RTT//CAT Grade 10

Term 1: Theory
CAT Grade 10 RTT Graad 10
Kwartaal 1//Term1
What is a computer?//Wat is ‘n rekenaar?
A computer is an electronic device that receives information from the user, processes the
information and displays the result on the monitor. The information can then be stored and/or
printed.

‘n Rekenaar is ‘n elektroniese toestel wat inligting van ‘n gebruiker kry, dit verwerk en dan die
resultaat vertoon op ‘n skerm. Die inligting kan dan gestoor of/en gedruk word.

In short: Computers take data and process it into information

Dus: Rekenaars neem data en verwerk dit na inligting

Data Vs Information/Inligting
DATA is onverwerkte items. INLIGTING is die verwerking van data. Leerders se name en punte
(DATA) word in ‘n rekenaar ingevoer. Dit word verwerk en jy ontvang jou rapport (INLIGTING) aan
die einde van ‘n kwartaal.

DATA is unprocessed items. INFORMATION is the result of the processing of data. The names and
marks (DATA) of learners are captured on a computer. It gets processed and you get a report
(INFORMATION) with your results.

The information processing cycle

Input Output
Process/ Information
Data
Verwerking Inligting
Toevoer Afvoer

Storage/Stoor

Input/Toevoer Output/Afvoer Input/Output devices/Beide

Keyboard/sleutelbord Monitor/skerm Touchscreen/raakskerm
Mouse/Muis Printer/drukker Modem
Scanner/slandeerder Plotter
Digital camera/digitale kamera Speakers/luidspreker
Joystick/ Projector/projektor
Microphone/mikrofoon

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Remember, your smartphone is also a computer.

Kyk na die proses om ‘n kontak op jou slimfoon te voeg as ‘n voorbeeld van ‘n

inligtingverwerkingsiklus.

Kommunikasie tussen toestelle is ook belangrik, as jy bv. ‘n kontak na ‘n ander foon stuur.

Look at the information cycle when entering a contact on your phone.

Communication between devices is also important, you can share a contact with a friend.

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Types of computers/Soorte rekenaars
Daar is 2 hoofsoorte rekenaaraangedrewe toestelle:

1. Veeldoelige rekenaars: Tafelrekenaars, draagbare rekenaars, slimfone en bedieners

2. Toegewyde rekenaars: MP3 spelers, GPS toestelle, ABS remstelsel in jou kar, OTM masjiene,
Mikrogolfoonde, wasmasjiene.

There are 2 main types of computer-powered devices:

1. General-purpose computers: Desktop computers, portable computers, smartphones and
servers
2. Dedicated devices: MP3 players, GPS devices, ABS braking system in your car, ATM
machines, microwaves, washing machines

Konvergensie/Convergence
Jou slimfoon is ‘n voorbeeld van konvergensie. Dit is een toestel maar kan ‘n horlosie, alarm,
kamera, GPS en kompas wees.

Your smartphone is an example of convergence. It is one device but has functions of an alarm,
watch, camera, GPS and compass.

Dedicated device//Toegewyde toestel

An ATM is an example of a dedicated device. It only has one function, that of a minibank.

‘n OTM is ‘n voorbeeld van ‘n toegewyde toestel. Jy kan net banksake by dit doen, dit het net 1
funksie.

Voorbeeld vrae:
Watter een van die volgende is NIE deel van die inligtingverwerkingsiklus nie.//Which of the
following is NOT part of the Information processing cycle

