INTRODUCTION 1.

Awareness of a problem
Defining Science, Technology, and
Society
-STS ON PERSONAL LEVEL-
- Interdisciplinary education for life.
- Relevant to every field of study.
- A great major or double major or “the
minor for all majors”.
- A way to improve your writing and
communications skills, problem-solving
abilities, and ability to adapt to
changes in science and technology.
- Attractive to potential employers.
- Needed at all levels, in education,
government, the private sector, and
internationally.
-SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY, AND SOCIETY-
- Interdisciplinary study of the
interface of science and technology
with society and culture.
- Learnings that creations and
discoveries are shaped by
chronological forces and in turn
impact ethics, beliefs, events, and
organizations, thus shaping the
course of history.
- Both academic and activist.
2. Need to take responsibility
3. Draw on external expertise
4. Make decisions and take
actions (demonstrate, litigate,
educate, legislate, etc.).
- Strengths —relevance,
empowerment, democratic.
- Weaknesses — ad hoc, emotional,
NIMBY.
- Examples: nuclear power, toxic
wastes, health care, climate change
action
What is SCIENCE?
- Science is an organized, hierarchical
activity that investigates nature and
human nature by experiment and
observation. (Andersen, Hepburn
,2015).
- System of knowledge of the natural
world gained through the scientific
method. (McNamara et.al,2018).
- Its goals are explanation,
understanding, prediction, and
control.

-ACADEMIC STS-

- Scholarly Study of Science and

Technology.
- History, Philosophy, Sociology of S
& T.
- Interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary.
- Perennial and structural problems
of history, philosophy, and human IN GENERAL:
nature. - Science is an organized,
- Science dynamics hierarchical activity that
- Technological dynamics investigates nature and human
- Informs activist on STS issues nature by experiment and
observation.
-ACTIVIST STS- - Its goals are explanation,
understanding, prediction, and control.
- Gets involved in current issues. - It tests its theories by logical,
- Covers a broad social spectrum (not mathematical, and technological
just academic). means.
- Builds coalitions:
1
 - Science is shaped by social forces Relationship of SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY &
and historical change. SOCIETY:
- While seeking objectivity, science also
shapes culture.

What is TECHNOLOGY?
- “practical applications of what we
know about nature” using scientific
principles for the betterment of the
human situation (McNamara et.al,
2018).
- A discourse or treatise on an art or
arts.
- The scientific study of the practical
or industrial arts.
- Techne (art, craft, skill), Logos (word). What is the essence of STS?
- Cumulative sum of means used to - Prepares the learners to comprehend
satisfy human needs and desires both the technical and social
and to solve specific problems — dimensions of science and
Markert technology,
- The sum total of systems of - Helps them become more thoughtful
machines and techniques that and better-informed citizens of our
underlie a civilization —Nye high-tech society,
- Not merely a system of machines with - And develops their critical
certain functions, but an expression interdisciplinary thinking, research
of a social world — Nye and communication skills.
- The production of superfluities –
today as in the Paleolithic age
—Ortega y Gasset

A. Artifacts or Hardware. Products

fabricated by humans to meet specific
needs. Tools, machines, implements.
B. Knowledge and Methods. A system
of tacit and explicit knowledge,
techniques, and materials utilized in
using, making, or repairing a certain
kind of artifact.
C. A human cultural activity or
profession. e.g. military or civil
engineers, crafters, machinists.
D. A total societal enterprise. e.g.
“American technological know-how.”
R&D, invention, patronage, mass
production and mass consumption.

What is SOCIETY?
- A group of people with common
territory, interaction, and culture.

2

MODULE 1
-THE NATURE AND METHOD OF
SCIENCE-
What is TECHNOLOGY?
What is truth in science?
Science is but a path in our search for
truth. Science and Philosophy had the same
roots, in that they were both searching for the
What is the essence of TECHNOLOGY?
truth. The divergence in the path was mainly in
the method – science wanted to use empirical
evidence in the search for truth. The basic
premise of science is that if something is true,
it will never change. Hence, the mark or
indicator of truth in science is its reproducibility.
In the case of normal science, that is, the
established truths in science, we can
determine the accuracy or the nearness of the
empirical evidence (observations) to the true
value. In most cases, especially research, the
true value is yet to be determined, and so we
rely on precision or the nearness of the
observations (measurements) to each other. In
other words, time and space will not alter the
truth. The scientific community, through peer
review, will establish the accepted findings as
truth, which collectively will make up the body
of knowledge that we call (normal) science.
Sometimes, new information contradicts
the established truth. Does it mean the truth
has changed? No, rather, our perception of the
truth is now being put into question. With
continuous validation and verification, a crisis
can occur (Scientific Revolution) that will
require a paradigm shift. As more information
comes to light, we are asked to let go of the
old, perceived truth and come to accept the
new normal science.
-THE QUESTION CONCERNING
TECHNOLOGY BY HEIDEGGER-
- To Aristotle and other philosophers,
technology is the organizing of
techniques in order to meet the
demand that is being posed by
humans. Technology is look at as:
Means to an End and a Human
Activity.
- Martin Heidegger (1889-1996), a
well-known German philosopher,
examined these two usual definitions
of technology. To Heidegger, these
definitions may not be false but are
misleading because they limits our
thinking.
1. Instrumental - Means to an end?
2. Human Activity - Anthropological
- Can it be its effect?
- Can it be its cause?
- Can it be its instrumentality?
- Heidegger wants us to look directly
at the essence of technology since
we think about how it affects us.
- To Heidegger, we as humans, are
actually kind of blind to technology.
- He is trying to convey that so long as
we remain in a certain attitude towards
technology, towards its ultimate utility,
its purpose, we will never be truly
>
understand technology, its essence,
and even its relation to us.
- He rejects the outright and claims
that technology has all kinds of
moral baggage to it. Technology,
changes the entire trajectory of
society as a whole.
- He wants to understand the
fundamental essence of technology
while also not rejecting the prior
notions of technology actually being an
external means and human activity.
- The metaphysical essence of
technology does not have to contradict
the truth surrounding the means of
technology and the human activity
around it.
- He is trying to convey that
technology is a means, and
ultimately that technology is a form
of human activity.
3

