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UNIT 1: GENERAL CONCEPTS AND STS STS VARIED AREAS OF INTEREST
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO STS
SCIENCE
• Science–systematic, organized knowledge
or study of the natural world based on facts
learned through experiments and
observation
FOUR MEANINGS OF SCIENCE
◦Science as Knowledge
◦Science as Field of Systematic Inquiry into Nature
◦Science as a Form of Human Cultural Activity
◦Science as a Total Societal Enterprise
TECHNOLOGY
• Technology–some people regard it as
simply applied science.
THE MEANINGS OF TECHNOLOGY
◦Technology as Technics –material artifacts
◦Technology as technology
◦Technology as a form of Human Cultural Activity
◦Technology as Total Societal Enterprise
◦Technology and Science as Forms of Activity
SOCIETY
• Society-large group of people who live
together in an organized way.
Interrelationship and Dynamics between the
three: A Continuing Process
PARADIGM SHIFT
• While STS is a unification of three fields
(science, technology, and society), the
unification experiences paradigm shifting.
• Consider the following infographic that
shows how in a span of about 50 years,
technology has great evolved, causing
impact on the development of social
businesses.
• Sustainability –Energy and Environment,
Global Warming and CO2 Emission Control,
Long term Energy Paths, Strategies for
Efficient and Renewable Energy Use
• Life Sciences –Ethical Aspects of Stem
Cells and Regenerative Medicine, New
Applications of Genomics to Agriculture,
Translation of Science to the Marketplace:
The Development of Medicine for Global
Health
• IT’s Impact on Human Society –
Interoperatibility (the ability of computer
systems or software to exchange and make
use of information.), Digital Archiving,
Security / Privacy
• Capacity Building –Science Education and
Communication, University Reform,
Intellectual Property Rights
• Science and Technology for Human
Security –Infectious Diseases, Science and
Technology to Reduce the Vulnerability of
Critical Infrastructures, Science and
Technology against Natural Disaster
• New Frontiers Opened by Science and
Technology –New Frontiers Opened by IT
(Information and Communication
Technology), New Frontiers Opened by NT
(Nano-Technology), New Frontiers Opened
by Manufacturing
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
•Work
•Contemporary Society
•Understanding
•A new field of Study
SCIENCE
◦Combating Irrationality
◦Preeminent Source of Cognitive Authority
TECNOLOGY
◦Sustaining the Private Corporation
◦Source of Personal Identity
◦Social Integration and Stratification
What is the role of Science and Technology in
policy making?
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY: FOR HUMAN
SECURITY
Against Terrorism
◦To prevent the use of science and technology by
terrorists;
◦To use science and technology to defend against
terrorism
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Against Infectious Diseases
◦Developing vaccines and medical therapies
against infectious diseases like AIDS (at present,
COVID) is crucial for mankind’s future and is one of
the most important fields where science and
technology can make a contribution.
Against Natural Disasters
◦ International cooperation to establish early
warning, human safety and rescue systems is
strongly needed.
Human Successes, Failures, and Threats to
Survival
Success:
Failure:
Threats:
ETHICAL DILEMMAS, AND SOCIAL AND
CULTURE ROLES
◦Ethical Dilemmas: The ethical conflicts posed by
science and technology-based dilemmas requires
careful analysis.
◦Social and Cultural: less evident but no less
important ground of the social importance of
science and technology in the contemporary era
lies in several influential social and cultural roles
that these forces have assumed or positioned.
RECENT ISSUES CONCERNING STS
• Framework for sustainable future
• Renewable energy sources
• Bioethics issues
• Human society
• Education for all
• Intellectual property rights (IPR)
“It is important for all people, regardless of their
background, to consider Science and Technology
issues as their own. Recognizing that both the
Lights and Shadows of Science and Technology will
have a great impact on the human race, Science
and Technology should not control Humankind;
Humankind should control Science and
Technology.”
-Hiroyuki Yoshikawa,President of National Institute
of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology
(AIST)
OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT STATE OF STS
FIELD
◦The first STS courses and programs appeared on
the academic horizon in the late 1960’s.
◦STS activity is not limited to the academic world.
Various branches of government agencies in the
executive and legislative branches in the U.S.A. do
policy research on issues involving science and
technology in society.
-Arnaldo P. Mosteiro, 2nd edition (2006)
STS in the Philippines: Can Philippine Science
Evolve and Progress?
“The Filipino has his own unique technological
potential that, when given support and the right
environment with the corresponding atmosphere of
freedom, he or she can produce inventive ideas,
products and processes in an exceptional manner
on a par with international standards.”
• Fluorescent lamp, videophone, the moon
buggy, pontoon bridge, floating power tiller,
mighty mite, the sing along system, super
lubricant
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Conclusion #7 MICHAEL FARADAY 1791 – 1867

• The intellectual roots of STS lie in the
history, philosophy, and social study of
science and technology, an arena where
often-controversial issues and choices
interface with values and influence public
policy.
• With practical advantages in engineering,
medicine, and technology, they have helped
us to grow better understanding about the
world and different working phenomenon
that governs us. Their way of shaping the
modern-day culture is completely unrivaled.
• STS prepares students to understand both
the technical and social dimensions of
science and technology, helps them
become more thoughtful and better-
informed citizens of our high-tech society,
and develops their critical interdisciplinary
thinking, research, and communication
skills. Students flourish intellectually in an
environment where critical questioning is
encouraged and opportunities for research
are abundant.
UNIT 2: INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS THAT
DEFINED SOCIETY
• He developed a fascination with science and
particularly in electricity after he studied lot of
serious academic works during his days.
#6 THOMAS ALVA EDISON 1847 – 1931
• “The Wizard of the Menlo Park”.
• Excelled as both scientist and inventor, Edison
patented a whopping total of 1,093 inventions in his
lifetime.
• “Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent
perspiration”
#5 MARIA SALOMEA SKLODOWSKA CURIE
1867 – 1934
• Marie Curie holds record for the first female to be
awarded with a Nobel Prize.
• She is also called “the mother of atom bomb” with
her invention of the radioactive materials.
• She invented the first mobile X-ray machine which
helped to check the injured soldiers in the
battlefield