A. Toevoer//Input

B. Analise//Analyzing

C. Afvoer//Output

D. Stoor//Storage

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Different types of computers/Soorte rekenaars
Type/Tipe Description/Beskrywing
Server/Bediener Powerful computer that provides services and resources to clients
Kragtige rekenaar wat dienste en bronne aan kliente bied
Desktop A personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a
computer/tafelrekenaar desk or table due to its size and power requirement
Persoonlike rekenaar ontwerp vir gereelde gebruik op dieselfde plek of naby
tafel of lessenaar as gevolg van grootte en vir kragtoevoer
Laptop/Skootrekenaar Use smaller parts for lower power consumption
Integrated monitor, keyboard and touchpad mouse
Run on battery power
Power settings can manage power
Gebruik kleiner onderdele vir laer kragverbruik
Werk met batterykrag
Kan kragverbruik bestuur
Ingeboude skerm, sleutelbord en raakblad-muis
Tablets/Tablette Ideal for quick, small scale computing
Operating systems designed for mobile devices
Longer battery life
Built-in WiFi and cellular connectivity
Ideal vir vinnige, kleinskaalse rekenaarwerk
Bedryfstelsels ontwerp vir mobiele toestelle
Langer batterylewe
Ingeboude WiFi and sellulere konnektiwiteit
Phablets Cross between phone and tablet
Smartphone with screen bigger than 5”
Performs functions of a tablet and can make phone calls
Kruis tussen foon en tablet
Slimfoon met skermgrootte groter as 5”
Kan funksies van ‘n tablet uitvoer en foonoproepe maak
Smartphones/Slimfone Mobile operating system, eg Android and iOS
Touch screen for typed input
Built-in WiFi and cellular connectivity
Combine features and technologies of many separate devices-convergence
Mobiele bedryfstelsel, bv Android en iOS
Raakskerm on toevoer in te tik
Ingeboude WiFi and sellulere konnektiwiteit
Kombineer eienskappe en tegnologiee van verskillende toestelle-konvergensie

Hardeware en sagteware//Hardware vs software

A computer consists of 2 parts: Hardware and software//Rekenaars bestaan uit 2 dele: Hardeware
en sagteware

Hardware/Hardeware
Fisiese dele/Vatbaar
Physical parts that can be touched
Mouse, screen. Printer, RAM, SSD
Muis, monitor, drukker, RAM, Hardeskyf
Sagteware/software
Toep of sagteware wat ons op rekenaar laai om
dit ons instruksies te gee
App or software that we install on PC or phone
to give it our instructions
Windows, Whatsapp, Office, Warcraft, VLC

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Oefening 1.1: //Exercise 1.1
Voltooi die volgende woordsoek/Complete the following wordsearch

ICT // IKT
I Information I Inligting
C Communication K Kommunikasie
T Technology T Tegnologie

Tegnologie maak dit moontlik om inligting te deel en te kommunikeer soos nog nooit tevore nie. IKT
beskryf al die hardeware en sagteware wat nodig is om data te versamel, te verwerk en om inligting
te deel en stoor.

Because of technology we can share information and communicate like never before. ICT describes
all the hardware and software needed to gather and process data, process this data and share the
information as well as storing it.

Voorbeeld van ‘n IKT stelsel/Example of an ICT system

POS system (Point of sale) // Betaalpuntstelsel

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As jy iets koop by ‘n winkel, word dit gescan, die prys wys by die till, die item word afgetrek by die
voorraad (sodat nog bestel kan word) en die geld word afgetrek uit jou bankrekening.

When you buy something, it gets scanned, the price shows, your bank account gets debited and the
item is removed from the stock so the shop can re-order.

Voordele van ‘n betaalpuntstelsel Advantages of a POS system

Strepieskodes maak dat rekeninge vinniger
geskep kan word
Skandering is meer akkuraat as pryse wat
ingetik word
Voorraad word ouomaties van voorraad
afgetrek en nog kan bestel word
Bestuur kan sien wat verkoop goed en
bestuursbelsuite neem
Neigings kan vasgestel word
Bills can be added quickly when barcodes are
used
Scanning is more accurate than typing prices
Items are removed automatically from a
computerised stock database
Sales figures are sent to headoffice for
management decisions
Trends can be anlysed

Ethical use of computers//Etiese gebruik van rekenaars

Despite all the good uses of ICT, it can also be used to commit crime.

Al is daar baie goeie gebruike van IKT, kan dit ook gebruik word om misdaad te pleeg.