3 essential claims that Heidegger is
making in the Question Concerning
Technology:
1. Technology is a mode of
understanding
- Technology is not a mere
instrument or neutral tool. Yet it
is the ultimate way in
understanding the world.
2. Technology develops beyond our
comprehension and control
- Technology is not necessarily a
human activity alone, but
ultimately technology develops
beyond human control. And
almost beyond human
comprehension.
3. Technology is the ultimate danger
to our existence
- It is something that we must use
extreme caution towards. Not in
a physical sense but also in a
metaphysical and conceptual
sense. That we seeing the world
through a technological lens.
I. Clearing
- When an idea or thing shows itself
to us.
- Technology is no mere means but a
way of revealing.
- “Technology is a poiesis (bringing
forth) that discloses or reveals
(aletheia) the truth.” --> Essence of
technology
- Heidegger saw technology as a way
of revealing that continue to
demand for something to be
brought out into the open. This
bringing forth is a two-way relationship:
the concealed is calling out for
someone to set upon it and bring it to
unconcealment, and the one who
receives the call sets upon and acts
upon to unconceal the concealed…
- Heidegger explained that revealing in
MODERN TECHNOLOGY is not a
bringing-forth, but
CHALLENGING-FORTH. This is a
nonstop revealing.
- ENFRAMING is the way of revealing in
Modern Technology. It is as if nature is
put in a box.
- Nature is viewed as an orderable and
calculable system of information
(CALCULATIVE THINKING) in order
to: unlock and expose nature, and
view it as a stock piles for future
use.
II. Standing Reserve
WORLD
- Word is essentially one large resource,
waiting to be used, to be processed.
(Becomes an Abstraction).
- The continuous revealing takes place
as we allow ourselves to be agents in
the setting upon of challenges to
nature but Heidegger argues that
this is not more human doing.
- Human is able to set upon which was
already unconcealed as he/she
responds to the call of unconcealment.
- Modern technology takes all of
nature to stand in reserve for its
exploitation.
- Man is challenged to do this, and as
such becomes part of the standing
reserve.
- Man becomes the instrument of
technology, to be exploited in the
ordering of nature.
- Do you agree that “technology poses
the highest danger of making humans
from beings into not-beings?
III. Not-beings
- As people, as plants, as animals, are
standing reserve, we lose the very
core element of what makes us
beings.
a
4
 western philosophy (Messerly,
2013).

For Aristotle, morality is the study of the

good life:

IV. Poiesis ¥
- To bring something for a purpose H n

(Aristotle). It also means poetry, c

composition…
- Past and the present
- It is bringing something concealed
to uncealment which then makes
1 TECHNOLOGY as not only means to
an end but also a mode of revealing.
- The human condition is not of without
hope. Heidegger argued that this can
be prevented if we will not allow
ourselves to be overwhelmed with the
enframing that we set upon.
- Heidegger proposes ART as a way
out of enframing.
- Art allows us to see the poetic in
nature and guides us to see things
from calculative to meditative thinking.
- Meditative thinking means we let
nature reveal itself without forcing
it.
- Pause for a while, question, and reflect
on the value of what (technology) is
presented before us.
-THE GOOD LIFE BY ARISTOTLE-
The “Good”
- When an object operates properly
according to what it is intended to
do, then that object is “good”.
- A good computer is one that
operates as it was designed to.
It computes well.
- A good saw operates as it was
designed to: it cuts well
- A good plant acts according to
its nature (functions well).
Grows, reproduces, nourishes
itself.
A good man that Functions well reasons and
A good man functions well chooses WELL
1. Man’s specific operation (function)
2. Will (to choose)
3. Intellect (to think)
4. Hence, a good man reasons well and
chooses well.
Happiness
- Is not coming from the outside
- Happiness is a choice
- It is an inward job.
- The only keeper of your happiness is
you.

Who is Aristotle?
SW- Stop giving people the power to control
your smile, your worth and attitude.
A
- was a Greek philosopher, a student - For Aristotle, Happiness results from
of Plato, and teacher of Alexander the fulfillment of one’s human nature.
the Great. - Happiness is: Activity in accordance
- His contributions on: physics, with perfect virtue.
metaphysics, poetry, theater, music,
logic, rhetoric, linguistics, politics,
government, ethics, biology, and
zoology.
- His knowledge in diverse fields was
considered definitive for millennia,
and his work in ethics and politics
is still widely influential today.
- He is one of the greatest
philosophers in the history of

5
 - Moral Virtue- A habit that makes a
person morally good.
- Intellectual Virtue- A habit that
disposes the intellect to its proper
activity, which is the knowledge of
truth.
- Aristotle does not teach that
virtue is knowledge. Indeed,
there are intellectual virtues, but
the intellectual virtues do not
make us morally good. One
may have the virtues of science,
wisdom, and understanding, but
remain unjust, cowardly and CONCURSABLE =
TREASURE
intemperate. The Concupiscible Appetite
- This is the pleasure appetite. This
appetite gives rise to the sense desire.
Animals have this desire, which is why
the hungry dog will necessarily eat the
bone.

The Concupiscible Appetite AFD

- Otherwise called the aggressive
appetite. This appetite gives rise to
the emotions of anger, fear and daring.