#4 LOUIS PASTEUR 1822 – 1895

TOP 10 GREATEST SCIENTISTS WHO
CHANGED THE WORLD BY NAMAN BISTA
• Myths to reality out of curiosity around the
world.
• The present picture of the world that we see
would not have transformed without the
contribution of these great personalities.
#10 ARISTOTLE 384 - 322 BC
• Collections of plant and animal specimens and
classified them according to their characteristics
which made a standard for future work
• He explained about biogenesis and proposed a
theory named as the “Germ Theory”.
• He also created a process of toning and treating
milk free from the damage causing microbes to
what he called “Pasteurization”
• Pasteur is also regarded as the first man on earth
to ever discover cure for puerperal fever and make
the vaccines for rabies and anthrax.
#3 SIR ISAAC NEWTON 1643 – 1727
• Best known for his law on gravitation

#9 ARCHIMEDES 287 - 212 BC

• Regarded as the greatest mathematician ever.
• Known as pprophet to the formal science that was
started in Ancient Greece.
• “Give me a place to stand and I can move the
whole world”
• Even though most of his work were burned in the
museum of Alexandria, the remnants gave enough
ideas for modern day science and technology.
#2 ALBERT EINSTEIN 1879 – 1955
• The “Man of Century” has some spectacular
works in physics which even makes him the father
of modern physics for his contribution in developing
the general theory of relativity.
#1 NIKOLA TESLA 1856 – 1943
• Most of his ideas and inventions were either
copied, stolen, or taken by somebody else

#8 GALILEO 1564 - 1642 AD

• ‘Father of modern science’ because of his
discoveries in astronomy and physics.
• He proved what Copernicus said about sun being
the center of the solar system
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THE ORIGIN OF STS STUDIES
PREHISTORY
A. Stone Age
✓ Old Stone Age – Paleolithic Period
✓ New Stone Age – Neolithic Period
• The most advanced parts of the Middle East and
Southeast Asia, it ended about 6,000 B.C.
• It began when human beings first arrived in the
New World
ANCIENT TIMES
• Transportation – for food and better locations for
settlements
• Communication and Record-keeping
• Weapons and Armors – For survival and alliances
• Primary challenge: Conservation of life – illnesses
and diseases, both natural and man-made.
• Architecture, Engineering
SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION
• Sumeria is located on the Southernmost tip of
ancient Mesopotamia.
• Cuneiform, Uruk City, The Great Ziggurat of Ur,
Irrigation and Dikes, Sailboats, plow, roads, making
pottery by potter’s wheel, and Horsedrawn chariots
BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION
• It emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates
Rivers. Babylonians were great builders,
engineers and architects, and mathematician
• One of their major contributions is the hanging
gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders
of the ancient world.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION
• North Africa
• Papyrus, ink, hieroglyphics, cosmetics, wig, and
clepsydra
• Trial and error medicine
ALCHEMY
• Alchemists mostly wanted to find a means by
which lead could be transformed into gold (or some
other precious substance).
• As alchemists began mixing and recording, many
interesting things were observed. The observation,
however, is not to draw conclusions about the
natural world but a next step for a mixture to form
some useful substance
• Trial and error
GREEK CIVILIZATION
• Greece is an archipelago in the southeastern part
of Europe.
• Birthplace of western philosophy, and in depth
work of mathematics.
• Greek Science did not rely on supernatural
explanations. It developed scientific models to
explain the heavens through time.
• Alarm clocks and water mill
• PLATO, HIPPOCRATES, PYTHAGORAS,
AND ARCHIMEDES
PERSIAN CIVILIZATION
• CYRUS THE GREAT,
• DARIUS, and
• ALEXANDER
ROMAN CIVILIZATION
• Strongest political and social entity in the west,
but they are perceived as “Poor in Science”.
• It was the cradle of politics and governance during
that period.
• Newspaper, Codex, ROMAN ARCHITECTURE,
ROMAN NUMERALS
• JULIUS CAESAR, CLEOPATRA, PLINY
THE ELDER
ARABIC CIVILIZATION
• Arabs – the inhabitants of Arabia situated in
Southeastern Asia.
• Muhammad (57-632 A.D) –founder of Islam, the
religion of Muslims
• Arabic Science influences from China, India, and
Greece. They continued to develop math and
astronomy. Aside from that, Algebra and the
concept of the algorithm were developed. Many
stars were Arabic names, typically those that has
“al-” in it, example: Alberio and Algol
CHINESE CIVILIZATION
• The Chinese civilization is considered to be the
oldest civilization in Asia, if not the world.
• It was famous among other ancient civilizations
because of its silk trade, Tea, Great Wall of China,
Gun Powder
• 1,000 BC, the Chinese were using compasses to
aid themselves in their travels
1. Shang Dynasty
2. Chou Dynasty
3. Chi’n Dynasty
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4.Han Dynasty
5.Sung Dynasty
6.Tang Dynasty
INDUS-HINDU CIVILIZATION
• Aryans – the dominant people in Northern India
• Traditional Indian medication had varieties of
herbal remedies and drugs which the West
discovered and used later.
THE DARK AGES
• Fall of Roman Empire up to Renaissance period.
• Trade and large-scale communication became
harder and harder.
• Since science thrives on the free exchange of
ideas from one scientist to another, this put another
roadblock in the way of scientific progress.
• Little was learned.
MEDIEVAL/MIDDLE AGES
• The start of the middle ages were marred by
massive invasions and migrations. Wars were
prevalent during this time. Trade and commerce
among nations increased, which resulted in greater
demands for transportation technology.
• Printing Press, Microscope, telescope, war
weapons
• In the Early Middle Ages, all scientific and
philosophical expression was monitored extensively
by the Church.
• The alleged truths were produced by Biblical
study and the widely accepted Aristotelian system
by Aristotle (including the four elements), which
became official Church doctrine.
• Others: THALES & PTOLEMY
USES OF ASTRONOMY (BEFORE
COPERNICUS)
• To tell time
• To determine the seasons
• Calendars
• Navigation
• Predict the future (eclipses & rainfall)
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1500 A.D. TO 1660
A.D.)
• New interest sparked in reference to the physical
world. This focus on the investigation of reality that
naturally began to create questions regarding the
accepted Aristotelian norms.
• A large faction broke away from the Church, in
doing so breaking free from the restriction of
intellectual progress.
• The Protestant Reformation, begun by Martin
Luther in 1517, radically transformed the
theological and political landscape of Europe
THE RENAISSANCE: THE “GOLDEN AGE” OF
SCIENCE
• Robert Grosseteste - Roman Catholic bishop in
the early 1200s A.D.; Father of the scientific
method
• Andreas Vesalius - published a book in 1543 that
tried to show all the details of the human body -
such illustrations of the organs, muscles, and
skeleton of the human body. How medicine was
taught.
• Blaise Pascal - made several advances in the
understanding of Science, geometry and algebra
(E.g., first basis of atmospheric pressure, Pascal’s
Law, and hydraulic lifts)
• Carolus Linnaeus - published a book in 1735
which he tried to classify all living creatures that
had been studied.
• Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier – (1) Law of Mass
Conservation: matter cannot be created nor
destroyed – it can only change forms (2) properly
explain combustion, which is the process of
burning.
• John Dalton – The atomic theory
• Heraclitus – (1) defined this entity with his term
"Logos" or 'rational principle’. (2) the foundation of
'epistemology', the study of knowledge. •
Pythagoras and his followers perceived that the
ultimate reality (arché) was not something material,
but in number. • Socrates - methods of the
intellectual revolution will be applied to the study
human behavior and social values
WHAT IS AN INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC
REVOLUTION (1550-1700)
• The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer
to Greek speculation about the "nature" in the
period before Socrates
• 18th century is an era marked by questioning of
traditional dogmas/values.
• As time went on, the scientific community began
to learn that scientists should not just accept the
teachings of former scientists. Instead, they
realized that all scientists make mistakes, and
therefore everyone’s work must be examined
critically.
• The earliest of these thinkers lived in Ionia, on the
western coast of modern Turkey, in the town of
Miletus.
• The Ionians were concerned with two issues:
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1. What is the underlying and primary MODERN TIMES
'substance’?
• The booming world population during the
2. How can one explain change and nineteenth century onwards demanded that more
transformation, given that what we perceive derives goods be produced at a faster rate. People needed
from one substance? efficient means of transportation to trade more
goods and cover a larger distance.
• There are three characteristic features of
this form of speculation. • Pasteurization, Petroleum Refinery, Telephone,
Calculator
1. The world is a natural whole (that is,
supernatural forces do not make things 'happen’)
2. There is a natural 'order' (that is, there THE ORIGIN OF STS STUDIES THE
are 'laws of nature’). RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SCIENCE,
TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY GO BACK FOR
3. Humans can 'discover' those laws
MANY CENTURIES.
• Pre-History
HOW DO INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTIONS
• Ancient times (Sumerian, Babylonian, Egyptian,
DEFINE/TRANSFORM SOCIETIES?
Greek, Persian, Roman, Arabic, Chinese, and Indu-
• No bias, no prejudice and brave enough to Hindu)
transform our society with a goal to try to make our • Medieval Times
world a less messy place to live in.
• Dark Age
• Social Responsibility to apply their knowledge to
shape, and protect, social standards and values. • Renaissance
• Golden Age
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION (1735 A.D. TO 1820 • Scientific/Intellectual Revolution
A.D.)
• Enlightenment Age
• People realized that the inventions that made their
• Industrial Revolution
lives better were at least partially the result of
scientific knowledge. As a result, there was popular • Modern Times
support for science that translated into better
facilities and a better way of life for scientists, which
in turn translated into great advances. THE INTELLECTUAL (SCIENTIFIC)
• Louis Pasteur – Idea of spontaneous generation, REVOLUTIONS MOST KNOWN IN HISTORY
study of bacteria and other living organisms, and COPERNICAN
pasteurization.
• This caused the paradigm shift of how the earth
• Gregor Mendel - was an Augustinian monk who and sun were placed in the heavens/universe. It
devoted much of his life to the study of reproduction is the idea that rejected Ptolemaic model (earth
and the entire field of modern genetics, which is the center of the solar system) and proved
studies how traits are passed on from parent to the heliocentric model (Sun is the center of the
offspring.
solar system having the earth revolving around
• Michael Faraday - developed a much better it.
understanding of electricity and magnetism.
• James Clerk Maxwell - founder of modern physics DARWINIAN
(E.g., electromagnetism).
• Charles Darwin
• James Joule - energy cannot be created or
destroyed -it can only change forms (First Law of • “Theory of Creation“ and his book "The Origin of
Thermodynamics) - the guiding principle in the Species“
study of energy

