. What are switching techniques?
Switching techniques are used for transmitting data across networks.
Different types of switching technique are employed to provide
communication between two computers. These are-
1) Circuit switching- it is a methodology of implementing a
telecommunication network in which two network nodes establish a
dedicated communication circuit (channel),first through the network
and then message is transmitted through the circuits.
2) Message switching- it is a network switching technique, in which
data is routed entirely from the source node to the destination node.
In this technique, no physical path is established between source and
destination in advance.
3) Packet switching- it the packet based networks, the message gets
broken into small data packets. These packets are sent out from the
computer and they travel around the network seeking out the most
efficient route to travel as circuit become available.
Define the following
34. Data channel
A data channel is a medium that is used to carry information or data
from one point to another.
35. Baud
Baud is the unit of measurement for the information carrying
capacity of a communication channel. It is represented in the term of
bps (bits per second).
36. Bandwidth
It is a frequency range of a channel, measured as the difference
between the highest and lowest frequencies that the channel
support. The maximum transmission speed is dependent upon the
available bandwidth. Bandwidth is represented in terms of Hz, KHz or
MHz.
37. Data transfer rate (Data rate)
It is the amount of digital data that is moved from one place to
another in a given time, usually in a second time on a network. It is
usually measured in bit per second (bps).
38. Simplex
Data in a simple channel is always one way. Simplex channels are not
often used because it is not possible to send back error or control
signals to transmit end (destination). An example of a simplex
 channel in a computer system is the connection between the
keyboard and the computer, in that key codes need only be sent one
way from the keyboard to the computer system.
39. Half Duplex
A half-duplex channel can send and receive, but not at the same
time. Only one end transmits at a time and the other end receives.
40. Full duplex
A full duplex channel can send and receive at the same time. Data
can travel in both directions at a time. There is no need to switch
from transmit to receive mode like in half duplex.
41. Bit rate
Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second. In other
words we can say that “The number of bits can be transfer within
one second is called bit rate.
42. Baud rate
The number of signal units per second required to represent those
bits is called baud rate.
43. Bluetooth
Bluetooth is a specification for the use of low-power radio
communication to wirelessly link phones, computers and network
devices over short distances
44. Infrared (IR) communication
Infrared (IR) is a type of light that is not visible to the human eye. IR,
or infrared, communication is a common, inexpensive, and easy to
use wireless communication technology.
Define the following with advantages and disadvantages
45. Twisted pair cable(Ethernet cable)
It consists of two identical 1 mm thick copper wire twisted around
each other.
Advantages
1) Easy to install and maintain.
2) Simple in its structure.
3) It is very inexpensive.
4) It has low weight.
5) Physically flexible.
Disadvantages
 a. Signal cannot be transported over a long distance without using
repeaters.
b. Data rates supported are 1 Mbps to 10 Mbps.
46. Coaxial cable
This type of cable consists of a solid wire core surrounded by one or
more foil or wire shields, each separated by some kind of plastic
insulator. The inner core carries the signal, and the shield provides
the ground. It is commonly used in transporting multichannel
television signals and security systems.
Advantages
1) Transmission quality of co-axial cable is better than twisted pair
cable.
2) Co-axial cable can be successfully used for shared for shared cable
network.
3) Co-axial cable can be transmit several channels at a time, so it can be
used for broadband transmission.
4) Co-axial cable offers high bandwidth.
Disadvantages
a. Co-axial cable is expensive compared to twisted pair cable.
b. Co-axial cable is difficult to manage reconfigure as compared to
twisted pair cable.
47. Optical fibers (Fiber-optic cable)
It consists of thin threads made up of glass or from glass like
material, which are able to carry light signals.
Advantages
1) Fiber-optic cable has secure transmission and also very high
transmission capacity.
2) Suitable for industrial environment.
3) It can transfer several in parallel.
4) Bandwidth (Frequency range) is up to 10 Gbps.
48. Transmission media
Transmission media is the media by which a communication signal is
carried out from one system to another.
For example twisted-pair cable, co-axial cable, fiber-optic cable and
also wireless link like satellite, microwaves and radio and infrared
systems.
49. Guided media (Guided transmission media)
 Guided transmission media uses a cabling system that guides the
data signal along a specific path. The data signals are transferred by
cabling system.
For example twisted-pair cable, co-axial cable, fiber-optic cable.
50. Unguided media (Unguided transmission media)
The unguided media is the wireless media. Signal are transmitted to
the air and available to all the device which are capable to receiving
them.
51. Band
The frequency range is divided into eight range, called as band. These
bands are rated from very low to very high frequency.
52. Hub
A hub is a network device which enables more than one computer to
interconnect on a network. They are widely used for creating home,
office and other networks.