Examples of using ICT for crime//Voorbeelde waar IKT in

misdaad gebruik word
Spreading false information with rapid speed
Stealing by piracy, identity theft, data theft,
time
Creating malicious software
People seem faceless and crime not so serious
because you are not causing physical harm
Valsinligting kan vining versprei
Te steel deur roof van programme,
identiteitsdiefstal, datadieftstal en steel van tyd
Skep kwaadwillige sagteware
Maklik om te pleeg en voel nie rerig nie omdat
jy slagoffers nie ken nie en nie fisiese geweld
pleeg nie

Ekonomiese redes vir IKT//Economic reasons for ICT

More accurate and reliable than people
Faster than people
Cheaper than people in the long term
Reduces need for resources like paper and
office space
Meer akkuraat en betroubaar as mense
Vinniger as mense
Kos uiteindelik minder as mense
Verminder behoefte aan bronne soos papier en
kantoorspasie

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Oefening 1.2//Exercise 1.2
1.2.1 Noem 2 voordele van draagbare rekenaars//Name 2 general advantages of portable computers

1.2.2 How does a dedicated device differ from a portable computer//Hoe verskil ‘n toegewyde
toestel van ‘n gewone rekenaar?

1.2.3 Distinguish between data and information//Onderskei tussen data en inligting

1.2.4 Dui aan of die volgende toevoer, afvoer of stoor is//Indicate whether the phrase refers to
input, output or storage

Description Input/Toevoer Stoor/Storage Output/Afvoer

Foto’s op jou foon
Photos on your phone
Druk ‘n document
Printing a document
Typing a
Whatsapp//Tik ‘n
Whatsapp
Raak aan foon skerm
om ‘n app oop te
maak
Touching your
phone’s screen to
open an app
Muis//Mouse
Camera//Kamera
Memory
card/geheuekaart

Hardware//Hardeware
Voordat ons begin werk op die rekenaaar, moet ons verstaan hoe ons die data op die rekenaar gaan
kry (TOEVOER), waar die data wat ons invoer verwerk gaan word (VERWERKING) en hoe ons die
data/inligting weer gaan sien (AFVOER).

Before we start with the nitty gritty of working on a computer, we need to understand how we must
get our data into the PC (INPUT), where this data gets processed and how we can access or see this
data/information again (OUTPUT).

Hardeware is waaraan ons kan raak. Dit sluit in die muis, sleutelbord, die rekenaarkas, randtoestelle i
en die dele binne die rekenaarkas.

Hardware is devices or parts of a computer we can touch. This includes the monitor, mouse,
keyboard, the computer case, the parts inside the case and peripherals (external devices like a
boombox and printer)

Let’s look at input and ways we can get data into our computer or smartphone.

Kom ons kyk na toevoer en hoe ons data in ons rekenaar of slimfoon kan sit.

ONTHOU: ‘n Rekenaar kan net doen wat jy vir hom vra om te doen.

REMEMBER: A computer can only do what instructed to.

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INPUT DEVICES//TOEVOER TOESTELLE
Keyboard/Sleutelbord The most used input device USB, PS2,
Can be built in, on the screen, attached with a cable or bluetooth
wireless.Meeste gebruik as toevoer, sleutelbord kan
op skerm, ingebou of koordloos wees
Mouse/Muis Het meestal 2 knoppies en ‘n wieletjie met wyser wat USB, PS2,
op skerm rondbeweeg bluetooth
Touchpad/Raakblad Ingebou op laptop/Buil tin Builtin
Camera/Kamera Taking photos and videos USB
Scanner/skandeerder Scans documents and photos that can be saved as USB, WiFi
image or text and be edited
Skandeer dokumente en foto’s what gestoor kan word
en weer op gewerk kan word om veranderinge te
maak
Microphone/mikrofoon Records audio and converts it into digital format USB, Audio
Neem oudio (stem of musiek) op en stoor dit digitaal USB sockets
Koordloos
Let op dat koordlose toestelle kortafstandradiogolwe (Gewoonlik Bluetooth) gebruik om met die
rekenaar te kommunikeer. ‘n Koordlose aansluiter moet by ‘n USB-poort van die rekenaar gekoppel
word sodat die rekenaar seine van die toestel kan ontvang.

Nadele Voordele van koordlose toestelle

Het batterye nodig Geen kabels wat rondle

Duurder as toestelle met kabels Meer beweegbaarheid op tafel vir muis en

sleutelbord.
Kan maklik gesteel word

Ander siene kan met die toestel se seine

inmeng

Wireless technology
Devices can connect to a pc via a cable or wirelessly. Wireless keyboards and mice use short range
radio waves (Bluetooth) to communicate with the computer. A wireless adapter has to be connected
to a USB port on the computer to receive signals from the device.