FREUDIAN
MODERN SCIENCE (1900 A.D. TO THE
• Sigmund Freud.
PRESENT)
• Freudian Theory of Personality, Psychoanalysis,
• Max Planck
Personality theory, Freudian Slip
• Albert Einstein
• Father of Evolution
• Niels Bohr
• Ideas of Newton
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INFORMATION
• Johannes Gutenberg
• This was the era which technology has been
prevalent. It is also known as the Computer Age
that has brought so much change on how we are
living today
MESO-AMERICAN
• It has contributed a lot of ideas or discoveries for
Archaeology. The temples and pyramids left a lot
about of Architecture that leads us to study more of
it.
ASIAN
• The revolution itself taught Asian countries about
freedom and independent nationhood along the
improvement brought by it internally
MIDDLE EAST
• The revolutions in the Middle East were a product
of the development and growth of individual
nationalism, imperialism, for the efforts to
westernize and modernize Middle Eastern
societies, and to push the declining power of the
Ottoman Empire in the Arab region.
AFRICAN
• The fight against colonialism and imperialism in
Africa
SUMMARY
• “The world is a dangerous place, not because of
those who do evil, but because of those who look
on and do nothing.”
• Societies all around the world are still striving hard
to achieve a progressive humanity. The
advancement of human civilization is possible just
because of enormous contribution made by
scientists throughout the course of time. Inventions
don't generally happen by accident or in a random
order: science and technology progress in a very
logical way, with each new discovery leading on
from the last.
• Intellectual revolutions that define society are the
intellectual revolutions that defined or changed
societal information that we access in the past,
present, and future, as well as cherish. Together
with the responsibility to awaken society,
intellectuals need to be constantly aware of their
own shortcomings because they are also human;
no one is perfect.
• However, their flaws that limit their understanding
might also damage society. Revolutions of
intellectual people must be progressive too so that
it can always offer effective contributions to improve
our societies in meaningful ways. The realization
that discoveries and inventions are shaped by
historical forces and in turn influence values,
aspirations, events, and institutions, thus shaping
the course of history.
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-
BUILDING (PART 1: INTRODUCTION)
• Throughout history, S&T drive the progress of
human civilization. They induce economic
growth and social development, thus playing a
significant role in nation-building.
• According to Stephenson (2005), nation-
building is all about the process of unifying.
NATION-BUILDING
According to Mylonas in 2019, Nation-building is
intertwined with the processes of:
• Industrialization - the process by which an
agrarian-based economy is transformed from one
based on the manufacturing of goods through
factory system and industries.
• Urbanization - the process through which society
is transformed from one that is predominantly rural
in economy to one that is mainly urban.
• Social mobilization - process that allows people
and communities to collectively think and act upon
their development.
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GOALS OF NATION-BUILDING
• To make a country’s economy firm, viable,
stable, and prosperous
• Encourage a strong sense of national
identity
• Create effective social institution
• To unify people of diverse culture, language,
and religion under the same state
COMPONENTS OF NATION-BUILDING
According to Stephenson 2005, the following are
the main components of nation building:
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
• The process whereby simple, low-income
national economies are transformed into
modern industrial economies.
• It is sometimes used as a synonym for
economic growth (Myint and Krueger,
2016).
SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT
• The success of society is related to the well-
being of its citizen (Government of New
Brunswick, 2009).
• Uplifting well-being of every individual in the
society to reach its full potential.
POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT
• The increase in national political unity,
political participation, and political stability.
• The integration of S&T in politics revolves in
the provision of science-based policies and
regulations (Neureiter, 2003).
• Science-based policies have been seen to
have viable and sustainable impacts to
society.
INSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
• The processes that improve the capacity of
a social institutions to achieve its goals and
objectives.
• Over the years, the delivery of services by
social institutions have greatly improved
through S&T.
S&T AND SECTORAL DEVELOPMENT
The following are key sectors that have greatly
benefited from the breakthroughs of S&T:
ENERGY SECTOR
• The use of new technologies such as solar
panel, wind turbines and generators have
improved the way human harnesses
renewable energy
AGRICULTURE SECTOR
• Farm machineries such as tractors and
harvesters - farmers can efficiently produce
more with less manpower, aiming increased
yield while using lesser inputs.
FISHERIES SECTOR
• Improved fisheries management practices.
• Technology also empowers small-scale fishers
generating information not just on fisheries but on
markets, which allows them to make better
business decisions
COMMUNICATION SECTOR
• Modern communication has made instant using
emails, social medias, phones and videocalls.
• The used of wireless signals, satellites, undersea
cables, and other advanced technology have
guaranteed the instant delivery of messages and
other forms of data to any locations (Prajapati,
2020)
TRANSPORTATION SECTOR
• With the use of modern technologies,
people can now get to more destinations
more efficiently and quickly.
• The used of automated buses and trains
aids in saving manpower and in managing
the ageing population in some cities (Tan,
2018).
MILITARY SECTOR
• Information technology, artificial intelligence
and sensors have the potential to vividly
improve all aspects of future military
capabilities.
• Modeling and simulation have already made
major contributions to training, readiness,
weapons design, and acquisition
management.
• Together, these technologies can
significantly reduce combat losses in lives
and equipment
EDUCATION SECTOR
• Technological advancement has greatly changed
the sector of education.
• Digital simulations and models can help teachers
in explaining difficult concepts and can also help
students who are visual or tactile learners to better
understand a specific concept (Khan, 2019)
HEALTH SECTOR
• The advances in digital healthcare technologies,
such as artificial intelligence, VR/AR, 3D-printing,
robotics and nanotechnology help transform
unsustainable healthcare systems into sustainable
ones, equalize the relationship between medical
professionals and patients, provide cheaper, faster
and more effective solutions for diseases.
GLOBAL PERSPECTIVE ON S&T IN NATION-
BUILDING
• Science and Technology has a great impact
to rapid development, affect every aspects
of life, and was regarded as the greatest
evidence of modernization.
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• The absence of modern equipment, in all
sectors and or any other field, will result to
the advancement and benefits that being
experienced today to not be possible
(Pujari, 2016).
• In a global perspective, moving on with the
flow of modernity determines the nation’s
capability to sustain its people’s lives. Such
is the influence of science and technology
for the development of a nation.
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS
• Benefit the most from advances in science and
technology and will be able to exploit technology
regardless of its sophistication (E. g. Gene therapy,
AI, advanced medical equipment, etc.) (RAND,
2006).
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS
(JAPAN)
• The acquisition, effective adaptation, and
improvement of technologies has served as the
basis for the country’s rapid economic growth and
international competitiveness.
• The Japanese government's role in the acquisition
and diffusion of technologies complemented the
development of superior production and enterprise
systems by Japanese industry.
• The reasons for Japan’s successes includes
(1) central government policies have
encouraged the adoption and diffusion of
foreign technologies through lowering
private-sector risks, stimulating demand,
and providing educational and other
infrastructure;
(2) a diffuse base of entrepreneurial vitality
and a strong competitive private-sector that
is receptive to new technologies and
capable of improving them; and
(3) a political and ideological climate that
generally allows for consensus on national
imperatives and flexibility in policy
approaches (Japan National Research
Council, 1995).
STATE OF S&T OF DEVELOPED NATIONS
(ISRAEL)
• It has redirected its institutions and policies
to poster S&T.
• The government parties have come
together to support major fiscal reforms,
which lowered taxation on business and
investment.
• Patent laws were also strengthened.
• The research and development expenditure
of Israel have quadrupled.
• New universities were founded, and existing
Science, Technology Engineering and
Mathematics (STEM) training programs
were enhanced (Taylor, 2016)
STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF
DEVELOPING NATIONS
• Developing countries will be helped or hindered
by “science and technology capacity” (RAND,
2006).
• Human capacity (e. g., level of education and
scientific literacy)
• Physical capacity (e. g., transport and freight
infrastructures, schools, hospitals, research
facilities and utilities)
• Broader dimensions (e. g., systems of
governance, banking, law, education and health).
• Science and technology plays an important role in
social and economic progress, especially in
addressing the national and international issues
necessitate the promotion of various S&T
programs.
• They are posed to take advantage of modestly
sophisticated technology applications from
developed countries.
STATE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF
LAGGING COUNTRIES
• Lack resources and infrastructure
• Class disparities are expected to disrupt the
penetration of science and technology in
attaining modernization and industrialization
of these nations.
• However, when such countries have the will
to make changes and make a concerted
effort to eliminate barriers and support the
implementation of science and technology,
they can improve the lives of their citizens.
• Advances they can exploit include cheap
solar energy for portable applications;
means to purify water; and rural wireless
communications (RAND, 2006).
THE PHILIPPINES: PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
• Even before the Spaniards came to the Philippine
Islands, early Filipino settlers shows early signs of
Scientific and technological development.
• Herbs and medicine, transportation, Irrigation
(Cordilleras), water and farming system.
THE PHILIPPINES: COLONIAL PERIOD
• Colonization by the Spaniards provided the
Philippines with modern means of
construction.
• The Spanish government developed health
and education systems that were enjoyed
by the principalia class.
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• The American occupation established a
government agency, the Bureau of Science,
for the sole purpose of nurturing
development in the field of science and
technology.
• March 17, 1982 – National Science and
Technology Authority (NSTA); Ferdinand E. Marcos
(Re-organized)
• January 30, 1987 – DOST – Corazon C. Aquino
(Elevated to cabinet level by E. O. 128)