If happiness is the fulfillment of human

nature, what are the powers in human
nature that needs to be fulfilled? Sometime the appetites rebel against
^
reason

R W C 1

CA
Ordered Life
R -

w f
IA

intelligence = enables the humans

to think

6
Disordered Life leads to Bestial Life
c- 1
T¥

IWU = PJTC
Good Attitude reflects the Moral Virtues

Justice
- Bestowing to another his/her due.
- Parts of Justice:
- Piety bestows due honor to
parents. Piety =paverts
- Religion bestows due honor to
God. Religion God
=

- Observance bestows due

honor to those in public office. observance
- General Justice bestows due think
=

honor to the civil community as
a whole (the state) and good oenvouonstnu
steward of the environment.
Fortitude : Courage
- The virtue that moderates the
emotions of fear and cowardice.
Temperance : Moderation
- Temperance is the virtue that
moderates our attraction
pleasures and provides balance in
the use of things of this world.
- It ensures the will’s mastery over
instincts and keeps desires within the
limits of what is virtuous.
- The virtue that moderates the
pleasures of touch (the pleasures of
eating, drinking, and sexual
activity).
highest good
= intellectual
Character
office
= civil community 1
steward environment
NICOMACHEAN ETHICS
- At the beginning, Aristotle aims to
identify the highest good for human
beings.
- He argues that these goods are
deficient like wealth and pursuit of
honor etc.
- He gives insights into>
an important
component of the highest good. It
must be something that is
of
consistent with the maximization of
our faculties as human beings.
- Satisfying bodily pleasures is one
Aristotle claims is not fit for human
beings, but for cattle.
- Aristotle claims the person who lives
a good life also acts rightly and
develops the appropriate state of
character from which to person
those right actions.
- According to Aristotle, a person
achieves the highest good when he
possesses intellectual virtues and
virtues
/ character virtues (e.g. courage,
temperance, and generosity). Think of
virtues other example of character virtues and

7
 relate it to vices of excess and
deficiency.
- Intellectual Virtues + Virtue of
Character = Eudaimonia (means
Happiness and the Highest Good).
- How can social justice be
instrumental in attaining the Good
Life? There are certain external
conditions that are necessary for an
individual to attain the Good Life.

8
 MODULE 2
TRENDS IN SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
-The Fourth Industrial Revolution-
- A world where individuals move
between digital domains and offline
reality with the use of connected
technology to enable and manage
their lives.
IN 61 TAL AGE
ELECTRONICS / COMPUTERS
COMBUSTION ENGINE
STEAM ENGINE
FIRST INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Started in 1760
- Steam Engine for farming and feudal
society to the new manufacturing
process.
- The use of coal as the main energy in
the means of transportation.
SECOND INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Started in 1900
- Internal Combustion Engine.
- Usage of oil and electricity to power
mass production.
THIRD INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
- Started in 1960
- Implementation of electronics and
information technology to automate
production.
FOURTH INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
7
- Involves computer generate product
design and three-dimensional (3D)
printing.
Opportunities of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
- There are similarities between the four
industrial revolutions and the five
stages of civilization.
- The productivity of the industrial
age over the agricultural age.
- Each subsequent age destroys
many of the jobs of the
preceding age (replacing the
jobs created by the industrial
age).
- Manual workers produced most
goods and services with their
body but not later than two ages
that knowledge workers produce
mostly with their mind.
- Prediction of the Opportunities
LB
1. Low barriers between inventors
and markets
MA 2. More active role for the artificial
intelligence
IT 3. Integration of different technics
and domains
IQL
4. Improved quality of our lives
(robotics)
CE 5. The connected life (internet)
Challenges of the Fourth Industrial
Revolution
- “We stand on the brunk of a
technological revolution that will
fundamentally alter the way we live,
work, and relate to one another.”
- Both exciting and scary.
THE CHALLENGES
1. It could yield greater inequality
(potential to disrupt labor markets)
GE
manual labor to technological (talent)
labor.
es 2. Cybersecurity, hacking, risk
assessment, and others.
ED 3. Ethical Dilemmas. The over
manipulation of genetics for desirable
traits (AI, automation, robots, and
genetic engineering). Lack of moral
reasoning in terms of good or ethical
decisions in complex situations.
9
 Biotechnology greater food security, and medical
- Technology that utilizes biological benefits to the world's growing
systems, living organisms or parts of population.
Bs this to develop or create different
products. ... With the development of Nanotechnology
genetic engineering in the 1970s, - Nanotechnology is the design,
research in biotechnology (and other characterization, production, and
-
RT PAZ
-

related areas such as medicine, biology application of structures, devices,

etc.) test and systems by controlled
- Provides breakthrough products and manipulation of size and shape at the
vaccines
technologies to combat debilitating nanometer scale (atomic, molecular,
.

CRD and rare diseases, reduce our and macromolecular scale) that
environmental footprint, feed the produces structures, devices, and
hungry, use less and cleaner energy, systems with at least one novel/superior
and have safer, cleaner and more characteristic.
efficient industrial manufacturing - Nanotechnology is helping to
processes. considerably improve, even
- Biotechnology is the use of an revolutionize, many technology and
OBS organism, or a component of an industry sectors: information
organism or other biological system, to technology, homeland security,
make a product or process. Many forms medicine, transportation, energy, food
of modern biotechnology rely on DNA safety, and environmental science,
technology. DNA technology is the among many others.
sequencing, analysis, and
cutting-and-pasting of DNA. Information and Communication
Technology
- Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs) is a broader term
for Information Technology (IT), which
TS / VC refers to all communication
technologies, including the internet,
NW wireless networks, cell phones,
computers, software, middleware,
video-conferencing, social
- Genetic Modified Organisms networking, and other media
- Is an animal, plant, or microbe applications and services.
whose DNA has been altered using
genetic engineering techniques. For Remote Sensing
thousands of years, humans have used - Is the acquiring of information from a
breeding methods to modify organisms. sattui distance or not in physical contact (e.g.
Corn, cattle, and even dogs have been temperature like satelite, ultrasound,
ties
selectively bred over generations to xrays, camera).
have certain desired traits.
- NEGATIVE SIDE:
- It affects human health. This could
result from differences in nutritional
AH content, allergic response, or undesired
side effects such as toxicity, organ
damage, or gene transfer.
- POSITIVE SIDE:
- Some benefits of genetic engineering
in agriculture are increased crop
46C yields, reduced costs for food or drug
production, reduced need for
pesticides, enhanced nutrient
composition and food quality,
resistance to pests and disease,