Disadvantages of wireless devices Advantages

They require batteries Less clutter with no cables

They are more expensive Wider range of movement on your desk

Can be stolen easily

Can be interference with the wireless signal

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Om ons data weer te sien het ons toestelle vir afvoer nodig.

To see our data again we need devices for output

Monitor/skerm Meeste gebruik vir afvoer VGA port

Most used for output
Printer/drukker Gee vir ons harde kopie van USB. Parallel port
wat ons gedoen het op
rekenaar

Speaker/luidsprekers Plays sounds that are saved as

digital files (.wav, .mp3)
Speel klank wat digital gestoor
is
‘n Monitor se grootte word diagonaal in duim gemeet. Monitors get measured diagonally across in
inches.

The resolution is the number of pixels used to form the image on the screen.

Die resolusie is die aantal beelpunte (pixels) wat gebruik word om die beeld te skep.

‘n Grafikakaart skep die beelde wat vertoon word. Jy moet duurder grafikakaarte kry as jy baie
videos edit of speletjies speel.

A graphics card generates the images that are shown. If you are a gamer or photo editor, you need a
more advanced graphics card.

There are many other hardware device that can be connected to a PC. The connection points on a pc
are known as ports

Toestelle kan aan rekenaar verbind word deur verskeie poorte.

USB is a plug and play interface. HDMI supports high quality video and audio.

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Drukker
‘n Drukker gee ons afvoer in harde kopiee. (Sagtekopie is afvoer op ‘n skerm)

Verstekdrukker (Default printer) is die drukker waarheen drukwerk gestuur word tensy jy ‘n ander
drukker kies.

Drukkers word deesdae via USB of WiFi aan ‘n rekenaar gekoppel

Drukkerwaglys is ‘n plek op die rekenaar se hardeskyf waar take vir die drukker tydelike gestoor
word tot die drukker gereed is om dit te druk. Dit kan gebruik word om drukwerk te kanselleer, te
pause of van voor af te laat druk.

Printer
Produces output as hard copies. (Soft copy is visual output on a screen)

Default printer is where the printing will be sent unless the user chose a different printer.

Printers can be connected to a compuer via USB or WiFi.

Printer queue Temporary storage area on computer’s harddrive where print tasks are stored while
waiting to be printed. Printing can be cancelled, paused or restarted.

Soorte drukkers
Kleur is duurder as monochrome (swart en wit) drukkers

Inkspuitdrukkers (Inkjet prinnters) Laserdrukkers (Laser printers)

Spray tiny dots of ink on printer Uses powder with a fuser, like a photo-copier
Spuit druppeltjies ink op papier Gebruik laserdrukstof
Relatively cheap to buy Are more expensive to buy
Redelik goedkoop om te koop Duurder om te koop
Cartridges cheaper but needs to be replaced Goedkoper wanneer baie gedruk word want ink
more hou langer
Inkhouers goedkoper maar moet meer vervang Cheaper to run when printing large volumes
word
Stadiger as laserdrukkers
Slower than laser printers

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3D printers/3D drukkers

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Stoor/storage
A computer needs to keep the data you’ve put in it. This place is called storage. Memory is where
data is temporarily kept while the computer is processing it. Memory volatile (disappears if pc is
switched off)

Die data moet gestoor word. Geheue is waar data tydelik gehou word terwyl daar aan gewerk word.

Memory “Verdwyn” as die rekenaar afgaan.

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Image if you have a desk and a filing cabinet, the desk represents the memory of your computer.

Items you will need to use soon are kept in your desk for easy access. However, not much can be
stored in a desk due to its size limitations. While the filing cabinet represents the storage of your
computer.

Items that must be kept yet won’t necessarily be accessed soon are stored in the filing cabinet. Due
to the size of the filing cabinet, many things can be stored.

Therefore, in the desk and filing cabinet analogy, any files that are left on your desk when you leave
the office will be thrown away. Everything in your filing cabinet will remain.