THE PHILIPPINES: POST-COLONIAL PERIOD

DOST IS COMPOSED OF COUNCILS AND
• After achieving independence from the AGENCIES WITH SPECIFIC SCOPE AND
colonizers, Philippines, under different RESPONSIBILITIES
administrations, continued to pursue
programs in science and technology.
• Each leadership has its own science and
technology agenda.

SYNTHESIS

• S&T affects the development of a nation. It

enhances local economy, social changes,
political stability, and institutional
effectiveness. It supports different sector
development that led to national progress.
• Countries, both the developed and
developing, have to depend on S&T for
national development. If countries do not
prioritize S&T in their national development
programs, then their progress only become
minimal. The advancement in S&T is
synonymous to the modernity of a nation.

SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AND NATION-

BUILDING (PART 2: LEGAL APPLICATIONS)

AMBISYON NATIN 2040: THE VISION, OUR

AMBITION
• October 11, 2016 • President Rodrigo R. Duterte
(signed Executive Order No. 5, s. 2016)
• 25 - year long-term vision as a guide for
development planning; 4 administrations
• Need for a “bold vision and effective development
planning” based on a “forward-looking approach
that goes beyond a single administration”.

• It also emphasized the centrality of people

in development planning and their
aspirations as requisite for the design of
government interventions to achieve
development outcomes.
• “Where do we want to be?”
• Middle life aspiration –300 focused group,
10,000 participants