10
 -On Finding Technological Solutions-
The technological fix as social cure-all:
Origins and Implications
¥ Labs for societal problems
- TECHNOLOGICAL FIX
- Using of technology or engineering
(innovation) to solve all our social
problems/issue - To improve modern
life and society.
- Societal confidence in technological
problem-solving consequently deserves
critical and balanced attention.
- Faith in Fixes
- “Technological fix” term had limited
usage and is much less common that
the generic phrase “technical
solution.”
- Hints that there are distinct cultural
context and meanings for similar terms.
- “Technological fix” popularized by
7
Alvin Weinberg’s writings.
- The voices of technocracy
- Journalists christened modern culture
“The Machine Age” after WW1
(mechanization of cities and agriculture,
industrial efficiency, “scientific
management, and engineering solutions
to modern problems).
- Social progress became associated
with applied science.
- The group “Technical Alliance, later
Technocracy Inc.,” railed against the
problems of waste, inefficiency, and
incompetence of industrialists and
government leaders.
- Problems example: Injuries by riding
cars.
- Social measures could be rendered
unnecessary by wise engineering.
(The engineers solved it easily. They
built cars that didn’t have platforms).
- Postwar recovery and optimism
- Technocrats were most prominent
during the 1930s and found fresh
audiences after WW2.
- Their inspiration was to apply rapid
innovation to recalcitrant (ayaw
sumunod) human problems that had
outlasted the war.
- Weinberg’s formulation: National
- Identified rational analysis and
technological innovation as the key
drivers of societal progress.
- Argued that the brilliant advances in
the technology of energy, mass
production, and automation, not social
systems or ideologies, created the
affluent (sagana o mayaman) society.
- He later recalled that looking upon the
nuclear energy as a symbol of a new
technologically oriented civilization “the
ultimate technological fix” that would
forever eliminate quarrels over scarce
raw materials.
- He packaged the concept of the
technological fix in a form that invited
responses from policy-makers.
- He cited examples that engineering
safer cars might provide quicker
reduction of traffic deaths than trying to
change driving behaviors. Also,
cigarette filters is better than legislation
or health education campaigns to
convince smokers to give up cigarettes.
- He confined that social problems
could be converted into
technological problems.
- He suggested that technological
analysis and problem solving could
trump traditional social, political,
economic, educational, and moral
approaches.
- Popular Confidence in
Technological Fixes
- For Weinberg, he credited the H-bomb
as a technological solution to the
problem of war that did not require
changing human nature.
- For Meier and Weinberg, postwar
planning had provided evidence that
rationalized housing, transport and
communication networks could
quickly improve the quality of life in
cities under any political system.
- Institutional Confidence in Fixes
- Technological fixes remain popular for
organizations and governments as
solutions to acute problems today.
- For example: > (A) Fighting pollution
and industrial waste that addresses
anthropogenic climate change via
geoengineering. (B) Fighting terrorism
which solutions are acquiring
11
 technologies monitoring internet and - The role of engineers in democratic
materials-detecting and body-scanning society
systems. - The faint voices of the beneficiaries
– and potentially victims – of
- Cultural losses faith in technology technological fixes are of some
- SAYING: “If high technology can be concern.
negated by such social and political - For Howard Scott’s technocrats,
opposition, this seemed to suggest, engineers were expected to replace
why should technological fixes be inexpert policy-makers, politicians,
trusted as a panacea for social and and economists by a “technate”, or
political problems?” technological government.
- EXAMPLES: (A) Nuclear technologies - For Weinberg, government-assigned
are inherently dangerous. (B) Killing of teams of engineers would assume
agricultural pests are criticized as the responsibility for addressing social
source of widespread ecological problems for the national good.
damage. - For Meier, the process of directing
technical solutions was envisaged as
- Ethical Implications cooperation between engineers and
- This confidence in positivism communities, but ultimately guided by
prioritizes confidence in quantitative those with expert knowledge.
evidence and necessarily devotes - Modern problems cannot be reduced
less consideration to aspects of to mere engineering solutions over the
human values that cannot be long term; human goals are diverse and
counted. constantly changing.
- The focus on outcomes also identifies
the link between technological fixes
and utilitarian ethics, in which the goal
is to maximize positive consequences
(“the greatest good”).
- But can disfavor groups or
environments that are not identified
as the intended beneficiaries (“the
greatest number”).
- “How can we adequately assess
whether a solution satisfies the
unvoiced or inexpressible wishes of
all those affected?” The problem
becomes acute when we consider
communities, species and environments
without a voice.
- Sought to consider social, cultural and
technological solutions in tandem, and
identified technological fixes as
simplistic and inadequate.
- As a “band-aid” solution to problems
involving sophisticated systems,
technological fixes were argued to
both underestimate and inadequately
solve complex problems.