As jy ‘n slaai maak, is jy beperk tot hoeveel slaai jy kan maak as jou tafel klein is. Dit is die geheue. As
jy die slaai wegsit in die yskas, is dit stoor (hardeskyf).

Storage device Storage medium

Computer hardware that read from and write Physical objects on which we store data and
to storage media, known as drives programs

The different types of media are magnetic (hard drives), optical (reflects laser light) and electronic
(flash drive)

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SSD= Solid state drive

Each little character (%, 5) we store takes up space which we refer to as a byte.

Elke karakter wat ons stoor vat plek. Ons noem elke A of 2 ‘n greep (byte)

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Kom ons skakel die rekenaar aan//Let’s switch on the PC

Mens druk die kragknoppie. Die BIOS begin en die rekenaar soek die bedryfstelsel. Die
bedryfstelsel beheer al die aktiwiteite wat in die rekenaar plaasvind. Windows is die bekendste
bedryfstelsel. Jou selfoon het moontlik Android of iOs en jou laptop dalk MacOS.

Turn on the power button. The BIOS starts up and looks for the operating system. The
operating system controls all the activities on a computer. Windows is the best known operating
system. Your smartphone uses Android or i0s, laptops often come with Mac.

BIOS, computing, stands for Basic Input/Output System. The BIOS is a computer program embedded on a chip
on a computer's motherboard that recognizes and controls various devices that make up the computer. The
purpose of the BIOS is to make sure all the things plugged into the computer can work properly. It brings life to
the computer, and the term is a pun on the Greek word βίος, bios meaning "life".

Booting Up

"Booting up" is the process that the computer completes to get it ready to use when it is first turned on. When
the computer turns on, the BIOS starts up and performs a Power-On Self Test (POST). During the POST, the BIOS
will check various devices in the computer like the computer processor, memory, the video card and others to
make sure they are present and functioning. Once the POST has completed successfully, the BIOS looks for an
operating system to load, which is usually located on the computer's hard drive. When it finds one, it starts to
load it. At this point, the operating system takes over control of the system. (Kiddle n.d.)

Sodra die rekenaar gelaai het, sal jy hier by die skool gevra word vir ‘n username en password. Moet
dit nie vir iemand anders gee nie!! Jou werk word nie op die rekenaar waarby jy sit gestoor nie, maar
op die bediener onder jou naam. As jy die volgende dag by ‘n ander masjien sit, sal jou data steeds
onder jou naam beskikbaar wees.

Here at school you will be asked for a username and password to log on to the computer. Do not
share this with anyone!! Your work is not saved on the computer where you are seated, but on the
server. If you sit in front of another computer the next day, your data will be available under your
name.

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Icons

GUI (Graphical User Interface) (Uitgespreek as Gooyi)

Allows a user to access files and folders, create files and documents and perform tasks.

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GUI’s are on most devices needing human interaction and you need to left-click, right-click, drag and
drop, double click and if using a mobile device, you will swipe, tap and pinch.

GUI is ontwerp om saam met ‘n muis (of jou vingers ) gebruik te word. Jy kan linksklik, Regsklik,
dubbelklik, scroll (rol) of sleep.

Die taakbalkie, Start button, shortcuts, ikone, recycle bin, area vir boodskappe en Quick launch
toolbar verskyn almal op die werkskerm.

Die recycle bin is ook op die skerm. Leers wat uitgevee is word hier gehou en kan “restore” word.
The recycle bin is an area on the desktop where deleted files are kept in case they need to be
restored again. Once the recycle bin is emptied, the files are no longer accessible.

MUIS//MOUSE

The mouse settings can be changed in the Control Panel//Verstellings aan die muis kan in die Control
panel gedoen word

Keyboard//Sleutelbord

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The keyboard used with our alphabet is called the QWERTY keyboard because of the first 6 letters on
the top row. The most commonly used letters are placed in the center row.

Certain keys have more than 1 character, hold shift down first to type the top character. Caps lock
type capital letters. Backspace deletes the last letter. The space spar types 1 space, enter lets you
move to the next line. The Esc key can be used to cancel an option or get back to where you were.

System technologies: Software

Software is a set of instructions that tells the computer what to do.