• June 13, 1958 - National Science Development

Board (NSDB); Carlos P. Garcia (Named)
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THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017 -
2022
• The National Economic and Development
Authority (NEDA) Board - approved the
Philippine Development Plan 2017-2022 on
February 20, 2017 at Malacanang Palace
DUTERTE ADMINISTRATION’S 0 TO 10-POINT
SOCIOECONOMIC AGENDA
THE PHILIPPINE DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017 -
2022
Anchored on three values:
• Malasakit. Regain people’s trust in public
institutions and cultivate trust among fellow
Filipinos.
• Pagbabago. Inequality-reducing transformation
through increasing opportunities for growth of
output and income.
• Kaunlaran. Increasing potential growth through
sustaining and accelerating economic growth
THE GOAL OF PDF 2017-2022
TARGETS
1. The Philippines will be an upper middle-income
country by 2022. In the medium term, GDP growth
is expected to strengthen further to 7-8 percent, in
real terms. This means that the economy will
expand by about 50 percent by 2022.
2. Growth will be more inclusive as manifested by a
lower poverty incidence in the rural areas, from 30
percent in 2015 to 20 percent in 2022. Overall
poverty rate will decline from 21.6 percent to 14.0
percent in 2022 – equivalent to lifting about 6
million Filipinos out of poverty. The proportion of
subsistence poor individuals will fall from 8.1
percent to 5.0 percent. Food inflation will also be
closely monitored, to serve as an early warning
indicator on the welfare of the poor. It should not go
beyond the bounds set for overall inflation, which is
at 2 to 4 percent.
3. The Philippines will have a high level of human
development by 2022. This will be supported by
improvements in education and health outcomes
and the significant increase in incomes.
4. The unemployment rate will decline from the
current 5.5 percent to 3-5 percent in 2022.
Assuming a slight increase in labor force
participation rate to 64.1 percent, this implies that
950,000 to 1.1 million new jobs will be generated
per year. Youth unemployment rate will decline to
about 8 percent from the current 11 percent. In
areas outside NCR (AONCR), emphasis will be on
improving the quality of employment. The
underemployment rate in AONCR will be reduced
to 16-18 percent by 2022.
5. There will be greater trust in government and in
society. The indicators for this will need to be
developed and then measured by the Philippine
Statistics Authority for 2017 and 2022.
6. Individuals and communities will be more
resilient. It should be noted that the Philippines
ranks fourth in terms of number of natural
calamities faced in 1995- 2015. This is on top of
risks from human-induced hazards like ideologically
motivated conflict, criminality, house fires, etc.
Building up resilience involves reducing exposure
to hazards, mitigating the impact of the risks, and
accelerating recovery if and when the risk
materializes. An index will be developed,
considering the interplay of these three
components; data will be collected to estimate the
baseline (2018) value and the value in 2022.
7. Filipinos will have greater drive for innovation. As
measured by the Global Innovation Index, the
Philippines will rank among the top one-third by
2022 from being in the top 60 percentile (74 out of
128 economies) in 2016. More individuals will be
encouraged to obtain knowledge or acquire skills
and expertise. There will be more of the youth and
adults (aged 15 and up) who will be engaged in
employment, education, or training
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To align S&T to the national vision (AmBisyon Natin
2040) and government plans (PDP), the DOST
formulated a Harmonized National R&D Agenda
(HNRDA)
FIVE SECTORS OF HNRDA
1. National Integrated Basic Research Agenda
(NIBRA) - National Research Council of the
Philippines (NRCP)
2. Health - Philippine Council for Health Research
and Development (PCHRD)
3. Agriculture, Aquatic, and Natural Resources
(AANR) - Philippine Council for Agriculture, Aquatic
and Natural Resources Research and Development
(PCAARRD)
4. Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology -
Philippine Council for Industry, Energy and
Emerging Technology Research and Development
(PCIEERD).
5. Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change
Adaptation (DRR CCA) - Philippine Institute of
Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and
Philippine Atmospheric Geophysical and
Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
NATIONAL SCIENTEISTS OF THE PHILIPPINES
• Our country honors an individual who has
earned distinction in independent research
or has made significant innovative
achievements in S&T.
• Presidential Decree (PD) 1003 during the
time of President Ferdinand E. Marcos
created a National Academy of Science and
Technology (NAST) to select National
Scientists, while Executive Order (EO) 236
during the time of President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo created the Order of the
National Scientist.
• To date, as of 2020, we have 42 members
in the Order of the National Scientist.
THE HUMAN PERSON FLOURISHING IN TERMS
OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
HUMAN FLOURISHING
➢ A state where people experience positive
emotions, positive psychological functioning
and positive social functioning, most of the
time, “living” within an optimal range of
human functioning.
◦Human flourishing is defined as an effort to
achieve self-actualization and fulfillment within the
context of a larger community of individuals, each
with the right to pursue his or her own such efforts.
◦It encompasses the uniqueness, dignity, diversity,
freedom, happiness and holistic wellbeing of the
individual within the larger family, community and
population.
HOLISTIC WELL-BEING
Physical wellness
◦External being.
◦Physical exercise and proper nutrition.
Emotional wellness
◦The ability to produce positive emotions, moods,
thoughts, and feelings, and adapt when confronted
with adversity and stressful situations.
◦Involves the ability to engage in emotional self-
regulation and compartmentalization.
Social wellness
◦Sense of belonging
◦Engaging in positive social interactions
Intellectual wellness
◦Cognitive
◦Open Conversation with wide range of ideas
Occupational and Financial wellness
◦describes one’s job satisfaction and fulfillment
Environmental wellness
◦environmental awareness and appreciation of
earth’s natural resources
Spiritual wellness
◦spiritual nurture and being grounded
HOW CAN HUMANS GET FLOOURISHING?
1. Human flourishing must be achieved
through a person's own efforts choice.
2. It involves the rational use of one’s
individual human potentialities (E.g., talents,
abilities and virtues)
3. Human person as both the bearer and
beneficiary of science and technology.
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4. Human may unconsciously acquire,
consume or destroy what the world has to
offer.
5. Human flourishes and finds meaning in the
world that he/she builds.
WHAT IS HAPPINESS?