12
 MODULE 3
When Technology and Humanity
Cross
-Tragedy of the Commons-
- What happens to the individuals all
share a limited source?
- The> tragedy of the commons is a
problem in economics that occurs
when individuals neglect the
well-being of society in the pursuit of
personal gain. This leads to
over-consumption and ultimately
depletion of the common resource, to
everybody's detriment.
- Optimizing for the self in the short
term isn’t optimal for anyone in the
long run.
- EXAMPLES: Deforestation, overuse of
Anti-biotics, water shortage, etc.
- Hardin’s solution was to cede our
freedoms to the state, to be bound by
“mutual coercion mutually agreed upon”
- Solutions to the tragedy of the
IPP commons include the imposition of
612 private property rights, government
regulation, or the development of a
CAH
collective action arrangement.
-Basic Science of Climate Change-
Main Reasons of sea level rise
1. Melting of Glaciers and Ice Sheets
2. Warming of ocean water
3. Global Warming overall
Main Reasons of sea level rise
- OBSERVATION: Global temperature
has been increasing rapidly over the last
century. CLIMATE PROXIES: ice cores,
corals, tree rings.
- HYPOTHESIS: Natural Variations (e.g.
solar activity, volcanic eruptions) are
responsible for this amplified global
warming.
- TEST: From 1900s until 1980 or so,
there was a good correlation between
observation and climate models. But, it
found that the rise in temperature
cannot be explained by natural
resources.
- Global average temperature has been
increasing since the start of the
Industrial Revolution (because of
humans). COALS
- NEW HYPOTHESIS (Paradigm Shift):
Natural Variations (e.g. solar activity,
volcanic eruptions) as well as
HUMAN-INDUCED changes (e.g. atmos
CO2, land use) are responsible for this
amplified global warming.
- Best hypothesis so far.
What is the Greenhouse Effect?
- The greenhouse effect is a natural
process that warms the Earth's surface.
Human activities are changing the
natural greenhouse gas concentration in
the atmosphere and causes an
amplified global warming.
What is the Climate System?
- Land-atmosphere-ocean interactions.
- OUR CLIMATE SYSTEM IS DRIVEN
BY TWO THINGS:
1. The way energy from the sun
moves in and out of the
atmosphere s in out A
-
- -
2. The way heat is transported
around the atmosphere and the
ocean. It A A
-
O- -
PT
Chu
EO CV
cross us
13
 What is Global Warming?
- Observed global temperature change
caused by both natural and
human-induced sources.

It
A
F
W

CA
SNR

F E A 1W
14
 -Climate Change Adaption and Disaster
Risk Management-

H
occurrence
E
inventory

✓
insurability

15
 tropical cyclone
M N
-

TY
D- A

16
 MODULE 4 - ENVIRONMENTALISM as a movement.
Practiced by colleges and universities
campuses.
The Science of Sustainability
Three Scientific Principles of
Sustainability
-Environmental Problems, Their Causes,
- DEPENDENCY ON SOLAR ENERGY
and Sustainability-
- Sun as a source of energy.
- BIODIVERSITY
Sustainability
- Variation of genes, organisms,

÷
- Is the capacity of the earth’s natural
species, and ecosystems.
systems and human cultural systems
- CHEMICAL CYCLING
to survive, flourish, and adapt to
- The circulation of chemicals
changing environmental conditions
necessary for life from the
into the very long-term future.
environment (mostly from soil
- Some colleges made it greener.
and water).
- Waste = useful resources.
Concepts of Sustainability - Sometimes we are adding
- CONCEPT A: Life on the earth has harmful chemicals.
been sustained for billions of years by - Finding solutions through
B solar energy, biodiversity, and chemical economic and political solutions
co cycling. or subsidies.
- CONCEPT B: Our lives and economies - The government often has to
Es depend on energy from the sun and on
natural resources and ecosystem
enact and enforce environmental
laws and regulations.
NK services (natural capital) provided by the
Es earth.
Other Principles of Sustainability Come
- CONCEPT C: We could shift toward
from the Social Sciences
living more sustainably by applying
1. FULL COST PRICING (from
FCP full-cost pricing, searching for win-win
n economics).
sws solutions, and committing to preserving - This would give consumers better
the earth’s life-support system for future
ope generations.
information about the
environmental impacts of their
lifestyles, and it would allow them
Environmental Science Is a Study of Our
to make more informed choices
Interaction with the World ES Study = of interaction
with the moved about the goods and services
- The >ENVIRONMENT is everything they use.

17
around us. It includes the living and the 2. WIN-WIN SOLUTIONS (from political
nonliving things (air, water, and energy) science).
with which we interact in a complex web T
E - This means shifting from a
of relationships that connect us to one win-lose approach to win-wun
another and to the world we live in. solutions based on compromise
- Utterly dependent. in light of our interdependence
- ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE, an and that benefit both people and
interdisciplinary study of how humans the environment.
interact with the living and nonliving 3. A RESPONSIBILITY TO FUTURE
parts of their environment. GENERATIONS (from ethics)
- Integrated with Geography, - We should leave the planet’s
Natural Sciences, Biology, life-support systems in at least as
Economics, and Political Science, good a condition as that which
and humanities. we now enjoy, if not better, for
- GOALS: (1) to learn how life on future generations.
LEST th earth has survived and thrived.
(2) to understand how we interact