Active hub
It act like a repeater. It amplifies the signal when its moves
from one connected device to another.
Passive hub
It simply passes the signal from one connected device to
another.
53. Gateway
A gateway devices connects the LAN with the internet. The main
function of gateway is providing a connection between two
networks.
54. Repeater
Repeater are electronic device, which receive a signal and transmit it
at a higher level so that the signal covers longer distance. It is used in
long network. It’s requires if the distance between source and
destination is 90 meter or more.
55. Router
Router are small electronic device that connect multiple computer
network together via wired or wireless connection.
A router is hardware device designed to receive, analyze and move
incoming data packets to another network. It may also be used to
convert the packets to another network interface (digital to analog
signal and vise-versa) and perform other actions relating to a
network.
56. Use of router
A router is a specialized networking device connected to two or more
networks running software that allows the router to move data from
one network to another. Routers can connect networks using
different media wired or wireless.
57. Bridge
A bridge is a device that connect two network together. Bridge are
smart enough to know that which computer are on which side of the
bridge, so they only allow those messages that need to get other
side to cross the bridge. This performance is available on both side of
the bridge.
58. Telnet
Telnet stands for telecommunication network. It is used for creating
a connection with a remote computer. Once our telnet client
connects with host (server), it allow us to communicate with host
computer.
59. Server
A computer that facilities the sharing of data, software and hardware
resources on a network is called as server.
60. GSM
GSM stands for global system for mobile communication. It is a
technique narrowband TDMA (time division multiple access) to allow
eight simultaneous (same time) calls on the same radio frequency.
61. CDMA
CDMA stands for code division multiple access. It is a digital cellular
technology that uses spread spectrum technique. Spread-spectrum is
a technique in which data is sent in small pieces (parts) over a
number of discrete frequencies (all frequency) available for use. Each
user’s signal is spread over the entire bandwidth.
62. GPRS
GPRS stands for general packet radio service. It is a packet oriented
mobile data service on the 2G and 3G cellular communication
system. It is a standard technology that extends GSM (global system
for mobile) voice networks with support for data features.
63. Virus
1) A computer virus is a program or piece of code that is loaded onto
your computer without your knowledge and runs against your
wishes. Viruses can also replicate themselves. All computer viruses
 are man-made. A simple virus that can make a copy of itself over and
over again is relatively easy to produce.
2) Computer viruses currently cause billions of dollars worth of
economic damage each year, due to causing systems failure, wasting
computer resources, corrupting data, increasing maintenance costs
64. Antivirus
1) Anti-virus software is a program or set of programs that are designed
to prevent, search for, detect, and remove software viruses, and
other malicious software like worms, Trojans, adware, and more.
2) These tools are critical for users to have installed and up-to-date
because a computer without anti-virus software installed will be
infected within minutes of connecting to the internet. The
bombardment is constant, with anti-virus companies update their
detection tools constantly to deal with the more than
60,000 new pieces of malware created daily.
65. Switch
A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is used to
interconnect computers and devices on a network. They are
relatively inexpensive and better performance than a hub.
66. Cyber law
In Simple way we can say that cyber-crime is unlawful acts wherein
the computer is either a tool or a target or both. Cyber-crimes can
involve criminal activities such as theft, fraud etc.
67. Full Forms
1) GSM- Global System for Mobile Communication
2) GPRS- General Packet Radio Service
3) CDMA- Code Division Multiple Access
4) WLL- Wireless in Local Loop
5) SMTP- Simple Mail Transport Protocol
6) GIAS- Gateway Internet Access Service
7) FTP- File Transfer Protocol
8) HTML- Hyper Text Markup
9) DHTML- Dynamic Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
10) WAIS- Wired Area Transfer Protocol
11) URL- Uniform Resource Locator
12) HTTP- Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
13) ASP- Active Server Pages
14) XML- Extensible Markup Language
 15) WWW- World Wide Web
16) TAP- Terminal Access Point
17) NIU- Network User Interface
18) MODEM- Modulator and Demodulator
19) FM- Frequency Modulator
20) AM- Amplitude Modulation
21) NFS- Network File Server
22) ARPANET- Advance Research Projects Agency Network
23) LAN- Local Area Network
24) MAN- Metropolitan Area Network
25) WAN- Wide Area Network
26) WLAN- wireless Local Area Network
27) TCP- Transmission Control Protocol
28) IP- Internet Protocol
68. What is TCP/IP?
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) defines the
rules, which computer must follow to communicate with each other
over the internet.it is responsible for finding path for the destination
(target).
69. Difference between TCP and IP?
Tcp:-TCP is the part of TCP/IP which reliable delivery of message or
data between networked computers.
Ip:-IP is the part of TCP/IP use a numeric address (IP address) to join
computer into a network.