◦In psychology, happiness is amental or emotional
state of well-being which can be defined by, among
others, positive or pleasant emotions ranging from
contentment to intense joy.
◦To behaviorists, happiness is a cocktail of
emotions we experience when we do something
good or positive.
◦To neurologists, happiness is the experience of a
flood of hormones released in the brain as a reward
for behavior that prolongs survival
EUDAMONIA (EUDAIMONIC VIEW)
◦Greek = "good" and "spirit" = good-spirited (Coined
by Aristotle).
◦The pinnacle of happiness (ultimate desire for
living) is attainable by humans.
◦Eudaimonia defines happiness as the pursuit of
becoming a better person, achieved through
experiences of meaning and purpose.
◦Eudaimonists do this by challenging themselves
intellectually or by engaging in activities that make
them spiritually richer people
HEDONIC (HEDONISTIC VIEW)
◦Hedonic happiness is achieved through
experiences of pleasure and enjoyment.
◦It is a view that well-being’s happiness is the polar
opposite of suffering. The presence of happiness
indicates the absence of feeling pain. Because they
believe that the purpose of life is to maximize
happiness, which minimizes the misery.
QUESTIONING AS THE PIETY OF THOUGHT
➢ Piety means obedience and submission
o Submission to our thought and
reflection
o it is when we start questioning that
we submit ourselves to our thoughts
➢ questioning leads to one to search for
his/her place in the universe and in the
grand-scale of things
LOOKING INTO THE WORLD OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
➢ calculative thinking – one orders and puts a
system to nature so it can be understood
better and controlled
➢ reflective thinking – “what was easy?”, how
will you use it in the future?
➢ Meditative thinking – kind of thinking that
thinks the truth of being, that belongs to
being and listens to it, one lets nature reveal
itself to him/her without forcing it
SEVERAL PHILOSOPHICAL VIEWS ON
TECHNOLOGY
Aristotelianism (Aristotle)
➢ He suggested that each man/s life has a
purpose, and the function of one’s life is to
attain purpose
➢ Nicomachean ethics – how to live a good life?
By achieving the ultimate happiness through
desire and capacity to understand the truth and
application of virtues.
➢ Poiesis – bringing forth – making or producing
something for a purpose
➢ Technology is basically a means to an end,
where product will be judged as either good or
bad based on the value give (use and effects to
the society)
ARISTOTLE’S FOUR CAUSES:
1. Causa Materialis or the Material Cause – the
material by which it is made of
2. Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause – the form
or shape of the material
3. Causa Efficiens or the Efficient Cause – the
agent that has caused for the material to come
about
4. Causa Finalis or the Final Cause – the purpose
or the primary use of the material
EASTERN VS WESTERN CONCEPTION
REGARDING SOCIETY AND HUMAN
FLOURISHING
WESTERN CONCEPTION
◦ More focused on the individual
◦ Human flourishing as an end
◦ Aristotelian view
◦ Aims for eudaimonia as the ultimate good
EASTERN CONCEPTION
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◦ Focus is community-centric
◦ Individual should sacrifice himself for the sake of
society
◦ Chinese Confucian system
◦ Japanese Bushido - Encourage studies of
literature, sciences, and art for a greater cause
Technological Optimism
➢ This philosophy believes that technology
can alleviate all the difficulties and provide
solutions for problems that may come.
Technological problems may rise but
technology will still be the solution.
Technology is the supreme authority on
everything.
Technological Pessimism by Jacques Ellul
(1912-1994)
➢ Ellul believes that technology has become a
way of life. The said techniques have
become a framework which humans cannot
escape.
o (1) technology progress having a
price to pay,
o (2) it creates more problems,
o (3) damaging effects, and
o (4) unpredictable devastating
effects.
Existentialism (Martin Heidegger)
➢ This view basically investigates on the
meaning of existence that always faced with
the selection one must make with which the
existent will commit himself to.
o ◦ Enframing: Challenges forth and
sets upon nature is a way of looking
at reality (E. g., POIESIS)
o ◦ A way of revealing (non-stop)
▪ ◦ ALETHIA - Greek word
alètheuein = ‘to discover’ – to
uncover what was covered
over (the truth)
➢ Technology reveals the world as raw
material, available for production and
manipulation.
➢ While the ancient Greeks experienced the
‘making’ of something as ‘helping something
to come into being’ – as Heidegger explains
that modern technology is rather a ‘forcing
into being’.
READING HEIDEGGER: THE QUESTION
CONCERNING TECHNOLOGY (1954, ENGLISH
TRANSLATION 1977)
◦ Martin Heidegger was an influential German
philosopher of the 20th century.
◦ Heidegger’s analysis of technology in The
Question Concerning Technology consists of three
main ‘claims’:
(1) technology is “not an instrument”, it is a
way of understanding the world;
(2) technology is “not a human activity”, but
develops beyond human control; and
(3) technology is “the highest danger”,
risking us to only see the world through
technological thinking
Bestand – how we perceive things
THE MODERN TECHNOLOGY
➢ With modern technology, revealing never
comes to an end.
➢ As time changes, elements that comprise
human flourishing changed (E. g. definition
of progress and development)
➢ Opening of something means a closing
down of something, which means as
something is revealed another is concealed.
➢ Cause-effect - when man starts to believe
that everything in the human condition can
be answered by technology and that even
man’s happiness is dependent on the
continuous modernization of technology
(Heidegger, n.d).
ARTS A WAY OUT OF ENFRAMING
◦ Enframing tends to block poiesis
◦ In modern technology, the way of revealing has
become challenging. Art allows us to see the poetic
in nature as problem to be solved.
◦ Meditative thinking provides a way for us to
remain rooted in the essence of who we are.
◦ Ground us so as to not let our
technological devices affect our real core and wrap
our nature.
◦ What is the essence of technology? This
gathering of the setting-upon which challenges man
to bring the unconcealed to concealment.
◦ In other words, technology is a way of revealing
HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY
TECHNOLOGY
➢ If we allow ourselves to get swallowed by
modern technology, we lose the essence of
who we are as beings in this world
(Humanity).
➢ “Where danger is, grows the saving power
also”
➢ Essence of technology is nothing
technological (Heidegger, 1977)
➢ Problems brought about by human’s
dependence on technology cannot be
simply resolved by refusing technology
altogether
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SYNTHESIS
➢ A balance must strike between technology
being instrumental and being
anthropological. One must understand that
technology does not only concern the
means but also the end.
➢ “The end does not justify the means”