IE with the environment. (3) to find

new ways to deal with
NWDEP environmental problems and live
more sustainably.
us 17
Resources are Inexhaustible, Renewable,
or Nonrenewable
- RESOURCE is anything that we can
obtain from the environment to meet our
needs and wants. Some resources,
such as surface water, trees, and edible
wild plants, are directly available for use.
- INEXHAUTIBLE RESOURCE,
continuous supply that is expected to
last for at least 6 billion years. (e.g.
Solar Energy, Wind Energy, &
Geothermal Energy)
- RENEWABLE SOURCE, can be
replenished by natural processes within
hours to centuries and faster can renew
it. (e.g. Trees, Topsoil, & Freshwater).
- SUSTAINABLE YIELD, The highest
rate at which we can use a renewable
resource indefinitely without reducing its
available supply.
- NONRENEWABLE OR EXHAUSTIBLE
RESOURCES, Shorter human time
scale and depletion of natural
resources. (e.g. Fossil Fuels, Iron, and
Copper).
Countries Differ in Resource Use and
Environmental Impact
- MORE DEVELOPED COUNTRIES,
17% of the world’s population.
- LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES, 83%
of the world’s population.
How Are Our Ecological Footprints
Affecting The Earth?
- As our ecological footprints grow, we are
depleting and degrading more of the
earth’s natural capital.
We Are Living Unsustainably
- According to a large and growing body
of scientific evidence, we are living
unsustainably by wasting, depleting, and
degrading the earth’s natural capital-
ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION or
7 NATURAL CAPITAL DEGRADATION.
- According to this study, human activities
have degraded or overused about 60%
of the earth’s ecosystem services,
mostly since 1950.
Wo 't since 1950
a
Pollution Comes From a Number of
Sources
- One major environmental problem is
✓ pollution, which is contamination of the
environment by any chemical or other
agent such as noise or heat to a level
that is harmful to the health, survival, or
activities of humans or other organisms.
- Pollutants can be identified as burning
coals or dumping of chemicals.
- POINT SOURCES are single,
identifiable sources. Examples are the
smokestack of a coal-burning power or
industrial plant, the drainpipe of a
factory, and the exhaust pipe of an
automobile.
- NONPOINT SOURCES are dispersed
and often difficult to identify. Examples
are pesticides and particles of topsoil
blown from the land into the air and the
runoff of fertilizers, pesticides, and trash
from the land into streams and lakes.
- POLLUTION CLEANUP, which involves
cleaning up or diluting pollutants after
we have produced them.
- POLLUTION PREVENTION, efforts
focused on greatly reducing or
eliminating the production of pollutants.
We Are Degrading Commonly Shared
Renewable Resources: The Tragedy of the
Common
☒
- OPEN-ACCESS RENEWABLE
RESOURCES, not owned by anyone
and can be used by anyone. (e.g.
Atmosphere, Oceans, Fishes, & the
F Earth’s life-support system.)
- SHARED RESOURCES, less open and
have been environmentally degraded.
(e.g. Grasslands, Forests, and
Streams).
- Led to the Tragedy of the Commons.
F S
18
 Our Ecological Footprints Are Growing
- When people use renewable resources,
D
it can result in natural capital
p degradation , pollution, and wastes.
w - Has an impact to the ECOLOGICAL
FOOTPRINT, the amount of land and
water needed to supply a population or
an area with renewable resources and
to absorb and recycle the wastes and
pollution produced by such resource
use.
- Also lead to ECOLOGICAL DEFICIT.
- UPCYCLING, needed to reduce
ecological footprints and improve our
needs and wants.
Why do we have environmental
problems?
- Major causes of environmental
Pb problems are population growth,
UR unsustainable resource use, poverty,
P avoidance of full-cost pricing, and
AFP- increasing isolation from nature.
Our environmental worldviews play a
11N key role in determining whether we
live unsustainably or more
sustainably.
The Human Population Is Growing At A
Rapid Rate
- Exponential growth occurs when a
quantity such as the human population
increases at a fixed percentage per unit
of time, such as 0.5% or 2% per year.
Affluence Has Harmful and Beneficial
Environmental Effects
- The lifestyles of the world’s
expanding population of consumers
are built on growing affluence as
more people achieve higher incomes.
This results in higher levels of total and
per capita resource consumption along
with more environmental degradation,
waste, and pollution.
Poverty Can Have Harmful Environmental
and Health Effects
- Poverty is a condition in which people
are unable to fulfill their basic needs for
adequate food, water, shelter, health
care, and education.
- Poverty can cause a number of harmful
environmental and health effects. The
daily lives of the world’s poorest people
are focused on getting enough food,
water, and cooking and heating fuel to
survive.
Prices of Goods and Services Rarely
Include Their Harmful Environmental and
Heath Costs
- Companies using resources to provide
goods for consumers generally are not
required to pay for most of the
harmful environmental and health
costs of supplying such goods.
- Another problem can arise when
governments (tax-payers) give
companies subsidies such as tax
breaks and payments to assist them
with using resources to run their
businesses. This helps to create jobs
and stimulate economies, but
environmentally harmful subsidies
encourage the depletion and
degradation of natural capital.
We Are Increasingly Isolated From Nature
- Today, more than half of the world’s
people (and three out of four people in
the more developed countries) live in
urban areas, and this shift from rural
to urban living is continuing at a
rapid pace.
- The emergence of electronic devices.
19
 - NATURE DEFICIT DISORDER Isolating generations to meet their basic resource
from Natural World like children. needs.
- Living sustainaby means living on
7
RR Natural Income (Renewable
Resources).
People Have Different Views about

- People differ over the nature and

seriousness of the world’s A More Sustainable Future Is Possible
environmental problems and over what
we should do to help solve them, and - Natural recovery can take hundreds
these disagreements arise mostly to thousands of years, while harmful
because of differing environmental human impacts are expanding
worldviews. exponentially within a time period of
- ENVIRONMENTAL WORLDVIEW is 10 to 100 years. Thus, in learning to
your set of assumptions and values live more sustainably, time is our most
reflecting how you think the world works scarce resource.
and what you think your role in the world - “Never doubt that a small group of
should be. thoughtful, committed citizens can
- HUMAN-CENTERED supportsystem change the world. Indeed, it is the only
humane
ENVIRONMENTAL for human thing that ever has.”
WORLDVIEW, sees the natural rite
world primarily as a support
system for human life. species
- LIFE-CENTERED life centered
=

have ravine
ENVIRONMENTAL
WORLDVIEW, all species
have value as participating
members of the biosphere,
regardless of their potential or
actual use to humans. Avoiding
extinction. dependent on nature
Earth centered =
- EARTH-CENTERED life supportsystem is
ENVIRONMENTAL forall species
WORLDVIEW, holds that we are
part of, and dependent on, nature
and that the earth’s life-support
system exists for all species, not
just for us. How life on the Earth
has sustained itself for billions of
years the way we think and act.
- ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS, the study
of varying beliefs about what is right and tool for explaining
wrong with how we treat the
environment, provides useful tools for
> world views

examining worldviews.