Application software is programs that perform specific tasks

System software is software that is intended to control, support or operate the computer. Examples
are the operating system and utility software (antivirus).

The functions of an operating system:

 Manages all the hardware and software on the computer

 Maintains security
 Provides a user interface (GUI)

Utilities come with the operating system. These include a calculator and the snipping tool.

File management/Lêerbestuur

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Every time you type something and save it, you are working with a file. It is important where you
“put” these files so you can find it again to edit it.

Elke keer as jy iets tik en dit stoor, werk jy met ‘n lêer. Dit is belangrik dat jy weet waar jy dié leers
stoor om weer later daaraan te werk.

In Windows File explorer can help you find and organise files. Explorer is accessed via the Start menu
or by pressing the windows and E key on your keyboard.

Die program wat dit moontlik maak om dit weer te vind is File explorer.

Paths/lêerpaaie

A path is the sequence of folders starting from the drive letter that leads to the location of a specific
file.

Die lêerpad is die opeenvolging van lêergidse, beginnende by die aandrywer, wat jou lei na die lêer.

C:\Chloe werk\Afr Verbetering 9 Mrt.doc

File names

Birthday.docx
Name/Naam Dot/punt Extension/Uitbreiding

Working with files and folders/Werk met lêers en lêergidse

You can normally do the following: Jy kan die volgende doen

Rename them Herbenoem

Sort them Sorteer

Copy them Kopieer

Move them Skuif

Delete them Skrap

Create a shortcut to it Maak ‘n kortpad dmv ‘n ikoon

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Common file types and extensions

Convert file types/omskakel van lêertipes

Most applications allow you to export or save a file in a different format. This is necessary when a file
needs to be opened in a different program or the file has to be compatible with older versions of the
software

Meeste toepassings laat jou toe om ‘n lêer in ‘n ander formaat te stoor. Dit word gedoen om die lêer
in ‘n ander program oop te maak of om dit versoenbaar met ouer weergawes van dieselfde program
te maak.

Gesondheids- en omgewingskwessies//Health and

environmental issues
Wanneer jy die sleutelbord en muis gebruik, maak jy herhaalde, klein bewegings. As jy nog sleg sit
ook, kan dit tot Repetitive strain injury (RSI) lei.

Using the keyboard and muse requires frequent small movements of the wrists. If you combine this
with sitting incorrectly you can get Repetitive strain injury (RSI).

Ergonomie is die studie en ontwerp van die werkplek en die toerusting wat by die werk gebruik word
vir die gemak en veiligheid van mense by hul werk.

Ergonomics is the study and design of the workplace for the comfort and safety of people in work
environments.

Gesondheidswenke vir rekenaargebruik//Health tips for using computers

Gebruik ergonomiese ontwerpte toerusting Use ergonomically designed equipment
Sit reg Sit correctly
Plaas sleutelbord, muis en monitor reg Place keyboard, mouse and monitor correctly
Verseker dat daar beligting en lugsirkulasie is Ensure lighting and ventilation are adequate
Kyk soms weg van monitor Occasionally turn your eyes away from the

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 monitor
Rus gereeld Take regular breaks

Groen rekenaarverwerking beskryf die omgewingsbewuste gebruik van rekenaars.

Green computing describes using computers that does not harm the environment.

E-rommel verwys na gebreekte, verouderde elektroniese toerusting wat weggegooi word.

E-waste or e-scrap refers to broken, outdated and dumped electronic equipment.

Wenke vir groen rekenaarverwerking/Tips to practise green computing

Skakel toestelle af as jy dit nie gebruik nie Switch off devices not in use
Moenie papier mors nie Do not waste paper
Opgradeer ou hardeware of skenk dit aan Upgrade or donate old hardware
iemand
Hervul inkhouers Refill old cartridges
Raak op omgewingsvriendelike manier ontslae Recycle used ink and toner cartridges
van inkhouers

GIGO. GIGO is an acronym which stands for 'Garbage In, Garbage Out' It tends to be used when
talking about data entry and databases. Basically it means that if you enter inaccurate or wrong data
then you have really entered garbage.

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i
Toestelle soos drukker en boombokse wat eksterne aan die rekenaar gekoppel word