➢ We need to open up the possibility of relying
on technologies while not becoming
enslaved to them and seeing them as
manifestations of an understanding of
being.
THE GOOD LIFE
Good life is more than countless expressions of
what is good. It is characterized by happiness that
springs from living and doing well.
VIRTUES
• It is the practice of doing good no matter how
difficult circumstances may be
• It is the excellence of character that empowers
one to do and be good.
• Such virtue is cultivated with habit and discipline
as it is not a one-time deed but a constant and
consistent series of actions.
TWO KINDS OF VIRTUE: INTELLECTUAL &
MORAL
1. INTELLECTUAL – Virtues of the mind that is
usually acquired through teachings like logic and
mathematics (requires experiences and time). This
can also be attributed to intelligence or scientific
knowledge (Theoretical Wisdom).
• E.g. Ability to understand and reason to
make sound judgement
2. MORAL – Through habit; Not innate and are
acquired through repetition and practice that one
becomes a type of person (Pragmatical Wisdom).
PRACTICAL WISDOM/VIRTUE
• The ability to deliberate well about what is good
and expedient for oneself.
• Aristotle believed that practical wisdom as the
highest intellectual virtue.
• Phronesis – A Greek word that once translated
into means of prudence, practical virtue and
practical wisdom; a word for a type of wisdom or
intelligence relevant to practical action. Phronesis is
the complicated interactions between general
(theory) and practical (judgement).
• Techne - is a term in philosophy that refers to
making or doing. art, skill especially: the principles
or methods employed in making something or
attaining an objective.
4 MAIN KINDS OF VIRTUES (According to
Aristotle)
1. Temperance - restraint, usually with regard to
pleasurable activities
2. Generosity and Friendship
3. Courage - the tendency to act in order to achieve
some good even facing the risk of physical harm
4. Contemplation - reflection on eternal truths
GOOD LIFE AND TECHNOLOGY
➢ Movement towards a good life specially in
the modern world.
➢ It is evident, however, that man’s personal
decision and ideas – on progress,
happiness, beliefs, expectations, attitudes,
and feelings – are directly affected by
convenience and benefits brought about by
science and technology (Dotson, 2012).
➢ The good life is marked by happiness
brought about by virtuous human actions
and decisions that affect the individual self
and the greater community. The good life
does not happen in a bubble where only
one person is flourishing; others have to be
in it, too.
Five ‘Schools of Thought’ are provided in our
quest to attain happy and good life
1. Materialism (Democritus and Leucippus)
Matter is what makes attain happiness. For
most people, material wealth would seem to be the
primary source of the meaning of their existence.
2. Hedonism (Epicurus)
Life is about obtaining and indulging in
pleasure because life is limited and does not buy
the notion of afterlife. Their famous mantra is, ‘Eat,
drink, and be merry for tomorrow we die.’
3. Stoicism (Epicurus) –Founded by Athens.
To generate happiness, one must learn to
distance oneself and be apathetic. In this world, we
should adopt the fact that some things are not
within our control; Cared about virtuous behavior
and living according to nature
4. Theism
The ultimate basis of happiness for theist is
the communion with God. Most people find the
meaning of their lives using God as the fulcrum of
their existence.
5. Humanism
This school of thought espouses the
freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to
legislate his laws, free from the shackles of God to
monitor and control.
For humanists, man is the captain of his
own ship. They see themselves not merely as
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stewards of the creation but as individuals who are
in control of themselves and the world outside
them.
Martin Heidegger (2012)
➢ Defined happiness as loving one’s life,
valuing it in ways manifested by ample
enjoyment and a robust sense of meaning.
➢ Achieving happiness and man’s own desire
and needs commonly gives essence for
living a good life.
➢ This being described by moral decency and
goodness, authenticity, mental health, self-
fulfillment, and meaningfulness
Ten Golden Rules by Michael Soupios and
Panos Mourdoukoutas
1. Examine life, engage life with vengeance; always
search for new pleasures and new destinies with
your mind. Living life is about examining life
through reason which is nature’s greatest gift to
humanity. Reason lets human beings participate in
life; to be human is to think, appraise, and explore
the world, discovering new sources of material and
spiritual pleasure.
2. Worry only about the things that are in your
control, the things that can be influenced and
changed by your actions, not about the things that
are beyond your capacity to direct or alter. Since
people cannot control all of the outcomes they seek
in life, they certainly can control the responses to
these outcomes which lies to their potential for a life
that is both happy and fulfilled.
3. Treasure friendship, the reciprocal attachment
that fills the need for affiliation. Friendship cannot
be acquired in the marketplace but must be
nurtured and treasured in relations imbued with
trust and amity.
4. Experience true pleasure. Avoid shallow and
transient pleasures. Keep your life simple. Seek
calming pleasures that contribute to peace of mind.
True pleasure is disciplined and restrained.
5. Master yourself. Resist any external force that
might delimit thought and action. Stop deceiving
yourself, believing only what is personally useful
and convenient. Complete liberty necessitates a
struggle within, a battle to subdue negative
psychological and spiritual forces that preclude a
healthy existence. Self-mastery requires ruthless
candor
6. Avoid excess. Live life in harmony and balance.
Avoid excesses. Even good things pursued or
attained without moderation can become a source
of misery and suffering.
7. Be a responsible human being. Approach
yourself with honesty and thoroughness. Maintain a
kind of spiritual hygiene. Stop the blame-shifting for
your errors and shortcomings. Be honest with
yourself and be prepared to assume responsibility
and accept consequences.
8. Don’t be a prosperous fool. Prosperity by itself is
not a cure-all against an ill-led life and may be a
source of dangerous foolishness. Money is
necessary but not a sufficient condition for the good
life.
9. Don’t do evil to others. Evildoing is a dangerous
habit, a kind of reflex too quickly resorted to and too
easily justified that has a lasting and damaging
effect.
10. Kindness towards others tends to be rewarded.
Kindness to others is a good habit that supports
and reinforces the quest for the good life. Helping
others bestows a sense of satisfaction that has two
beneficiaries – the beneficiary, the receiver of the
help, and the benefactor, the one who provides the
help.
SYNTHESIS
➢ Every person has his/her perspective when
it comes to what comprises the good life.