Environmentally Sustainable Societies

Protect Natural Capital and Live Off Its
Income

- Our ultimate goal should be to achieve

meets the needs of
an ENVIRONMENTALLY
SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY—one that the people without

meets the current and future basic

compromising ability
the

resource needs of its people in a just a-the future generations

and equitable manner without
to meet their basic
compromising the ability of future
needs .

20
 -Sustainable Development: An Evolving
Paradigm for the 21st Century-
Introduction
- The rise of environmentalism can be
traced to three historical trends: the
NB
movement to preserve nature for its
EPHSP beauty, the establishment of public
health and sanitation programs, and the
ctcp concern against toxic chemicals and
pollution.
- ECOLOGY is the scientific study of
interactions of living organisms with
each other in the context of their
environment and development.
- Throughout the history of human
civilization, there are numerous
instances where poor sanitation and
hygiene can be linked with disease.
(e.g. black death and COVID-19).
- Historically the Philippines, public
health and sanitation were linked to a
-
clean environment and clean water.
Established the environmental
movement was the rapid growth of
the chemical industry after World War
II, in particular, the widespread of
synthetic pesticides in agriculture and
numerous industrial chemicals.
SPA NIC
- Since environmentalism arose from
different trends, it covers a wide range
of objectives and strategies. For
example, the trend to preserve nature
for its beauty tends to put too much
emphasis on places of natural beauty
often for touristic and recreational use,
and tends to ignore the majority of
nature which may not seem as
attractive.
- On the other hand, the concern for
public health and sanitation puts the
emphasis of environmental programs on
the needs of human society other than
on the environment and biodiversity.
- It is the realization of these limits that
environmentalism matured into a
movement for sustainable
development.
The Rise of Sustainable Development
- The idea of sustainable development
emerged gradually from a series of UN
meetings and reports during the 1970s
and 1980s.
- Our Common Future concluded that
economic development cannot stop,
but it must alter its direction in
recognition of the Earth’s ecological
limits and its commons, and the social
and economic needs of all members of
human society.
- Went beyond the concerns of
BOE environmental protection and the
technological needs for the
solution.
06 D - Catalyzed a global dialogue on
what the future direction of
human development should be.
- SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT is
multi-dimensional and seeks to involve
all sectors of society. Sustainable
development aims to balance social,
SEE
economic, and environmental
so : Sl objectives: social objectives include the
E social infrastructure for health and
QL education; economic objectives, quality
EO : of life, etc.
The Basis of Sustainable Development
- ENVIRONMENT-SOCIAL: The
environment must be able to bear the
Demands
TM
impact of society’s demands on it.
of These include environmental protection
public and sustainable use of renewable
material and energy resources.
the- ENVIRONMENT-ECONOMIC: The
meet nM demands of the economy on the
'D
dymmewt.name
eosin
21
 environment must ensure the continued
viability of the latter into the future.
- SOCIO-ECONOMIC: A sustainable
-
society is one that must have strong
:÷÷asset social institutions, such as education,
healthcare, political system, judiciary,
Flew
and others. Must be equitable towards
all social classes.
- The term “sustainable development”
has been criticized as being
confusing, contradictory and naïve
due to the usual experience where
economic development has always
been dependent on depletion of
resources, and therefore cannot be
sustainable.
The Physical Basis of Sustainable
Development
- The Earth is a natural system where
the laws of physics, chemistry, and
biology operate. These laws can tell us
what physical, chemical, or biological
results of our actions of our actions are
likely to be.
- The laws of thermodynamics describe
the energy flows in a system such as
the environment.
- The first law of thermodynamics finds
expression in this well-known
environmental rule of thumb: “There’s no
such thing as a free lunch!”
- As we use our many
technologies, we are unaware of
the costs that producing and
running these technologies have
on our environment.
- The second law of thermodynamics, on
the other hand, states that all physical
processes have a tendency to go in the
direction of increasing disorder.
The Human Basis of Sustainable
Development
- Sustainable development does not deal
only with the environment. Sustainable
development brings together issues
concerning the environment with the
social and economic challenges
facing humanity at present and into
the future.
- The human basis of sustainable
development is embedded in society
and the economy, as well as the
political system.
1. Education
2. Governance 461 A
3. International agencies
4. International trade and finance ITF
5. Peace and justice pg
6. Indigenous people and culture
IPO
Concept of Carrying Capacity
- Carrying capacity can be used in an
exact manner as a specification for a
machine or engineered system.
- Carrying capacity can be used as an
attribute of natural systems to fulfill a
specific purpose, such as the
determination of how many heads of
cattle an area can support or how many
tourists a site can accommodate.
- Carrying capacity can be defined by
population biologists as the intrinsic limit
of the population of organisms in an
area such as a forest assuming
predator-prey characteristics.
- Carrying capacity has been harnessed
as a concept by neo-Malthusians in the
twentieth century to estimate the
number of humans the Earth can
support.
Measuring Impact: Ecological, Carbon,
and Water Footprints
- Conceptually, a very effective way of
measuring the impact of human society
on the environment is to calculate its
“footprint:” the smaller the footprint of a
country or individual, the smaller the
impact on the environment.
- Ecological Footprint (EF): A suitable
total for the number of citizens cannot
be fixed without considering the land…
- Carbon Footprint (CF): The basic
notion of the carbon footprint (CF) is to
measure the amount of carbon dioxide
(CO2) that is released by a country,
industry or individual, principally due to
combustion of fossil fuels for
manufacturing, agriculture, heating,
transportation, services, and commerce.
- Water footprint (WF): the objective of
focusing on the critical role that
freshwater resources have on human
survival and development.
Sustainable development: an evolving
paradigm for the 21st Century
- The principal development paradigms of
the twentieth century assumed that
growth was unlimited and that S&T
would provide the solutions to
humanity’s problems.
22
 - ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT 4. Climate change
INDICES: One of the principal economic - Our understanding
indicators used to judge the of and ability to
GNP development status of countries is the accurately predict
GNP, which is defined as the value of all climate are still
goods and services produced in a year inadequate. Our
within a country. understanding of
- SUSTAINABILITY CONSUMPTION the Earth system is
AND LIFESTYLE: The debate on the still poor.
use of happiness as a metric relates to 5. Biodiversity
the important question of sustainable - Our knowledge of
consumption and lifestyle. Does greater biodiversity is
consumption lead to greater happiness? inadequate.
How do we measure what is “enough?” Although we know
- “The use of goods and services that that species
respond to basic needs and bring a extinction is
better quality of life, while minimizing the accelerating, we
use of natural resources, toxic materials can only estimate
and emissions of waste and pollutants how much is being
over the life cycle, so as not to lost.
jeopardize the needs of future 6. Health
generations.” - Climate change has
- For better and for worse, S&T have also brought about new
enabled humans to alter nature for their concerns regarding
own purposes, often in ways that were emerging disease
later found to be detrimental to mature. and changes in
While it is clear that S&T are tools that disease patterns.
can have beneficial and harmful The destruction of
consequences. biodiversity is
- Consider some of the major threatening to
challenges of sustainable destroy the
development: Blt DEGEP biological resources
1. Poverty PWC EU from which new
- there is a tendency for drugs can be found.
S&T to widen the poverty 7. Decoupling economic
gap because the S&T that growth and
we have favors those who environmental impact
are richer and more - Is it possible to
capable. have economic
2. War Crisis growth without
- Do we have the degrading the
S&T to protect our environment? Is
water resources “green industry”
and remediate the possible?
pollution that has - Enhancing the ability of the S&T
been produced? community to contribute directly to
3. Energy sustainable development will
- Although there is require significant changes to way
considerable in which directions in S&T are
research being currently being determined (ICSU
done on clean, 2002).
renewable energy - S&T for sustainability should enable
sources, we will still human society to meet its present
be largely needs without compromising future
dependent on fossil needs.
fuels for at least - Governments must invest more funds
another thirty years. in S&T that promote sustainable
development.
23
Expansion of Environmentalism
- Re-think the direction of

¥
development: Our Common Future
initiated the process to rethinking
development.
- Redesign our systems: The creation of
new development measure, such as the
HDI, and the MDG set new metrics to
measure human progress.
- Among the industry areas which need to
be expanded are those which focus on
the efficient and competitive recovery
and recycling of waste materials into
high value materials.
- One of the goals in the redesign of our
systems is to focus more S&T on the
problems of sustainability and
poverty-objectives which are not the
usual goals of S&T.
- Indeed, while sustainable development
remains the rallying point of
development in the twenty-first century,
what we have are moving, expanding
and escalating targets.
- With this paradigm of sustainable
development, we must develop new
approaches in all areas which are
consistent with its principles and
objectives. The challenges are
enormous but not insurmountable.

24
 -Ecopreneurship-
Differentiation of Entrepreneur,
Technopreneur, & Ecopreneur
- ENTREPRENEUR: Someone who
starts their own business, especially
when this involves seeing a new
opportunity.
- TECHNOPRENEUR: are entrepreneurs
who used “technology” as their driven
factor in transforming resources into
goods and services creating an
environment conducive to industrial
growth. (E.g. Bill Gates, Sergey Brin,
Larry Page, & John Francis Queeny).
- ECOPRENEUR: is derived from two
terms which are 'entrepreneur’ and
‘ecology'.
- An entrepreneur whose business
efforts are not only driven by
profit, but also by a concern for
the environment (Schuyler,
1998).
5. Lack of Equity in the World
- “The route to achieving equity will
not be accomplished through
treating everyone equally. It will
be achieved by treating everyone
justly according to their
circumstances” (Dressel, 2014).
- Ecopreneurs want to make sure
that every living being in the
world is treated equally so that no
one is deprived of anything.
6. Human Right
- Ecopreneurs will ensure that they
respect people’s right to privacy
and uphold data protection laws,
and all businesses have an
obligation to ensure safe working
conditions for their employees
and treat them with dignity and
respect.

The Driving Force Behind Ecopreneurship

1. Global Population Growth
- Ecopreneurs find ways to:
conserve energy, materials, and
resources by developing new
6106
technologies.
- To control the birth rate.
- Meet the food and shelter ILE
demand for the growing
population in order to make

cops
sustainability possible.
2. Increasing Life Expectancy
- Ecopreneurs value life and
develop products that will
empower everyone to live a
longer and have a healthier life.
3. Climate Change
- Ecopreneurs are involved in
LEW
finding ways to make use of
renewable source of energy such
as water, wind and solar energy
An
to sustain our climate.
4. Resource Scarcity
- In order to sustain our
diminishing natural resources,
ecopreneurs constantly look for
alternatives by recycling them or
using cheaper, abundantly
available resources.
- Reduce Wastes: Solid Waste,
Liquid Waste, Energy Waste.

25