➢ The soul, being the seat of humanity, must
attain a certain balance in order to have a
good life, a life of flourishing.
➢ At present, we see multitudes of schools of
thought that promise to their own key to
finding happiness.
➢ Science and technology have been, for the
most part, at the forefront of man’s attempts
at finding this happiness. The only question
is whether science is taking the right path
toward attaining what it really means to live
a good life.
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND HUMANITY CROSS
HUMAN DIGNITIY
◦ An ultimate core value of our existence.
◦ Human beings become freer when we
empowered to make choices for our flourishing.
◦ We become rational when we are able to value
and apply the principles of logic and science in our
lives.
◦ We become loving when we ensure that human
dignity lies in the foundation of our endeavors.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
➢ Proclaimed by the United Nations on
December 10, 1948
➢ Global standard of fundamental human
rights for universal recognition and
protection.
➢ Consists of 30 articles that outlines the
inalienable human rights that are vital and
necessary in the pursuit of the good life
➢ Freedom everyone is entitled to just by
being human
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Article I: Free and equal
All human beings are born free and equal in
dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason
and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood
Article II: Freedom from discrimination
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and
freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, color, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other
status
Article III: Right to life
Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and
security of person
Article IV: Freedom from slavery
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude;
slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all
their forms
ARTICLE V: Freedom from torture
No one shall be subjected to torture or to
cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or
punishment.
ARTICLE VI: Right to recognition before the law
Everyone has the right to recognition
everywhere as a person before the law
Article VII: Right to equality before the law
All are equal before the law and are entitled
without any discrimination to equal protection of the
law. All are entitled to equal protection against any
discrimination in violation of this Declaration and
against any incitement to such discrimination.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs
1. self-actualization
2. esteem
3. love/belonging
4. safety
5. physiological
ROBOT
◦ An actuated programmable in two or more axes
with a degree of autonomy, moving within its
environment, to perform intended tasks
◦ Autonomy - ability to perform intended tasks
based on current state and sensing without human
intervention
ROLES PLAYED BY ROBOTICS
◦ Ease the workload of mankind
◦ Make life more sufficient and less stressful
◦ Perform complicated activities
◦ Pleasure, entertainment in parks or exhibits
◦ Toys, child-friendly
◦ Used in movies
SERVICE ROBOT
◦ A robot that performs useful tasks for humans or
equipment's excluding industrial application
◦ A service robot may be classified according to its
intended application:
◦ PERSONAL SERVICE ROBOT
◦ Service robot for personal use
◦ Used for a non-commercial tasks,
usually by a laypersons
◦ Examples: domestic servant robot,
automated wheelchair, personal
mobility assist robot, and pet
exercising robot
◦ PROFESSIONAL SERVICE ROBOT
◦ Service robot for professional use.
◦ Used for a commercial task,
usually operated by a properly
trained operator
◦ Examples: cleaning robot for public
places, delivery robot, firefighting
robot, rehabilitation robot, and
surgery robot
Differences between a robot and a human
◦ Essence of life = Cells, metabolism, etc
◦ Although robots are said to show complex
processes or operations, humans are far more
advanced, in the sense that they have a highly
developed brain that no robot has ever matched up
to.
◦ The human brain makes us powerful, creative and
inventive beings, in almost all aspects.
◦ HUMANITY – feelings, emotions, morality
The ethical dilemmas of robotics by Dylan
Evans
◦ Scientists are already beginning to think seriously
about the new ethical problems posed by current
developments in robotics.
◦ At the top of their list of concerns is safety.
THREE LAWS OF ROBOTICS (1940s) By Isaac
Asimov
Isaac argued that intelligent robots should all be
programmed to obey the following three laws:
1. A robot may not injure a human being, or,
through inaction, allow a human being to come to
harm.
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2. A robot must obey the orders given it by
human beings except where such orders would
conflict with the First Law.
3. A robot must protect its own existence as
long as such protection does not conflict with the
First or Second Law
Robot 'rights'
◦ One area of robotics that raises some difficult
ethical questions, and which is already developing
rapidly, is the field of emotional robotics.
◦ Sentient robots; David Hanson
◦ George Devol
SYNTHESIS
➢ The ethical dilemmas of robotics involve
issues on safety, emotional attachment, and
morality, to name a few.
➢ The advancement of science and
technology may have brought improvement
and convenience to our lives, but it also
challenged our human and social values.
➢ Human nature may be corrupted when the
powers of our mind, our rationality, and out
science and technology become manifest.
➢ Finally, technology is a human activity and
humanity is a human concept (Both are
man-made). Therefore, no other being in
the world would be able to reconcile the two
except for man himself.

Jaron Lanier
◦ An internet pioneer that has warned of the
dangers such technology poses to our sense of our
own humanity.
◦ Lanier talks of the dangers of "widening the moral
circle" too much.

THE ROBOTS IN GENERAL

➢ The robots as a machine, is limited only to
what it is designed or built to do.
➢ The possibility to commit error, danger of
causing injury or harm, tendency to fail, and
so on, for a robot are often seen.
➢ However, robots are designed to be the
most sophisticated machines, performing
and looking like their creator, humans.
➢ People want robots in their homes, but they
do not want to take responsibility if the
robots did something undesirable, or worse,
unthinkable, not just in home but also in the
entire neighborhood.
THE ROBOTS IN THE PHILIPPINES
◦ Economically and technologically speaking, we
may not be ready for home robot yet.
◦ However, as more S&T advancements are being
made affordable, there is a possibility that in no
time we will we also go with the flow with first world
countries.
◦ As of now, we Filipinos still see robots or any
technology for that matter as something more of
having economic, proprietary, and utilitarian values
rather than with emotional attachments.
◦ The most advanced robots may have near-human
appearance, but we Filipinos still see them as
totally not human.